Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Violence Class: TBD Instructor’s Office Hours: TBD

Instructor: Costantino Pischedda [email protected]

Course Overview This is an undergraduate seminar on nationalism, ethnicity, and related forms of political violence. The course explores the causes and consequences of ethnic identification and nationalism as well as the causes of ethno-nationalist conflict and policy approaches to its management. Goals The course has two main goals. First, it intends to expose students to the main theoretical debates and empirical findings on ethnicity, nationalism, and associated forms of political violence. Second, the course aims to further students’ critical and creative thinking on theoretical and policy questions related to ethnicity and nationalism, through class discussion and a research paper. Requirements This course will be run as a seminar. Students are expected to do all the readings (except those listed as recommended) and thoughtfully participate in class discussion. Recommended readings are included as suggestions for students especially interested in a given topic. Students will write a research paper (about 25 pages) on a topic related to the subjects of the course. The normal format for the paper will be to use case studies or statistical data to test a theoretically grounded hypothesis. A paper proposal (stating your research question and empirical strategy) is due before the 5th meeting of the class. The final draft is due one week after the last day of class. Late papers will be penalized Grading Grading for the course will be as follows: Class participation: 40% Research paper: 60% Prerequisites - Introduction to International Relations or - Introduction to Comparative politics

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Class 1. Introduction: Definitions Nation Ethnicity Nationalism Ethnic vs. civic nationalism Michael Hechter, Containing Nationalism, chap. 1. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, chap.1. Kanchan Chandra, ed., Constructivist Theories of Ethnic Politics, ch. 1-4. Jack L. Snyder, From Voting to Violence, chap. 1. Anthony Smith, “Ethnic Identity and Territorial Nationalism in Comparative Perspective,” in Alexander Motyl, Thinking Theoretically about Soviet Nationalities, chap. 3, pp. 45-51 and 6162. Recommended: Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights, chap. 5. Jeremy Waldron, “Minority Cultures and the Cosmopolitan Alternative,” in Will Kymlicka, ed., The Rights of Minority Cultures. Class 2. Theories of the Rise of Nationalism (I) Primordialism Kinship and culture Modernization Industrialization or commercial capitalism? Anthony D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations, chaps. 1-3; browse the rest. Azar Gat, Nations, chaps. 1 and 2, and browse the rest. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, chaps. 2-4 (7-8 supplementary). Michael Mann, “The Emergence of Modern European Nationalism,” in John Hall and I. Jarvie, eds., Transition to Modernity. Robert Bates, “Modernization, Ethnic Competition, and the Rationality of Politics in Contemporary Africa,” in D. Rothchild and V. Olorunsola, (eds), State Versus Ethnic Claims: Africa Policy Dilemmas.

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Class 3. Theories of the Rise of Nationalism (II) Did the state make the nation or the other way around? Culture and boundary policing Nationalist mythmaking Lars-Erik Cederman, T.C. Warren, and D. Sornette, “Testing Clausewitz: Nationalism, Mass Mobilization, and the Severity of War,” International Organization, fall 2011. Michael Hechter, Containing Nationalism, ch. 2. Fredrik Barth, ed., Ethnic Groups and Boundaries, introduction. Philip Roeder, Where Nation-States Come From, chaps. 1 and 2. Recommended: Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, The Invention of Tradition, chaps. 1 and 2. Class 4. Nationalism, Violence, and Rationality Individual rationality vs. organizational rationality Information and sanctions Symbols Culture and norms Emotions James Habyarimana, Macartan Humphreys, Daniel Posner, and Jeremy Weinstein, “Why Does Ethnicity Undermine Public Goods Provision?” American Political Science Review, 2007. Benjamin Valentino, Final Solutions, chaps. 3 and 5, condensed in Karen Mingst and Jack Snyder, eds., Essential Readings in International Relations. Roger Petersen, Western Intervention in the Balkans: The Strategic Use of Emotion in Conflict, skim chapter 1, read chapters 2, 3, 6, 9-13, and browse 15, 16, 18. Omar Shahbudin McDoom, “The Psychology of Threat in Intergroup Conflict: Emotions, Rationality, and Opportunity in the Rwandan Genocide,” International Security, 2012. Recommended: Jon Elster, Rational Choice, Introduction. James Fearon, “Rationalist Explanations for War,” International Organization, 1995. Ron Hassner, “To Halve and to Hold: Conflicts over Sacred Space and the Problem of Indivisibility,” Security Studies, 2003.

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J. Fearon and D. Laitin, “Explaining Interethnic Cooperation,” American Political Science Review, 1996. Russell Hardin, One for All, chap. 3. Andrew Kydd and Barbara Walter, “The Strategies of Terrorism,” International Security, 2006. John Mueller, “The Banality of Ethnic War,” International Security, 2000. Stuart Kaufman, “Spiraling to Ethnic War: Elites, Masses, and Moscow in Moldova’s Civil War,” International Security, 1996. Lee Ann Fuji, “The Puzzle of Extra-Lethal Violence,” Perspectives on Politics, 2013. Ashutosh Varshney, “Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Rationality,” Perspectives on Politics, 2003. Max Abrahms, “Why Terrorism Does Not Work,” International Security, 2006. Peter Hays Gries, China’s New Nationalism: Pride, Politics, and Diplomacy, chaps. 1-3. Walker Connor, Ethnonationalism, chaps. 4 and 8. R. Abdelal, Y. Herrera, Iain Johnston, and R. McDermott, “Identity as a Variable,” Perspectives on Politics, 2006. Class 5. Insecurity: Cause or Effect of Ethno-nationalist Violence? Barry Posen, “The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict,” Survival, 1993. Scott Straus, The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda, chaps. 2-6. Michael Bauer et al., “War’s Enduring Effects on the Development of Egalitarian Motivations and In-group Biases,” Psychological Science, 2014. Christopher Blattman, “From Violence to Voting: War and Political Participation in Uganda,” American Political Science Review, 2009. Recommended: Jack Snyder and Robert Jervis, “Civil War and the Security Dilemma,” in Barbara F. Walter and Jack Snyder, eds., Civil Wars, Insecurity and Intervention. V. P. Gagnon, “Ethnic Nationalism and International Conflict: The Case of Serbia,” International Security, 1994-95.

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R. de Figueiredo and B. Weingast, “The Rationality of Fear: Political Opportunism and Ethnic Conflict,” in B. Walter and J. Snyder, eds., Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention. D. Lake and D. Rothchild, “Containing Fear: The Origins and Management of Ethnic Conflict,” International Security, 1996. Stuart Kaufman, “Symbols, Frames, and Violence: Studying Ethnic War in the Philippines,” International Studies Quarterly, 2011. Jonathan Mercer, "Anarchy and Identity," International Organization, 1995. Arthur Stein, “Conflict and Cohesion,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1976. James Fearon and David Laitin, “Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity,” International Organization, 2000. Leondardo Becchetti, Pierluigi Conzo, and Alessandro Romeo, “Violence, Trust, and Trustworthiness: Evidence from a Nairobi Slum,” Oxford Economic Papers, 2014. Michael J. Gilligan, Benjamin J. Pasquale, and Cyrus Samii, “Civil War and Social Cohesion: Lab-in-the-field Evidence from Nepal,” American Journal of Political Science, 2013. Dominic Rohner, Mathias Thoenig, and Fabrizio Zilibotti, “Seeds of Distrust: Conflict in Uganda.” Journal of Economic Growth, 2013. Marten J. Voors et al., “Violent Conflict and Behavior: A Field Experiment in Burundi.” American Economic Review, 2012. Class 6. Micro-dynamics of Ethno-nationalist Violence Donald Horowitz, The Deadly Ethnic Riot, chap. 13. Alexandra Scacco, Anatomy of a Riot, manuscript, Introduction. Stathis Kalyvas and M. Kocher, “How ‘Free’ Is Free Riding in Civil Wars?” World Politics, 2007. Adria Lawrence, Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism, excerpts. Recommended: Steven I. Wilkinson, Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India, chaps. 1, 2, 5, and 6. Stathis Kalyvas, “Ethnic Defection in Civil War,” Comparative Political Studies, 2008. Macartan Humphreys and Jeremy Weinstein, “Who Fights?” American Journal of Political Science, 2008.

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Edward Aspinall, Islam and Nation: Separatist Rebellion in Aceh, Indonesia, chap. 4. Class 7. Malleable or Durable Identities? Liisa Malkki, Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania, chaps. 3-5. Daniel Posner, Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa, chaps. 1-5. Keith Darden, Resisting Occupation in Eurasia, chaps. 1 and 2. Amy H. Liu and Jacob I. Ricks, “Coalitions and Language Politics: Policy Shifts in Southeast Asia,” World Politics, 2012. Recommended: Rogers Brubaker, “Ethnicity without Groups,” chap. 2, in Andreas Wimmer, ed., Facing Ethnic Conflicts. Harris Mylonas, The Politics of Nation-Building: Making Co-Nationals, Refugees, and Minorities, chaps. 1 and 2. David Laitin, Identity in Formation, chaps 1, 5, and 6. Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness. Benn Eifert, Ted Miguel, and Dan Posner, “Political Competition and Ethnic Identification in Africa,” American Journal of Political Science, 2010. Class 8. Nationalism, Democracy and the Marketplace of Ideas Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, chaps. 1-3. Carles Boix, “The Roots of Democracy,” Policy Review, 2006. Jack Snyder, From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict, chap. 2, and sections on media: pp. 121-128, 146-149, 154-157, 213-220, 235-237, 242-250, 334-338 (review chap. 1). Scott Straus, “What Is the Relationship between Hate Radio and Violence? Rethinking Rwanda's ‘Radio Machete’,” Politics & Society, 2007. Shibley Telhami, The World Through Arab Eyes, chaps. 2 and 3.

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Recommended: Jessica Chen Weiss, “Authoritarian Signaling, Mass Audiences, and Nationalist Protest in China,” International Organization, 2013. Chaim Kaufmann, “Threat Inflation and the Failure of the Marketplace of Ideas: The Selling of the Iraq War,” International Security, 2004. Ronald Krebs, “Selling the Market Short?” International Security, 2005. Susan L. Shirk, ed., Changing Media, Changing China (Oxford, 2011), chap. 1. Marc Lynch, “After Egypt: The Limits and Promise of Online Challenges to the Authoritarian Arab State,” Perspectives on Politics, 2011. Jenifer Whitten-Woodring, “Watchdog or Lapdog? Media Freedom, Regime Type, and Government Respect for Human Rights,” International Studies Quarterly, 2009. Ted Gurr, Peoples Versus States, chap. 5. S. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy, chap. 5. Class 9. Nationalism, Inequality, and Times of Economic Trouble Lars-Erik Cederman, N. Weidmann, and K. Gleditsch, “Horizontal Inequalities and Ethnonationalist Civil War: A Global Comparison,” American Political Science Review, 2011. Michael Hechter, Containing Nationalism, chap. 6. Raphael Franck and Ilia Rainer, “Does the Leader’s Ethnicity Matter? Ethnic Favoritism, Education, and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa,” American Political Science Review, 2012. Daniel Corstange, The Price of a Vote: Ethnicity and Clientelism in the Middle East, chap. 1 Daniel J. Hopkins, “Politicized Places: Explaining Where and When Immigrants Provoke Local Opposition,” American Political Science Review, 2010. Recommended: Lars-Erik Cederman, Andreas Wimmer, and Brian Min, “Why Do Ethnic Groups Rebel?” World Politics, 2010. Anthony Marx, Making Race and Nation, chaps. 1, 5, and 7. Kimuli Kasara, “Tax Me If You Can: Ethnic Geography, Democracy, and the Taxation of Agriculture in Africa,” American Political Science Review, 2007 Eric Kramon and Daniel N. Posner, “Who Benefits from Distributive Politics? How the Outcome One Studies Affects the Answer One Gets,” Perspectives on Politics, 2013.

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Ted Gurr, States Versus Peoples, chaps. 3 and 4. Walker Connor, Ethnonationalism, chap. 6. Donald Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict, chaps. 3-6. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation, chaps. 1-4, 18-21. Peter Gourevitch, Politics in Hard Times. Edward D. Mansfield and Diana C. Mutz, “US vs. Them: Mass Attitudes toward Offshore Outsourcing,” World Politics, 2013. Class 10. Nationalizing States, Secessionists, and Third-Party Intervention Roger Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed, chaps. 3, 4, and 6. Arman Grigoryan, “Third Party Intervention and the Escalation of State-Minority Conflicts,” International Studies Quarterly, 2010. Lars-Erik Cederman et al., “Transborder Ethnic Kin and Civil War,” International Organization, 2013. Barbara Walter, “Information, Uncertainty and the Decision to Secede,” International Organization, 2006. Philip Roessler, “The Enemy Within: Personal Rule, Coups, and Civil War in Africa,” World Politics 2011. Recommended: Timothy W. Crawford, “Pivotal Deterrence and the Kosovo War: Why the Holbrooke Agreement Failed,” Political Science Quarterly, 2001-2002. Alan Kuperman, “The Moral Hazard of Humanitarian Intervention: Lessons from the Balkans,” International Studies Quarterly, 2008. Arman Grigoryan, “Commitment Problems, Third Parties, and State-Minority Conflicts,” manuscript. Edward Aspinall, “The Construction of Grievance: Natural Resources and Identity in a Separatist Conflict,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2007. Nicholas Sambanis and Branko Milanovic, “Explaining Regional Autonomy Differences in Decentralized Countries,” Comparative Political Studies, 2014.

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Barbara Walter, “Building Reputation: Why Governments Fight Some Separatists But Not Others,” American Journal of Political Science, 2006. Theodore McLauchlin, “Loyalty Strategies and Military Defection in Rebellion,” Comparative Politics, 2010. Cynthia H. Enloe, Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies. James T. Quinlivan, “Coup-Proofing: Its Practice and Consequences in the Middle East,” International Security, 1999. Class 11. Religion and Ethno-nationalism: Is Religion Different? Rogers Brubaker, “Religion and Nationalism: Four Approaches,” Nations and Nationalism, 2012. Mark Juergensmeyer, Global Rebellion: Religious Challenges to the Secular State, from Christian Militias to al Qaeda, pp. 9-17, 26-36, 46-77, 205-211. Monica Duffy Toft, “Getting Religion? The Puzzling Case of Islam and Civil War,” International Security, 2007. Ron Hassner, War on Sacred Grounds, chaps. 3 and 7, pp. 37-50, 113-133. Fredrik Barth, “Are Islamists Nationalists or Internationalists?” in Kjell Goldmann, U. Hannerz, and C. Westin, eds. Nationalism and Internationalism in the Post-Cold War Era. Recommended: Guillermo Trejo, “Religious Competition and Ethnic Mobilization in Latin America: Why the Catholic Church Promotes Indigenous Movements in Mexico,” American Political Science Review, 2009. Anthony Marx, Faith in Nation: Exclusionary Origins of Nationalism, chap. 3. Class 12. Managing Ethnic Conflict (I): Ethnofederalism Rogers Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed, chap. 2. Michael Hechter, Containing Nationalism, chaps. 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8. Henry Hale, “Divided We Stand: Institutional Sources of Ethnofederal State Survival and Collapse,” World Politics, 2004. John Gerring et al, “An Institutional Theory of Direct and Indirect Rule,” World Politics, 2011.

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Dawn Brancati, “Decentralization: Fueling the Fire or Dampening the Flames of Ethnic Conflict and Secessionism?” International Organization, 2006. Recommend: Valerie Bunce, Subversive Institutions, chaps. 5 and 6. Arman Grigoryan, “Ethnofederalism, Separatism and Conflict: What Have We Learned from the Soviet and Yugoslav Experiences,” International Political Science Review, 2012. Class 13. Managing Ethnic Conflict (II): Powersharing and Cross-cutting Alignments Donald Horowitz, “Making Moderation Pay,” in J. Montville, Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies (chaps. 25). Arend Lijphart, “The Power-sharing Approach,” in J. Montville, Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies (ch. 27). Philip Roeder and Donald Rothchild, Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy after Civil War, chaps. 1 and 2. Hanna Lerner, “Permissive Constitutions, Democracy, and Religious Freedom in India, Indonesia, Israel, and Turkey,” World Politics, 2013. Recommended: Ian Lustick, “Lijphart, Lakatos, and Consociationalism,” World Politics, 1997. Kanchan Chandra, Why Ethnic Parties Succeed. Philip Roeder and Donald Rothchild, Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy after Civil War, chaps. 5, 7, 9, and 10. Thad Dunning and Lauren Harrison, “Cross-cutting Cleavages and Ethnic Voting: An Experimental Study of Cousinage in Mali,” American Political Science Review, 2010. Class 14. Managing Ethnic Conflict (III): Partition, Peacekeeping, and Repression Chaim Kaufmann, “Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic War,” International Security, 1996. Carter Johnson, “Partitioning to Peace,” International Security, 2008. Cyrus Samii, “Perils or Promise of Ethnic Integration? Evidence from a Hard Case in Burundi,” American Political Science Review, 2013. Virginia Page Fortna, Does Peacekeeping Work?, 2008, chap. 5.

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Daniel Byman, Keeping the Peace, chap. 5. Recommended: Radha Kumar, “The Troubled History of Partition,” Foreign Affairs, 1997. Chaim Kaufmann, “When All Else Fails: Ethnic Population Transfers and Partitions in the Twentieth Century,” International Security, 1998. Nicholas Sambanis and Jonah Schulhofer-Wohl, “What’s in a Line? Is Partition a Solution to Civil War?” International Security, 2009. Alexander Downes, “The Holy Land Divided: Defending Partition as a Solution to Ethnic Wars,” Security Studies, 2001. Monica Duffy Toft, “Ending Civil Wars? A Case for Rebel Victory,” International Security, 2010. Ian Lustick, "Stability in Deeply Divided Societies: Consociationalism versus Control," World Politics, 1979.