LED vs EVERYTHING ELSE

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STAN WALERCZYK 1 LIGHTING WIZARDS

BEFORE WE REALLY GET STARTED • If we can, let‟s play this short video of an obnoxious cartoon character wanting 150W LEDs for his house – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3d4IWNn_2nM

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BEFORE WE REALLY GET STARTED • Writing this ppt, I kept thinking of Thomas Friedman‟s and Michael Mandelbaum‟s book, „That Used To Be Us - How America Fell Behind in the World It Invented and How We Can Come Back‟, especially – AVERAGE DOES NOT CUT IT ANY MORE

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WHO ARE YOU? • If not too many, introduce yourselves – – – –

Name Company (optional) Function What you would specifically like to learn?

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WHAT SPECIFIC PRODUCT AND APPLICATION DO YOU LIKE BEST OR LEAST FROM THIS CLASS? • Please remember which specific product and application you like the best or the least from this class • Because at the end of the class, I will ask several of you that – And if any others agree 2/15/13

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STAN WALERCZYK’S BIO 24 years experience –

• • • •

Often in unique position dealing with lighting designers and retrofitters 500+ projects 30+ published articles 700+ seminars, including – – –

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Served on several committees Currently on Visual Effects of Lamp Spectral Distribution and Energy Management Committees

Human Centric Lighting Professional Certification Certified Lighting Efficiency Professional by AEE –

• • • •

5 Lightfairs 3 IES Annual Conferences Numerous IES Sections across the country

IES Member 1995 - 2008 – –

• •

Distribution, maintenance, installer, retrofit contractor, fixture designer, consultant, lighting designer, policy maker, researcher

CLEP Review Board

Lighting Certified by NCQLP Assisted on DOE spectrally enhanced lighting research DOE CALiPER Guidance Committee Human Centric Lighting Committee Chair 2/15/13

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“GIVE ME A TICKET FOR AN AEROPLANE, I AIN’T GOT TIME TO TAKE NO FAST TRAIN” from Joe Cocker‟s The Letter

• More has changed the last 2 years than the previous 22 • And the pace is accelerating 2/15/13

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IF ANYBODY DOES NOT KNOW WHAT THESE TERMS MEAN, PLEASE LET ME KNOW • • • • •

F, 32, T & 8 in F32T8 CRI Kelvin Lumens Footcandles

If I use any other terms that you are not familiar with, please let me know 2/15/13

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DISCLAIMER • I use to feel that I was totally on top of the subjects that I would speak on • But now with all of the developments with LEDs, OLEDs, light emitting plasma and even incumbent technologies for interiors and exteriors, it is almost impossible for one person to be on top of everything • If any of you know significant details on any of today‟s material, please share it – Without being an infomercial 2/15/13

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NO ENDORSEMENTS • Although several manufacturers and models are listed, none are endorsed • Easier to talk about specifics than generalities

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FORMAT • Please ask questions when we are on that subject • Periodic breaks

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Learn about the numerous good websites and other tools, which can help select good LED products • Understand LPW, dimming, flicker, CRI, etc. with LEDs and other lighting technologies • For various interior applications, which ones are LED best or incumbent technologies best • For various exterior applications, how do certain LED products compare to HPS, electronically ballasted CMH, induction and fluorescent products • How to spec lighting and controls in garages, which are a combination of interior and exterior

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BACKGROUND INFO

• Please let me know if you are NOT already aware of – – – – – – – – – – – –

DOE Solid State Lighting Program, including CALiPER, etc. Postings: From the Desk of Jim Brodrick Lighting Facts Energy Star DesignLights Consortium SSL Qualified Product List L Prize Lighting For Tomorrow SSL Awards Next Generation Luminaires Design Competition Lighting Research Center‟s Solid State Lighting LEDs Magazine Architectural SSL Magazine L70, LM79 & LM80

• Slides for these follow, which can discuss if sufficient people are not aware of certain topics 2/15/13

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HELPFUL WEBSITES • Department of Energy Solid-State Lighting – Google search „doe ssl‟ • • • • • •

CALiPER test reports Benchmark reports Gateway studies Fact sheets Webinars More

– If you sign up, you will be automatically notified with anything new 2/15/13

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HELPFUL WEBSITES • Department of Energy – Lighting Facts • www.lightingfacts.com

– Commercial Building Energy Alliances • Technology and System Specification Development • www2.eere.energy.gov/buildings/alliances/tech nologies.html 2/15/13

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HELPFUL EMAIL • Postings: From the Desk of Jim Brodrick – About once a week – [email protected]

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HELPFUL WEBSITES • Energy Star – www.energystar.gov

• DesignLights Consortium SSL Qualified Product List – www.designlights.org/solidstate.about.QualifiedPr oductsList_Publicv2.php

• L Prize – www.lightingprize.org 2/15/13

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HELPFUL WEBSITES • Lighting For Tomorrow SSL Awards – More residential – www.lightingfortomorrow.com

• Next Generation Luminaires Design Competition – More commercial – www.ngldc.org

• Architectural SSL Magazine‟s Product Innovation Awards – I was a judge for 2012 and 2013 – www.architecturalssl.com/pia/index.php

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HELPFUL WEBSITES • Lighting Research Center – www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/index.asp • LEDs Magazine – www.ledsmagazine.com

• Architectural SSL Magazine – www.architecturalssl.com

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L70, LM79 & LM80 • L70 – Rated life of LEDs, based when still have 70% of initial lumens – Really projections

• LM79 – Total flux (light output), electrical power (wattage), efficacy (lumen/watt), chromaticity out of the complete product or luminaire (fixture)

• LM80 – Lumen depreciation of LED chips from LED manufacturers, which product manufacturers use with the thermal design of their products – Typically LED manufacturers test their chips for 6000 hours and based on lumen depreciation over that time, useable life of the chips is extrapolated until L70 is reached – Within TM21 the IES is considering that life should not be extrapolated more than 6 times testing duration – LM80 is not the rated life of an LED product, because drivers, electrical connections, product integrity, etc. may fail before the LEDs

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SAVING ENERGY • Yes, LEDs can save significant wattage and KWH • But incumbent technologies may be able to be more cost effective saving, maybe not as much energy • As LED products improve and cost less, there will be shifts – So even if incumbents are better now, that may not be the case in 6 months, 1 year or 2 years 2/15/13

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HAS THE LIGHTING INDUSTRY EVOLVED? • Up to a few years ago, I would have said yes • But the last two years a lot of the LED marketing literature and sales people, remind me of reflector and CFL marketing literature and sales people in the late 80s to mid 90s – Way too many LED sales people know very little about lighting and may have been selling cars recently • Many do not even know what LM79 and LM80 are

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TRUTH IN ADVERTISING? • Not only has the DOE CALiPER Program revealed – Many LED products not meeting manufacturer specifications – But also that many fluorescent, incandescent and halogen products have the same problem 2/15/13

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TRUTH IN ADVERTISING? •

September 8, 2010... The United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has sued a California-based LED bulb manufacturer and its principals to stop them from exaggerating the light output and life expectancy of its LED bulbs, and misleading consumers.

•

In its continuing effort to stop deceptive advertising the FTC filed a complaint charging that since 2008, Lights of America, Inc. has overstated the light output and life expectancy of its LED bulbs on packages and in brochures. The agency also charges that Lights of America misled consumers about how the brightness of its LED bulbs compare to traditional incandescent lights.

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The FTC notes that it authorizes the filing of a complaint when it has “reason to believe” that the law has or is being violated, and it appears to the Commission that a proceeding is in the public interest. The Commission also points out that a complaint is not a finding or ruling that the defendants have actually violated the law.

•

Copies of the Commission‟s complaint and the press release about it can be found on the FTC web site. 2/15/13

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TROPHY CHIPS • In production runs, there are often some LED chips that have very high lumens per watt, which can be called trophy chips • Be cautious of sample fixtures, especially for large projects – If free or directly furnished sample fixture(s) from a manufacturer look very good, buy one or more samples through a third party and compare performance with original ones 2/15/13

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WOW FACTOR • Because LEDs are new and different, they have the WOW factor much more than most other lighting technologies – But that not necessarily make them better with regard to performance and cost effectiveness

• Early adopter manufacturers, specifiers, contractors and end-customers are important, but care should be taken not go overboard 2/15/13

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LUMENS PER WATT

• LED

– 6000K typically has about • 10-20% more lumens per watt than 4000K • 25% more lumens per watt than 3500K

– For exterior applications that lower CRI is okay 4000K chips can have about the same lumens per watt has higher CRI 6000K chips – Most „white‟ LEDs are really blue LEDs with similar phosphors that fluorescents use • The less that the spectrum has to be shifted to a lower CCT from 6000K, the more efficient the blue/phosphor conversion • But 6000K will typically not work in interior applications

– Developments are being made with lower Kelvin LEDs getting closer to the efficacy of 6000K 2/15/13

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LUMENS PER WATT • Incumbent technologies have standardized lamps and, when necessary, standardized ballasts – So can do comparisons of lumens per watt with lamps and ballasts

• But there are really no standardized LED „lamps‟ – So can really only do lumens per watt out of fixtures at steady state temperatures • Although incumbent bare lamps have high lumens per watt, a bunch of the light may never get out of the fixtures and even the light that gets out of the fixture may not go where it is useful • While LEDs can direct most or all of the light out of the fixture and where it should be directed 2/15/13

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DIMMING • LED – LED chips dim quite well – But not all LED fixtures or replacement lamps are designed to dim • DOE has found that – Some LED products, which are listed to dim, do not dim well with some or most dimmers – Some LED products, which are not listed to dim, do dim well with some or most dimmers

– Some LED products list approved incandescent dimmers – Since LEDs can get more efficient when they dim, because they run cooler when dimmed, LEDs will probably be the future of dimming • But may really need dedicated dimmers that provide full power to the driver instead of incandescent type dimmers 2/15/13

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DIMMING • Fluorescent – Fluorescents with dimming ballasts can dim, but • Lumens per watt gets worse, because the more dimming, the more power has to go to heating the cathodes of the lamps • Dimming ballasts are expensive

– CFLs have some special characteristics • Dedicated dimmable screw-ins usually cannot dim below 20% • CFLs turn grayish or bluish when dimmed, which is opposite of our cave man (or cave woman) heritage 2/15/13

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DIMMING

• MH (Metal Halide)

– Can dim quite well with electronic ballast • But only down to about 50%

– Since no lamp cathode heating, can be more efficient than fluorescent dimming • Induction – Philips was working on a dimming generator, but sold its induction line to focus on high performance technologies – Sylvania keeps threatening to introduce dimming or bi-level generators – Some second tier manufacturers have at least bi-level generators

• Plasma – Can dim quite well with electronic digital amplifier – Example is Luxim • www.luxim.com 2/15/13

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FLICKER • With electronic fluorescent ballasts, we pretty much got rid of flicker • But with some LED drivers, especially dimming pulse width modulation ones, we have both visible and nonvisible flicker – Phase cut, also called wave chopping, incandescent type dimmers can also be a big culprit 2/15/13

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COLOR RENDERING • CRI (Color Rendering Index) – Based on how „natural‟ pastel or unsaturated colors look with various light sources – Works fairly well for all incumbent light sources

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COLOR RENDERING • Although LEDs do not always do well with pastel colors, they often do very well with bright or saturated colors – Often people think that LEDs with lower CRI make bright colors look more natural than other light sources that have higher CRI – So do not automatically think that lower CRI LEDs are inferior – But there are numerous LED products with 90+ CRI, which is excellent

• The upcoming Color Quality Scale (CQS), which has bright and pastel colors, may replace CRI 2/15/13

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LONG TERM COLOR CONSISTENCY • LED – There are three common ways to get white light • Most common is white LED, which is really blue LED and yellow phosphor – Similar to the phosphors used in fluorescent lamps

• Blue and/or other LEDs with remote phosphor – Phosphor is subjected to less heat, so degrades more slowly – Easier to match color among units because individual LED light (which can vary) is correctly mixed in one optical chamber – Can also add other LED colors to fill out spectrum

• RGB (red, green and blue LEDs) – Reverse rainbow 2/15/13

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LONG TERM COLOR CONSISTENCY • LED – All can have color shift over time • Wavelength of blue LEDs can change over time and the phosphor can change as it ages and gets baked in its own way • Various color LEDs have different lumen maintenance curves, so if there no feedback loop with dimming drivers, color can easily shift

– With being so new, we have not really seen the potential full impact of LEDs changing colors over time – This could be an issue down the road in spaces with new and older LED fixtures or replacement lamps – Cree has a very interesting system in their LR6s and LR24s, which is a combination of white and red LEDs with a feedback loop, so if too high Kelvin light is sensed, the red LEDs get brighter 2/15/13

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LONG TERM COLOR CONSISTENCY • Fluorescent – Color is typically very stable from start to end • But CFLs can turn grayish when deeply dimmed

• MH – Old style probe start lamps can be pinkish or bluish to begin with and can get worse over time – Pulse start quartz is better than probe start quartz – Ceramic is usually quite good

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ARE LEDS REALLY MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY? • Yes, fluorescent, HID and induction have mercury – But the manufacturers have been doing a very good job reducing it – Many states require recycling – Many fixtures can be kept for a long time, because lamps and ballasts can be easily replaced

• LEDs do not contain any mercury – But there are toxic chemicals used in production – Many fixtures are currently not designed to be easily and cost effectively retrofitted 2/15/13

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ARE LEDS REALLY MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY? • Some issues not often considered regarding LED fixtures – Water in manufacturing wafers/chips – Energy to mine, transport and melt the heavy metal into bars, which will be used for heat sinks – Energy to melt the metal bars into heat sinks – Energy to transport the heavy fixtures – Energy to re-melt the heavy metal heat sinks into bars or something directly useable after fixtures have been decommissioned 2/15/13

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ARE LEDS REALLY MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY? • The DOE had a cradle-to-cradle study started to see if LEDs are really more environmentally friendly than incumbent – But we do no know the results yet

• Until some organization completes this study – Please consider hanging up the phone and kicking out all LED sales people that lay out the marketing hype that LEDs are so much more environmentally friendly

• After the report… – Even if the report states that LEDs are not really more environmentally friendly, there will still be a bunch of LED sales people promoting superiority 2/15/13

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ARE LEDS REALLY MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY? • Potential Environmental Impacts of LEDs: Metallic Resources, Toxicity, and Hazardous Waste Classification – By Seong-Lim, Daniel Kang, Oladele A. Ogunseitan and Julie M. Schoeung at UC Davis and Irvine – Published in early 2011 – http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es101052q

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MORE ON ENVIRONMENTAL • No matter what you specify or buy, RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) compliant is highly recommended – Already mandated in Europe – For example, eliminates lead in solder – Also mercury, cadmium, etc. 2/15/13

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DON’T BUY AN LED PRODUCT UNLESS • LM79 tested by a DOE or NVLAP approved or CALiPER recognized lab – This is initial lumens per watt out of fixture at steady-state operating temperature – Compare each product‟s results with other LED product‟s results – Also compare with other technology products‟ performance

• LM80 information – At least 6000 hour so lumen maintenance data for the LED package – ENERGY STAR requires 6000 hour lumen maintenance of 94.1% for 35,000 hour life or 91.8% for 25,000 hour life – Verify in situ temperature of the LED package in the fixture – Lumen maintenance is just one aspect of luminaire life and reliability 2/15/13

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MORE HELPFUL INFO FOR SPECIFYING & BUYING LED PRODUCTS • Lean toward manufacturers that have Lighting Facts Label – With good results

• Lean toward Energy Star and/or DesignLights Consortium (DLC) Approved SSL products – Energy Star is „residential‟, which also includes PAR lamps, which are used so much in commercial stores, etc. – DLC is for commercial products – Many organizations will only rebate LED products, which are either Energy Star or DLC approved • Some organizations will not rebate certain products, like LED T8s, even if they are DLC approved 2/15/13

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MORE HELPFUL INFO FOR SPECIFYING & BUYING LED PRODUCTS • Credibility is so important – Do not want to repeat when so many upstart electronic ballast companies in the late 80s and early 90s could not handle the warranty problems and went out of business, hanging out end-customers – Although I have seen some very good products, I do not specify them, because I never heard of these companies, mostly off shore, before • Who knows how long they and/or their sales companies will stay in business, etc! 2/15/13

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MORE HELPFUL INFO FOR SPECIFYING & BUYING LED PRODUCTS • Lean toward manufacturers that have a proven track record and deep pockets – These manufacturers that got into LEDs early have already learned a lot from the school of hard knocks – These manufacturers can handle big warranty problems

• 3rd party insurance policy is an alternative to deep pockets 2/15/13

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MORE HELPFUL INFO FOR SPECIFYING & BUYING LED PRODUCTS • Also important who you buy from – Will the sales company be around and still carry this line down the road? – If you have a good relationship with a distributor, if something goes wrong that distributor may be able to help

• Prefer products that the manufacturers have learned from the school of hard knocks – For example, surge protection 2/15/13

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MORE HELPFUL INFO FOR SPECIFYING & BUYING LED PRODUCTS • Two major types of LEDs – High power, like Cree, Lumileds and some others make – Mid or low power, like some of the South Korean manufacturers make • Were mainly used to back light flat screen TVs, but later lighting fixture manufacturers found out they are also good for them

• Pros and cons with both types – Glare, heat sinks, etc

• Both are aiming for lowest $/L 2/15/13

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ACCEPT IT • Just like after you do all the research, as soon as you buy a new computer or smart phone, it is often out dated the next month or so • The same is true for LED products • So get used to it 2/15/13

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• LEDs

LIFE

– Many interior LED products are expected to last 30,000 - 50,000 hours and many exterior LED products are expected to last 50,000 - 100,000 hours, while still maintaining 70% of initial lumens • Although that is based on good science, it is still projections

– Currently LEDs are tested for 6,000 hours, and life is based on extrapolating that info – Within TM21 the IES is considering that life should not be extrapolated more than 6 times testing duration – One advantage of LEDs is that they can be turned on and off very frequently without shortening lamp life • In fact it may help increase life, because run cooler

– LED chips are usually not the weakest link • Drivers and other components are

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• LED

LIFE

– Since LEDs typically do not die, like most incumbent lamps, but just get dimmer and dimmer over time • In this way LEDs are like mercury vapor, which an old 1000 watter may only provide 5 footcandles, but maintenance people do not want to replace them, because the lamps are still working

– There are already a bunch of first generation LED exit signs that still work, but do not provide sufficient light based on NFPA and/or city codes • People are hesitant to replace or retrofit these, because they are still working – But there could be some big time lawsuits against the building owner, property management firm, etc. if people have a hard time getting out of a building during a fire or power outage

– With LEDs facility managers and maintenance people will have to be educated and motivated to retrofit or replace LED fixtures when they do not provide sufficient light • Maybe LED fixtures could have internal timers, which makes the lamps flash on and off after so many hours 2/15/13

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LIFE • Incumbents – Other technologies have been around long enough – So we have a much better idea how long they last

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WHAT ABOUT LONG TERM MAINTENANCE? • Look longer than just rated life of LED fixtures – An LED fixture can look good up to its 50,000 hour life compared to high performance incumbent technologies • • • •

At 24/7 operation, that is less than 6 years At typical open office operation that is about 14 years At typical individual officer operation that is over 16 years Often spaces get a remodel about 10, 15 or 20 years

– Although LED pricing should come down dramatically over time, there are still driver and maybe costs for heat sinks, etc • So let‟s say that the parts cost down the road may be half of what it is now 2/15/13

– So if an LED fixture costs $350 now, the retrofit or replacement parts down the road may be half of that, which would be $175

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WHAT ABOUT LONG TERM MAINTENANCE? • Using 1.5 times, which is also 150%, of rated life can be very useful evaluating the cost effectiveness of LED fixtures compared to existing and high performance incumbent technology fixtures 2/15/13

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WHAT ABOUT LONG TERM MAINTENANCE? • Fluorescent and HID fixtures can easily and cost effectively get new lamps and ballasts to last decades – For example, parts and labor for a 2F32T8 fixture • Group relamping every 25,000 hours may cost $10 • Group reballasting every 50,000 hours may cost $40 • $60 total at 50,000 hours with brand new lamps and ballast • $70 total at 75,000 hours with brand new lamps and 1/2 old ballast • $120 total at 100,000 hours with brand new lamps and ballast

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WHAT ABOUT LONG TERM MAINTENANCE? • At 75,000 hours – LED troffer • $325 initial parts and labor cost + $175 parts and labor retrofit cost = $500

– High performance troffer with 1 F32T8 • $225 initial parts and labor cost + $70 parts and labor relamping and reballasting = $295

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WHAT ABOUT LONG TERM MAINTENANCE? • Really important to try to get LED fixtures that are modular with easily replaceable LEDs and drivers – And try to get LED troffers that you do not have to move adjacent ceilings and have to work on fixture above Tbar ceiling, which can take longer and be more a dirt/dust problem

• With throw-away LED fixtures, make sure to recycle the pounds of valuable metal used for heat sinking 2/15/13

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WHAT ABOUT LONG TERM LIGHT LEVELS? • LEDs maintain 70% of initial lumens at end of rated life (L70) – Without some kind of control system, it will typically be • Overlit to begin with so sufficient light at end of life – Overlighting also uses additional wattage

• If proper light levels initially, there will usually be insufficient light at end of life • Retrofit or replace significantly earlier than rated life – Which increases parts and labor costs

– Some kind of photocontrol,digital timer or central control system controlling light levels may work very well • But added cost and reliability would have to be evaluated

• There is a good chance that some LEDs will die before end of life, which can further reduce light levels 2/15/13

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WHAT ABOUT LONG TERM LIGHT LEVELS? • Most incumbent technologies lose much less light at end of rated life, so this issue is not nearly as critical as with LEDs – 20% for high performance MH – 8% - 10% for high performance T8 – 0% - 5% for incandescent, halogen & halogen infrared

• But induction typically loses 30% - 35% of light at end of 100,000 hour rated life, so it has about the same concerns as LEDs

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INITIAL LUMENS PER WATT COMPARISON la mp

am plifier, ballast, driver, generator

la test generatio n LED

electronic driver

320W CMH

electronic ba llast

high perform ance 32W F32T8

high perform ance electronic ba llast high perform ance electronic ba llast high perform ance electronic ba llast

26W F28T5 49W F54T5HO

initial system lume ns per watt

high pe rform ance initial fixture lum ens fixture efficiency per watt 40 - 130

110

85

94

100

87

87

100

87

87

95

87

83

185W plasm a lam p

electronic am plifier

84

90

76

150W induction

electronic ge nerato r

77

75

58

19

100

19

60W PAR38 halogen infrared

none

Above numbers are not e xact and m ay change . Plus there are tem pe rature issue s and so m any fixture typ

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RATED LIFE COMPARISON product interior LED lam p or fix ture, including driver, etc. exterior LED fixture, including driver, etc.

rate d life in hours

notes

Rea lly depends on therm als. Som e products have a shorter life if rece ssed com pared to open 60,000 - 75,000 ho urs is a good target. 50,000 - 100,000 W ill drivers, etc. really last longer tha n 60,000 hours? There is m ore to it than just the 100,000 hour rating in lam p induction lam p & electro nic generator 60,000 - 70,000 catalogs. CMH lam p Lower wattage lam ps tend to have shorter lives. 10,000 - 30,000 (driven by electronic ballast) Som e ele ctronic ballasts can substantially increase lamp life. highest-lum en long-life T8 lam p 30,000 - 40,000 Shorter range is 3 hour cycle s. (driven by electronic pro gram start ballast) 36,000 - 42,000 Longer ra nge is 12 hour cycles. m id-lum en e xtra-lo ng-life T8 la mp 40,000 - 52,000 Shorter range is 3 hour cycle s. (driven by electronic pro gram start ballast) 46,000 - 55,000 Longer ra nge is 12 hour cycles. T5 la mp 25,000 - 30,000 Shorter range is 3 hour cycle s. (driven by electronic pro gram start ballast) 30,000 - 40,000 Longer ra nge is 12 hour cycles. T5HO lam p 25,000 - 45,000 Shorter range is 3 hour cycle s. (driven by electronic pro gram start ballast) 30,000 - 60,000 Longer ra nge is 12 hour cycles. plasma lam p 50,000 Am plifier life m ay need further research. (driven by electronic am plifier) One wa y for long life is to use 130V lam p @ 120V, which also halogen infrared P AR lam p 3,000 - 6,000 reduces light output. electronic ballasts in general

25,000 - 50,000

60,000

Longer if run cool and sho rter if run hot.

Rated lives ma y be slightly different for certa in products fro m certain manufacturers.

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COLOR RENDERING INDEX COMPARISON product

CR I

halogen infrared PAR

100

800 serie s fluore sce nt

80 - 85

notes

induction

80

LED

70 - 92+

Som etim es can get mo re lume ns with lowe r CR I.

CMH

70 - 95

Som etim es can get mo re lume ns with lowe r CR I.

plasm a

72 - 94

Higher lum ens with lower C RI.

Num bers can vary with vario us wattage s from vario us m anufa cturers.

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THROUGHOUT THIS PRESENTATION PLEASE REMEMBER • Raise the bar – Although LEDs have the „wow‟ factor, compare the best LEDs with high performance and usually much lower cost incumbent technology products

• Long term maintenance costs – What will the parts and labor costs be after an LED replacement lamp or fixture reaches 30,000 - 50,000 hour end of life compared to parts and labor costs to replace lamps and ballasts with incumbent technologies?

• Long term light levels – Since LED rated life is based on 70% of initial lumens will space need to be overlit to begin with or will some kind of dimming system be required? 2/15/13

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INTERIOR 2/15/13

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MAYBE A USEFUL TOOL FOR LED LAMPS • www.ledlamplocator.com

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REACH-IN FRIG/FREEZER 2/15/13

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LED • Good LED products, especially with occupancy sensors work very good – Since no heat is the light side, can reduce cooling load in addition to wattage for lighting

• Walmart and many other store chains have already or are in process of getting these • Some utilities have done a lot of work making specifications for rebates, for example – www.smud.org – www.pge.com

• DOE has an LED refrigerated spec in development 2/15/13

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LED • So far it has been mainly for frig/freezers with vertical doors, but some companies are also working on doorless horizontal applications • For some applications, important to have LEDs that have a good red content

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2009 NEXT GENERATION LUMINAIRES DESIGN COMPETITION INDOOR - REFRIGERATED DISPLAY LIGHTING

• GE Lighting Solutions‟ Immersion RV30 – 1295 lumens – 29.0 watts – 44.7 lumens per watt

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FLUORESCENT

• Majority of 5‟ lamps, which are low volume and relatively expensive • If have T12, definitely do something • Many existing T8s systems do not have the best lamps or the best ballasts • High performance T8 lamp and ballast systems can often save 20% wattage compared to generic T8 systems, which will also reduce cooling load – In many applications could go with a bilevel system controlled by an occupancy sensor

• Before jumping into LEDs, good to „raise the bar‟ and see if they are cost effective compared to high performance T8 systems 2/15/13

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DECORATIVE

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DECORATIVE • Christmas/decorative lights – LED versions are becoming a no brainer

• Small lamps in chandeliers – Usually sparkle is important, and the amount of light is not critical – Although there are decorative shaped CFLs with small bases, which last much longer than incandescents, with white phosphor - No Sparkle – There are decorative LEDs available with small bases that have long life and sparkle

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DECORATIVE • When getting these types of LED lights – Get ones with good warranties – Especially from big box stores. check with them if they require lumen maintenance tests before they carry certain products

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OMNI DIRECTIONAL (FANCY NAME FOR SOMETHING LIKE AN A19)

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LED • If you see some without any cooling fins or another good way way of getting rid of heat – Do not even think of buying it

• Getting better all of the time, but still not really cost effective to replace CFLs • But when there is at least one winner of the L Prize in this category, they should be ready for prime time – Philips has made an entry and won – Lighting Science Group has entered – There can be up 4 winners in each category 2/15/13

78

LED • Philips EnduraLED A19 – Lighting for Tomorrow 2010 Solid State Lighting Competition - Winner – 12.6 W – 807 lumens – 64 lumens/watt – 2685 K – 81 CRI

2/15/13

79

CFLs • Although some people give CFLs a bad wrap, CFLs are quite good in many applications – – – – –

Screw-ins can often cost $.25 with upstream rebates Lumens per watt are quite good CRI is quite good, typically in the 80s Life is much longer than incandescents Mercury is really not that much of an issue

• Although quite good, there are some drawbacks, and maybe best to consider a temporary solution – Until LEDs or something else becomes ready for prime time 2/15/13

80

CFLs • New nice looking CFL – Plumen • http://plumen.com/

2/15/13

81

NEW KID ON THE BLOCK • Vu1 Technology – www.vu1.com

• This is not an incumbent, but another new lighting technology, which is not considered solid state by the DOE • Now available at Lowe‟s 2/15/13

82

ACCENT LIGHTING 2/15/13

83

LED ACCENT LIGHTS • Good, Bad and Ugly – Some good products – Some not so good with honest specifications – Some not so good with way over zealous marketing hype – Verified in various CALiPER Rounds

• Cool – Since LEDs do not emit any heat from the light side, they can be very good lighting flowers, produce, etc. without damaging them 2/15/13

84

LED MR16s • Best LED MR16s that DOE has tested so far can only replace up to 30W halogen MR16 – MR16s are on the small side for higher wattage LEDs to be able to dissipate sufficient heat – Most halogen MR16s are 50W standard or 35 - 37W infrared – Existing LED MR16s may work fine in • Overlit applications • Elevators, which are often overlit • Some aesthetic applications, where light levels not that important

• Check if existing and new step down transformers will work with LED MR16s, because LED MR16s are such low wattage and will not activate step down transformers 2/15/13

85

HALOGEN MR16s • If existing are standard halogen – Can switch to lower wattage halogen infrareds • For example, 50W to 35 - 37W

• If existing are halogen infrareds – Maybe keep for 1- 2 years

• LED MR16s should be cost effective for many applications in 1 - 2 years

2/15/13

86

LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38 • The larger the lamp, the easier it is to dissipate heat • If can use larger lamp, go with it • There are some LED reflector lamps without any cooling fins – Do not even think of buying

• Some retail chain stores have already started switching to good LED reflector lamps 2/15/13

87

LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38 • One good one is Cree‟s LRP38 – 2009 Lighting For Tomorrow Solid State Lighting Competition Special Focus Award For Technical Innovation • • • • •

2/15/13

537 lumens 11W 50 lumens per watt 93 CRI 2700K

88

LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38 • MSI iPAR-38 looks very interesting – www.msissl.com – Technology for adjustable • 10W with 550 lumens • 12W with 650 lumens • 16W with 800 lumens

– Proprietary Intelligent Communication • Type of bar code reader can provide – – – – 2/15/13

Manufacturing info Installation info Hours of use Wattage setting 89

LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38 • Solais LR38 with fan

2/15/13

90

LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38 • GE and others even have wet location ones

2/15/13

91

LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38 • Listed LED PAR38 lamps eliminate heat differently – Thick metal fins – Thin metal fins – Fan

• LED R or PAR38s will really be ready for prime time after there is at least one winner of the L Prize in this category – But need to start with at least one entry 2/15/13

92

LED MODULAR EXAMPLE

2/15/13

93

HALOGEN PAR 20, 30 & 38 • Just like MR16s, there are halogen infrared PAR lamps – Which can save 10 - 20 watts compared to standard halogens

• If standard halogens now, maybe go with halogen infrared now and wait 1 - 2 years to go with LEDs

2/15/13

94

TRACK LIGHT FEASIBILITY STUDY $0.170

blended KWH rate existing

f ixture ty pe

rated annual watts lamp lif e hours

track head with 90W 6,000 standard halogen PAR38

90

5000

$0.05

15

long term benefit years

proposed

retrof it or replacement f ixture option description rated lif e

technology

option

LED

A

well designed 20W LED PAR38

halogen infrared

B

CFL

C

watts

watts % watts annual reduc- reduc- electrical tion tion sav ings

appr. installed cost

per y ear maintenance sav ings, improv ed long term pay back in long term pay back in lighting quality , benefit y ears rebate benef it just y ears just etc. benef it f or comprecompreelectricity electricity comprehensiv e hensive hensiv e long term benef it and pay back

25,000 50,000

20

70

78%

$59.50

$75 $17.50

$818

$6

$925

1.0

0.9

60W halogen infrared PAR38

6,000

60

30

33%

$25.50

$10 $7.50

$373

$0

$380

0.1

0.1

20W R40 CFL (NO SPARKLE & NO FOCUS)

10,000

20

70

78%

$59.50

$15 $17.50

$878

$2

$925

0.0

0.0

prepared by Stan Walercyk of Lighting Wizards 2/1/13

2/15/13

95

CMH ACCENT LIGHTS • Ceramic Metal Halide with electronic ballasting have – Excellent CRI – Quite good lumens per watt – Reasonable long life

• Available as – Small omni directional lamps which can go into fixtures with reflectors – PAR lamps – PAR lamps with integral electronic ballasts • GE, Philips and Sylvania have 23 - 25 watt PAR38s with 10,000+ hour rated life

2/15/13

96

RECESSED CAN KITS & NEW FIXTURES 2/15/13

97

LED

• Recessed can kits and new fixtures for residential and commercial are a great application for LEDs – Majority of ENERGY STAR LED products are recessed cans

• I tend to greatly prefer screw-in, GU-24 or hardwired PAR lamps or recessed can kits to dedicated LED recessed cans – Because know can easily and inexpensively change light source • May even want to change Kelvin, light output and/or distribution sooner than later

– Who knows if will be able to get replacement LED modules or drivers from a manufacturer of a dedicated LED recessed can down the road

2/15/13

98

LED • Cree LR6 family – Original award winning kit has been around for a while • Pricing is now about $70 from distribution • Finally also available in 277V

– Now also LR6-DR1000 higher lumen and higher wattage version available • 2009 Lighting For Tomorrow Solid State Lighting Competition Grand Prize

– Hopefully soon released LR6-HE high efficiency version should be available • 109 lumens per watt out of the fixture – Probably better than anything else out of the fixture

• 2009 Lighting For Tomorrow Solid State Lighting Competition Special Focus Award For High Efficacy 2/15/13

99

LED Typical Cree LR6

2/15/13

100

LED • Cree CR6 – Lighting for Tomorrow 2010 Solid State Lighting Competition - Honorable Mention – Residential grade available at Home Depot for $25 - $50 – 10.5 W – 575 lumens – 55 lumens/watt – 2700K – 90 CRI

2/15/13

101

LED • Now so many manufacturers have LED recessed can kits – Here is one from Nora

2/15/13

102

LED • At this year‟s Lightfair, Delray introduced the GU24 RL series, which takes care of line voltage and uses GU24 base LED PAR38

2/15/13

103

CFL • CFLs are reasonably efficacious, but – Not nearly efficacious as high performance T8 systems – Most are only rated for 10,000 - 12,000 hours – Many recessed can fixtures for them have very bad fixture efficiency • Like 50 - 60%

• But there are some CFL recessed cans with more like 75% fixture efficiency • Usually best to try to – Have just one lamp per fixture – Minimize lamp types

2/15/13

104

RECESSED CAN FEASIBILITY STUDY $0.170

f ixture ty pe

blended KWH rate existing

rated annual watts lamp lif e hours

recessed can with specular reflector, 2 horizontal 2700 10,000 3500K PL13 2-pin CFLs &2 magnetic ballasts

34

$0.05

15

long term benefit years

proposed

technology

option

CFL

5000

watts % watts annual reduc- reduc- electrical tion tion sav ings

appr. installed cost

per y ear maintenance sav ings, improv ed long term pay back in long term pay back in lighting quality , benefit y ears rebate benef it just y ears just etc. benef it f or comprecompreelectricity electricity comprehensiv e hensive hensiv e long term benef it and pay back

retrof it or replacement f ixture option description

rated lif e

watts

A

delamp with 1 4000 - 5000K PL13 in right or left side

10,000

17

17

50%

$14.45

$10 $4.25

$207

$2

$241

0.4

0.3

B

Cree LR6 type of 14W LED recessed can kit

50,000

14

20

59%

$17.00

$90 $5.00

$165

$6

$260

5.0

3.7

C

Delray GU24 RL type of retrofit 30,000 kit with LED PAR38 50,000

14

20

59%

$17.00

$140 $5.00

$115

$8

$240

7.9

5.4

LED

prepared by Stan Walercyk of Lighting Wizards 2/1/13

2/15/13

105

CMH • Ceramic metal halide with electronic ballast can be quite good – An example is Philips‟ Cosmopolis 30,000 hour rated 2800K lamps and ballasts – Reflector lamps with integral or remote ballast from various can also be very good

2/15/13

106

LINEAR REPLACEMENT LAMPS 2/15/13

107

LED T8s • There are hordes of sales people trying to sell these, because of potential huge volume and profit – Often Pinocchio-nose marketing hype

• But the DOE has not tested one yet is nearly as good as high performance fluorescent T8s with high performance ballasts • Lamp cost can often range from $40 to $150 with proposed up to 50,000 hour realistic life 2/15/13

108

LED T8s • May void UL listing of fixture, that got UL listing as a fluorescent fixture • At least one lamp holder manufacturer has stated that LED T8s may be too heavy

2/15/13

109

LED T8s • How they are connected – Some use existing fluorescent ballast, which consumes extra wattage, and the ballast would have to be replaced when it burns out • Ballasts typically have a 50,000 - 60,000 hour rated life

– Some have internal driver, which requires removing existing fluorescent ballast and rewiring to lamp holders • At least one lamp holder manufacturer has stated that its lamp holders are not designed for constant 277V • UL has found fire danger with some LED T8s with internally shunted lamp holders • There could be damage down the road if somebody replaces an LED T8 with a fluorescent T8

– Some come with their external drivers – At least one is designed to be used with electronic instant start ballasts for fluorescent T8s 2/15/13

110

LED T8s • DOE documents – Performance of T12 and T8 Fluorescent lamps and LED Linear Replacement Lamps • Benchmark Reports • Includes that since LED T8s mainly shine light down, so between fixtures and walls can be quite dark

– Several CALIPER Rounds – LED Performance Specification Series: T8 Replacement Lamps • Asking Manufacturers for at least 2,700 lumens – That would require them to be 2 to 3 times more efficient than existing while keeping their existing 15 - 20 watts

• April 2010 • http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/t8_replace ment-lamps.pdf 2/15/13

111

LED T8s • As the DOE states, LEDs often do not do that well taking the shapes of other technology lamps – Difficulty with distribution, heat sinks, etc.

• What looks really ugly – In parabolic troffers 2/15/13

112

CALiPER-tested LED T8s ½ The Light Output or ½ the Luminaire Efficacy SSL vs Fluorescent in 2' x 4' Troffers

Luminaire Output (lumens)

5000 F40 in Lensed Troffer

4000 F32 in Parabolic Troffer

3000

2000

SSL 1000

0 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Luminaire Efficacy (lm/W)

2/15/13

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

113

FLUORESCENT T8s • Since many rebate programs require what are called high performance, super or 3rd generation T8s and what are called basic grade or 1st generation T8s will not be allowed to be manufactured after June 2012, we will just focus on the good ones – Highest lumen long life • www.cee1.org

– Extra long life mid lumen 2/15/13

114

FLUORESCENT T8s • Some basic grade T8s do not have very good lamp life with instant start ballasts • T8 lamps can last much shorter than rated life when driven by instant start ballasts and controlled by occupancy sensors – But good T8 lamps can last as long as they should when turned on and off frequently, when driven by program start ballasts • Parallel wired program start ballasts are highly recommended 2/15/13

115

FLUORESCENT T8s • Although there is a lot of hype for T5s and T5HOs, high performance T8 lamps and ballasts typically provide – More lumens per watt – More BF flexibility – Longer life when driven with program start ballasts – Lower lamp and ballast cost initially and down the road – Minimization of lamp and ballast types – American jobs 2/15/13

116

4' T8 LAM P LIFE, LUM ENS, CRI & M ERCURY 3000-4100K LAMP

WATTS

1st GENERAT ION - GENERIC

5000K

LUMENS

CRI

LUMENS

32

2800

75-78

2800

32

2950

81-85

32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 28 28 28 28 28 25 25 25 25 25

3100 2850 3100 2950 2950 3000 3100 2950 2725 2725 2675 2725 2600 2400 2500 2400 2500 2400

82 81+ 85 85 85 85 85 85 82 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85

F28T5

25-28

2900+

85

F54T5HO

49-54

5000

85

2nd GENERATION GENERIC GE HL GE SXL PHILIPS ADV PHILIPS PLUS PHILIPS ADV XLL SYLVANIA XP SYLVANIA XPS SYLVANIA XP/XL GE SPX 28W PHILIPS ADV 28W PHILIPS ADV XLL 28W SYLVANIA XP 28W SS SYLVANIA XP XL 28W SS GE SPX 25W PHILIPS ADV 25W PHILIPS ADV XLL 25W SYLVANIA XP 25W SS SYLVANIA XP XL 25W SS

MAX LAMP LIFE HOURS INSTANT START PROGRAM START MG CRI 12 HR 3 HR 12 HR OF HG 3 HR 1.7 - 15,000 - 20,000 - 20,000 - 24,000 75-78