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Antioxidant specialists offer recommendations An international conference on "Antioxidants in FoodPast, Present and Future" was held Ocr. 28-31,1991. at the Rebild Bakker HOle! and Conference Center in Skerping, Denmark. The conference. which drew 60 participants from 15 countries. was organized by the International Food Science Centre A/S (IPSe), Denmark, and was chaired by Vijai K.S. Shukla, IFSC director. John Gutreridge of the Royal Brompton National Heart and Lung Institute, London, introduced the concept of free

This report giving highlights from the international conference. "Antioxidants in Food-Pasl. Present and Future," was prepared by INFORM Associate Editor V.K.S. Shukla. The conference concluded with recommendations for.further sflldy of cnetattng agents. the need for common nomenctature.funner study of mediating effect of lipids on radicals. and for improved analytical techniques to study and monitor lipid oxidation.

radicals, particularly those formed from oxygen, and accompanied by significant proportions of the much less explained the importance of spin. In the four-step reaction common tocotrienols. This makes the products different by which oxygen is converted to water, two of the intermefrom the more usual vitamin E preparations obtained from diates (02 and OH) are radicals. Powerful hydroxyl radicals soybean or other vegetable oils. also are produced by Fenton's reagent and by the radiolysis Franz Timmerman of Chemische Fabrik Gronau GmbH, of water, and can initiate lipid peroxtdenon which is a radical chain reaction. The Importance of transition metal ions Jillertissen/Bayem. Germany, described the successful application of natural tocopherols as and of particularly the omission of iron antioxidants for a wide range of foods, was explained. Finally, he discussed Antioxidants are including vegetable oils, animal fats. biological antioxidant protection and important to protect fish oils. essential oils. lecithins. minerthe binding of metals. foods and for protection aI oils (for the cosmetic and pharmaFrank Gunstone of St. Andrews ceutical industries). cereals, dehydrated University, Scotland, presented two against several potatoes. nuts. fried noodles and some lectures. The first continued the introdiseased conditions. meat products. ductory theme on mechanisms of oxiThe benefits and limitations of varidation and on antioxidants. He covered were three processes of lipid oxidation-autooxidation, pbo- ous primary and secondary natural antioxidants tooxygenation, and enzymic oxidation-and described the reviewed by Robert Evans of Kalsec Inc .. Kalamazoo. Michigan. He included tocopherols. phenolics from spices mechanism of these processes and the hydroperoxides and herbs such as rosemary and sage, phytic acid, and resulting from various unsaturated acids. The secondary ascorbic acid and its esters. and drew attention to the imporproducts of reaction, including short-chain compounds, tance of pro-vitamin A, vitamin C. and vitamin E. epoxides of the same Chain-length and peroxide dimers. The effectiveness of both natural and synthetic antioxiwere described. Gunstone also outlined the way in which primary and secondary antioxidants work and indicated the dants was examined by Amalia Calvo of UOP, Des Plaines. Illinois. Her study covered canola oil and palm olein at molecular structures of the product formed from the temperatures around 25°C for 60 days and 200°C (2 x 12 antioxidants. hours). Synergism between BHA and BHT and between Hasse Vinter of Grindsted Products. Brabrand, Dentocopherols and rosemary extract was observed with the mark, reported on industrial aspects of antioxidants. Vinrer synthetic antioxidants being more effective under the conindicated that antioxidants are imponant to protect foods ditions examined. and also may be required in their own right for protection In a second talk, Evans discussed antioxidant trends in against several diseased conditions. He described the most the United States. He predicted continued growth in effective antioxidants or blends of primary antioxidants, demand for BHT and TBHQ. a possible reduction in BHA chelating agents. and appropriate carriers for the particular demand. and more significant growth for natural antioxiend-use of the product. He emphasized the natural antioxidants: tocopherols. ascorbic acid and its derivatives. and dants. especially the tocopherols and the relatively new products such as rosemary extract and sage. He also prethe gallic acid esters. dicted growing importance for chelating technology. Jurg Lenger of the Nestle Research Centre, Lausanne. Parkash Kochhar of SPK Consultancy Services, ReadSwitzerland, spoke on the application of natural antioxiing. England. reported on the application of synthetic dants in foods such as those present in tea and rosemary. antioxidants in foods. He discussed the permitted antioxiHe described the large synergistic effect noticed with dants. chelaring agents and synergists. and the factors blends of tocopherol. ascorbates and lecithin. which lead to a particular selection of materials for optiA. Gapor of the Palm Oil Research Institute in Malaysia mum results. (PORIM) described the significant growth in palm oil proThe effectiveness of natural antioxidants in foods cornduction in Malaysia during the 19805 and gave an account pared to synthetic antioxidants was reviewed by Marion of the production of a vitamin E concentrate from palm Dougherty Jr. of Eastman Chemical Products Inc., Tenfatty acid distillate. a by-product of the refining procedure. This product is unusual in that the common tocopherols ure nessee. He covered BHA, BHT. TBHQ and propyl gallate INFORM.

Vol.3. no. 1 (Jonuary

1992)

WORLDWATCH as synthetics and ascorbic acid, ascorbyJ palmitate. roseincidence of coronary heart disease. He presented epidemiological evidence for the importance of antioxidant status mary extracts and mixed tocopherols as natural antioxidants in a wide range of applications. His review discussed as one of several factors in coronary heart disease. Continuing his discussion on the importance of selenithe advantages of TBHQ and the tocopherols, especially, when used with ascorbic acid. um. Diplcck described the interaction between selenium Hennann Kappus of Frele Universitat. Berlin. Germany, and iodine metabolism. He reported some significant studreported on the comparative toxicology of BHA. BHT and ies on hypothyroid subjects in Zaire. vitamin E. He described the difficulties which have arisen In the final lecture. Darley-Usmar discussed the role of with tests using high doses of BHA and BHT bUI found oxygen at several stages in cardiovascular disease. Underthat vitamin E showed lillie or no evistanding the process at each stage assists in the development of appropridence of any problem. Perhaps the oils and Guneridge. continuing his talk of ate antioxidants, he said. describing the previous day, emphasized the what he termed "appropriate antioxifats processing industry importance of transition metals, particdants." should reexamine the ularly iron, in the promotion and inhiThe conference brought scientists efficacy of citric acid. bition of oxidation. He discussed bioand technologists from the food induslogical antioxidant protection and try with their concern to inhibit lipid oxidation together with groups of biodescribed the major protein anrloxldarns in extracellular fluids and the important role played chemists and medical specialists concerned about diseases in which oxygen is implicated. The final conference disby vitamin E. vitamin C. and possibly by B-carOiene. This topic was further developed by Victor Darleycussion was led by Gutteridge and Shukla. Several points Usmar of Wellcome Research Laboratories. Beckenham. emerged in that discussion. First. oils and fats chemists have put great emphasis on Kent. who spoke on the importance of iron chelators in diminishing and controlling oxidation in biological syschain-breaking antioxidants-both synthetic and natutems. He described some important anuoxtdants, including raI-and have perhaps given lesser attention to the important role played by metals in promoting both the interaction strong chela tors such as the hydroxamates. of oxidation and the breakdown of hydroperoxides. Wide Anthony Diploek of Guy's Hospital. London. outlined the free radical theory of disease and described some disuse is made of citric acid as a chelating agent, but it was eases associated with selenium deficiency. He discussed suggested that citric acid is a poor reagent for this purpose. Further attention needs to be given to this, and perhaps the work leading to the conclusion that selenium is an important part of the total antioxidant requirement. However. it is oils and fats processing industry should reexamine the effidifficult to define a required level of selenium on its own cacy of citric acid and consider replacing it with more effective materials. since this is dependent on the availability of other antioxidants. Second, there is a confusion about nomenclature. The The role of supercxice dismutases (SOD) as an indistwo groups at the conference used the terms "primary" and pensible enzyme serving as an antioxidant was described "secondary" antioxidants in opposite meanings. It would by Knud Lund-Olesen of Odense, Denmark. He described be desirable to obtain a consensus on meanings for these his experience with Orgctein (the Cu-Zn superoxlde disterms, and perhaps even better to use more descriptive mutases) in treating a number of diseased conditions. terms such as "chelating agents" and "chain-breaking compounds." The importance of selenium and glutathione peroxidase Third. much emphasis has been put on the damage by in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis was discussed by Ulrik Tarp of Aarhus University Hospital. Denmark. He radicals on lipids. but radicals mediated through lipids also concluded it is still uncertain whether the subnormal selemay react with ill effect on proteins. carbohydrates and nucleic acids. Insufficient attention has been given to this nium status and the partly impaired GSH-redox cycle observed in sufferers of this disease affect the function of danger. the PMNs and thus the pathogenesis of the disease. Fourth, there is a need for improved analytical proceShukla of IFSC, Denmark. discussed the oxidative detedures for detecting and following lipid oxidation. It is also rioration of fish oils and some vegetable oils. He demonnecessary to improve the correlation between accelerated suared the presence of oxidative polymer. showed that the tests and what happens during prolonged storage of fats anisidine value could remain high even when the peroxide and oils. Analysts in the oils and fats industry need to value had been reduced. and discussed ways of preventing become aware of advances in analytical techniques develfurther oxidation. oped in biomedical studies and described in biomedical In his second lecture. Vinter reviewed methods of mea- journals and reviews. suring the efficiency of antioxidants and described the relaFinally. the lack of correlation between different antioxtively new Oxidograph which also was available for idants, different substrates and different experimental conditions. such as temperature. suggests that the understanddemonstration. Richard M. Saikeld of F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel. ing of oxidation mechanisms is still incomplete. Switzerland, discussed the relationship between plasma Proceedings of this meeting are available at a cost of antioxidants. especially vitamin E and Vitamin C, and the 500 Danish kroner (approximately $80 U.S,) plus postage. INFORM. Vol. 3. no. 1 (January 1992)

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WORLDWATCH Information is available from and orders may be placed through Elsabetli Bisbo.lnternotional Food Science Centre AlS, PO Box 44. Sonderskavvej 7. DK-8520. t..yslrup. Denmark. Telephone: 45 -86-22-9986:fax: 45-86-22-99-96. 165 attend JOCS seminar on radicals A total of 165 persons attended a seminar on "Free Radicals and Deterioration of Food and Its Prevention" sponsored by the Japan Oil Chemists' Society last year at the Science University in Tokyo. Topics and speakers were: "Theory of Oxidation and Arnloxidetlon in Foods" by Osamu Jgarasha of Ochanomizu University: "Measurement on Deterioration of Oils and Fats" by Yochiro Totani of Seikei University: "Foods and Natural Antioxidants-Relations with Microorganism" by Yukihiro Ishikawa of Totten University: "Antioxidant Effect of Carotenoids" by Junji Terao of National Food Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture. Forestry and Fisheries. and "Mechanism on Deterioration or Oils and Pars and Its Prevention" by Goro Kajimoto of KobeGakuin University. The program concluded with a panel discussion led by Kenshiro Fujimoto of Tohoku University,

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INFORM, Vol. 3, no. 1 (January 1992)

This report was prepared for INFORM by K.C. Berger, a consultant based in London and a former staff member at the Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia. Approximately 1,400 registrants from 46 countries attended the 1991 PORIM International Palm Oil Conference Sept 9-14. 1991. in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Two days were taken up by parallel sessions on agriculture and markering, with 2.5 days devoted 10 sessions on technology and nutrition. The overall theme of the conference was "Progress. prospects and challenges toward the 21st century." This report gives one listener's impressions of the sessions attended and therefore cannot reflect the contents of the whole conference.

87

In a keynote address, Ani Arope, chief executive of the products, meanwhile, could be pursued through GAIT. Although credit provisions to some countries might be necGuthrie Plantation Company, outlined the main challenges facing palm oil. Although palm oil is exported to more than essary, one should be cautious in deciding how much credit to extend and for how long- long-term credits sometimes 90 countries, palm oil has no positive product image. Instead, research has had to be directed to overcoming neg- tum into donations, he said. Derek Chapman of SAVOlA, Saudi Arabia, described ative publicity. according to Arope. Noting that competition in the world market with 16 other oils and fats will comln- an example of successful marketing for palm olein in his country. By careful design of packaging, the use of in-store ue to be a fact of life, he urged collaboration in research promotions and advertising, a quality image has been built and development activities with other producing countries. for palm olein. This has increased sales at a premium in Global population increases alone will require at least another 25 million tons of edible oils per year by the year both retail and catering markets. The nutrition session was notable for authoritative 2000, and palm oil will contribute no more than one-third review papers by Lester Packer (Berkeley, California), of this. This estimate also was supported by Siegfried Roger Dean (Sydney, Australia) and Philip James Mielke of Oil World. (Rowen, Aberdeen, Scotland). and for a number of firstAlthough world population growth rates are slowing, hand accounts on the effects of diets containing a high absolute world population numbers will continue to grow. level of palm oil. Increases in palm oil supplies will conReviewing new developments tinue to be needed to fill the gap that The main increase in in atherogenesis, Dean concentrated on other oils are unable to fill. Additional work in his department on the chemical growth due to increased prosperity is demand for palm oil effects of free radical damage of much more difficult to determine. The will continue to be in lipoproteins and the antioxidant activimain increase in demand for palm oil developing countries. ty of ubiquinof and tocotrienols. The will continue to be in developing counprotective effect of vitamin C on the tries, particularly China, the Indian other two antioxidants had been subcontinent and Russia. Lim Keng demonstrated. This effect also has been studied by Packer, Yaik, Malaysia's Minister of Primary Industries, indicated who used electron spin resonance techniques to show that that long-term credit facilities are being negotiated to assist in biological systems, tocotrienols are more effective than with payment problems in these regions. More detailed regional reviews of palm oil markets by a the saturated tocopherols. Experiments in rat hearts showed that a vitamin E concentrate from palm oil, rich in number of speakers supported these general views. tocotrienols, was efficient in protecting against ischaemic In the European Economic Community (EEC). the main reperfusion injury. In reviewing the evidence relating importers are Germany, Holland and the United Kingdom, dietary fat intake to cancer, James drew the broad conclueach laking between 200,000-300,000 metric tons (MT) sion that total fat is more important than the differential annually, according to J.P. Helme. Palm oil is appreciated for its contribution to margarine texture as a W crystal sta- effects of specific fat sources. Randall Wood of Texas A&M University described a bilizer. Also, "super oleins" of low cloud point are becomhuman nutritional study in which specific fats, incorporating popular. Increased use in soaps, cosmetics and surfaced in food items, were fed in controlled diets. Feeding was tents can be expected, he added. for six weeks, with six-week intervals on the normal diet. Bek Nielsen of United Plantations also expressed optiThe total fat intake was 40% of calories, with 24% being mism about future markets. Nielsen pointed out that the fat under study. Changes in serum lipids were moniexports of primary products are more financially rewarding to Malaysia than are exports of manufactured products, for tored weekly. Sunflower oil resulted in the greatest reducwhich a large proportion of the profits often accrue to lions in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (lOl) cholesterol, but high-density lipoprotein (HDl) cholesterol joint-venture partners overseas. and apo-lipoprotein A also were reduced. Butter raised As a trader, Victor Ngo emphasized the need to develop total and lDl cholesterol, while a commercial stick marproducts of superior specifications tailored to users' garine containing 26% trans fany acids lowered both total requirements and the need to continue research on diversiand HOl cholesterol. A palm-sunflower (80-20) oil blend fied usage. Future development of palm oil markets requires proper product identity, he said. Meanwhile, the produced no change in serum lipids or lipoproteins. The provision of suitable transport and its costs are problems, dietary periods were spread over 18 months. Regular blood lipid analyses showed that cholesterol baseline values were particularly for relatively remote destinations such as Latin significantly higher in winter than in summer, a point not America. always taken into account in shorter term studies. Roberto Cerboni, representing the International Trade Based on the average of data from all subjects, Wood Centre UNCTAD/GATT (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development/General Agreement on Trade and said refined palm oil did not elevate total cholesterol or Tariffs), advised that the industry should continue (0 devellDL cholesterol relative 10 base line, but increased HDL op value-added products and that research on potential cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I relative to the marenergy uses is useful even though such uses are uneconomical at present. Efforts to reduce import duties on processed (continued on next pag~) INFORM, Vol. 3,

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WORLDWATCH oil-rich diet, trans acids were significantly lower than in his control diets. garine and sunflower oil diets, while ape-lipoprotein B levThe work of K.e. Hayes has shown that in primates. palmitic acid is neutral with respect to its effect on serum cis were reduced below the base line. effects are These effects showed refined palm oil incorporated at cholesterol, and that hypercholesterolemic high levels in a nomal diet to have on average a beneficial focused in the ell and el4 saturated acids. This effect was effect, but Wood found that the individual responses to first noted by M. Hegsted in 1965. Hayes' approach now has been extended to humans in dietary fat were complex and variable. For example, some coUaboration with two Malaysian research groups, one led showed adverse lipid changes on the high polyunsaturated fatty acid diets. Such results caused Wood to question the by Tony K.W. Ng, who reported that diets rich in olive oil or palm olein fed after a control diet wisdom of making general dietary recrich in coconut oil had similar effects ommendations to the public. During the discussion, Klaus Wahle of Rowett Research on serum lipoprotein cholesterol. two criticisms were However, palm olein had a significant Institute compared palm oil with hydro-beneficial effect on the thromboxanegenated rapeseed oil and hydrogenated raised oj some earlier to-proslacyclin ratio, a suggested index soybean oil at similar ratios of polyunstudies on dietary fats of thrombogenesis. saturated to saturated fatty acids. This and blood lipids. K. Sundram reported a similar comparison is significant, because such study in which controlled diets were fats could be partially interchangeable in industrial blends used for shortenings, margarines or fry- given to 18 soldiers for two periods of four weeks in a douing. The total fat level was 40% of calories, with 26% of ble blind cross-over study. A palmitic acid-rich diet in total cholesterol and in the calories as the test fat. The subjects were free-living, and showed a reduction were provided with the complete diets prepared in the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio in comparison with a lauric/myristic acid-rich diet. institute. Total and LDL cholesterol were unaltered among Hayes has re-examined many of the earlier published the three test diets, but the palm oil diet induced a significantly lower serum triglyceride level, he reported. dietary studies on fats in the light of these findings, and has shown that the correlation between saturated acids and Another human dietary study reported by G. Hornstra from Limburg University compared a diet rich in palm oil serum cholesterol level is enhanced if palmitic acid is with a normal Dutch diet of similar saturated fatty acid excluded from the Hegsted equation. However, it appears content. Total serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels did that the effect of myristic acid on plasma cholesterol is sensitive to the linoleic acid content of the diet. At low not change, but the ratio LDLJHD~ + HDL:J was lowered on the palm oil diet, as was apo-Iipoprotein B, while apo18:2/14:0 ratios, 14:0 increases plasma cholesterol dramatlipoprotein A-I was enhanced. Homstra noted that Lp (a) ically, but at high levels of 18:2, myristic acid levels have was reduced on the palm oil rich diet. This protein is little effect. This effect is interpreted as a change in the activity of regarded by some as a good predictor of risk of cardiovascular disease, and previously has not been found to be the LDL receptors in the liver. The receptors are activated modified by diet. The reduction in Lp (a) was greater in by 18:2 until a saturation level is reached, and are downindividuals with high serum levels of this lipoprotein, he regulated by 14:0 when the 18:2 level is below saturation (chapter in book, Dietary Fats & Cholesterol, edited by P. added. Gold. in press from Kush Medical Communications). R.P. Mensink reported some additional and as yet During the discussion, two criticisms were raised of unpublished results of his study of the effect of trans fatty acids (N. Engl. J Med. 323:439(1990». In this study, sub- some earlier studies on dietary fats and blood lipids. One jects were given three similar diets except that 10% of total effect of the liquid formula diets sometimes used is that due to a lack of fiber, subjects become constipated. This energy was supplied by oleic, trans or saturated fatty acids, respectively. The trans diet raised LDL cholesterol and affects both their biliary flow and blood cholesterol levels. The use of synthetic fats, in an attempt to isolate effects of lowered HDL cholesterol, resulting in a significant increase in the LDL/HDL ratio. Mensink now reported specific fatty acids. is suspect because triglyceride structure has been shown to affect fat metabolism. The cholesthat, when the study was repeated at a lower intake of trans terolemic effect of natural versus randomly interesterified fatty acids, an effect on the LDL/HDL ratio was still obtained. but of lesser magnitude (the results were presentglycerides varies. Furthermore, in synthetic fats. the possible effects of the nonglyceride components of natural fats ed by Peter L. Zock at the 1991 AOCS annual meeting). Further analyses carried out on samples from Mensink's are unavailable. A general conclusion that can be drawn from the conferoriginal study showed that lipoprotein (a) levels were significantly raised on the diet containing 10% of energy as ence is that future markets for al1 vegetable oil producers trans acids. Average Lp (a) levels for all subjects were 44, should be bright. especially if payment problems of some developing countries can be solved. Current findings with 27 and 22 mg/dl. respectively, on the Irons, oleic and satupalm oil suggest there are no major adverse effects on rated fatty acid diets. It could be inferred that Mensink's results may explain blood lipid components when humans are fed controlled Homstra's findings on Lp (a), because in Homstra's palm diets containing proportions much higher than would be (continued from previous page)

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contained in a nonnal Western diet. On the contrary. the detailed analyses carried out in several studies produced indications of beneficial effects. The session confinned the need for more research into the prospects offered by antioxidants in the biological system.

33 invited to trans workshop in Toronto This report was prepared by INFORM Associate Editor J. Edward Hunter. A workshop on trans fauy acids, organized by G. Harvey Anderson and A.V. Rao (University of Toronto) was held in Toronto on Oct. 10, 1991, to discuss current trans fauy acid issues and to develop a sense of direction for possible future action steps. Thirty-three scientists representing universities, the Canadian government. and the food industry were invited to participate. The program consisted of eight presentations on topics related to trans acids, followed by group discussions of priorities for future needs. Invited presentations were given by T.H. Applewhite (An Overview and History of trons Fatty Acids). J. AJfieri (Analytical Issues in the Measurement of trans Fatty Acids). E. Hunter (Consumption and Disappearance Patterns of trons Fatty Acids). B. Holub (An Academic View). H. Zevenbergen (An Industry View), 1. Beare-Rogers (A Government View), T. Stenzel (Communicating Health Issues to the Public), and M. Cheney (A Regulatory Overview of trans Fatty Acids). The Holub. Zevenbergcn and Beare-Rogers presentations dealt with health aspects of trans fatty acids. Workshop participants were assigned to one of three discussion groups in an effon to reach some consensus on priority issue relating to trans acids. Following the workshop, the organizers issued a priority list of issues developed by the study groups suggesting the following: • Good clinical studies are needed with (a) normal health populations. (b) subjects from risk groups. (c) standard fat mixtures, (d) dose response treatments. (e) multilaboratory studies, and (f) analysis of effects of positional lriglyceride isomers. • Standardization of analytical procedures and compilation of compositional tables for foods with attention to trans isomers. • More effective communication of health issues to the public. • Development of regulatory guidelines including consideration of the concept of "saturate equivalents." • Continuation of reduction trans levels in foods. The potential action items suggested were: • Suppon the concept of further clinical trials. • Organize a group of potential clinical researchers. • Prepare and make available a standard trans fatty acids mixture for clinical researchers. ·Suppon the review of product labelling and the use of "cholesterol-free" declarations.

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Latin jojoba meeting draws 160 persons The follo ..... ing report on a jojoba conference held Oct. 7-1/. 1991. in La Rioja. Argentina. was provided by Luis Wong 0/ Jojoba Gro..... ers & Processors. Apache Junction. Arizona. More than 160 persons from ten countries attended the Fourth Latin American Conference on Jojoba and Second International Conference on Promising Crops held Oct. 7-11, 1991, in La Rioja. Argentina. The general purpose of the meeting was to present the advances attained with jojoba in different countries in Latin America and a look at promising plants for arid and semi-arid lands. This conference allowed an exchange of knowledge and experiences among scientists, technicians and businessmen interested in these crops, as well as providing an opportunity for investors and country representatives in the industry to exchange ideas. The technical program included sessions on jojoba and other promising crops such as kenaf and quince. Twentysix papers were presented, and covered the following topic areas: ecological aspects, climate and soil: morphological and physiological aspects; propagation, genetics and breeding: cultural practices including irrigation; weather condi-

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WORLDWATCH nons. pests, diseases and weed ccrurot; harvesting and production; processing. products and by-products; and economic and financial aspects, including marketing and commercialization. The official languages for the meeting were Spanish and English. with simultaneous translation. Three round-table discussions also were presented. Topics and discussion leaders were the following: genetics and improvements in jojoba and new crops, led by Ricardo Ayerza. Jose DelaTorre. David A. Palzkill, Antonio Garcia Berenguer and Adolfo Mealte: production costs, led by Harry Ayer, Rooolfc Nielsen, Christian waetjen and Emilio Merajelman; and commercialization. extraction and marketing. led by Gilberta Rodriguez, Jaime Wisniak, Luis Wong and Juan Carlos Bosia. Attendees also had the opportunity 10 visit several jojoba plantations in Argentina. where more than 1,300 hectares have been planted.

Japan to host lASe; JOPA to be JVOA The Japan Oilseed Processors Association (JOPA) has announced that the International Association of Seed Crushers (lASC) has accepted an invitation to hold its 1998 meeting in Japan either in or near Tokyo.

The announcement follows an lASe board meeting held last September in Scotland. lOPA also has announced it tentatively has decided to change the organization's name to the "Japan Vegetable Oil Association" during irs 30th anniversary celebration to be held Jan. 24, 1992. A final decision will be made at that meeting, with the consensus of the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture. Forestry and Fisheries.

Goenka to lead extractors' group a.p.

Goenka of Food. Fats & Fertilisers Ltd. in Madras, India, has been elected president of the Solvent Extractors Association (SEA) of India. He was elected at the group's annual meeting held during September 1991. Other officers include B.K. Swaika of Swaika Oil Mills in Calcutta, vice-president; M.H. Agrawal of Hanuman Vitamin Foods Ltd. of Bombay, honorary secretary; and G.B. Chawla of Knmani Oil Industries in Bombay, honorary treasurer. B.Y. Mehta continues as secretary for the SEA, which has offices at 142 Jolly Maker Chamber No.2. 14th Floor. 225 Nariman Point, Bombay, 400021, India (fax: 91-22-202-1692). •

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