Anatomy & Physiology Semester 1 Exam Review Guide

NAME __________________________ Anatomy & Physiology Semester 1 Exam Review Guide How to use this guide… This is a very comprehensive list of everythi...
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NAME __________________________ Anatomy & Physiology Semester 1 Exam Review Guide How to use this guide… This is a very comprehensive list of everything we have covered this semester. Just start reading. If you understand it – delete it! If you don’t understand it – keep it. Then, when you are done reading the entire thing, go back and study the parts that remain. I have saved this online as a word document (so you can delete as you go) and also as a PDF file in case you can’t open word on your computer. The semester exam is composed of about 100 multiple choice questions and 25 Lab Practical. § Chapter 1-The Human Body: 20ish questions § Chapter 3-Cells & Tissues: 15ish questions § Chapter 4-Skin & Body Membranes: 15ish questions § Chapter 5-The Skeletal System: 25-30ish questions o 5ish-bone anatomy o 5ish-long bone development o 5ish-Haversian System o 25ish-gross anatomy § Chapter 6-The Muscular System: 25-30ish questions Chapter 1-The Human Body (pages 1-25) § Anatomy – Definition and Example = § Physiology – Definition and Example = § Anatomy—Levels of Study – Compare the following. o Gross anatomy = o Microscopic Anatomy = § Levels of Structural Organization o Organ System Overview – List the functions of each system and organs in them. Organ system Function(s) Organs include: 1.

2.

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§ Necessary Life Functions – Briefly describe the importance of each of the life functions o o o o o o o o

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§ Survival Needs – Describe the importance of each of the survival needs o o o o o § Interrelationships Among Body Systems o Homeostasis—Define and Explain the importance o Homeostatic imbalance - Define and Provide an example o Maintaining Homeostasis – Define, Provide an example, and Describe the importance of… • Receptor =



____________ Pathway =



Control center =



_____________Pathway =



Effector =

o Feedback Mechanisms § Negative feedback - ex.\

§

Positive feedback - ex.\

§ The Language of Anatomy o Exact terms – provide examples for the following… § Anatomical Position = § Direction ex.\

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o o o

o

§ Regions ex.\ § Structures ex.\ Regional Terms § Anterior body landmarks – Identify all § Posterior body landmarks – Identify all Directional Terms Body Planes and Sections – Describe the following sections § A sagittal section = § A median, or midsagittal, = § A frontal section = § A transverse, or cross, section = Body Cavities § Dorsal body cavity • • § Ventral body cavity • • o o

o Why is it important to use the Special terminology above?

Chapter 3-Cells & Tissues (pages 64-108) § Cells & Tissues o Atoms (define and example) = o Macromolecules (define and example) o Cells (define) = o Tissues (define and example) = o Organs (define and example) = o Organ system (define and example) = § Body Tissues o Tissues § Groups of cells with similar structure and function § Four primary types • • • • o Epithelial Tissues § Locations • • • § Functions • • • •

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Epithelium Characteristics • • • • • Classification of Epithelia • Number of cell layers o “_______________________” = one layer o “_______________________” = more than one layer • Shapes of cells o “_______________________” Shape = Flattened o “_______________________” Shape = cube-shaped o “_______________________” Shape = column-like

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Simple Epithelia – Describe the shape and arrangement of the following tissues, then list where you and find them in the human body. • Simple squamous o Shape & #Layers = o Usually forms membranes § Location = § Location = • Simple cuboidal o Shape & #Layers = o Location = o Location = o Location = • Simple columnar o Shape & #Layers = o Often includes mucus-producing goblet cells o Location = • Pseudostratified columnar o Shape & #Layers = o Often looks like a double layer of cells o Sometimes ciliated, Location = o May function in absorption or secretion Stratified Epithelia – Describe the shape and arrangement of the following tissues, then list where you and find them in the human body. • Stratified squamous o Cells at the apical surface are flattened o Found as a protective covering where friction is common o Locations § § § • Stratified cuboidal—shape and #layers = • Stratified columnar—surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape • Stratified cuboidal and columnar o Rare in human body

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o Found mainly in ducts of _________________________ • Transitional epithelium o Shape of cells = o Location = § Glandular Epithelium • • Two major gland types o “_______crine” gland § § o “_______crine” gland § § o Connective Tissue § Found everywhere in the body § Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues § Functions = • • • § Characteristics • Variations in blood supply o Some tissue types are well vascularized o Some have a poor blood supply or are avascular • Extracellular matrix o Definition = o Two main elements § § • Produced by the cells • Three types o o o § Connective Tissue Types • Bone (osseous tissue) o Composed of § § § o Used to: • Hyaline cartilage o Most common type of cartilage o Composed of § § o Locations § § • Elastic cartilage o Provides elasticity o Location

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Fibrocartilage o Highly compressible o Location

Dense connective tissue (dense fibrous tissue) o Main matrix element is ______________________________________ o Fibroblasts are cells that _____________________________________ o Locations § § § • Loose connective tissue types o Areolar tissue § Most widely distributed connective tissue § Soft, pliable tissue like “cobwebs” § Functions as… § Contains which fibers? … § Can soak up excess fluid (causes edema) o Adipose tissue § Matrix is … § Many cells contain… § Functions • • • o Reticular connective tissue § Delicate network of interwoven fibers § Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid ORGANS = • • • o Blood (vascular tissue) § Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood plasma § Fibers are visible during clotting § Functions = Muscle Tissue • Function is to produce movement • Three types o ________________________muscle § Voluntary or Involuntary? § Location = § Produces gross body movements or facial expressions § Characteristics? • • • •

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o ________________________muscle § Voluntary or Involuntary? § Location = § Function is to pump blood

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§

Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells • • •

o ________________________muscle § Voluntary or Involuntary? § Location = § Characteristics of smooth muscle cells • • • Nervous Tissue • Composed of… • Function o o

§ Can you visually identify the following tissue types? § § §

§

o o o o o o o o

Smooth Muscle Nerve Tissue Reticular Tissue Areolar Tissue Adipose Tissue Bone Tissue Dense fibrous Tissue Transitional epithelium

o o o o o o o

Stratified squamous epithelium Psuedostratified (ciliated) epithelium Simple Columnar epithelium Cuboidal epithelium Simple Squamous epithelium Cardiac Muscle Skeletal Muscle

§ §

§ § § § § § §

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§ §

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§ § § § § § § §

Chapter 4-Skin & Body Membranes (pages 109-132) § Body Membranes o Function of body membranes § § § o Classification of Body Membranes § Types of Epithelial membranes • • • § Connective tissue membranes • “___________________” membranes o Cutaneous membrane = skin § Dry membrane § Outermost protective boundary § Superficial epidermis is composed of keratinized _____________ ____________ epithelium § Underlying dermis is mostly dense connective tissue o Mucous Membranes § Surface epithelium type depends on site • Stratified squamous epithelium (Location = ________________ & ______________) • Simple columnar epithelium (Location = ___________________________________) § Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria) § Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface § Often adapted for _____________________ or ______________________

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o Serous Membranes § Surface is a layer of ______________________ ______________________ epithelium § Underlying layer is a thin layer of areolar connective tissue § Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body § Serous membranes occur in pairs separated by serous fluid • Visceral layer = • Parietal layer = § Specific serous membranes • o Location = • o Location = • o Location = o Synovial membrane § Connective tissue only § Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints § Secretes a lubricating fluid = § Integumentary System o Skin (cutaneous membrane) o Skin derivatives § Sweat glands § Oil glands § Hair § Nails o Skin Structure Layers § ____________________________—outer layer • Stratified squamous epithelium • Often keratinized (hardened by keratin) § ____________________________ • Dense connective tissue § ____________________________ (hypodermis) is deep to dermis • Not part of the skin • Function = • Composed mostly of ___________________________________ o Layers of the Epidermis § Stratum ________________________ (stratum germinativum) • Deepest layer of epidermis • Lies next to dermis • Cells undergoing mitosis • Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers § Stratum ________________________ § Stratum ________________________ • Layers of the Epidermis § Stratum ________________________ • Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata • Occurs only in ________________________________________________ § Stratum ________________________ • Outermost layer of epidermis • Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss from skin)

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o Melanin § Pigment (melanin) produced by ________________________ § Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum ______________________ § Color is ____________________________ § Amount of melanin produced depends upon _______________ and ___________________ o Dermis § Two layers • ________________________layer (upper dermal region) o Projections called dermal papillae o Some contain capillary loops o Other house pain receptors and touch receptors • ________________________layer (deepest skin layer) o Blood vessels o Sweat and oil glands o Deep pressure receptors § Overall dermis structure • Collagen and elastic fibers located throughout the dermis • Collagen fibers give skin its toughness • Elastic fibers give skin elasticity • Blood vessels play a role in body temperature regulation o Normal Skin Color Determinants § Melanin • Color = ________________________ § Carotene • Color = ________________________ § Hemoglobin • Color = ________________________ from blood cells in dermal capillaries • Oxygen content determines the extent of coloring o Skin Appendages § Cutaneous glands are all _____crine glands • “__________________________” glands o Produce oil § Lubricant for skin o Prevents brittle hair o Kills bacteria o Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface o Glands are activated at puberty • “__________________________” glands o Produce sweat o Widely distributed in skin o Two types: § _______________________ • Open via duct to pore on skin surface § _______________________ • Ducts empty into hair follicles o Sweat and Its Function § Composition • Mostly made of __________ • •

Also contains _________________ and ________________ Some metabolic waste

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Hair • • • •

• Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only) Functions • • • (Odor is from associated bacteria)

Produced by hair follicle Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells __________________________ = cells that provide pigment for hair color Hair anatomy (Three layers) 1. Central medulla 2. _____________________ surrounds medulla 3. _____________________ on outside of cortex §



§

Nails • • • •

Most heavily keratinized

Associated hair structures o Hair follicle § Dermal and epidermal sheath surround hair root o Arrector pili § Struture: § Function: Scale-like modifications of the epidermis o Heavily keratinized Stratum _____________________ extends beneath the nail bed o Responsible for growth Lack of pigment makes them colorless Nail structures o Free edge o Body is the visible attached portion o Root of nail embedded in skin o Cuticle is the proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body

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Chapter 5-The Skeletal System (pages 133-181) § Parts of the skeletal system o Bones (skeleton) o Joints o Cartilages o Ligaments § Two subdivisions of the skeleton o ________________________ skeleton (skull + vertebral column + thoracic cage) o ________________________ skeleton (girdles + upper and lower limbs) § Functions of Bones: o o o o o § The adult skeleton has ___ ___ ___ bones total § Two basic types of bone tissue: o _________________ bone § Homogeneous o _________________ bone § Small needle-like pieces of bone § Many open spaces § Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shapes: o _________________ bones § Typically longer than they are wide § Have a shaft with heads at both ends § Contain mostly compact bone § Examples: • • o _________________ bones § Generally cube-shape § Contain mostly spongy bone § Examples: • • o _________________ bones § Thin, flattened, and usually curved § Two thin layers of _________________ bone surround a layer of ________________ bone § Examples: • • • o _________________ bones § Irregular shape § Do not fit into other bone classification categories § Example: • Vertebrae • Hip bones

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§ Anatomy of a Long Bone o “_________________________” §

Refers to the Shaft

§

Composed of compact bone

o “_________________________” §

Refers to the Ends of the bone

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Composed mostly of spongy bone

o “___________________________” §

Outside covering of the diaphysis

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Fibrous connective tissue membrane

o “___________________________” §

Secure periosteum to underlying bone

o Arteries §

Supply bone cells with nutrients

o Articular cartilage §

Covers the external surface of the epiphyses

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Made of ______________________ cartilage

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Function = _________________________________________________________

o “___________________________ plate” §

Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone

o Epiphyseal line §

Remnant of the epiphyseal plate

§

Seen in adult bones

o Medullary cavity §

Cavity inside of the shaft

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Contains ________________ marrow (mostly fat) in adults

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Contains ____________ marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants

§ Microscopic Anatomy of Bone o “___________________________”(Haversian system) §

A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings

o “___________________________” canal (Haversian canal) §

Opening in the center of an osteon

§

Carries blood vessels and nerves

o Perforating (Volkman’s) canal §

Canal perpendicular to the central canal

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§

Carries blood vessels and nerves

o “___________________________” §

Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)

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Arranged in concentric rings

o “___________________________” §

Rings around the central canal

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Sites of lacunae

o Canaliculi §

Tiny canals

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Radiate from the central canal to ____________

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Form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply

§ Formation of the Human Skeleton o In embryos, the skeleton is primarily ________________________ cartilage o During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone o Hyaline Cartilage remains in isolated areas such as… § § § § Bone Growth (Ossification) o “_______________________” plates allow for lengthwise growth of long bones during childhood o New cartilage is continuously formed o Older cartilage becomes ossified 1. Cartilage is broken down 2. Enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity 3. Bone replaces cartilage through the action of bone builders called “___________________” o Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops o Bones are remodeled in response to two factors § Blood calcium levels § Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton o Bones grow in width (called appositional growth) § Types of Bone Cells o “___________________________”—mature bone cells o “___________________________”—bone-forming cells o “___________________________”—bone-destroying cells §

Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in response to parathyroid hormone

o Bone remodeling is performed by both “osteo__________” and “osteo_____________” § The Axial Skeleton o Forms the longitudinal axis of the body

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o Divided into three parts. List all three parts and provide examples bones in each. 1. 2. 3. o The Skull §

Two sets of bones: •

8 ___________________ bones (be able to name them)



14 __________________ bones (be able to name them)

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Bones are joined by sutures

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Only freely movable joint = _______________________________

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Paranasal Sinuses •

Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity



Functions of paranasal sinuses: o o

o The Hyoid Bone §

The only bone that does not ________________________________________

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Serves as a moveable base for the tongue

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Aids in swallowing and speech

o The Vertebral Column §

Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location

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There are 24 single vertebral bones separated by intervertebral discs

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Seven _______________ vertebrae are in the neck



Twelve _______________ vertebrae are in the chest region



Five _______________ vertebrae are associated with the lower back

Nine vertebrae fuse to form two composite bones •

_____________ o Formed by the fusion of five vertebrae



_____________ o Formed from the fusion of three to five vertebrae o “Tailbone,” or remnant of a tail that other vertebrates have

o The Bony Thorax §

Forms a cage to protect major organs

§

Consists of three parts

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Sternum (________________ + ____________ + ______________ _____________)



Ribs o “_______” ribs (pairs 1–7) o “_________” ribs (pairs 8–12) o “_________” ribs (pairs 11–12)



Thoracic vertebrae

§ The Appendicular Skeleton o Composed of 126 bones §

___________________ (limbs)

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______________girdle

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______________girdle

o The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle §

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Composed of two bones •

“_________________”—collarbone



“_________________”—shoulder blade

These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

o Bones of the Upper Limbs §

§

“________________________” •

Forms the arm



Single bone

The forearm has two bones •

“__________________” o Medial bone in anatomical position



“__________________” o Lateral bone in anatomical position

§

The hand •

“__________________”—wrist



“__________________”—palm



“__________________”—fingers

o Bones of the Pelvic Girdle §

Formed by two coxal (ossa coxae) bones •

Composed of three pairs of fused bones: o o o

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§ §

The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis It protects several organs • Reproductive organs • Urinary bladder • Part of the large intestine o Bones of the Lower Limbs § The thigh has one bone • “____________________” o The heaviest, strongest bone in the body § The lower leg has two bones • “____________________” o Shinbone o Larger and medially oriented • “____________________” o Thin and sticklike § The foot • “____________________” o Two largest tarsals § Calcaneus (heelbone) § Talus • “____________________”—sole • “____________________”—toes o Joints § Articulations of bones § Functions of joints • Hold bones together • Allow for mobility § Ways joints are classified • Functionally o “Synarthroses” § Immovable joints o “______________________” § Slightly moveable joints o “______________________” § Freely moveable joints • Structurally o Fibrous joints § Generally immovable § Example: • Sutures • Syndesmoses o Allows more movement than sutures o Example: Distal end of tibia and fibula o Cartilaginous joints § Immovable or slightly moveable § Bones connected by cartilage § Example: • Pubic symphysis • Intervertebral joints o Synovial joints § Freely moveable § Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity

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Chapter 6 I can statements….

___________________ fluid is found in the joint cavity Features of Synovial Joints • Articular cartilage (__________________ cartilage) covers the ends of bones • A fibrous articular capsule encloses joint surfaces • A joint cavity is filled with _________________ fluid • Ligaments reinforce the joint • Bursae—flattened fibrous sacs o Lined with synovial membranes o Filled with synovial fluid o Not actually part of the joint • Tendon sheath o Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

Can I identify and describe the three different muscle types including functions? Can I name/label all the parts of a sarcomere? (including proteins, zones/discs/lines) Can I explain all the specialized parts of a muscle cell? (sarcolema, SR, myofibril?) Can I explain how muscle stimulation occurs? Can I identify all the parts of a neuromuscular junction? Along with their function? Can I explain muscle tetanus? A twitch? Can I explain how energy for muscle cells is maintained? Can I explain how a muscle is organized, and why there are striations (and what makes them up)? Can I name two ways that determine what graded response a muscle will have? (what determines “how contracted” it will get?) Can I identify the major movements of the body? Can I explain the how the arrangement of fascicles can be different in diff muscles? Can I name the muscles of the face, and function? Can I name the muscles from 208 – 219 and their major function? Can I comfortable identify a muscle insertion based on movement? Can I differentiate between prime movers, synergists, and fixators? Can I answer all the “did you get it questions” in the chapter? Chapter 6-The Muscular System (pages 182-226) § The Muscular System o Muscles are responsible for all types of body movement o Three basic muscle types are found in the body: § _____________________ muscle § _____________________ muscle § _____________________ muscle

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§ Characteristics of Muscles o Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber) o Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of microfilaments o All muscles share some terminology § Prefixes myo and mys refer to “_________________” § Prefix sarco refers to “___________________” § Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscles o ___________________ Muscle Characteristics § Most are attached by tendons to bones § “_____________________” – Cells have many nuclei § “_____________________”—have visible banding § Voluntary—subject to conscious control § Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle • Cells are surrounded and bundled by connective tissue: o _____________________—encloses a single muscle fiber o _____________________—wraps around a fascicle (bundle) of muscle fibers o _____________________—covers the entire skeletal muscle o Fascia—on the outside of the epimysium § Skeletal Muscle Attachments • Epimysium blends into a connective tissue attachment • _________________________—cord-like structures o Mostly collagen fibers o Often cross a joint due to toughness and small size • _________________________—sheet-like structures o Attach muscles indirectly to bones, cartilages, or connective tissue coverings • Sites of muscle attachment o Bones o Cartilages o Smooth Muscle Characteristics § Lacks striations § Shape of cells = _______________________________ § ______________________ - each cell only contains one nucleus § Voluntary or Involuntary (circle one) § Found mainly in _______________________________________________ o Cardiac Muscle Characteristics § Striations § Usually has a single nucleus § Branching cells § Joined to another muscle cell at an intercalated disc § Voluntary or Involuntary? (circle one) § Found only in _____________________________________ § Skeletal Muscle Functions o o o o § Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle o ____________________________—specialized plasma membrane o ____________________________—long organelles inside muscle cell o _____________ ______________—specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum § Stores and releases ______ ions § Surrounds the myofibril

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o Myofibrils are aligned to give distinct bands § ___ band = light band • Contains only thin filaments § ___ band = dark band • Contains the entire length of the thick filaments o ____________________________—contractile unit of a muscle fiber § Organization of the sarcomere • Myofilaments o Thick filaments = _____________ filaments § Composed of the protein ______________ § Has ATPase enzymes § Myosin filaments have heads (extensions, or cross bridges) § Myosin and actin overlap somewhat o Thin filaments = __________ filaments § Composed of the protein __________ § Anchored to the ___ disc § Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Cells o “____________________” (also called responsiveness or irritability)—ability to receive and respond to a stimulus o “____________________”—ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received o “____________________”—ability of muscle cells to be stretched o “____________________”—ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching § The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential o Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a motor neuron (nerve cell) to contract o “______________ ______________”—one motor neuron plus all the skeletal muscle cells stimulated by that neuron o Neuromuscular junction § Association site of axon terminal of the motor neuron and muscle o “_________________ _________________” § Gap between nerve and muscle § Nerve and muscle do not make contact § Area between nerve and muscle is filled with interstitial fluid § Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle o “___________________________”—chemical released by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse o The neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is “_______________________” o ____________ attaches to receptors on the sarcolemma o Sarcolemma becomes permeable to ______ ions o ______________ rushes into the cell generating an “___________ potential” o Once started, muscle contraction cannot be stopped § The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction o Activation by nerve causes ___________ heads (cross bridges) to attach to binding sites on the thin filament o Myosin heads then bind to the next site of the ________________ and pull them toward the center of the sarcomere o This continued action causes a sliding of the myosin along the actin o The result is that the muscle is shortened (contracted) § Contraction of Skeletal Muscle o Muscle fiber contraction is “all or none” o Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be stimulated during the same interval o Different combinations of muscle fiber contractions may give differing responses o Graded responses—different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening § Contraction of Skeletal Muscle

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o Graded responses can be produced by changing § The frequency of muscle stimulation § The number of muscle cells being stimulated at one time o Types of Graded Responses: § _____________________ • Single, brief contraction • Not a normal muscle function § _____________________ (summing of contractions) • One contraction is immediately followed by another • The muscle does not completely return to a resting state • The effects are added § _____________________ _________________ (incomplete tetanus) • Some relaxation occurs between contractions • The results are summed § _____________________ __________________ (complete tetanus) • No evidence of relaxation before the following contractions • The result is a sustained muscle contraction § Energy for Muscle Contraction § Types of Muscle Contractions: o __________________ contractions § Myofilaments are able to slide past each other during contractions § The muscle shortens and movement occurs o __________________ contractions § Tension in the muscles increases § The muscle is unable to shorten or produce movement § Muscle Tone o Some fibers are contracted even in a relaxed muscle o Different fibers contract at different times to provide muscle tone o The process of stimulating various fibers is under involuntary control § Muscles and Body Movements o Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone o Muscles are attached to at least two points § _____________________ = Attachment to an immoveable bone §

_____________________ = Attachment to a movable bone

§ Types of Ordinary Body Movements o ___________________ §

Decreases the angle of the joint

§

Brings two bones closer together

§

Typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow

o ___________________ §

Opposite of flexion

§

Increases angle between two bones

o ___________________ §

Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis

§

Common in ball-and-socket joints

§

Example is when you move atlas around the dens of axis (shake your head “no”)

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o ___________________ §

Movement of a limb away from the midline

o ___________________ §

Opposite of abduction

§

Movement of a limb toward the midline

o ___________________ §

Combination of ______________, _____________, ______________, and ______________

§

Common in ball-and-socket joints

o ____________________ §

Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin

o ____________________ §

Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)

o ____________________ §

Turn sole of foot medially

o ____________________ §

Turn sole of foot laterally

o ____________________ §

Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly

o _____________________ §

Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly

o _____________________ §

Move thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand

§ Types of Muscles o Prime mover—muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement o Antagonist—muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover o Synergist—muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation o Fixator—stabilizes the origin of a prime mover § Naming Skeletal Muscles o By direction of muscle fibers §

Example: ____________________________________________________________

o By relative size of the muscle §

Example: ____________________________________________________________

o By location of the muscle §

Example: _____________________________________________________________

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o By number of origins §

Example:

o By location of the muscle’s origin and insertion §

Example: _____________________________________________________________

o By shape of the muscle §

Example: _____________________________________________________________

o By action of the muscle §

Example: _____________________________________________________________

§ Head and Neck Muscles o Facial muscles §

____________________—raises eyebrows

§

____________________—closes eyes, squints, blinks, winks

§

____________________—closes mouth and protrudes the lips

§

____________________—flattens the cheek, chews

§

____________________—raises corners of the mouth

o Chewing muscles §

____________________—closes the jaw and elevates mandible

§

____________________—synergist of the masseter, closes jaw

o Neck muscles §

_____________________—pulls the corners of the mouth inferiorly

§

_____________________—flexes the neck, rotates the head

§ Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm o Anterior muscles §

______________________—adducts and flexes the humerus

§

Intercostal muscles •

__________________________—raise rib cage during inhalation



__________________________—depress the rib cage to move air out of the lungs when you exhale forcibly

§

Muscles of the abdominal girdle •

________________________—flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal contents (defecation, childbirth, forced breathing)



________________________—flex vertebral column; rotate trunk and bend it laterally



________________________—compresses abdominal contents

24

o Posterior muscles §

______________________—elevates, depresses, adducts, and stabilizes the scapula

§

______________________—extends and adducts the humerus

§

______________________—back extension

§

______________________—flexes the spine laterally

§

______________________—arm abduction

§ Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm o Muscles of the Upper Limb §

_______________________—supinates forearm, flexes elbow

§

_______________________—elbow flexion

§

_______________________—weak muscle

§

_______________________—elbow extension (antagonist to biceps brachii)

o Muscles of Pelvis, Hip, Thigh §

_______________________—hip extension

§

_______________________—hip abduction, steadies pelvis when walking

§

_______________________—hip flexion, keeps the upper body from falling backward when standing erect

§

_______________________—adduct the thighs

§ Muscles causing movement at the knee joint o Hamstring group—thigh extension and knee flexion § § § o Sartorius—flexes the thigh o Quadriceps group—extends the knee § § § § § Muscles causing movement at ankle and foot o _______________________________________—dorsiflexion and foot inversion o _______________________________________—toe extension and dorsiflexion of the foot o __________________________—plantar flexion, everts the foot o __________________________—plantar flexion

Be sure to review OLD quizzes with Corrections! 25

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