Social Memories of the Guayaquil- Quito Railway 1897-1960 (Ecuador) 2012-11

1.

SUMMARY Until the early twentieth century, trade between the coast and the highlands of Ecuador was made on the backs of mules or indigenous carriers. About 7,000 annual mules were used for the exchange between these regions. The trip from Guayaquil to Quito took 10 to 12 days, the discomforts of the journey were numerous during the dry season and in the rainy season the trip was almost impossible1. The need to establish communication pathways that eased interregional communication was present in the Ecuadorian presidents since the mid-nineteenth century. The two figures representing the political and ideological opposite trend: Gabriel Garcia Moreno and Eloy Alfaro. Despite their differences, they shared the idea that the steam engine was necessary to articulate regions and represented the insertion of the country to progress and modernity. Garcia Moreno was able to improve the connection between the main urban centers of Ecuador with the construction of the railroad between Yaguachi and Milagro, which was inaugurated in May 1874. Years later, Eloy Alfaro was the one who gave a permanent, massive and rapid road between Guayaquil and Quito. This was noted and recognized by the archbishop of Quito, Federico Gonzalez Suarez, who at the train's arrival at Quito in June, 1908, said: "This glory, the Railroad, belongs to the Liberal Party, no one can take it away: the Conservative Party could have done it, but did not, forgive me, Conservative Party, but my congratulations are for General Alfaro. 2" But beyond knowing who the executor of the work was, are the motivation, circumstances and effects of this event for the country. We have therefore considered it appropriate to recover through this nomination, the written records and charts that show the history of the railroad from its construction until it stopped operating. In this regard, the proposal was initiated in 1897, with the signing of the first contract with the U.S. Engineer Archer Harman and runs through the midtwentieth century. This proposal includes manuscripts, prints, photographs, maps, drawings and objects from the late nineteenth century and mid twentieth century, guarded in the National Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, National Archives, Archive "Ciudad Alfaro", Historical Archives and Library of the Ministry of Culture, Archives of the Public Railway Company of Ecuador, Archive-Library of the National Assembly, National Library, Central University Library, and the Johnson Family Collection.

1

Kim Clark, La obra redentora. El ferrocarril y la nación en Ecuador 1895-1930, Quito, Corporación Editora Nacional, 2004, p. 26. 2 Jorge Moreno Egas, “El Ferrocarril transandino”, en: Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar- Taller de Estudios Históricos. Revolución Liberal. Perspectiva general de la Revolución Liberal, Quito, Diario La Hora, 1995.

It includes unpublished sources related to the construction of the railroad between Guayaquil and Quito, the political, economic and cultural significance of this fact in the history of Ecuador. In this regard, the documents retrieved provide information on economic reforms: expansion of the domestic market and trade flows between the mountains and the coast, recovery and commodification of land. Besides national integration, it allowed an unprecedented movement of people, products and ideas, changes in the labor market, with the movement of labor for the construction of the railway, to the skilled jobs that the company required to operate and its long-term effects. On the other hand, we can learn the financing, controversies within the Republic and between the government and the Guayaquil and Quito Railway Company. Finally, the new rhythm that marked large and small cities changed the image of many mountain towns. Being the railroad one of the most important and symbolic works of the liberal period in Ecuador, this proposal is inserted into national and international events that will be held to commemorate the centenary of the killing of Eloy Alfaro La Hoguera Bárbara Centenario Eloy Alfaro. This nomination was chosen as much of the documentation that accounts for this fact is dispersed, fragmented or lost. In this paper we hope to recover and safeguard the heritage assets that still survive. The recovery of this social memory of great symbolism for Ecuadorians, will allow historiography to reconstruct some events that were part of this and that due to ignorance have been forgotten.

2.

INFORMATION ON THE AUTHOR OF THE PROPOSAL 2.1. Name Historic Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Integration National Archive Historic Archive and Library of the Ministry of Culture Archive of the Railroad Company Historic Archive “Ciudad Alfaro” Archive-Library of the Legislative Palace National Library Central University Library 2.2 Relation to the documentary heritage element Archives and Libraries submitting this nomination have made a work of research and selection of documentary sources that account for one of the momentous events of Ecuador's history, the construction of the railway that connected the regions of the Coast and Highlands of Ecuador, taking a significant step towards the development and modernization of the country. This selection was due to the criteria stated in the guidelines of the Program, ie authenticity, importance, and it also satisfies the criteria of time, subject, topic, and people. 2.3. Contact Person(s):

Maria Soledad Castro Ponce 2.4. Information (include address, telephone, fax, e-mail) Responsible for the Historic Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Integration of Ecuador Address: Av. 10 de Agosto 11-83 y Carrión Telephone: 2993200 Ext. 12780 Email: [email protected] 3. IDENTIFICATION OR DESCRIPTION OF DOCUMENTARY HERITAGE Social Memories of the Guayaquil- Quito Railway 1897-1960 SUMMARY OF HERITAGE NOMINATED PER ARCHIVE –LIBRARY AND TYPE OF DOCUMENT COLLECTION

MANUSCRIPTS & TYPED DOCUMENTS

MAPS

PRINTS

MRECI AH/ML/BC

34

1

6

AN

71

2

AHMC AH FF.EE.

58

AHCA

8

ABAN

192

5

PHOTOS

67

90

10

3 2

BN

17

BUC

3

CFJ

2

7

105

100

TOTAL

363

OTHER

8

2

 BIOGRAPHIC DATA AND INSCRIPTION Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Integration The documentation is selected in three areas: Historical Archive, Boundary Map Library and Central Library. 

In the Historic Archive, Ministry of Foreign Affairs fund, in the series: C Communications received from the Legation of Ecuador to the United States and F Communications received from several authorities, is where most of the documentation related to the subject is found, from 1897 to 1940. This provides references of the first contacts with U.S. contractors to finance the work, the efforts with Central American countries to hire workers, giving land to the Southern Railway Company for offices (stations, workshops, yards, docks and

factories in the path Chimbo-Sibambe), breach of contracts and disputes arising between the construction companies and the government. Additionally, the report entitled "The Guayaquil and Quito Railway Company," prepared by Coverdale & Colpitts, Consulting Engineers of New York in 1928, contains extremely interesting data such as valuation of properties, controversies between the government and the bondholders of the first mortgage; recommendations to improve the railway; opinion on the possibility of electrification of a mountain road, traffic analysis of freight and passengers and the state of public debt. National archive In the Funds: Notaries, Maps and Plans and the Supreme Court, General Section, we were able to locate important documents ranging from 1897, among others, the original contract with Harman Hacher of June 14, 1897, likewise, various contracts for land transfers and trials for expropriation proceedings for the construction of the railway. Two volumes, with communications sent by the Ministry of Public Works to the Southern Railway Company and other authorities, which include communications regarding the invoice requested from other States, prior to construction of the railway. Archive “Ciudad de Alfaro” Guards a replica of the miniature train, which was given by Archer Harman to President Eloy Alfaro, a metal plate for printing postcards as a souvenir of the arrival of the train to the city of Quito, and a report on trains’ movement of 1957. Historic Archive and Library - Ministry of Culture The information from photographs comes from the Audiovisual Fund; Funds Jijón, Larrea and Social Sciences, regarding printed material. More than eighty photographs are guarded by the Historical Archive of the Ministry of Culture, which contains rich and varied graphic information on people involved in the work. Eloy Alfaro and Archer Harman appear as icons in the construction of the railway, also workers, passengers, openings, locomotives, rails, landscapes and cities are highlighted in the selected set. The preferred area of these Images is the Devil's Nose, because that region had the greatest difficulty during construction. There are photographs of the stations, bridges and human clusters that show participation and movement around the construction. State Railways Archives The Railway Company retains its historical documents in its offices in the cities of Quito and Riobamba. 73 documentary groups have been recovered, from 1897 until the early 60's. Most of the information is in the archive in Riobamba. In various formats (print, manuscripts, maps and photos) is the data on the constructive history, technical work, agrarian history and staff who worked in the company. It is important to note the existence of a bond book "Guayaquil & Quito Railway Company" which includes various original

bonds of Archer Harman, the entrepreneur who founded the American company "Guayaquil & Quito Railway Company", responsible for building most of the Southern Railway. National Library Contributes to this nomination with 16 works edited from 1897-1951. The contracts signed, the railway history, and the celebration of the arrival of the first railway engine to Quito, among others. Archive-Library of the National Assembly Contribute with 192 documents to the Nomination. Legislative and Executive decrees that account of the process since the beginning of the construction of the railway. The debates and controversies aroused by this event, and its resolutions. On the other hand, it also offers reports presented by Ministers to the National Assembly, which mark the history of the railroad. Testimonials without which it would be difficult to understand the importance and significance of the presence of the steam engine in Ecuador. Central University Library Three works related to the construction stage are kept in this Library. 4. JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROPOSAL AND/OR EVALUATION ACCORDING TO SELECTION CRITERIA a. Has its authenticity been demonstrated? Without doubt, each and every one of the documents presented for this nomination have been analyzed by the heads of the institutions that guard these collections, as well as by specialists in the history of the liberal period in Ecuador. b. Has its importance, singularity and impossibility of being replaced worldwide been demonstrated? For the history of Ecuador, the construction of the railway had great significance. This was one of the means to integrate and connect the different regions. Unlike other Latin American countries, where the railway works were aimed mostly for transporting export products, the Ecuadorian railway aimed at national integration, linked to the idea of progress, it promoted socio-economic, political and cultural changes. For these reasons, the railway played a major role in the economic and social life of Ecuador, in communications and public transportation of cargo and passengers; many towns arose along the way and some cities developed and benefited from the railway project. The subject of this nomination offers a wide field in time and space, where some important elements converge in the history of Ecuador: the liberal political project, contradictions and successes, local conflicts with the centralized state, labor relations, infighting dominant factions and agreements necessary to achieve national integration, social and spatial changes.

Every testimony of the social actors involved in this proposal becomes a singular documental heritage of great national importance, impossible to be replaced.

c. Is one or more of these criterion fulfilled: a) time b) place, c) persons, d) topic, e) form and style Time Criteria: The period in which this fact took place since the late nineteenth century, is linked to the political triumph of the bourgeoisie and the beginning of the Liberal Revolution. Therefore, it is a historic moment in the deep transformations that took place in Ecuador. In the economic sphere, since the late nineteenth century the coastal region of Ecuador, especially Guayaquil and the Guayas River Basin, became an agro-export economic zone based mainly on cocoa production, which acquired an unusual importance and led Ecuador to the first place as cocoa exporter in the world. This situation allowed the emergence of a commercial bourgeoisie that achieved the political and economic control of the country, displacing the landowner class in the mountain region. In this regard, and as Enrique Ayala expressed, this sector was one of the protagonists of the Liberal Revolution, comprised also by a large group of farmers in the Coast, who had fought for years against the landowner and clerical State. These sectors, with diverse interests, agreed on the importance of implementing a Secular State3. Eloy Alfaro's rise to power on June 5, 1895, permitted the staging of a series of actions that substantially reformed the State, which aimed to improve the situation of the less advantaged groups (women, peasants and workers) who were always outside the concerns of the State. In this context, the liberal project faced stiff opposition. Landowner elites and clergy saw their hegemonic positions threatened, they harshly resisted the innovations that were to be implemented. Serious conflicts arose with the Church when trying to bring it under state control. Laws were issued to control the clerical economic power. After negotiating with the Vatican the Reform of the Concordat, the Law of Councils was enacted, and in 1908 the law of mortmain, by which hospitals, charity houses and church property, became organized and administered by secular institutions created for this purpose. With the creation of the Civil Records, the Church lost the possibility of registering births and deaths, as well as the celebration of marriages, with which the sector lost a great source of information and thus influence, never again, these religious acts shall have civil effects4. Since the liberal revolution secularism enshrined in Ecuador and one of the most significant areas was the secularization of education, within which teacher’s schools played an essential role and 3

Ibíd.

4

Ibíd.

became the training center for liberal ideals. In just one decade, the secular educational system was consolidated. One of the major social steps of this period was that of women. We are witnessing an unusual event in the history of Ecuador, where women participate in various spheres of public life. Great importance was given to their education, women-teachers trained in the "Teacher’s school" not only were propagators of liberal thoughts, but had a big task in education and culture. 5. While the revolution did not include all the sections of the Ecuadorian society, certain hitherto marginal sectors such as local peasants, small landowners, teachers, craftsmen and students had role in shaping the new structures. Among these middle and popular sectors a sense of belonging to a nation was created, and they joined what was called the mestizo (mixed race) national project 6. On the other hand, it should be noted that the public works undertaken in the liberal period were extremely important and were carried out thanks to the economic surplus received by the State with the cocoa boom. In this regard, the network of telegraphs and roads increased, various public buildings emerged, and important urban reforms were made. One of the greatest achievements in this area was, with no doubt, the construction of the railway. 7 The presence of the railway marked, one way or the other, the history of Ecuador until the midtwentieth century. The various governments that succeeded President Eloy Alfaro, from 1912, integrated into their programs, activities designed to establish improvements, to expand the railway network and for its modernization. Until the decade of the 60´s, the steam engine, with its shortcomings and difficulties, was the motor that drove trade into the country, and the human groups that moved between regions. Place Criteria: The Andes Mountains divide Ecuador into three continental regions: Coast, Highlands and the Amazon. The railway connected the main urban centers, Guayaquil and Quito. With a length of 464 kilometers, the line began in Duran, heading Bucay, a flat and low land. Following is the mountain section of Huigra and Sibambe, where the path known as the Devil's Nose lies, reaching its maximum height of 3,609 meters above sea level. From there it spreads to the populations of Alausí, Palmyra, and Riobamba continuing towards Ambato, Latacunga, concluding the trip in the city of Quito. A total of 41 stations make up the railway area. In this sense, the railway was divided into three topographic sections and five operational sections. The first sections were the Coast, the Mountain area and the Sierra. The operating sections were: Duran-Bucay, Bucay-Palmira, Palmyra-Riobamba, Riobamba-Ambato and Ambato-Quito.

5

Carlos Paladines, “Laicismo y Género en la Revolución Liberal”, en: Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar- Taller de Estudios Históricos. Revolución Liberal. Perspectiva general de la Revolución Liberal, Quito, Diario La Hora, 1995. 6

Milton Luna Tamayo, “Educación e identidad: el proyecto”, en: Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar- Taller de Estudios Históricos. Revolución Liberal. Perspectiva general de la Revolución Liberal, Quito, Diario La Hora, 1995. 7

Op. Cit. Enrique Ayala Mora

By 1928, the territory that benefited from the railway included half of the population, which by then was approximately two million inhabitants. From Guayaquil, the largest city at the time and main port, to Quito, second in population, and capital of the Republic, the railway went through major urban areas and crossed the main centers of production. DISTRIBUTION OF RAILWAY POPULATION 1928 Guayaquil Durán Milagro Yaguachi Bucay

110.000 2.000 10.000 3.000 1.000

Guamote Riobamba Ambato Latacunga Machachi

5.000 30.000 14.000 15.000 4.000

Alausí 4.000 Quito 100.000 SOURCE: AHMRECI report on “Guayaquil and Quito Railway Company” presented by Coverdeale & Colìts, Engineers & Consultants 1928. A national space reduced and fragmented due to the lack of roads offered few opportunities to its residents for exchanges in various fields. With the presence of the railway it was better integrated and expanded significantly by shortening distances. The presence of the steam engine spanned more than ten populations revitalizing their economy, social and cultural life. The ability to cross the mountains quickly changed the image of the country even internationally. In this sense, the work was considered very important, because through it, the immigration of Europeans increased, which in the opinion of contemporaries, represented a force necessary to achieve progress in the industry and increased agricultural production. So much so that in the International Exhibition in Milan in 1906, without the work being completed, in the Ecuador section, the exhibition of drawings, views, charts, and relationships of the railway by "The Guayaquil and Quito Railway Company” had a prominent place. 8 Subject and Topic Criteria: "The hardest Railway in the World ',' The Redemptive Work ',' The iron Embrace', 'The Integration Dream', are some of the phrases through which the collective memory relates this event with a monumental work, that not only expressed the great economic and technical efforts, but gave way to fundamental changes in the country structures. Alfaro's project required large investments. Not having its own resources, Ecuador turned to foreign capital. Alfaro sought U.S. investors interested in doing this work. As a result of these efforts, on June 17, 1897, the contract with Engineer Archer Harman was signed; he arrived in Quito on March 13 of that year, together with Edward Morley. After signing the contract, Harman went to New York, where he organized the "Guayaquil and Quito Railway Company" with the resources needed to build the railway9, after which he moved to London to renegotiate with the Foreign Bondholders the 8

AHMRECI F.5.62 Communications received from several authorities 1906. El valor total ascendía a 17.523.000 dólares y representaba para la época 5 veces los recursos fiscales totales del Estado. Jean Paul Deler, “Transformaciones regionales en el espacio regional ecuatoriano entre 1830-1930”, 9

purchase of the debt of Independence. But the Ecuadorian state had to cover a significant portion of its funding; expenditures not covered were obtained from the treasury10. Foreign businessmen were not interested in acquiring or managing the railway, their goal was to achieve all the profits possible in the construction phase and lower the cost of the work to achieve higher profits, which meant a lower quality of materials and work in general. This situation caused serious problems for the normal operation and required additional investments to improve services. Moreover, the difficulties they faced were manifold: weather (rain and landslides covered roads), the plague of smallpox invaded the camps, killing many. Building a railway across the Andes was a big challenge, the work involved complex engineering work, especially in the section known as the "Devil's Nose," where contractors found a huge mountain rock that prevented following the course of the river. The work in this area represented a great challenge for that time, to the point that it was considered one of the most difficult railways in the world. The path from Duran to Chimbo, was a narrow-gauge and was widened to 42 inches and continued from Bucay to Quito. In 1900, the train reached Huigra. On September 8, 1902, after overcoming various difficulties and the death of hundreds of workers, the first locomotive arrived in Alausí. On June 25, 1903 it arrived in Guamote. On July 24, 1905 in Riobamba, where the first passenger train between Duran and Riobamba was inaugurated. In 1906, Mocha. In January 1907 Ambato. Latacunga in 1907, and on June 17, 1908 Quito. Eleven years after signing the contract it arrived in Quito, even when the work was not completed until December 3, 1910. In his message to the Congress in 1910, Eloy Alfaro expressed what the conclusion of this work meant: “You have witnessed the titanic efforts in building the Trans-Andean Railway, against which all the elements of political opposition were combined, besides the resistance of nature (...) the tax hardship imposed on us immense financial sacrifices, the political passion fought against us relentlessly (...) everything seemed to rise up against this work that, justly and without exaggeration, is called a redemption work. Persistence conquered everything else, and the locomotive has reached Quito, pouring along its way the benefits of such a great step forward". But beyond achieving the desired national integration, incorporating physically and economically different areas and populations, the construction of the railway was the focal point of a major modernization project and became the mainstay of deep changes implemented by Liberalism. Unlike the Coast, especially Guayaquil, which showed clear signs of modernity and development, with cocoa production linked to the international market, the mountain region was in a state of isolation and intolerable depression. Eloy Alfaro reflected the situation in these words: "The isolation of the Andean peoples, in the century of steam and electricity, was a blasphemy against civilization, something outrageous." There was at the same time a process of integration and isolation. Major cities such as Guaranda were abandoned, and other cities of lower category became important commercial centers, such as Huigra, Alausí and Bucay. With the construction of the railway, the image of many mountain cities was modified: Quito, Riobamba, Ambato had an important development. On the other hand, there were changes in the en: Juan Maiguashca, editor Historia y Región el Ecuador 1830-1930, Quito, Corporación editora Nacional, 1994, p. 329. 10 Op. Cit. Enrique Ayala Mora

value and commodification of the land the railway crossed, farms productivity intensified and new areas were incorporated into the production system. As already stated, by connecting the regions of the Sierra and the coast there was an unusual movement of people, products and ideas. The possibility of sending heavy products, at low cost and quickly, significantly stimulated the domestic market and modified it. Being better articulated, the exchange of agricultural and livestock production to the coast increased, as well as imports arriving in the port of Guayaquil to the highland markets. Rather than unifying markets, the aim was also to coordinate efforts and capabilities to build a national community. As stated by Pablo Ospina, for the liberal movement that came to power in 1895, it was important to reaffirm the fragile and questioned national existence11. The railway was part of the agreements between elites in the Costa and Highlands, they reached consensus on its importance as a fundamental element of development and modernity. Within this model, each faction would defend their interests. When the railway work began, with just a thousand workers, the contractors challenged the same obstacles of the agricultural exporters on the coast: mainly the lack of manpower. Working in the lowlands caused fear in the indigenous population, the climate, tropical diseases and other risks, were the cause of death for many12. For tasks in the mountain section, foreign labor was used: 4,000 workers from Jamaica and an undetermined number of Puerto Ricans participated in the "redemptive work"13. Once the more complicated stretch was completed, with the arrival of the locomotive in Alausi (1902), Jamaican workers were fired, most returned home and others stayed and worked on the plantations in the coast14. From Alausí to Quito the railway works were executed by local workforce. The labor market also suffered variations; the wages offered to workers in the railway were much higher than those the indigenous agricultural workers received. These and other efforts to undermine the landowners´ power landed on the labor force, encouraging the migration of indigenous labor to the coast15. By 1928, wages paid by the Company were high in relation to those fixed in other activities in the country. Additionally, it encouraged deep local cultural development. It is a process of assimilation of new points of reference and cultural identities and reinvention of traditions16. Human mobility became more feasible than ever and determined novel relations, regional and personal. From this fact, the social space is substantially changed, travelers, officials, businessmen, representatives of the elites 11

Pablo Ospina “Los espacios del cacao”, en: Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar- Taller de Estudios Históricos. Revolución Liberal. Perspectiva general de la Revolución Liberal, Quito, Diario La Hora, 1995. 12

Op. Cit, Kim Clark Galo García Idrovo, “El Ferrocarril más difícil del mundo: la ruta en la cuenca del río Chanchán”, en: Sonia Fernández Rueda, compiladora, El Ferrocarril de Alfaro. El sueño de integración, Quito, Tehis-Corporación Editora Nacional, 2008, p. 142. 14 Kim Clark, La Obra Redentora. El ferrocarril y la nación en Ecuador 1895-1930, Quito, Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Corporación Editora Nacional, 2004. 15 Ibíd. 13

16

Eduardo Kigman, “El ferrocarril del Sur”, en: Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar- Taller de Estudios Históricos. Revolución Liberal. Perspectiva general de la Revolución Liberal, Quito, Diario La Hora, 1995.

shared spaces beyond their regional differences, which allowed the formation of an open territory, a national space. Of course the effects were not immediate and can only be appreciated in the long term, in the status of the investments related to this issue, which are mostly centered in the construction stage, it is not easy to determine. With these limitations, between 1910 and 1920 some improvements were implemented. There are eight passenger trains and load trains increased according to the demand for transporting goods17. On the other hand, there were also political moments that affected the future of the railway company, conflicts between the State and the Company were frequent and many of them had to be resolved through arbitration proceedings. In the early 1925, a strong winter destroyed a section of the railway to Guayaquil, which caused the State to sell a majority stake of the Railway Company. After a strong debate, 75% of the stocks went to the treasury18. A year later, in August 1926, during the interim government of Isidro Ayora, the Kemmerer Mission came to Ecuador in order to achieve state reorganization. This mission was composed of a specialist in road and rail issues, BB Miller, who in his report said that the greatest need of Ecuador is increased transportation. He also stated that there was only one railway linking the Coastal region with the Highlands19, there were few roads. Indeed, by 1922 the roads for cars in Ecuador amounted only 440 kilometers and many people still travelled on the backs of mules. According to the U.S., the most economical solution was to build a national network of roads. Since the mid-forties, there was a considerable rise in export products, especially bananas; this made Ecuador the first exporter of this product in the world. The government during this period of prosperity, in the fifties, invested heavily in public works. The construction of the Guayaquil-Quito road marked the end of the transcendental role played by the railroad for half a century. If the construction of the railway was complicated and expensive, its maintenance and additional works aimed at improving the service were expensive too. The permanence of the railway required large investments; the government of that time gave priority to the construction of roads. Without the state’s support, the presence of the locomotive in the Andean landscapes became increasingly less frequent. Although the system was obsolete for transporting passengers and goods, the stretch of the Devil's Nose stayed enabled as a tourist attraction, it is evidence of the construction of the most complicated railway in the world. On April 1, 2008, the Government declared the National Railway in Ecuador a State Cultural Heritage, initiating actions aimed at its rehabilitation, as a sustainable development project that will 17

Byron Castro, El Ferrocarril Ecuatoriano. Historia de la Unidad de un Pueblo, Quito, Banco Central del Ecuador, 2006. 18 Enrique Ayala Mora, II Manual de Historia del Ecuador. Época Republicana, Quito, Universidad AndinaCorporación Editora Nacional, 2008. 19 Byron Castro, El Ferrocarril Ecuatoriano. Historia de la Unidad de un Pueblo, Quito, Banco Central del Ecuador, 2006.

benefit more than six million people in 15 provinces and 39 municipalities. The promotion of tourism will be a driving factor in local economies. Several strategies have been devised to make the stations a space for cultural events, thus strengthening national identity. Persons Criteria: This heritage is associated with a group of people who joined efforts to make available to travelers and traders, a means of transportation which shortened distances and united wills, making a substantial difference in Ecuador before and after the steam engine. The dominant figure in this fact is the liberal revolution of Eloy Alfaro Delgado, who fixed his gaze on the railway, without which every change was ineffective and every attempt at progress, laughable. The great architect of the Secular State wanted to integrate the country, separating church and state, establishing free and compulsory primary education, and a professionalized Ecuadorian army. He wanted Ecuador's industrial development through the promotion of factories and fair wages for their workers, and with this purpose he pushed the legislation to protect industry and agriculture. In regard to international policy, he decreed the suspension of the foreign debt, initiating negotiations favorable to Ecuador. He interceded with the government of Spain for the independence of Cuba; he invited American countries to meet in a Congress with a view to agreeing mechanisms to strengthen trade relations, and promoted the reconstruction of the Great Colombia. Another character featured in this documentary heritage was Archer Harman, who signed a contract with the Government on June 14, 1897 and organized, in the State of New Jersey, the Guayaquil and Quito Railway Company with an initial capital of one thousand dollars. He also conducted negotiations for the purchase of the English debt with the Foreign Bondholders, undertook to seek investors in London, negotiated the railway bonds and shares. When he died he owned 57,069 railway shares of $ 100 each. As there were no profits, he never collected profits from these actions20. During the 14 years he worked in Ecuador he was accused of funds embezzlement, speculating with bonds and trying to take over the Galápagos Islands. For Eloy Alfaro, Harman’s participation in the construction was decisive “… without his personal help, this could have never been achieved…” It should also be mentioned the presence of an anonymous group of indigenous and African descent workers from Jamaica and other Central America countries, human contingent without which the company would not have been a reality. These and others who dealt with the construction of the Guayaquil-Quito railway, deserve recognition because they were able to imagine and connect spaces across the railway, the construction, even today, with the progress of science and techniques, is worthy of admiration. The human contingent, who worked for the Railway Company after its inauguration and until the early 60s, when it stopped fulfilling its primary function as the only way to transport people and goods from the coast to the Highlands, was of great importance. The workers who participated in the construction went through hardship and even died, those who were part of the company had a 20

John F. Uggen, “Archer Harman: de promotor a propietario”, en: Sonia Fernández Rueda, compiladora, El Ferrocarril de Alfaro. El sueño de la integración, Quito, Taller de Estudios Históricos, Corporación Editora Nacional, 2008.

similar fate. Although wages were high regarding those of other unions, working conditions were poor. We hope that this nomination can recover certain characters and the community that was part of this service company, among other issues, their participation and integration in the labor movement aimed at vindicating the rights of workers, initiated in the repression, with the death of hundreds of workers in Guayaquil in 1922.