Structure and Function Anatomy Describes the _______________ of the body What they are made of Where they are located Associated structures
Physiology Is the study of ___________________ Functions of anatomical structures Individual and cooperative functions
Anatomy and Physiology Integrated Anatomy _______ anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, examines large, visible structures Surface anatomy: exterior features Regional anatomy: body areas Systemic anatomy: groups of organs working together Developmental anatomy: from conception to death Clinical anatomy: medical specialties
Anatomy and Physiology Integrated
Anatomy and Physiology Integrated
Anatomy
Physiology
_____________ anatomy examines cells and molecules ____________: study of cells and their structures • cyt- = cell
____________: study of tissues and their structures
Cell physiology: processes within and between cells Special physiology: functions of specific organs Systemic physiology: functions of an organ system Pathological physiology: effects of diseases
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Question 1
Levels of Organization
Anatomy is to _____ as physiology is to ______. 1. 2. 3. 4.
The Chemical (or Molecular) Level Atoms are the smallest chemical units Molecules are a group of atoms working together
The Cellular Level
cutting up; putting together structure; function function; structure medical terminology; medical tests
Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together
The Tissue Level Tissues are a group of similar cells working together
The Organ Level An organ is a group of different tissues working together
The Organismal Level An organism is a living thing that can carryout basic life processes and is usually made up of organ systems.
Levels of Organization
Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Integumentary Major Organs – Skin – Hair – Sweat glands – Nails
Functions – Protects against environmental hazards – Helps regulate body temperature – Provides sensory information
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Fig 1.1
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Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Skeletal Major Organs – – – –
Bones Cartilages Associated ligaments Bone marrow
Functions – Provides support and protection for other tissues – Stores calcium and other minerals – Forms blood cells
Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Nervous Major Organs – – – –
Brain CNS Spinal cord Peripheral nerves PNS Sense organs
Functions – Directs immediate responses to stimuli – Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems – Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions
Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Muscular Major Organs – Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
Functions – Provides movement – Provides protection and support for other tissues – Generates heat that maintains body temperature
Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Endocrine Major Organs – Pituitary gland – Pancreas – Gonads – Endocrine tissues in other systems
Functions – Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems – Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body – Controls many structural and functional changes during development
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Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Cardiovascular Major Organs – Heart – Blood – Blood vessels
Functions – Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide – Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature
Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Lymphatic Major Organs – Spleen – Thymus – Lymphatic vessels – Lymph nodes – Tonsils
Functions – Defends against infection and disease – Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Respiratory
Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Digestive Major Organs
Functions
– Teeth
– Processes and digests food
– Tongue
– Absorbs and conserves water
– Nasal cavities
– Pharynx
– Absorbs nutrients
– Sinuses
– Esophagus
– Stores energy reserves
– Larynx
– Stomach
– Trachea
– Small intestine
Major Organs
– Bronchi – Lungs – Alveoli
– Large intestine – Liver – Gallbladder – Pancreas
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Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Urinary Major Organs
Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Male Reproductive Major Organs
– Kidneys
– Testes
– Ureters
– Epididymides
– Urinary bladder
– Ductus deferentia
– Urethra
– Seminal vesicles
Functions – Excretes waste products from the blood – Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced – Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
– Prostate gland – Penis – Scrotum Functions – Produces male sex cells (sperm), suspending fluids, and hormones – Sexual intercourse
Levels of Organization
Homeostasis
The Organ Systems Female Reproductive Major Organs – Ovaries – Uterine tubes – Uterus – Vagina
___________________: all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment
– Labia – Clitoris – Mammary glands Functions – Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (body temperature, fluid balance)
– Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery – Provides milk to nourish newborn infant – Sexual intercourse
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Homeostasis Mechanisms of Regulation
Homeostasis Homeostatic mechanisms have 3 components:
Autoregulation (intrinsic) Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change
Extrinsic regulation Responses controlled by ________ and ____________ systems
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Negative and Positive Feedback
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Fig 1.2
Negative and Positive Feedback
The Role of Negative Feedback The response of the effector negates the
stimulus Body is brought back ________ homeostasis Normal range is achieved
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Fig 1.3
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Negative and Positive Feedback
Negative and Positive Feedback
The Role of Positive Feedback The response of the effector _____________ change of the stimulus Body is moved _________ from homeostasis Normal range is lost
Used to speed up processes Infrequent Sometimes called a cascade event © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systems Integration
Fig 1.4 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting
Systems Integration
Systems integration Systems work together to maintain homeostasis
Homeostasis is a state of _________________ Opposing forces are in balance
Physiological systems work to restore balance Most illnesses are the result of homeostatic imbalance Failure results in disease or death
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Question 2
General Organization of the Body ____________ Portion: head, neck, and trunk
What is/are goals and functions of a negative feedback system? 1. 2. 3. 4.
___________________ Portion: arms and legs
Providing long-term control over the body’s internal conditions Keeping conditions within a normal range Adjusting the ―set point‖ for body temperature based upon level of activity all of the above 1. Several body cavities 2. Layers of membranes within cavities 3. Organs and organ systems within cavities
Anatomical Terminology Superficial Anatomy Anatomical position: hands at sides, palms forward, feet together or slightly apart ___________: lying down, face up ___________: lying down, face down
Anatomical Terminology Superficial Anatomy Anatomical Landmarks References to palpable structures
Anatomical Regions Body regions Abdominopelvic quadrants Abdominopelvic regions
Anatomical Directions Reference terms based on _____________
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Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
Fig 1.7
Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Terminology
Sectional Anatomy Planes and sections Plane: a three-dimensional axis Section: a slice parallel to a plane Used to visualize internal organization and structure Important in radiological techniques
(or Axial or Horizontal or Cross or X-Y plane)
– MRI – PET – CT Fig 1.8
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Anatomical Terminology
Question 3 When the body is in correct anatomical position, what does that look like? 1. The terms left and right refer to the left and right sides of the observer 2. Hands are at the sides, dorsum of the hand facing forward, legs apart, head slightly to one side 3. Hands are at the sides, palms facing forward, feet together, eyes straight ahead 4. Person must be lying down
or Cross
/Median
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Question 4 The head is ____ to the umbilicus and the skeletal muscles are ___ to the bones.
Body Cavities Body cavities have two essential functions Protect organs from accidental shocks Permit changes in size and shape of internal
1. 2. 3. 4.
Anterior/lateral Superior/superficial Inferior/deep Cranial/distal
organs
Two major subdivisions: Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity (coelom)
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Body Cavities
Body Cavities
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Body Cavities
Body Cavities
Fig 1.9
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Fig 1.10
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Body Cavities
Body Cavities
Retroperitoneal space: area posterior to the peritonium and anterior to the muscular body wall (behind abdominopelvic cavity). Contains SAD PUCKER. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fig 1.10
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Abdominopelvic Regions
The abdominopelvic area is divided into 4 quadrants:
The abdominopelvic area is divided into 9 regions:
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Fig 1.6
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Fig 1.6
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Question 5 Contents of the thoracic cavity include the ___ and is further subdivided into the ____ cavities. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Fig 1.6
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Body Cavities Serous membranes Line body cavities and cover organs (2 layered) Consist of parietal serosa and visceral serosa _______________layer — lines cavity _______________ layer — covers organ
Serous fluid – lubricating fluid between the membranes
Brain and spinal cord/cranial and vertebral Heart and lungs/pleural and pericardial Liver and stomach/abdominal and pelvic 2 and 3 are correct
Body Cavities Serous membranes Parietal pericardium: Visceral pericardium: Parietal pleura: Visceral pleura: Parietal peritoneum: Viseral peritoneum:
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Body Cavities
Body Cavities
Serous membranes
Serous membranes
Parietal pericardium Tough outermost layer of the pericardium Attached to the central part of the diaphragm and posterior part of the sternum and insides of the ribs Surrounds the heart and roots of the great blood vessels
Visceral pericardium Innermost layer of the pericardium Attached to the heart Extends to the beginning of the great vessels
Parietal pleura Lines the innerchest wall Covers the diaphragm
Visceral pleura Covers the lungs
Body Cavities Serous membranes Parietal peritoneum Lines the internal body wall of the abdominopelvic cavity
Visceral peritoneum Covers the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity
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