10.7 Decolonization and Nationalism

• explore Gandhi’s nonviolent nationalist movement and nationalist efforts led by the Muslim League aimed at the masses that resulted in a British‐partitioned subcontinent. • compare and contrast the ideologies and methodologies of Gandhi and Ho Chi Minh as nationalist leaders. • investigate Zionism, the mandates created at the end of World War I, and Arab nationalism. • examine the creation of the State of Israel and the Arab‐Israeli conflict. • trace the Chinese Civil War including the role of warlords, nationalists, communists, and the world wars that resulted in the division of China into a communist-run People’s Republic of China and a nationalist‐run Taiwan. • investigate political, economic, and social policies under Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping and compare and contrast these policies.

“The Long 19th Century – European History” Nationalism Industrialization Imperialism

Napoleon

1789

1815

1848

Congress Of Vienna

French Revolution

1914

1917

WWI Starts

Revolutions Of 1848

Russian Revolution

GANDHI’S NONVIOLENT NATIONALIST MOVEMENT

Mohandas Gandhi • leader of Indian independence movement, British-ruled India • nonviolent civil disobedience • led India to independence & inspired movements for civil rights & freedom across world • Mahatma (Sanskrit: "highsouled", "venerable") • Bapu (Gujarati: endearment for "father", "papa")

• first employed nonviolent civil disobedience as lawyer, South Africa • return to India, 1915 • organized peasants, farmers, & urban workers to protest against excessive land-tax & discrimination • leadership of Indian National Congress, 1921 • led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious & ethnic amity, ending untouchability, but above all for achieving Swaraj or self-rule

• led Indians, challenging British-imposed salt tax with 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March, 1930, • calling for British to Quit India, 1942 • imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions,, both South Africa & India • attempted to practice nonviolence & truth, all situations,

Gandhi… • lived modestly, a selfsufficient residential community • wore traditional Indian dhoti & shawl • ate simple vegetarian food, • undertook long fasts as a means to both selfpurification & social protest

• vision of a free India based on religious pluralism • Eventually, 1947, Britain, granted independence • partitioned into two dominions • Hindu-majority India • Muslim Pakistan • many displaced Hindus, Muslims, & Sikhs made their way to their new lands • religious violence broke out

• Gandhi visited affected areas, attempting to provide solace • undertook several fasts unto death to promote religious harmony • 1948 • Nathuram Godse • a Hindu nationalist • assassinated Gandhi • three bullets into his chest at pointblank range

Jawaharlal Nehru • first Prime Minister of India • central figure in Indian politics for much of 20th cen. • paramount leader of Indian independence movement under Mahatma Gandhi • ruled India from its establishment as an independent nation in 1947 until his death in office in 1964. • considered to be the architect of the modern Indian nation-state • a sovereign • socialist • secular • democratic republic

NATIONALIST EFFORTS LED BY THE MUSLIM LEAGUE • All-India Muslim League • political party • Indian Empire • advocacy for establishment of separate Muslim-majority nationstate • “Pakistan,” • led to partition of India in 1947 by British Empire. • arose out of a movement begun at University • Syed Ahmad Khan = central figure • original political goal was Indian Muslim's civil rights & provide protection to upper class Indian Muslims.

• Muslim League • played decisive role in World War II in 1940s • driving force behind division of India along religious lines • creation of Pakistan as Muslim state in 1947.

Indian Independence – Mini-Documentary -- 1947

6m20s

MEANWHILE, IN VIETNAM…

HO CHI MINH Hồ Chí Minh • Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader • prime minister (1945–55) • president (1945–69) • Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). • key figure in foundation of • Democratic Republic of Vietnam - 1945 • People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) • Việt Cộng (NLF or VC) during the Vietnam War.

Hồ Chí Minh • led Việt Minh independence movement from 1941 onward • defeated French Union in 1954 at battle of Điện Biên Phủ. • stepped down from power in 1965 • health problems

METHODS • guerrilla force • killed members of rival groups • "Anyone who does not follow the line determined by me will be smashed.“ • imprisoned 2,500 noncommunist nationalists • rival political parties were hereafter banned and local governments were purged

Hồ Chí Minh • remained a highly visible figurehead and inspiration for those Vietnamese fighting for his cause • After the war, Saigon, the former capital of the Republic of Vietnam, was renamed Hồ Chí Minh City. • book 'Down with Colonialism!', • account of the hardships suffered by those who struggled under imperial subjugation.

Ho Chi Minh trail

3min54sec

ZIONISM • After World War II, British increasingly difficult position in Palestine. • World opinion favored Jewish state in Palestine.

• Arab nationalists demanded STOP of Jewish immigration to region. • Britain tried to maintain control … fail • Feb. 1947, Britain announced its intention to cede control of Palestine to United Nations

• United Nations, in November 1947 = plan to partition Palestine into an Arab state and Jewish state. • Partition plan directed Britain to quit Palestine by August 1948.

• Plan • accepted by Jews, • rejected by Arabs • skepticism by British.

1947-1948 Britain • did little to prepare either party for independence • were convinced that no Jewish state could possible endure • Arab armed forces pledged to attack when Jewish state declared Golda Meir, Israeli teacher, kibbutznik, politician and the fourth Prime Minister of Israel

Meanwhile, Jews moved ahead with plans for statehood, establishing provisional government under leadership of David Ben Gurion in March 1948.

May 14, 1948 • Egyptian fighterbombers flew overhead • last remaining British troops prepared to depart • Ben Gurion and his cabinet gathered at Tel Aviv Museum • proclaimed independence of state of Israel.

One day later… armies of Egypt, Transjordan, Iraq, Syria & Lebanon invaded Israel and War of Independence began.

• Israel = victorious • great cost • Thousands of Israeli and Arab soldiers died and approximately • 600,000 Palestinians fled their homes • creating refugee problem that continues to trouble region to this day.

Zionism

2m44s

Birth of State of Israel

ARAB NATIONALISM

• Arab nationalism • nationalist ideology • Arab civilization • language and literature • rejuvenation and political union in the Arab world • central premise • peoples of the Arab World, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, constitute one nation bound together by common linguistic, cultural, religious, and historical heritage.

• One of the primary goals of Arab nationalism is the end of Western influence in the Arab World • "nemesis" of Arab strength • removal of those Arab governments considered to be dependent upon Western power • rose to prominence @ and Ottoman Empire • declined after defeat of Arab armies in the Six-Day War against Israel 1967

China since 1949 中国

Revolution 1949

Summary … some bias...

Source: TheTollundWoman. "China since 1949." YouTube. YouTube, 16 Oct. 2011. Web. 13 May 2012. .

People's Republic of China

1949 ●

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Chinese Civil War ended in 1949 Communist Party in control of mainland China, Kuomintang retreating to Taiwan –

Nationalists

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Chiang Kai-shek

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Sun yat-Sen

1949 ●

1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China

1950 ●

People's Liberation Army –

occupy Tibet

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defeat majority of remaining Kuomintang forces in provinces

1950s ●

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1964 to about 1976

Mao encouraged population growth population almost doubled from ~ 550 million to > 900 million.

1958 and 1961 ●

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economic and social plan

“Great Leap Forward” Result: ~ 45 million deaths –

mostly from starvation

Great Leap Forward ●

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goal: to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society method: rapid industrialization and collectivization.

success: nope...

1966 ●

Mao and his allies

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“Cultural Revolution” –

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last until Mao's death a decade later.

motivated by power struggles within the Party fear of USSR led to a major upheaval in Chinese society

Cultural Revolution ● ●

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goal:enforce socialism remove capitalist & traditional elements from society impose Maoist ideals within the Party. –

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Mao Zedong = absolute power after the failed Great Leap Forward

Method: persecution, torture, cult of personality, propaganda success: nope...

1971 ●

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People's Republic of China replaced the Republic of China (Taiwan) in the United Nations permanent member of the Security Council for first time, the number of countries recognizing the PRC >than those recognizing Rep. Of China as government of China.

1972 ● ●

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Sino-Soviet split Mao and Zhou Enlai met Richard Nixon in Beijing. U.S. did not officially recognize the PRC as China's sole legitimate government until 1979.

1976 ●

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Mao dies arrest of the Gang of Four –

were blamed for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution

1970s ●

Deng Xiaoping gets power –

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Instead of Mao's anointed successor Hua Guofeng

never became the head of the party or state himself

“Paramount Leader” of China influence within the Party led the country to HUGE economic reforms.

1970s-1980s ●

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Communist Party loosened governmental control over citizens' personal lives communes were disbanded many peasants receive multiple land leases, increased incentives and agricultural production.

Transition ●

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from a planned economy to a mixed economy increasingly open market environment "market socialism"

Transition ●

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"socialism with Chinese characteristics". China adopted its current constitution 1982

Twisting Tower, Shanghai, 2010

Tiananmen ●

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Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 students and others campaigned for several months

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speak out against corruption

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want greater political reform –

democratic rights and freedom of speech.

Tiananmen Square protests ● ●

put down on 4 June PLA troops and vehicles entered and forcibly cleared the square,

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numerous casualties.

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widely reported and

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worldwide condemnation and sanctions against the government

1990s ●

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President Jiang Zemin and Premier Zhu Rongji, China's economic performance pulled an estimated 150 million peasants out of poverty

average annual GDP growth rate of 11.2%. joined the World Trade Organization in 2001

Drawbacks to rapid growth... ●

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rapid growth negatively impacted resources & environment benefits of economic development not distributed evenly –

wide development gap between urban and rural areas

Transition

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Living standards have improved a LOT political controls remain tight.