Anatomy and Physiology Exam IA February 24, 2014 Name: _____________________________ Student Number: _____________________ 1.

Under conditions when neurotransmitter is released from rods, which of the following are also likely to be TRUE? A. B. C. D. E.

2.

All of the following describes how the endocrine system contributes to a human’s physiological response to stress EXCEPT: A. B. C. D. E.

3.

The cornea is part of the sclera When constricted, the iris increases the amount of light that is focused on the macula The inferior oblique muscle of the eye elevates the eye Chorid lies between the retina and the sclera The retina is thinner near the ciliary muscle than near the macula

In regards to the anatomy of the spinal cord, which of the following is TRUE? A. B. C. D. E.

7.

The somatic and autonomic systems have axons that exit central nervous system Activation of the sympathetic system may reduce secretions in the digestive tract Ganglion of the sympathetic system are found within the dorsal root of the spinal cord All pre-ganglionic axons release ACh C&D

All of the following are characteristics of the anatomy of the eye EXCEPT: A. B. C. D. E.

6.

Basilar artery Left internal carotid artery Posterior communicating artery Anterior communicating artery A&C

All of the following are characteristics of the autonomic nervous system EXCEPT: A. B. C. D. E.

5.

In response to short-term stress, post-ganglionic adrenergic neurons release epinephrine Feedback of CRH release is inhibited by ACTH Secretions produced by the zona glomerulosa increase gluconeogenesis Secretions produced by the zona fasiculata are controlled by the anterior pituitary gland Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex provide physiological resources to deal with long-term stress

Blood flowing entering the Circle of Willis from the right vertebral artery and exiting through the left anterior cerebral MUST pass through which of the following vessels? A. B. C. D. E.

4.

Photoreceptors in the macula are processing visual information Rods are bleached ON bipolar cells are active A&C NONE of the above is TRUE

The dorsal fasciculus contains axons from proprioceptors The cell bodies of axons in the spinal pathway are located in the lateral horn Connections between the upper and lower motor systems are made in the dorsal horn A&B A, B & C

In regards to the cells and layers of the retina, which of the following is TRUE?

A. B. C. D. E. 8.

Refraction by the lens contributes to which of the following types of visual processing? A. B. C. D. E.

9.

Light reflected off objects greater than 9 meters from the eye Light reflected off objects less than 9 meters from the eye Simultaneous processing of light reflected from objects greater than and less than 9 meters from the eye B&C A, B & C

Which of the following could result from a vascular occlusion that blocked the hypophyseal portal veins? A. B. C. D. E.

10.

Horizontal cells are primarily found in the peripheral retina The outer plexiform layer is closest to the pigmented epithelial cells The amacrine cells are found between the outer plexiform and outer nuclear layer Bipolar cells are found in the outer nuclear layer C&D

OT and AVP could not be released into circulation Somatotroph activity would decrease Ventromedial nuclei activity of the hypothalamus would increase Anterior pituitary hormones could not be released into circulation None of the above

In regards to the anatomy of the spinal cord, which of the following is TRUE? A. B. C. D. E.

The most inferior spinal nerves that pass through the sacral foramina exit the spinal cord in the lumbar region of the vertebral column The first cervical spinal nerve exits between cervical vertebrae 1 and 2 The caudus equinus is comprised of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves A&C B&C

Use the following table to answer Question 11. I II III IV V VI 11.

Rigid paralysis Flaccid paralysis Ipsalateral loss of touch Ipsalateral loss of temperature Contralateral loss of touch Contralateral loss of temperature A MRI of a patient reveals a mass on the right side of the spinal cord that affects the lateral and ventral horns. Which of the above are likely effects of the tumor? A. B. C. D. E.

12.

I, III, IV II, III, V I, II & VI II & VI II, III, VI

In regards to the functioning of the cochlea, which of the following is NOT TRUE? A. B. C. D. E.

Coding for pitch depends on which region of the basilar membrane is deflected by a given sound The scala media is separated from the scala vestibuli by the tectorial membrane Sounds with greater amplitude activate more hair cells than sounds with lower amplitudes Sounds with greater energy deflect regions of the basilar membrane closer to the base A&D

13.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the middle ear? A. B. C. D. E.

The incus lies between the tympanic membrane and the malleous The middle ear is connected to the nasopharynx by the eustachian tube The oval window is deflected by the stapes The stapes exerts greater force than the incus B&D

Use the following information to answer Question 14. I. II. III. IV.

Hormones produced by the PVN are released into the posterior pituitary gland Releasing factors controlling basophil activity are transported in the hypophyseal portal vein Hormones released from the anterior pituitary are synthesized by neurons in the VM hypothalamus All hypothalamic releasing factors are tropic

14.

All of the ABOVE are characteristics of the functional relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland EXCEPT: A. B. C. D. E.

15.

Of the following, which best describes the process that permits auditory stimuli to be perceived by the nervous system? A. B. C. D. E.

16.

B. C. D. E.

If the MNTB on the right side is more active than the left side, the left LSO will be more active than the right LSO Interaural time delay is too small to be detected by the MSO If the LSO on the right side is more active than the left side, the sound originated on the right side If neurons in the MSO closest to on the left ear are activated, the sound originated on the left side B&D

Which of the following must be TRUE when layer 6 of the right LGN is activated? A. B. C. D. E.

18.

The shearing of the stereocilia mechanically open K+ channels that depolarize inner hair cells The shearing of the stereocilia mechanically open Ca++ channels that depolarize inner hair cells The shearing of the stereocilia mechanically open K+ channels that depolarize outer hair cells The shearing of the stereocilia mechanically open Na+ channels that depolarize inner hair cells The shearing of the stereocilia mechanically open Ca++ channels that depolarize outer hair cells

Of the following, which is TRUE for the localization of sound with frequencies greater than 3000 Hz? A.

17.

I I & II II & III III III & IV

The image appeared in the left nasal hemifield The image was colored Layer IVC alpha will also be activated Processing required that axons decussate in the optic chiasm B&D

Which of the following MUST be TRUE for information activating P-type ganglion cells in the left temporal retina? A. B.

The object was moving The image appeared in the left nasal hemifield

C. D. E.

Parvocellular layers in the right LGN will be activated That information will travel through the right optic radiation None of the above

Use the following table to answer Question 7. I II III IV 19.

Right LGN layer 1 Right LGN layer 2 Left LGN layer 1 Left LGN layer 2

V VI VII VIII

Right LGN layer 3 & 5 Right LGN layer 4 & 6 Left LGN layer 3 & 5 Left LGN layer 4 & 6

A green, moving image focused on the right temporal retina (assume monocular vision) activates which of the following? A. B. C. D. E.

I & VI II & V IV & VII III & VIII III & VII

Use the following information to answer Question 20. I. II. III. IV.

Some receptors have high specificity for more than a single hormone Some hormones have high specificity for more than a single type of receptor Most lipid-based hormones require chaperones to activated their receptors Effects mediated by most plasma membrane receptors have shorter durations than those mediated by nuclear receptors

20.

Of the characteristic listed above, which are NOT TRUE of the activation of plasma membrane receptors? A. B. C. D. E.

21.

I only I & III I, III & IV None of the above All of the above

All of the following are characteristics of somatic receptors EXCEPT: A. B. C. D. E.

Nociceptors detect stimuli sufficiently intense enough to cash damage to body tissues Thermoreceptors have cell bodies in the lateral horn of the spinal cord Axons originating from golgi tendon organs activate both excitatory and inhibitory inter-neurons Myelinated axons are likely to be associated with meisner’s corpuscles C&D

Use the following table to answer Question 22. I II III IV V VI 22.

Rigid paralysis on the left side of the body Flaccid paralysis on the left side of the body Loss of pain and temperature sensation on the left side of the body Loss of pain and temperature sensation on the right side of the body Loss of touch and proprioception sensation on the left side of the body Loss of touch and proprioception sensation on the right side of the body Of the effects listed above, which are likely to result from a tumor that damages the ventral horn and the lateral horn on the left side of the spinal cord?

A. B. C. D. E.

I, II, III I, II, IV II, IV II, VI I, II, IV, V

Use the following information to answer Question 23. I II III IV V VI 23.

Injury to which of the structures listed above would also affect dermatomes inferior to the injury site? A. B. C. D. E.

24.

The pia lines the surface of dural sinuses Fluid from the sub-arachnoid space can enter the dural sinuses through arachnoid villae The periosteal dura is not present in the meninges that surrounds the spinal cord A&B A&C

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the ventricular system? A. B. C. D. E.

28.

Axons from muscle spindle fibers ascends on the ipsalateral side of the spinal cord The cell bodies of axons in the dorsal column are in the lateral horn of the spinal cord Information about nociception crosses prior to reaching the brain The parietal lobe is the final target of both the DCML and ST pathways A&B

All of the following are characteristics of the meninges EXCEPT: A. B. C. D. E.

27.

AVP is released by both the SON and PVN The primary effect of oxytocin is contraction of the myoepithelial cells of the mammary glands GH levels decrease when SST levels increase Increases to TSH would also increase TRH and T3/T4 levels A&D

In regards to the characteristics of somatosensory pathways, which of the following is NOT TRUE? A. B. C. D. E.

26.

II & III I, II & V I, V & VI I, IV& VI IV & VI

In regards to the function of pituitary hormones, which of the following is NOT TRUE? A. B. C. D. E.

25.

Spinal nerve Ventral horn Lateral horn Dorsal column Dorsal root ganglion Spinal pathway

The lateral ventricles are located in the cerebral hemispheres CSF in the spinal cord is made by the choroid plexus located in the central canal The fourth ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord CSF found in the sub-arachnoid space is made in the ventricles C&D

Of the following, which are likely when the firing rate of hair cells increases?

A. B. C. D. E. 29.

Of the following, which CANNOT be true for a visual stimulus (assume monocular processing) that activates layer IVC beta in the right visual cortex? A. B. C. D. E.

30.

Pitch of the perceived sound increases The basilar membrane will be deflected closer to its apex Amplitude of the perceived sound increases Number of inner hair cells activated decreases Fewer spiral ganglion cells will be activated

The image was colored and was seen by the right eye The image was colored and focused on the left retina The nasal part of the image activated layer 4 & 6 of the LGN parvo-cellular layer Axons carrying information about this object projected through the right optic tract to the LGN A&C

In regards to spinal cord injuries, which of the following is NOT TRUE? A. B. C. D. E.

Losses that result from dorsal root ganglion injuries include contralateral loss of pain and temperature Lateral horn injuries can cause both contralateral and ipsalateral deficits Doral column injuries affect processing of touch and proprioception on the same side as the injury Hemisections can cause both rigid and flaccid paralysis A&D