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WORLD TR4VEL TOURISME MONDIAL
ORGANISATION MONDIALE DU TOURISME WORLD TOURISM ORGANISATION ORGANIZACION MUNDIAL DEL TURISMO BCEMVlPHAR T~PVlCTCKAR OprAHVl3ALJ,VlR
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Mundicolor de Iberia le sugiere:
España, aeropuerta de Europa. En sus próximas vacaciones , entre a Europ'a por la puerta grande: España. y nadie se la puede abrir como Iberia . Las líneas aéreas internacionales de España .
Conocemos los paISajeS mas Impresionantes , las playas más de moda, las montañas más majestuosas, los rincones más románticos ... y la gente. Por eso le podemos ofrecer España como nadie . Con Mundicolor. Mundicolor es el programa de vacaciones con garantía creado por Ibe-
ria para darle las mejores vacaciones, que usted merece . Sólo tiene que escoger su destino , hotel y fecha de salida. Nosotros nos encargamos del resto. Usted vuela en un vuelo regular de Iberia. Rodeado de comodidades
y atentas azafatas. Cuando aterrice, encontrará su hotel ya reservado , transporte hasta él y sus problemas resueltos de antemano . Para que entre por la puerta grande , de la manera más cómoda.
Consulte a su agencia de viajes
ORGANISATION MONDIALE DU TOURISME WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION ORGANIZACION MUNDIAL DEL TURISMO BCEMI/lPHAR T~PI/lCTCKAR O PiAHI/l3ALJ,I/lR
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W orld Travel
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Tourisme Mondial "L 'objectif fondamental de I'Organisation mondiale tu Tourisme est de promouvoir et de développer le tourisme en vue de contribuer a /'expansion économique, él la compréhension internationale, a la paix, a la prospérité ainsi qu'au respect universel et a /'observation des droits et des libertés humaines fondamentales sans distinction de race, de sexe, de langue ou de rel igion ". Statuts de I'OMT
"The fundamental aim of the World Tourism Organization shall be the pro. motion and development of tourism with a view to contributing to economic development, international unders tan ding, peace, prosperity, and universal respect for, and observance of, human righ ts and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion". Statutes of WTO
NO 152
Janvier-Février 1980
SOMMAIRE - CONTENTS - SUMARIO 2. Point de vue par Dr. A. Haulot 5. Continued growth of international tourism during 1979 7. Croissance continue du tourisme international en 1979 11. Continuo crecim iento del turismo internacional en 1979 13. Los ingresos por turismo internacional y la exportación mundial 15. Tourism train in g requirements in the African countries 21 . Installations d 'hébergement dans le monde 23. Accommodation facilities in the world 25. Chronique des Membres affiliés 27. Dans neuf mois la Conférence Mondiale sur le Tourisme 31. World Tourism Conference in nine months' time 33. The effects of the energy crisis on tourism
WORLD TRA VEL -
TOURISM E MO NDIAL
O RÉDACTEUR EN CHEF/ CHIEF EDITOR: Ro bert C. Lonati
O RÉDACTEUR/ EDITOR:
35. Tiempo y lugar para el turismo 37. Domestic tourism in India 41. Noticias de IBERIA 43. Nouvelles - News - Noticias
Régis Fanch ette
O SECR ÉTAIRE: MI/e Freia von Fischer
O Para[t tous les deux mois Published every second month
O Abonnement: US $ 77 I Subscription US $ 77 O Printed in Spain, Day ton, Desengaño, 72, Madrid- 73, España. D.L.M-7 77 34- 79 77.
• Les oplnlons exprimées dans les articles publiés dans la revue "World Travel - Tourisme Mondial" ne réfletent pas nécessairement celles de l'Organisation mondiale du tourisme.
AVDA . DEL GENERALlSIMO, 59 - MADRID 16 1 ESPAÑA - TELEGRAMAS " OMTOUR" MADRID, TELEX 42188 OMTE '
Punto de vista
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Dr. Arthur Hau/ot
PASION DE HUMANIDAD Me permito utiliz ar esta expresió n acuñada por mi emine nte colega de la Sociedad Europea de Cultura , Sr. Lovisetti, que se refería co n ella a los hombres de cultura de todo el ámbito europeo , a aquellos que con todas su s fuerzas tienden "con la convergencia de sus aspiraciones hacia una humanidad verdaderamente solidaria". Declaració n grave, sin duda algun a, y que quizá parezca arriesgado aplicar en el m arco de las preocup acio nes del turismo in tern acio nal. Per~ es éste un riesgo que, por nuestra parte , acep tamos d e buen grado. Cuando la ex traordinaria actividad hum ana que presenta el turismo se enfrent a con imperativos eco nómi cos, sociales, inclu so políticos , q ue distan mucho de ser favorables, es más necesario que nun ca preguntarse en q ué consiste la verdad eni finalidad del turismo, A juicio nuestro , es precisamente en sus valores fundamentalmente, hum anos y hum anistas, donde el turismo puede enco ntrar ho y y enco ntrar ma naña su justifiación , cuando tanto los ho mbres como lo s Estados se enfrent an o deberán e nfrentarse con difíciles opcio nes, Sin duda alguna, los valores económicos y sociales del turismo, sus repercusiones sobre el nivel de vida y el bienestar de los pa íses de acogida constituirán por algún tiempo, todavía una protección contra las poi íticas de limitación y maltusianismo. Pero el dique será frágil, si no pudiéramos contar también con la idea, a que han llegado millones de hombres por sus viajes a través del mundo, de una solidaridad de carácter fundamental, de una unidad de destino y de aspiraciones que mira al futuro superando los imperativos económicos o energéticos a corto plazo. Con mucha razón los principales promotores del turismo hacia Europa insistieron tanto sobre los valores culturales que ofrece su pequeño continente a los turistas procedentes de todos los países del mundo. y también es perfectamente explicable que los más importantes factores estimu ladores del turismo de larga distancia sean hoy -y cada vez más- la posibilidad de descubrir nuevos pueblos y pa íses de manera más íntima, más auténtica, 2
la garantía que se ofrece de llegar a algo más que a un conocimiento superficial de la realidad.
y esta misma orientación fundamental es la . que impulsa a los dirigentes de los países en desarrollo a tomar las precauciones necesarias para el respeto de su identidad, ante una invasión tu rística de explotación anárquica. En nuestro mundo inquieto y perturbado , el turismo sigue expresando profunda aspiración -consciente o inconsciente- de los hombres al conocimiento de sus coetáneos . Los diferentes pueblos jamás sintieron con tanto vigor como hoy, aunque esta idea no se exprese claramente, la existencia de vínculos que les unen a los otros pueblos y la fatalidad que los encadena, para lo mejor y para lo peor, a un destino común. ¿ Es demasiado esperar que el tu rismo pueda constituir el instrumento admirable que transforme la inquietud en acercamiento amistoso, la aversión irracional en juicio matizado, el egoismo estéril en solidaridad? No lo creemos . Pero si queremos que el turismo pueda desempeñar dicho papel, si queremos que se le reconozca y no se discuta el lugar que le corresponde en la vida del mundo, habrá que henchir con . pasíónde huma'n'idad a todos cuantos sostienen y fomentan el turismo, a todos cuantos construyen día a día con su esfuerzo, su imaginación y su técnica. Para ser "hombres del turismo" eficaces y capaces de tomar la defensa de su profesión y de los que representa, es preciso tener presente en el espíritu, de manera más clara que en ningún otro caso, las virtudes de activi dad y de conquista propias de la calidad huma na. En fin de cuentas, es ésta una ambición bien noble, a la cual vale la pena consagrarse, para ponerse al servicio del presente y del futuro del mundo.
Pointdevue
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Dr. A rthur Hau/ot
LA PASSION D'HUMANITE C'est a mon éminent collegue de la Société Européenne de Culture, M. Lovisetti, que j'emprunte cette expression. Et par la, il entendait ce qui réunit les hommes de culture de toutes les parties de l'Europe, ceux-Ia qui de toutes leurs forces tendent "a une convergence de leurs aspirations ver s une humanité véritablement solidaire". Propos grave sans doute, et qu'il peut sembler risqué de reprendre dans le cadre des préoccupations du tourisme international. Mais c'est la un risque que, pour notre part, nous acceptons volontiers de courir. Plus que jamais, au moment ou I'activité humaine extraordinaire qu'est le Tourisme est confrontée avec des impératifs économiques, sociaux, voire politiques, qui sont loin de lui etre favorables, il importe de se demander quelle en est la réelle finalité.
vantage I'offre d'une découverte plus intime, plus authentique, des pays et des peuples, la garantie donnée d'aller plus loin que la surface des choses. Et c'est la meme démarche fondamentale qui pousse les dirigeants responsables des pays en voie de développement a prendre, a I'égard d'un envahissement touristique d'exploitation anarchique les précautions nécessaires au respect de leur identité.
Ce n'est pas sans raison que les principaux promoteurs du TouriSJ11e vers l'Europe ont mis 'si intensément I'accent sur les valeurs culturelles que leur petit continent offre aux touristes venus des quatre coins du monde.
Dans le monde inquiet et si mouvementé qui est le notre, le tourisme continue d'exprimer I'aspiration profonde, -consciente ou inconsciente,- des hommes a I'égard de leurs contemporains. Jamais tant qu'aujourd'hui les peuples n'ont senti, fUt-ce confusément, ce qui les lie les uns aux autres et la fatalité qui les enchafne pour le pire au destin commun. Est-ce trap espérer du tourisme que de voir en lui un outil admirable pour transformer I'inquiétude en approche amicale, I'aversion irraisonée en jugement nuancé, I'egoisme stérile en solidarité? Nous ne le croyons pas. Mais pour que le Tourisme puisse jouer ce role, pour que sa part dans la vie du monde lui soit reconnue et non disputée, c'est de passion d'humanité qu'il faut nourrir tous ceux qui la défendent, le préconi~ent, tous ceux qui le cons truisent jour apres jour de leur effort, de leur imagination, de leur technicité. Pour etre des "hommes du Tourisme" valables et capables de défendre leur métier et ce qu'il représente, il faut plus que jamais que la qualité d'homme leur soit plus qu'a quiconque présente, active et conquérante.
Ce n'est pas sans raison non plus que' les plus importants stimulants du tourisme au long cours se révelent etre aujourd'hui et chaque jour da-
C'est, tout compte fait, une ambition assez noble a laquelle se vouer, au service du présent comme de I'avenir du monde.
C'est, croyons-nous, dans sa valeur fondamentalement humaine et humaniste que le Tourisme peut aujourd'hui et pourra demain encore trouver sa justification quand les hommes comme les Etats sont ou seront placés devant des choix difficiles. Certes, les valeurs économiques et sociales dont le tourisme est porteur, les incidences qu'elles excercent sur le niveau de vie et de bien-etre des pays d 'accueil constitueront pour un temps encore une protection contre les politiques de limitation et de malthusianisme. Mais la digue serait fragile, si nous ne pouvions pas aussi compter sur la conscience acquise par des millions d'hornmes, au travers des voyages, d'une solidarité plus fondamentale, d'une unité de destin et d'aspiration qui va plus loin que le court teme des échéances monétaires ou energétiques.
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Viewpoint
Dr. Arthur Hau/ot
A PASSION FOR HUMANITY This expression, which I have taken from an eminent colleague of the European Society of Culture, Mr . Lovisetti , refers to the force that inspires men of culture everywhere in Europe in striving to see that their efforts all converge towards a truly united humanity. Such a lofty purpose may seem somewhat irre levant to current concerns about intern ationa l tourism_ Let us see if th is is so_
to be the possib il iti es offered of de lving be neath the surface of peopl e-a nd places, of personal and authe nti c discovery
Now more than eve r befo re, when the extraordinary phenomenon of tour ism is faced w ith adverse eco nomi c, soc ial and even po i itica l constra ints, it is essenti al to ask ourselves what its tru e aim is .
Th e same concern for fundamentals is leading the author ities of the deve loping cou ntries to take measures to protect the ir nat ion's identity from damage by chaot ica ll y-explo ited tourist invasions_
At a time when individua ls and governments are faced with d ifficu lt cho ices, as th ey are to day and w ill be tomorrow, the rea l ju stif icatio n of tourism , I be lieve, lies and w ill cont inue to lie in its fundamenta l human and human ist ic va lu es_
In th is anxio us and turbulent wor ld , tourism co ntinu es to give vo ice to a deep aspiration of peop le, whethe r it is co nsc ious or not, to reach out to their f ell ow-men. Never befo re have peop le fe lt, though perh aps in not so many wo rd s, their ties w ith one anoth er, the common fate that links them for bette r or wo rse_ Sure ly it is not too mu ch to expect from tourism that it act as an effect ive means of turn ing mistrust into fr iendship, irrat iona l host ility into bal anced judgeme nt , st eril e egot ism into so l id ar ity. But if it is to do so, if the part it ca n play in the li fe of the world is to be accepted by all , all those w ho stri ve to defend and f C3ter :t, to build it day by day through work, im ag in at ion and sk ill , mu st draw the ir strenght from the passion for human ity_ T o be men of tour ism worthy of the name, capa bl e of defe ndi ng their profess ion and all it sta nds for, they, more than ever before, and more than anyo ne else, mu st give active proof of th eir manhood _ Quite a 10ft y task, after all, to which to devote oneself in the service of present and future society.
True, the econom ic and socia l va lu es of tourism, and the repercuss ions wh ich they have on the sta ndard s of living and we ll -be ing of host nations, wil l no doubt serve for so me t ime to come as protect ion aga in st restr ict ive po li cies and Ma lth usian ism_ Thi s wo uld be a fragi le protect ion, however, if we co uld not rely as we ll on the awa reness w hi ch m il li ons of peop le have acqu ired, through trave l, of more fund amental ties, of co mmon asp ira ti ons and a common fate transcend ing short-te rm moneta ry and energy prob lems. Th e ch ief promoters of tourism to Europe were quite right to lay so much stress on the cul tural va lues which the ir li tt le continent offers to people from all over the wor ld_ Qu ite rightly, too, the strongest st imu lants to long-di sta nce trave l today are found in creas ingly 4
CONTINUED GROWTH OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM DURING 1979
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OVERALLDEVELOPMENT The local number of international tourism arrivals in the world during 1979 is estimated to have been 270 million, according to the Secretariat General of WTO. This is equivalent to a 4 per cent increase over the preceding year, when the f igure was 6,5 per cent. Total tourism movements in 1979 engendered 75,000 million dollars in tourism receipts, equivalent, to an increase of slightly more than 15 per cent compared with 1978. This total does not inelude receipts in the form of payments for international tourism transport, which amount to 20 tu 25 per cent of the total. In real terms, that is to say allowing for variations in the rates of exchange and for inflation, world tourism receipts in 1979 showed an advance of 4 to 5 per cent.
In temational tourism receipts accounted for an estimated 5,5 f.Jer cent ofintemational trade in 1979, compare d with 5 per cent in 1978 ; this increase occurred more rapidly than the corresponding increase in world exports. If we regard development in tourism demand from the point of view ofits two compo nents, nafional and intemational, and bearing in mine! , in accordance with a verified constant factor , that there is approximately four times more national than intemational tourism , the estimated total of tourism movements in 1979 is t ,350 million dollars. Although intemational tourism was somewhat disturbed in 1979 , results may nonetheless be regarded as satisfactory , particularly if present social and economic conditions, in which tourism has developed, are kept in mind. It is important to note that long-distance travel has assumed pro portions greater than the growth in medium and short distance movements. This phenomenon would appear to be the result of a diminution in movements of people for holiday purposes, particularly amo ng the sections of the populations with moderate or low purchasing power, these being the most affected by the economic crisis.
DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM IN THE VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE WORLD In all, international tourism has shown more sustained growth rates in developing countries than in the industrialized countries. When social and political d isorders have not hampered international tourism movements, progress in relative fiyures of arrivals and receipts in developing countries has for the most part been hi!)her at world level. Such results may be attributed largely to new promotional activities launched by these countries, aimed not only at consolidating markets already acquired but also at carrying out a more systematic and selective prospection of neighbouring countries. Jud icious measures with respect to tourism policy taken in most of the countries, both developed and developing, concern the quality of services and the competitivity of prices, and ha ve made it easier to achieve a balance between satisfying consumers and economic demands. In Africa, it is estimated that in 19 79 inte rn atio nal tourism arr ivals in creased by 8 per cent and tourism receipts by 20 per cent. Forecasts for certain countries in this region
in d icate that the growth of tourism movements wi ll acce lerate . In the Americas, the international to uri sm growth rate in 1979 settled at a stable leve l around 4 per cent for arr ivals and 18.5 per cent for tourism receipts. In the Caribbean, international tourism arrivals increased by 6 to 7 per cent. In the Un ited States, total to uri sm rece ipts for 1979 are estim ated to have been 8,700 mili ion do ll a rs, or 19 per cent more than in 1978, wh il e t he est im ated f igu re for arrivals is 21 million ,equivale nt to an increase of 6 per cent over the preceding year. In Mexico, international tourism arrivals have increased sharply, the figure having been stable at 14 per cent. Among the ma in factors which influenced international tou rism development in the region of t he Americas d urin g 1979 may be mentioned: • diversification in markets sti· mulated by go vernment and private tour operators' promotional campaigns; • greater cooperation between government tourism administrations and tour operators, and improvement of trading strategies; • icve!!:ng of prices for goods and services among generating and receiving countries; • devaluation of certain currencies in relation to the US dollar ; • the introduction of new air services through the incorporation of new jet units ; • opening of new markets in the western regions of the United States and Canada;
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• international seminars and meetings, which have stimulated convention tourism;
• the opening of new tourism destinations and routes, particularly in mountain regions;
• reduction in air transport rates berween Australia and the United States and the introduction of new low-cost rates for trans-Pacific f1 ights.
• relaxation of restrictions in India on travel abroad, allowing Indian nationals to export the equivalent of 500 US dollars every two years for tourism travel to foreign countries;
The growth in international tourism during 1979 in East Asia and the Pacific was more moderate although relatively sustained, with increase of 15 per cent for tourism arrivals and 25 per cenitor receipts, compared with increases of, respectively, 18 and 29 per cent in 1978. Tourism movements in the Pacific Islands al so picked up, mainIy due to an in crease in tourism flows from Japan, Europe and the United States. The total increase in arrivals in this region will probably have exceeded 10 per cent in 1979. The sustained pace of international tourism in the regio"n of East Asia and the Pacific was helped to a large extent by: • abolition of certain restrictions on travel abroad; • increase in short-distance trips with in the regio(1; • sHong progress of international tourism from Japan. A number of other factors, however, led to a certain diminution in international tourism flows, among wh ich were: • delay in introducing APEX and ITC tariff structures into carrier rates from Australia and to other countries of the South-East Asia region; • closure of certain traditional large hotels. The Iranian situation during 1979 leads one to assume that international tourism in the South Asia region will diminish by some 3 per cent for arrivals and by more than 17 per cent for tourism receipts. With the exception of Iran, the other countries of the region have on the whole experienced a positive d~velopment in tou rism flows and receipts which could show an increase of between 7 and 8 per cent for arrivals and between 10 and 15 per cent for receipts. In these countries, 1979 has in fact been marked by:
6
• construction and development in Pakistan of hotels, tourism resorts and related facilities. In Europe, the growth rate in tourism arrivals and receipts followed overall world trends, with growth rates of between 3 and 4 per cent for arrivals and 14 per cent for receipts. Overall development of international tourism in this region has derived from very different situations. In Italy, international tourism achieved record results in 1979. The weakness of the lira in relation to certain strong European currencies such as the Swiss franc, the Deutsch mark and the pound sterling, and the maintenance· of equilibrium between quality and prices have all made this country attractive for tourism. ,Tourism arrivals at accommodation establishments during the first four months of 1979 increased by 17 per cent over 1978. In Portugal and Cyprus international tourism achieved good perfomances with increases in arrivals ranging between 30 and 40 per cent. In Spain, on the other hand, the volume of tourism flows recorded in 1979 was 10wer than in earlier years. Tourism receipts compensated for th is situation, however, with a total of 6.2 thousand mili ion dollars, or an increase of 13 per cent over 1978. In Swtzerland international tourism arrivals at accommodation establishements will probably show an esti mated further decline for 1979 of 4.5 per cent. In the M idd le East, a second turning point in the trend of international tourism flows i~ manifested by the reduction of 5 per cent in arrivals and of 3.5 per cent in receipts for 1979, whereas in the preceding year arrivals had increased by 9 per cent and receipts by 21 per cent.
TOURISM FLOWS FROM THE MAIN GENERATING COUNTRIES Available data on departures of
residents in 1979 from th e main generating countries on travel abroad shows a consolidation of long-distance journeys and a different structure for short and medium distance trips, in favour of certain traditional tourism destinations. The total number of United States residents who travelled abroad for tourism purposes in 1979 is estimated at 24 million and their expenditure at a little over 9,000 mili ion dollars, representing increases, respectively, of 9 and 14 per cent compared with 1978. The first available' data on the geographical distribution of these movements support an estimate of a 10 per cent increase for the CariQbean and African regions, whereas in the region of East Asia and the Pacific the increase has levelled out at 'about 5 to 6 per cent. Departures of American residents for Latin America declined by 4 to 5 per cent and by about 15 per cent for Middle East countries. In Europe, arrivals from the United States are estimated to have made someth ing over 5 per cent progress in 1979. With regard to departures on travel abroad of residents of the Federan Republ ic of Germany, available information indicates that interregional movements have risen by about 10 per cent, wh ile a reduction of some 5 per cent has been recorded in arrivals of German tourists in the European region. United Kingdom residents have also shown a greater propensity for long-distance travel. Contrary to Federal German residents, arrivals in Europe of United Kingdom tourists continued to make progress in 1979. Similarly, departures by French residen!s on !ntercontinental travel abroad have shown a marked tendency to increase, whereas departures for certain destinations in the European region have declined fairly significantly. In 1979, a particularly large increase in the rate of departures of J apanese in the region of East Asia and the Pacific is estimated to h ave been between 10 and 15 per cent.
CROISSANCE CONTINUE DU TOURISME INTERNATIONAL EN 1979 EVOLUTION GLOBALE
a
C'est enviro n 270 millions que s'est élevé le nombre total d'arrivées de touristes internationaux dans le monde en 1979 selon les estimations du Secrétariat général de I'OMT. Cela correspond a une progression de 4 pour cent par rapport I'année précédente au cours de laquelle I'augmentation avait été de 6,5 pour cent.
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a
Le total des mo uveme nts touristiques en 1979 a engendré 75 milliards en dollars courants des Etats-Unis de recettes tou ristiq ues, ce q u i correspond a une progression d'un peu plus de 15 pour cent par rapport a 1978. Ce total n'inclut pas les recettes au titre du paiement des transports touristiques internationaux, qui représentent une part de 20 él 25 pour cent d u total. En termes réels, c'est-a-dire, corrigés des variations des taux de change et du taux d'inflation, les recettes touristiques mondiales en 1979 ont enregistré une progression de 4 él 5 pour cent. La part des recettes d u tourisme international dans le commerce international est évaluée a 5,5 pour cent en 1979 contre 5 pour cent pour 1978; cette progression a été plus rapide que celle des exportations mondiales.
EVOLUTION DE LA DEMANDE TOURISTIQUE Si I'on considere I'évolution de la demande touristique sous I'angle de ses deux composantes nationale et internationale et compte tenu, selon une constante déja vérifiée, que le tourisme national est en ordre de grandeur quatre fois supérieur au tourisme international, c'est a 1.350 millions que s'est élevé le total des déplacements a des fins touristiques en 1979. Malgré la légere perturba-
tion que le tourisme international a subi en 1979, les résultats qui ont été atteints peuvent néanmoins etre considérés comme satisfaisants, surtout si I'on tient compte des conditions de la conjoncture économique et sociale dans lesquelles le tourisme a évolué. II est important de noter que les voyages longue distance ont pris une ampleur supérieure a la croissance des mouvements a moyenne et courte distance. Ce phénomene parait résulter d'une contraction de mouvements de personnes des fins de vacan ces surtout parmi les couches de population a pouvoir d'achat modéré ou faible, couches qui sont le plus affectées par la crise économique.
a
a
EVOLUTION DU TOURISME INTERNATIONAL DANS LES DIFFERENTES REGIONS DU MONDE Dans I'ensemble, le tourisme international a connu des rythmes d'accroissement plus soutenus dans les pays en voie de développement .que dans les pays industrialisés. En effet, lorsque les troubles d'ordre social et politique ne sont pas venus freiner les mouvements touristiques internationaux, on constate que les progressions en chiffres relatifs des arrivées et des recettes dans les pays en développement sont pour la pi upart supérieures au niveau mondial. De tels résu Itats sont imputables, dans une large mesure, aux nouvelles actions promotionnelles qui ont été lancées par ces pays et qu i v isaient non seulement él consolider
les marchés acquis mais également él prospecter de maniere plus systématique et selective les pays voisins. L'équilibre entre la satisfaction des consommateurs et les impératifs économiques a été facilité par les mesures judicieuses de politique touristique prises dans la plupart des pays aussi bien développés qu'en développement en matiere de qualité des services et de compétitivité des prix.
VENTILATION PAR REGIONS En Afrique, on estime qu'en 1979 le tou risme international a connu une progression de 8 pour cent des arrivées et de 20 P9ur cent des recettes touristiques. Les prévisions établies pour certains pays de cette région laissent supposer une accélération de la croissance des mouvements touristiques. Aux Amériques, le rythme de croissance du tourisme international en 1979 s'est stabil isé autour de 4 pour cent pour les arrivées et de 18,5 pour cent pour les recettes touristiques. Aux Carai'bes, le tourisme international a connu une augmentation de 6 él 7 pour cent des arrivées. Aux Etats-Unis, le total des recettes touristiques poúr I'année 1979 e~t e~tirné él 8.700 millions de dollars, soit 19 pour cent de plus qu'en 1978 et celui des arrivées él 21 millions, ce qui r.epré~",nt{! une progression de El pour cent par rapport él I'année précédente. Au Méxique, le tourisme international a connu une nette croissance des arrivées qui s'est stabilisée él 14 pour cent. Au rang des principaux facteurs qui ont influencé I'évolution du tourisme international dans la région des Amériques au cours de I'année 1979, on peut mentionner:
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• la diversification des marchés provoquée par les campagnes promotionnelles menées par les opérateurs touristiques publics et privés; • une plus grande coopération et une amélioration des stratégies de commercialisation entre les Administrations publiques touristiques et les opérateurs touristiques;
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• un nivellement des prix des biens et des services entre pays émetteurs et récepteurs; • la dévaluation de certaines monnaies par rapport au dollar des Etats-Unis; • I'introduction des nouveaux services aériens par I'incorporation des nouvelles unités de "jet"; • I'ouverture des nouveaux marchés dans la partie ouest des Etats-Unis et du Canada; • les conférences et réunions internationales qui ont stimulé le tourisme de congres; • la réduction des tarifs aériens entre l' Australie et les 6tats-Unis et I'introduction des nouveaux tarifs el prix réduit pour des vols transpacifiques_ La région de l' Asie de I'Est et du Pacifique a connu une croissance plus modérée mais relativement soutenue du tourisme international en 1979 avec des progressions de 15 pour cent des arrivées touristiques et de 25 pour cent pou r les recettes contre des augmentations respectives de 18 et 29 pour cent en 1978. On constate également une certaine reprise des mouvements touristiques dans les !Ies du Pacifiqu e qu i résulte principalement d'une intensification des flux tou ristiques en provenance du Japon, d'Europe et des Etats-Unis. L'augmentation totale des arrivées dans cette région pourrait dépasser 10 pour cent en 1979. Le rythme sou tenu du tourisme international dans la région de l' Asie de l'Est et du Pacifique a été dans une large mesure favorisé par: • I'abolition de certaines restrictions aux voyages el I'étranger; • I'accroissement des voyages el courte distance el I'intérieur de la région; • la forte reprise du tourisme international en provenance du Japon.
Un certain nombre d'autres facteurs ont cependant provoqué une certaine contraction des mouvements touristiques internationaux , parmi lesquels: • le délai dans I'introduction de structures tarifaires APEX et ITC el partir de l' Australie et vers les autres pays de la région d' Asie du sud-est; • la fermeture de certains grands hotels traditionnels. La situation dont l'lran a été le théatre en 1979 laisse supposer que le tourisme international dans la région de l'Asie du Sud enregistrera une disminution de 3 pour cent des arrivées et de plus de 17 pour cent des recettes touristiques. A I'exception de l'lran, les autres pays de la région ont dans I'ensemble connu une évolution positive des mouvements et des recettes tou ristiques qui pourraient s'élever entre 7 et 8 pour cent pour les arrivées et entre 10 et 15 pour cent pour les recettes. En effet, dans ces pays I'année 1979 s'est caractérisée par: • I'ouverture des nouvelles destinations et routes touristiques notamment dan s les régions montagneuses; • en Inde on a assité el un assouplissement des restrictions su r les voyages el I'étranger qui prévoit la possibilité pou r les ressortissants indiens d'exporter un montant équivalent el 500 US$ tous les deux ans pour leurs voyages touristiques el I'étranger . • la construction et le développement au Pakistan d'hotels, de stations et d'équipements touristiques connexes. En Europe, les rythmes de croissance des arrivées et des recettes touristiques se sont alignés sur ceux de I'ensemble des pays du monde avec des accroissements se situant entre 3 et 4 pour cent dans le cas des arrivées et 14 pour cent pour les recettes. L'évolution globale du tourisme international dans cette région résulte de situations fort différentes. En Italie le tourisme international a enregistré des résultats records au cours de I'année 1979. La faiblesse de la lire par rapport él certaines monnaies fortes européennes telles que le franc suisse, le deutschmark et la livre, et le maintien de I'équilibre qualitéprix a rendu ce pays attrayant du point de vue touristique. Au cours
des quatre premiers mois de 1979 les arrivées des tou ristes dans les établ issements d'hébergement av aient enregistré une augmentation de 17 pour cent par rapport a 1978. Au Portugal et a Chypre, le tourisme inte rnational a réalisé de bonnes performances avec des augmentations des arrivées qui se situent entre 30 et 40 pour cent. Pa r cóntre en Espagne le volume des mouvements touristiques enregistré en 1979 est inférieur a celui des années précédentes. Cette situation est néanmoins compensée sur le plan des recettes tourlStlques e nregistrées avec un total de 6,2 milliards de dollars, soit un accroissement de 13 pour cent par rapport él 1978. En Suisse, les arrivées des touristes internationaux dans les établisse ments d'hébergement connartront vraisemblablement une nouvelle réduction en 1979, estimée a4,5 pour cent. Au Moyen-Orient, on a observé un second revirement de tendance des mouvements touristiques internationaux qui se traduit par une baisse de 5 pour cent des arrivées et de 3,5 pour cent des recettes en 1979 alors qu'au cours de I'année précéde nte les arrivées avaient progressé de 9 pour cent et les recettes de 21 pour cent.
TOURISME EN PROVENANCE DES PRINCIPAUX PA YS EMETTEURS Les données disponibles sur les départs des résidents des principaux pays émetteurs en voyage el I'étranger en 1979 permettent de constater une consolidation des voyages a longue distance et une restructuration des déplacements a courte et moyenne distance aux bénéfices de certaines destinations touristiques traditionnelles. Le nombre total des résidents des Etats-Unis qui se sont rendus en voyage touristique a I'étranger est estimé a 24 millions en 1979 et leurs dépenses a un peu plus de 9 milliards de dollars, soit des augmentations respectives de 9 et 14 pour cent par rapport a 1978. Les premieres données disponibles sur la distribution géographique de ces mouvements permettent d'estimer a pres de 10 pour cent leur progression dans la région des Caraibes et .e n Afrique, alors que dans la ré-
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gion de l' Asie de l'Est et du Pacifique leur augmentation se stabilise autour de 5 a 6 pour cent. Les départs des résidents américains a destination de l' Amérique latine accusent une baisse de 4 a 5 pour cent et de 15 pour cent environ a destination des pays du MoyenOriento En Europe, la progression des arrivées en provenance des EtatsUnis est estimée a un peu plus de 5 pour cent en 1979. En ce qui concerne les départs en voyage a I'étranger des résidents
de la République fédérale d' Allemagne, les informations actuellement disponibles laissent supposer une progression de I'ordre de 10 pour cent des déplacements interrégionaux, et une diminution d'environ 5 pour cent d'arrivées de touristes allemands dans la région européenne. Dans le cas des résidents du Royaume-Uni, on constate également une plus grande propension aux voyages a longue distance. Contrairement aux résidents de la R FA, les arrivées de touristes en provenance du Royaume-Uni en Europe ont continué de progresser en 1979.
De meme, les départs des résidents fran~ais en voyage a I'étranger montrent une nette tendance
a la
hausse dans le cas des voyages intercontinentaux, alors qu'ils ont accusé des régressions relativement importantes dans le cas de certaines destinations touristiques dans la région de l'Europe. En 1979, on a assisté a une accélération particulierement im portante des départs des japonais dans la région de l' Asie de l'Est et de Pacifique de I'ordre de 10 a 15 pour cent.
international consultants market and feasibility studies tourism and leisure markets
iraL.a.
Sorne recently cornpleted tourisrn studies FRANCE • Market and economic feasibility study for a tourist development on the Cote d'Azur INDIA • Optimum means to promote and develop tourism from European markets IRELAND • Market potential for a proposed tourism development ITALY • Structure of !taly's tourism industry ]ORDAN • Financial analysis of a tourism project KENYA • Evaluation of the hotel industry training requirements
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MEDITERRANEAN • The opportunities and method for setting up an organisation to market the tourist facilities of a Mediterranean country MOROCCO • Marketing of tourist apartotels O.E.C.D. • Evolution of tourism in mediterranean countries SPAIN • Feasibility study for a proposed development of one of the Balearic Islands SWITZERLAND • Demand potential for a new cable-car in the Geneva region TUNISIA • Economic study for an integrated tourism complex in El Kantaoui (Sousse)
Place Longemalle 7 1204 Genéve / Suisse té!. : (022) 280333 télex: eH-42 98 70
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CONTINUO CRECIMIENTO DEL TURISMO INTERNACIONAL EN 1979 EVOLUCION GLOBAL Según las estimaciones de la Secretaría General de la OMT, el número total de llegadas de turistas internacionales en el mundo en 1979 fue de aproximadamente 270 millones. Esto corresponde a un aumento del 4 por ciento con relación al año anterior, en el curso del cual el crecimiento fue del 6,5 por ciento.
El total de los movimientos turísticos en 1979 dio lugar a u nos ingresos tu rísticos de 75.000 millones de dólares corrientes de los Estados Unidos, lo que corresponde a un aumento de algo más del 15 por ciento en relación con 1978. Este total no incluye los ingresos en concepto de pago de transportes turísticos internacionales, que representan del 20 al 25 por ciento del total. En términos reales, es decir corregidas las variaciones de las tasas de cambio y la inflación, los ingresos turísticos mundiales en 1979 experimentaron un crecimiento del 4 al '5 por ciento. Los ingresos del turismo internacional en relación con el comercio internacional representan el 5,5 por ciento en 1979, en comparación con el 5 por ciento en 1978; este aumento fue más rápido que el de las exportaciones mu nd iales. Si se considera la evolución de la demanda turística desde el punto de vista de sus dos componentes, nacional e internacional, y teniendo en cuenta, según una constante ya verificada, que el tu rismo nacional es cu atro veces su perior al tu rismo internacional, se llega a la cifra de 1.350 millones para el total de los desplazamientos turísticos en 1979. A pesar de la ligera perturbación que sufrió en 1979 el turismo internacional, los resultados obtenidos pueden considerarse satisfactorios, sobre todo si se tiene en cuenta las condiciones de la coyuntura económica y social en las cuales ha evolucionado el turismo. Es importante subrayar que los viajes a larga distancia han experimentado una ampliación superior al crecimiento de los movimientos a media y a corta distancia. Este fenómeno parece deberse a una reducción de los movimientos de personas con motivo
de vacaciones, sobre todo entre las capas de población de poder adquisitivo moderado o débil, que son las más afectadas por la crisis económica.
EVOLUCION DEL TURISMO INTERNACIONAL EN LAS DIFERENTES REGIONES DEL MUNDO En su conjunto, el turismo internacional ha experimentado ritmos de crecimiento más constantes en los países en desarrollo que en los países industrializados. En efecto, cuando las perturbaciones poi íticas o sociales no frenaron los movimientos turísticos internacionales pudo comprobarse que, en porcentajes, los aumentos en el número de llegadas y en el total de ingresos en los países en desarrollo son superiores en la mayor parte de los casos al nivel mundial. En gran medida, tales resultados pueden imputarse a las nuevas acciones de promoción que lanzaron dichos países y que tend ían no sólo a consolidar los mercados adquiridos, sino también a una prospección más sistemática y selectiva en los países vecinos. La compaginación entre la satisfacción de los consumidores y los imperativos económicos fue facilitada por las prudentes medidas de poIítica turística adoptadas en la mayor parte de los países, tanto desarrollados como en desarrollo, en materia de calidad de servicios y carácter competitivo de los precios. En Africa, se estima que en 1979 el turismo internacional experimentó un aumento del 8 por ciento en las llegadas y del 20 por ciento en los ingresos turísticos. Las previsiones establecidos para ciertos países de .Ia región permiten prever una
aceleración del crecimiento de los movimientos turísticos. En las Américas, el ritmo de crecimiento del turismo internacional en 1979 se estabilizó en aproximadamente el 4 por ciento para las llegadas y el 18,5 por ciento para los ingresos turísticos. En el Caribe, el turismo internacional experimentó un aumento' del 6 al 7 por ciento en las llegadas. En los Estados Unidos, el total de los ingresos turísticos en 1979 se evalúa en 8 .700 millones de dólares, lo que representa el19 por ciento más que en 1978, y se cifra en 21 millones el número' de llegadas, lo que representa un aumento del 6 por ciento en relación con el año anterior. En México, el turismo internacional experimentó un claro aumento en las llegadas, que alcanzó el 14 por ciento. Entre los principales factores que han influ ido sobre la evolución del turismo internacional en las Américas durante el año 1979, se pueden mencionar: • la diversificación de los mercados, debida a las campañas de promoción lanzadas por los organizadores públicos y privados del turismo; • una mejora en las estrategias de comercialización y una mayor cooperación entre las administraciones públicas turísticas y el sector turístico privado; • una nivelación de los precios tanto de los bienes como de los servicios entre los países emisores y los receptores; • la devaluación de ciertas monedas en relación con el dólar de los Estados Unidos; • la introducción de nuevos servicios aéreos, con la incorporación de nuevas unidades "jet"; • la apertura de nuevos merca11
dos en la parte oeste de los Est ados Unidos y del Canadá ; • las confe rencias y reuniones internacionales, qu e estimularon e l turismo de congresos ;
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• la reducción d e las tarifas aéreas entre Austral ia y los Estados Unidos y la introducción de nuevas tarifas a precio reducido para los vuelos a t ravés del Pacífico . La regió n de Asia Oriental y del Pacífico ex perim e ntó un aum en to más reduc ido, pero re lati va me nte co nst ante, d e l tu rismo inte rn ac io nal en 1979, co n aum e nto s d e l 15 por ciento e n las ll egad as tur ís ticas y de l 25 por ciento e n los in greso s, e n co m parac ió n co n aume ntos d e l 18 y el 29 por ciento e n 19 78 . Ta m· bién se co mpru eba ci e rta recu perac ió n d e los mo vimie ntos t urísti cos e n las isl as d e l Pacífi co, d e bido pr inc ip a lm ente a la in te nsi f icac ió n de las corrie ntes turíst icas proceden t es d e l J apó n, d e Euro pa y d e los Estad os Uni do s. El aume n to tot a l de las llegad as en la reg ió n po dría pasa r d el 10 por ciento e n 19 79 . El · r itm o consta nte d e l turi smo in te rn aci o nal e n la regió n d e As ia .O rie nta l y e l Pacíf ico se vio favo recid o en gran med id a po r: • la abolición de ciertas restricciones para los viajes al extranjero ; • la expansión de los viaj es a corta distancia en el interior d e la región; • el fu erte aumento del turismo internacional procedente d el Japón . No o bstante, al gun o s otro s facto res d ie ro n lu gar a una c ie rta re ducci ó n d e lo s mov imi e ntos turísticos in te rn acio nales; e ntre e ll o s pu ed e n ci ta rse : • el aplazamiento de la introducción de las tarifas APEX e ITC a partir de Australia y hacia los demás países de la región de Asia Sudorie ntal; • el cierre de ciertos grandes hoteles tradicionales . La si tuació n en Irán durante e l año 1979 hace prever qu e e l tu rismo in te rn acional en la regió n d e Asi a Me ridional experimentará un a disminució n del 3 por ciento e n las ll egadas y de más del 17 por ciento en lo s in greso s tu rísticos. Ex cep to e l Irá n, los demás países de la regió n en su co njunto h an ex perim en-
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tado un a evo lu ción posit iva en cuanto a mov imie n tos e in gresos t u r ísticos, q ue pod ría n aume ntar en t re e l 7 y el 8 por ciento para las ll egadas y entre e l 10 y el 15 por ciento para lo s in gresos. En efe cto, e n ta les pa íses e l año 19 79 se caracte ri zó po r: • la apertura de nuevos lugares d e destino y de nuevas rutas turísticas, especialmente en las regiones montañosas ; • en la India hubo una reducción de las restricciones sobre los viajes al extranjero, en virtud de la cual se prevé la posibilidad de que los nacionales d e la India puedan exportar el equivalente a 500 dólares de los Estados Unidos , cada dos años, para sus viajes turísticos en el extranjero; • la construcción y el desarrollo en Pakistán d e hoteles , estaciones y equipamientos turísticos conexos. En Eu ropa, los ritmo s de crecim ie nto de las ll egad as y de lo s ingreso s turístico s corresp o nd e n a los d el conjun to de lo s pa íses de l mund o, con aum e nto s qu e se sitú an entre e l 3 y 4 por ciento pa ra las ll egad as y e n e l 14 por ciento para lo s in gre so s. La evo lu ció n total d e l t urismo intern ac io na l en esta regió n es e l resultado de si tuacio nes mu y dife rentes. En Ita lia, el turi smo in te rn acion a l "ll egó e n 19 79 a resultad os sin preced e ntes. La de bilid ad d e la lira en re lació n co n a lgunas fue rtes mo ned as e uro peas, co mo el f ranco suizo, e l ma rco ale mán y la libra, y la co nse rvació n d e l equili bri o calid ad -p rec io ha hech o qu e e l pa ís sea a tra ctivo d esde e l pun to d e vi sta turístico . Du ra nte los prim eros meses d e 19 79, las ll egad as d e turistas a los establec imi ento s d e a lo ja mi e nto había aum e n tado en e l 17 por ciento en re lació n co n 1978 . En Portugal y e n Chipre , e l turismo internacio na l había obte nido bu enos resultad o s, con aume ntos e n las ll egad as qu e se situ aban entre e l 30 y el 40 por ciento. Po r el co n t ra- . ri o , en España lo s mo vimi ento s turístico s en 1979 hab ía n sid o in fe ri o res a lo s de añ os preced entes. No o bstante esta situ aci ó n se había compe nsado e n cu an t o a in gresos turísticos, co n un to t al d e 6.200 mill o nes de dólares, es deci r co n un a umento d el 13 por ciento e n re laci ó n con 1978 . En Su iza, las ll egad as d e turistas intern ac io na les a los e stabl ecimi e ntos d e alo jamie nto ex -
per im e ntará p ro babl emen te un a n ueva red ucc ió n en 19 79, estimada e n un 4,5 por ciento. En e l Oriente Medio se observó un a segund a mo di ficació n d e la te nd e ncia de los movimi entos t u ríst icos inte rn ac io nales, q ue se t raduj o po r un descenso d e l 5 por ciento e n las ll egad as y de l 3 ,5 por ciento e n los in gresos en 19 79, mient ras q ue duran te e l año prece dente las llegad as hab ía n aume n tado en un 9 por ciento y los ing resos e n un 21 por ciento.
TURISMO PROCEDENTE DE LOS PRINCIPALES PAISES EMISORES Los datos disponibles sobre sali das de reside ntes e n los princ ipales países emisores con d estino a l extranjero en 1979 permiten comprobar una consolidación d e los viajes a larga distancia y una reestructuración de los desplazami entos a corta y a media distancia en beneficio de ciertos lugares turís t icos tradicional es. El número total de residentes en los Estados Unidos que se trasladaron en viaje turístico al extranjero se estima e n 24 millones en 1979 y sus gastos se calculan en al go más de 9 .000 millones d e dólares, con aumentos respectivamente del 9 y del 14 por ciento con relación a 1978. Los primeros datos disponibles sobre la distribución geográfica de dichos movimientos permiten evaluar aproximadamente en el 10 por ciento el aumento registrado hacia la región del Caribe y hacia Africa, mientras que los aumentos hacia la región d e Asia Oriental y del Pacífico se estabilizan entre el 5 y el 6 por ciento. Las salidas de residentes estadounidenses hacia América Latina disminuyeron entre el 4 y el 5 por ciento y hacia los países del Oriente Medio en aproximadamente un 15 por ciento , En Europa, el aumento de las lle gadas procedentes de los Estados Unidos se estima en algo más del 5 por ciento en 1979. Las informaciones actualmente disponibles sobre las salidas en viaje al extranjero de residentes en la República Federal de Alemania hace suponer que ha habido un aumento del orden del 10 por cient o en los desplazamientos interregio(Pasa a la página 14)
LOS INGRESOS POR TURISMO INTERNACIONAL Y LA EXPORTACION MUNDIAL LOS INGRESOS TURISTICOS AUMENTARON UN 15%
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Se estima que los ingresos por turismo internacional durante 1979 serán un 15% superior a los registrados en 1978. Durante este año los ingresos por turismo internacional fueron unos 65.000 millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos. Este flujo monetario correspond ía a los gastos que a nivel mundial generaron los casi 260 millones de llegadas turísticas registradas a nivel mundial. COMPARACION INGRESOS POR TURISMO Y POR EXPORTACIONES
Durante 1978 los ingresos por turismo internacional supusieron casi un 5% de las exportaciones mundiales. Para tener una idea más aproximada de la importancia de dicha cifra se podría tomar como referencia que el turismo internacional ha generado un volumen de ingresos superior a las exportaciones de productos tales como minerales, vestidos, metales no férreos, textiles, materias primas, hierro y acero. Conviene señalar que los ingresos por turismo internacional fueron dos veces, o más, superiores a las exportaciones de minerales, vestidos y metales no férreos. EL CRECIMIENTO DE LOS INGRESOS TURISTICOS
El ritmo del crecimiento medio anual de los ingresos por turismo internacional y de las exportaciones mundiales desde 1960 han sido del mismo orden de magnitud. Considerando el período que se inicia en 1974, comien zo del ciclo actual d e la economía mundial, los ritmos de evolución han sido diferentes: los ingresos por turismo internacional han crecido al 17,5 % acumulativo anual y las exportaciones d e mercancías al 12 % • Estas cifras son del mayor in terés a la hora de juzgar la consolidación y madurez que ha alcanzado una actividad tan compleja, por sus implica ciones económicas y socIales, como es el turismo. ESTABILIDAD
DE
LOS
INGRESOS TURISTICOS
La estabilidad es otra característica diferencial entre los ingresos turísticos y los derivados de las exportacio-
nes tradicionales. A partir de los datos disponibles elaborados por la Organización Mundial del Turismo, se ha calculado un ingreso medio del orden de los 250 dólares por llegada turística internacional. En 1974 dicho ingreso medio fue del orden de los 170 dólares y desde entonces, en términos corrientes, ha tenido siempre una evolución creciente. E volución que contrasta con la de los precios de algunas materias primas, base de los ingresos por exportación de numerosos países en desarrollo. Las variaciones de los precios pueden suponer a estos países indeseadas fluctuaciones en los ingresos por exportaciones y, en última instancia, en sus ritmos de desarrollo. LOS INGR6S0S TURISTICOS PARA LOS PAISES EN DESARROLLO El turismo es, para los países en desarrollo, una actividad con crecientes posibilidades de captación de divisas. Para los países en desarrollo, la forma tradicional de captación de divisas es la exportación de materias primas, dándose el caso de que bastantes países en desarrollo se encuentran ya próx imos al techo de sus posibilidades de exportación. Por otra parte, en la actualidad, dados los bajos ritmos de crecimiento del Producto Nacional de muchos países y las dificultades por las que pasan sus Balanzas de Pagos, se ha generalizado una tendencia a reducir las importaciones, lo que dificulta la expansión de las exportaciones trad icionales. En sentido contrario, el turismo se ha mostrado como una actividad en expansión que aún ha de crecer y con tendencia a situarse en un marco cada vez más ágil y desprovisto de control es fronterizos y administrativos, que hacen más fluído el tráfico turístico internacional. En este sentido el turismo es una prometedora realidad en cuanto a la generación de divisas, al incremento y diversificación del producto nacional y a la creación de puestos de trabajo.
INGRESOS POR TURISMO INTERNACIONAL Y EXPORTACIONES MUNDIALES (cifras en miles de millones de dólares) Años
Exportaciones mundiales
1960 ................................. 1970 ................................. 1974 ................................. 1975 ................................. 1976 ................................. 1977 ....... .... .. ..... .. .... ....... .. 1978 .................................
128,0 312,2 835,6 872,5 991,0 1.124,0 1.303,0
Indice
100,0 243,9 652,8 681,6 774,2 878,1 1.018,0
Ingresos por turismo Internacional
Indice
6,8 18,2 34,1 38,6 43,7 52,4 65,0
100,0 267,6 501,5 567,6 642,6 770,6 955 ,6 13
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nales, y una disminución de aproxi· madamente el 5 por ciento en las llegadas de turistas alemanes a la región europea. Para los residentes en el Reino Unido se comprueba también una mayor propensión a los viajes a larga distancia. En con· traposición con el caso de los resi· dentes en la República Federal de
Alemania, las llegadas a Europa de turistas procedentes del Reino Uni· do siguieron aumentando en 1979. De la misma manera, las salidas de residentes franceses hacia el ex· tranjero muestran una clara tenden· cia. al aumento en el ámbito de los viajes intercontinentales, mientras que han experimentado reducciones
relativamente importantes en los movimientos hacia ciertos destinos turísticos en la región de Europa. En 1979, se ha comprobado una aceleración especialmente impor· tante de las salidas de japoneses ha· cia la región de Asia Oriental y el Pacífico, del orden del 10 al 15 por ciento.
EDICION DE 1980 DE "VOYAGES A L'ETRANGER - FORMALITES DE FRONTIERES/ TRA VEL ABROAD - FRONTIER FORMALITIES" En las primeras semanas de febrero de 1980 aparecerá la 28 a edición de VOY AGES A L'ETRANGER - FORMA· LITES DE FRONTIERES/TRA VEL ABROAD - FRONTIER FORMALITIES , que contribuirá de manera funda· mental al conocimiento de las formalidades y de las prácticas en vigor en lo que respecta a los viajes al extranjero . Además de las informaciones relativas a condiciones para el paso de fronteras (pasaportes individuales o colecti· vos , visados , etc .), esta publicación contiene también datos sobre formalidades y tolerancias aduaneras , reglamentación sanitaria (certificados de vacuna exigidos) , reglamentación monetaria, condiciones de admisión temporal de vehículos, . facilidades otorgadas a los viajeros (reducciones especiales , tipos de cambio favorables, etc.) que comunican regularmen· te a la Organización Mundial del Turismo las administraciones nacionales de turismo de más de 141 países o territorios en el mundo entero. La publicación se dirige no sólo a todos los profesionales del turismo que organizan viajes y que deben disponer de informaciones exactas y al día sobre las formalidades que han de cumplir los viajeros para el paso de las fronteras , sino también a todos los organismos e instituciones, públicos o privados , que deseen analizar en las diferentes regiones del mundo, cómo evoluciona la reglamentación aplicable a los movimientos de personas a través de las fronteras y los efectos de tal evolución sobre el desarrollo de la actividad turística. Editada en forma de fichas intercambiables contenidas en un clasificador, Voyages a I'Etranger - Formalités de Frontieres/Travel Abroad - Frontier Formalities se mantiene constantemente al día. Todas las modificaciones comuni· cadas oficialmente por un país se transmiten inmediatamente a los abonados por medio de fichas in tercambiables para sustituir en el clasificador a las fichas que carecen ya de validez . Voyages a I'Etranger - Formalités de Frontieres/Travel Abroad - Frontier Formalities, publicación editada en francés y en inglés , puede obtenerse por medio de un abono anual , al precio de 54 dólares dirigiéndose directamente a la Sección de Publicaciones de la OMT , Avenida del Generalísimo , 59, Madrid·16 , España.
1980 EDITION OF TRAVEL ABROAD - FRONTIER FORMALlTIES An important and basic source of information on foreign travel formalities will become available early in February 1980 when the 28th edition ofTRAVEL ABROAD - FRONTIER FORMALlTIES will comeoffthe press. Besides covering transboundary controls (individual and collective passports and visas), the publication contains information on customs formalities and allowances, health (vaccination certificates) and currency regu lations, the tem· porary import of vehicles and travel facilities, such as special transport discounts, tourist exchange rates and others. Travel Abroad - Frontier Formalities is based on official information which WTO receives regularly from the national tourism administrations of more than 141 countries and territories. Travel Abroad - Frontier Formalities is designed for and used not only by tourism operators looking for accurate and timely information on frontier formalities needed in organizing trips, but also by all bodies and agencies, both pu· blic and private which are following the world·wide development of laws and regulations governing the movement of persons across the frontiers and their impact on tourist activities. Travel Abroad - Frontier Formalities consists of a binder and individualloose·leaf sheets regularly brought up to date . Any change officially notified by a country is promptly transmitted to subscribers on new sheets which are subs· tituted in the binder for those no longer val id. Travel Abroad - Frontier Formalities is published in English and in French. Copies at US $ 54.- may be obtained by sending a subscription order directly to the Publications Section of WTO Avda . del General ísimo, 59 - Madrid·16, Spain. . 14
TOURISM lRAINING REQUIREMENTS IN THE AFRICAN COUNTRIES
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Tourism, which is included in the tertiary or service 'sector , requires greater staffing than any other economic activity. Increasingly mechanized agricultural and industrial undertakings do not need as much labour per product unit as does tourism A proof of this is that the number of jobs created in relation to capital invested is higher in this sector. This is one of the social advantages which tourism has over other economic sectors, namely, that the creation of ajob requires less capital investmení. It is a matter not only of quantity but also of quality: workers in the tourism sector have jobs that are more satisfying than those in many other sectors, for they bring them into direct contact with the customer, which is not usually the case in the fishery, mining, agricultural or industrial sector, This means that their work is bound to be more attractive and that their training must be not only technical but human and social as welL
The development of tourism in any country therefore requires that people should be available to staff tourism enterprises and organizations, and to a greater or lesser extent, depending on the job to be filled, such people require proper vocatíonal trainíng. Every tourism policy must allow for the fact that the essential element in this sector is the human one. For various reasons, most African countries have a major quantitative as well as qualitative shortage of personnel trained in the tourism sector, and the harmful effects of this shortage have to be remedied. • Current situation The shortage of q ualified personnel is cIear from the following facts, among others: a) Over-employment in relation to individual hotel capacity. If the average international module in the hotel industry is one employee for every two rooms, its applicatiori to existing establishments in Africa reveals that the number of employees is below that level in only 25 per cent of the countries and aboye it in the remaining 75 per cent.
b) The relatively large number of foreign employees. The shortage oftrained local personnel means tha t foreign personnel have to be employed, although their employment may also be due to
other factors such as the greater confidence placed in personnel airead y connected with the firm (as in the case of multinational corporations), the broader vocational training secured by employing staff members in various jobs in different countries or the fact that the organization actually represents a foreign country (e.g. airlines , national tourism offices abroad, etc.). It is uno fficially estima ted that 80 per cent of the managers and 55 per cent of the staff in positions of sorne responsibility (excutives); particularly in the case of hotel establishements belonging to international chains, are foreingners ; so , too , are 50 per cent of travel ageney managers. Among national airlines (in foreign ones it is only natural that there should be. a high pereentage), the pereentage of foreign management and te ehnieal staff varies greatly, although a eautious estimate would put the level at about 40 per cení. All these figures relate to countries which are
touristically developing, and this includes most of the African countries. c) The assessment of requirements made by the countries themselves. The replies to the questionnaire circulated for the purpose of preparing the WTO report mentioned earlier, which onlV fifteen of the fiftV African countries answered, reveal that the present training capacitv covers on IV 1,608 of the 23,661 skilled posts required to be filled in future. This amounts to 6.8per cent. Causes The main causes of this shortage of skilled personnel are: a) The modernity and small scale of the tourism sector in almost a11 the African countries. With the exception of Kenya, Morocco and Tunisia, the fact that no African country has more than 10,000 hotel rooms demonstrates the shortage of hotel planto 15
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Generally speaking, most to urism u ndertakings in the African countries are small and of modest standards, even transport companies which elsewhere usually have largescale operations. The staff employed by them is conseguently smalland of a markedlyfamily and polyvalent nature. Since the establishments are not complex and many of th e customers are not demanding, the professional standards of those working in them are low. There are a few exceptional establishments of international standing, most of which are in the hands of foreigners ar are owned ar managed by them. Perhaps as a result of the former colonial situation (although sorne countries did inherit from it certain tourist installations), existing eg uipme n t is very up-to-date des pite the lack of any genuine tourism tradition in most of th e countries of Africa. . In sorne of t he African co untries which have in troduced tourism development policies, the rapid expansion of the sector largely accounts for the staff shortage. T h ere has been a rapid and growing expansion in the reg uirements both of private and of public and semipublic bodies for staff of all sorts, particularly managerial, administrative and supervisory staff reg uiring a high degree of vocational training. b ) The emi nen tly rural nature of many African co untries. As stated earlier, tourism belongs to the tertiary or service sector; this usually deve10ps in an urb an environme nt and performs personal services for a more or less he terogeneous but city-dwelling public o The rural origin of the African worker may possibly account for training standards there . None the less, bearing in mind the fact that the urban 16
population in the African countries has, over the past two or three decades, been increasing annually twice as fast as the total population, it must be concluded that potential employees in the tourism sector must or may already come largely from urban backgrounds. c) The numerousjob opportunities offered to skilled personnel in other public and private sectors. The better-paid and sometimes more highIy regarded jobs available in other sectors are attracting skilled workers away from tourism. A knowledge of languages, the cultural leve l reached, dealings with skilled local people and foreigners and the acquisition of certain standards of social behaviour, etc., are al! decisive fac tors in this desire to change job s, particularl y if there are many opportunities owing to the shortage of personnel with general training. Many other causes of this shortage couId be shown, such as the absence of any family tradition of work in the tourism sector, the exclusion of women for religious or social reasons, the lack of information on working conditions, deficien t recruitment systems, the low prestige of occupations in tourism, and so forth.
DR AWBACKSOF EM PLOYMENT O F UNSKIL LED PE RSONN EL Prejudicia l effects The following are a few of the drawbacks arising from the shortage of properly q ualified·personnel: a) Poor q uality of services perfo rmed Reliance on little or poorly trained staff may mean lC?w professional standards of service, i.e. unsatisfactory output
a nd results, losses of materials through improper use (breakages and waste, etc.), complaints and dissatisfaction on the part of customers who may thus be lost, discord within the undertaking and too much time spent by management and semor staff on supervisory work. b ) A noted overstaffing in relation to the workload. Poor training necesitates the employment of more people than are strictly needed, because of their low output, and this leads to higher labour costs as weU as staH management costs. Eventually, it will involve freq uent dismissals and labour unrest, etc. e) The need to engage foreign personnel. . The engagement of foreign personnel by local firms and bodies - which may be inevitable- is highly prej udicial because it eliminates the benefits of creating jobs for local people; the payment of fo.reign staff may mean an outflow of Eoreign currency ;it also complicates labour relations between local and foreign personnel; the local peo pIe engaged on lower-grade jobs become disconten ted and the worker has no affection for the country in which he is under contracto d ) Brake on tourism expansion The chief negative effect of the shortage oE trained personnel is the brake it imposes on the country's tourism expansion and deve1opmen t , because, as mentioned befare, this sector requires a large and partly specialized labour force . FUTURE STAFF REQUI REMENTS IN AFRICAN TOURISM BODIES Foreseeable increase in tourist flows to Africa. The problem is not on Iy t o cover the present sh ortages of
trai ned staff but a Iso to forecast the future staff requirements which will arise owing to the growth of the tourism sector either through spontaneous development or under the stimulation of plans and policies.
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Through spontaneous growth The history of tourism development shows that flows of trave Ilersare constant Iy i ncreasing on both a natronal and an international scale. On a world scale The tourismsector isexpanding in ' most countries. While 460 million tourist movements (domestic and international) Vl.ere recorded throughout the world in 1963, the figure had risen to roughly 1,200 million by 1978 and is expected to jump to 3,000 million by the year 2000. Attending this huge mass of tourists calls for trarisport, accommodation, public administrations, travel agents, reception and promotion facilities and other services which in turn require a large and partly specialized labour force.
AFRICA'S SHARE IN WORLD TOURIST MARKET INADEQUATE Within and to the African countries The African countries have had too small a share of the tourist flows just mentioned. Recent figures supplied by WTO reveal that it amounts to no more than 2 per cent. B.;aring in mind that 70 per cent of a1\ tourism to Africa was concentrated in Kenya, Morocco and Tunisia , the small share enjoyed by the other countries within the continent will be read ily appreciated. The rate of growth of international tourism in Africa is, however, slightly higher than the world rate: in the past year it accounted for 10 to 12 per ce nt of arrival s and 1 S to 20 per cent of tourism earnings.
Africa's smalI share of the world tourism market is unjustified and it is to be hoped that future growth rates wi1\ exceed the present levels owing, inter alía , to the following reasons: a) the traditional tourist markets, especial\y in southern Europe, are steadily becoming saturated ; b) many tourists are seeking new horizons and unknown tourist attractions; c) the steady rise in winter tou· rism meanS that warm regions like Africa will become increasingly popular; d) the development of air travel , its relatively moderate pricing, the greater capacity of aircraft and commercial solutions such as charters and group travel, etc., wi\l al\ make the African countries more accessible to Europeans and Americans; e) the tourism development of the Maghreb countries and of Kenya, Ivory Coast and so forth, proves that interna tional tourism is taking a greater interest in Africa. Although no complete figures are available for assessing tourism movements between the differen t African countries, there is no doubt that they are steadily increasing. Their economic and social development is bound to bring about further tourist flows within the countries themselves (dom-estic tourism) as well as within the continental area (interregional tourism). Through the introduction oftourism development policies Set against this more or less satisfactory and more or less anarchical spontaneous growth there are the tourism development plans introduced by sorne African countries; these wi\l bring about greater tourist 90ws than might be expected if thil.gs were allowed to follow their natural course.
Breakdown of tourism personnel according to vocational traini .1g required Workers in tourism undertakings and organizations must be broken down into three groups according to the vocational traini ng they require : a) Personnel requiring no special training, such as all workers engaged in very simple tasks (watchmen, washer-women, cleaners, ironers and so forth); b) Personnel requiring technical, sometimes highly specialized but general training which is therefore not specifically tourism-related; for instance, gardeners, carpenters, drivers, mechanics, electricians, typists, accountants and computer programmers, etc. c) Personnel requiringspecialtourism-related training, such as cooks, wine-waiters, waiters, barmen, hostesses, housekeepers, receptionists, tour sellers, guides, recreation managers, monitors, managers of tourist establishments and various other positions. The percentage of personnel requiring specifically tourism-related training varies according to the average cultural standards of each coun try but may be generally put at about 20 per cent. Breakdown of specialized personnel by sector The variety of sectors in tourism and the different occupational grades make it necessary to draw a distinction between the various jobs with a view to providi ng proper training. By and large, the foil owing tourism sectors are becoming distinguishable: a) Accommodation and catering. b) Public tourism authorities (local, regional and national).
Fair proportion of tourism personnel needs special training
c) Tour agents.
operators
and travel
In tourism, a distinction must be drawn between three groups of workers based on the vocational training needed, five groups according to the subsectors in which employment is required and three grades according to the level of skill to be reached.
e) Others (guides, recreation managers, monitors).
d) Carr iers.
Generally accepted modules attribute 75 per cent of pe rsonnel to the first group (accommodation and catering) and only 25 per cen! to the other four.
17
Breakdown of t rain ing requirement s by grade The followi ng classi fi cation of grades is now bei ng used : a) Upper grade (m anage rs, execu t i,ves, supervisors ); b) Middle grade (tech n ical staf f ); c) Lower grade (semi -skill ed personnel).
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ca lly tourism-re lated traini ng must then be worked Ol lt. As indicated ear lier , thi s woul d seem to be about 20 per cent.
Ouantitat ive requ irements
The ratio between personnel in 1he three grades va ries fr om one sect or t o anoth er; in so me (hotel and cate ring industr ies) it is pyramidal wh ile in oth ers (public administrati on and t rav el agenci es) t he pr oport ion is barrel-shaped . Th e size and cl ass of th e und ertak ing also affect t he percent ages of each grade of per sonn el. Even with all t hese reservations it is possible to draw up th e
Ca lculat ions must be bélSdd on t he perso nn el at prese nt emp loyed, t he figu res for wh ich must be known as accurate ly as possible. Un fortunate ly, labo ur stat ist ics are not always avai lab le o r, w here t hey ex ist, somet imes fa il to o ffer t he necessary breakdown between the various jobs. Perso nn el eng aged in tou rism are often lumped toget her w ith everyone emp lbyed in the tertiary sector or in a large subsector of it .
II shou ld be borne in mind that not all of t hose who emba rk on touri sm traini ng w ill comp lete it (for tack of capacity, dropp i ng-out or other reaso ns) and that so me, once t hey have co mpleted it, may t ake up non-t ourism-related emp loyment (as a resu lt of finding other betterpaid or more attractive jobs , emigrating, etc.); th is mea ns t hat the nu mber of stu de nt posts crea t ed must be hig her than t he est imated humber of jobs t o be fi lled.
Th e inev it ab le departures from the sect or, w h ich requ ire renewa I or rep lacement , mu st be deducted f rom t he f igure fo r the per so nnel at present emp loyed and t he resu lt compared w ith t he nu mber of jobs expect ed by the end of th e period un der co nsideration . Th e di fference
Th e marg in all owed fo r possible depart ures must rough ly be around 25 per cent. Th e f ifteen Afri can count r ies wh ich rep lied t o t he questi onnaire estimate t heir ski ll ed perso nnel requ i remen t s at abou t 24 ,000.
GRADE SECTOR
Middle
Lower
AandC
150
1,300
2, 400
3,750
Admín.
80
100
70
250
TOs. & TAs_
75
200
75
350
Carríers
50
150
100
300
220
120
350
1,970
2,765
5,000
Others
TOTAL
10 365
following table coveri ng 5.000 jobs in the tour ism sector. If the pr oportions indicated in re spect of sectors and grades are accepted, a labou r force of 25,000 wou Id require a 5,000 strong for ce of ski lled personn el broke n down as shown aboye.
Evaluation of manningrequirements T h e per sonnel requ irements must be det ermined at the natio nal leve l and in terms of short -te rm and mediu m-t erm t ouri sm deve lopment forecast s. The main thi ng is not so mu ch the number of tou ri sts t o be atte nded in t he comi ng years (exampies can be given of u nder-uti lizati o n of ex isti ng recepti on st aff) as th e number of jobs to be created acco rding t o th e touri sm deve lopment plans o r the spontaneous growth of th e sector. 18
TOTAL
Upper
Conditions for tourismtrain ing 80th th e students and th e teaching t hey receiv e mu st m eet a num ber of cond itions. Personal aptitudes Not everyon e possesses t he ph ysica l, mental, cul t ural and social aptitude s needed for profitabl y ta king a cour se in tou rism or working in that sector, so , such aptit ud es mu st be bo rne in m i nd wh en admitting stud ents to t eaching cent res and engaging personnel in tourism enterpr ises and organi zat ion s.
between t he t wo f igures w ill give th e new personnel requi rements fo r th at per iod o
Basic culture
Oualified personnel requirements
Each grade of t raihi ng calls fo r a bas ic cultura l level suffici ent to permit th e acqu isition of specifi cally t ourism -related sk i lis. The attai nm ent of th is or t hat standard wi II t ak e a longer or sh orter time depen-
T he su m of th e figu res fo r replacement and new jobs created w i 11 provide the overa ll numbers of perso nnel requi red. T he percentage of that tota l w hi ch w ill need spec ifi -
GRADE
SECTOR Upper
Middle
I
TOTAL Lüvver
1,790
5,190
14,703
21,683
556
365
458
1,379
TOs. & TAs.
70
189
220
479
Carríers
10
30
50
90
Others
-
30 ·
30
AandC Admin.
TOTAL
2,426
5,774
15,461
23,661
di ng on th e degree of culture possessed wh en th e appre ntic eship begins .
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Background Pr oper tr aining must allow not only fo r th e aptitud es of th e individual to be taught but also fo r his social background (ce m ember what was said about the importance of th e student's ru ral/urban o ri gins) and t he society in which h e is to live and work. His vocational traini ng must ther efore take account of environmental factors as well as edu cation in th e st r ict sense of th e word. Such factors greatly aff ect th e ind ividual ' s motivation for wo rking in thi s or that job, the content of his t raining syll'abus, the way it is dispensed, f utu re job yie ld and a who le number of other aspects . Consequently', it is not recommended to t ranspl ant educational patterns wholesa le f rom one country to anoth er if mar ke d environmental difference s are involv ed . Many educational, tourism and other plans hav e fail ed becaus e of attempts. to apply developed country mod els to developing countries . Theoretical and practical training Vocational tr ain ing for prospective tourism workers should not be conf¡n ~ d to the inculcation of skills in just a few disciplines; it is far more complex becaus e it emb races everyth ing a proper human education should cover . Since educat ion should be a prepa ration for life, it must contemplate not jus t vocational qualification in isolation but all the variegated aspects of human activity . Training fo r tour ism should be inspire d not by opportunity cr iteria alon e (providing jobs for th e unem ployed and filling vacant jobs) but by criter i a related to human fulfilmento Vocati onal t raining should therefo re st imulate and cu Itiv at e the student 's mental, cultural and hu man aptitudes and not just his purely t echnical abi I it ie s. Tou ri sm training proper should include th eore tical as w ell as practi cal aspects. Then again , it is almost essential to suppl ement training by practical experi.ence in tou r ism establishments activities during or at the end of th e cou rse. The ra tio of t heoret ical to practical tra ining va ri es wid ely, deperiding on th e grade beingtaught. lnthe main, the higher the grade is in th e scal e, the more is the t heoret ical knowl edge requ ired.
TOURISM TRAINING METHODS IN AFRICA Once tourism training requirements are known, it has to be ascertained whether the means for fulfi ll ing them are available. The lack of training necessitates on-the-job training or teach i ng abroad. On-the-job training Training within the enterprise is a slow proces's which enab les on ly br illi ant pupi ls to cl imb to sen ior positions. It is also expensive in terms of the working time wasted by other employees a nd by the worker hi mse lf. The ski lls acquired at the training centre wi", however, a Iways have to. be adapted to the facts of life w ithin the individua l enterprise, to its practices, methods and usages. Training at local centres Most educationalists and nat ions prefer for ma I teach i ng at proper training centres to on-the-job training. The process is quicker and more efficient , but it is also more costIy. WTO figures reveal that there are no more than fourteen tourism training centres in the African countr ies. three of t hem offer ing advanced and eleven medium -and lower- level training. This accounts for the poor chances of training in the country of origino The difficulties of setting up and operat ing tourism tra ining centres in a given country stem large ly from the fo ll owing circumstances: (a) the aptitudes of the student body; (b) the shortage of teachers, and (e) the costs of educat ion. a) It is not always possible to recruit suitable candidates for V3rious reasons : such as leve ls of basic culture inadequateforembarking on tourism t raining courses, low regard for such occupations, the avai lability of other, more attractive jOb opportunities, sparsity of populat~on, lack of resources for paying for training (reg istration, food , accommodat ion and teach iny mater ials, etc.). Even if t raininy is f ree, relig ious and social taboos and prejudice ayainst personal service are real stumbl ing blocks. b) Even the deve loped cou ntries have yreat difficulty in finding qualified teachers. The teaching staff is normally drawn from university
graduates and the tourism industry. But graduates usua ll y lack exper ience and practical knowledge of the sector, while persons drawn from the industry are short on theoretical and genera l training. Neither may have much gift for teaching, which is perhaps the most important aspect of a teacher. c) Teaching costs may make the creation of tourism training centres prohib itive. So-called catering schoo ls'are expensive because of the plant they require and the products they have to handle and prepare. Both they and tourism schools must have bui ldi ngs, equipment, maintenance personne l, management staff, teachers and teaching materials. In many countries, not only must teach i ng be 9 iven free of cha rge , but the students' personal expenses (clothing, accómmodation, upkeep, etc.) have to be paid for lack of sufficient persona l fu nds. A ltogether, these factors may make the cost of such centres too high for the limited budgets of some developing countries. The shortage of trainees, as well as of teachers and economic resources -which may hamper the establishment of spec ifica ll y tourismre lated training centres -may be overcome by one or another of the following procedures : a) Multi-purpose training at tourism trai ni ng centres, to enable the st udents to engage not only in various tourism activities but also in other related occupations (interpreters, secretai res, administration and foreign trade,etc.). b) Inclusion of tourism training in other teaching centres _Th is wou Id permit more intensive uti lization of the same premises, common overheads and emp loyment of the same teachers for various subjects. It would at least partly solve the difficulties mentioned. c) I n thp. G1SP. of catering schools, their inco r poration within existing hotel establishments wou ld facilitate practica l train ing and reduce costs .
TRAINING ABROAD In tlÍis cont ext, training abroad does not m ean t rain ing at int ernational (regional or world) centres
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but the send ing of students to teaching centres in other cou ntries. Over the past decades this system h 'js been fairly popular in those countries which had no teaching centres of their own and, indeed, it has been fostered by the receiving countries granti:1g fellowships and student grants to candidates from developing cou ntries. Although it someti me s seems the only solution, the system is llnsatisfactory for the following red' sons: - Travel and livi ng expenses of students training abroad; - Trainirlg unsuited to working conditions in ü:e country of origin; - Creation of caste attitudes towards colleagues who have not been out of the cou ntry i - Danger that the student may seek employmentin the country in which he has studied or somewhere else outside his own country . It emerges from the WTO inquiry that all fifteen of the African countries which re pi ied to the questionnaire feel that some thousand students should be trained abroad, 50 per cent of them engagi ng in advancedtraining. Some countries consider that all their personnel require training abroad.
TRAINING AT !NTERNATIONAL CENTRES Whe re there are no teaching cen t res loca lly, trai ni ng for the upper and middle grades may be achi eved more sat isfactorily at regional or wo rld centres. I ndeed, when a given co untry has few jObs to o,ffer in the touri sm sector, there is no justificat io n for setting'up specifically tourism-oriented training ce ntres unl ess trainees fr om other co untri es in th e same area are t o be admitt ed. The creation of regional ce ntres for this pu rpose is highly indicated if several near by co untri es are exper ien cing the same diffi:::ulties w ith regard to the setting up of national touri sm training centres . Another solution li es in the world ce ntres operated by WTO at Mexico City and soon at Caracas. Regional ce ntres should offer trai n ing for t he three grades mention-
20
ed; the WTO cent res prov ide h igher, advanced and teacher-training co urses. Most of t he Afr ica n countr ies consulted seem to endorse the act ivities of the WTO ce ntres and the estab li sh ment of regional centres.
CORRESPONDENCE COURSES Correspondence courses offer a useful way of training those who' are unable to attend a teaching centre . None the less, they present a series of difficulties which must be borne in mind. They are justified onIy if they are taken by a large number of students. They sm ack of automatism. The student-teacher relationship is depersonalized. The organization they require is complex because, besides information and publicity relating to the courses themselves, a whole chain must be set up for sending in notes or texts and queries, receiving them at the centre, forwarding them on to the teaching staff, correction of answers by the latter, and returning them to the centre for retransm ission to the students.There is also the difficulty of conducting aptitude tests for awarding certificates of diplomas . Because of this complexity, the number of teachers needed and the mailing charges, etc., such courses are generally not to be recommended o At the national level they requireaveryhigh number ofstudents, and this is not forthcoming in the African countries. The coursesoffered by internatiotional (regional or world) centres are another matter. Students are always forthcoming because such centres cover a vast area. In the case of correspondence courses given by world centres, the issue ¡s complicated by the need to give them in several languages, which calls for a multilingual teaching staff or team s for ea eh language. (Jeneral and private opinion recently expressed by the African countries may be summarized as. follows: (1) Correspondence courses at the national level are recommendable only in countries having a large student population interested in tourism training. (2) Teaching by correspondence is useful only for
the middl e and upper grades. (3) Correspondence courses must be organized by regional' or world centres, as CI EST has been doing with such success.
HOW TO SECURE ADVANCED VOCATIONAL TRAINING The principal ways of securing advanced vocational training are: - Within the enterprise itself by working at the occupation. - A ttending teachi ng centres where people from the industry are dispensed from compliance with the usual terms of admission. - By means of special advanced training courses which may be given in the following ways: a) Conducted in the same locality in which those attending them work: within the enterprises themselves, on the premises of others or at any not specifically tourismoriented teaching centres that may exist in the vicinity. b) Courses in other parts of the same country which admit persons of the same level from the industry even though they come from different areas. c) Courses abroad organized by other countries, teaching centres or other types of institutions . These are particularly suitable for training teachers, executives and management, and the ones organized by CI EST at the world level are of special value .
d) Round tables, symposia and seminars, etc., dealing, at the local, national or internaiional level, with topics which enable participants to improve their knowledge . Teams of teachers who specialize . in touri sm and trave I from one country to another to give courses for advanced students offer a very usefui and inexpensive solution. Such teams may consist of top-grade special isb i:lnu the students are spared the expense of travelling. The opinions gathered from the African countries coincide almost totally with these views. Summary of the paper presented by WTO at the Seminar on Tourism T iaining in Africa held at Nairobi (Kenya) from 28-31 May 1979.
INSTALLATIONS D'HEBERGEMENT DANS LE MONDE
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PLUS DE 16 MILLIONS DE PLACES-LITS DANS LES"HOTELS
Les installations d 'hébergement constituent une partie vitale et essentielle de I'offre touristique et une offre d'hébergement appropriée, adaptéecomme il convient aux conditions du marché touristique, cu nstitue I'une des conditions fondamentales du développement du tourisme. L'octroi d'équipements d 'hébergement et leur expansion devrait, en meme temps, etre envisagé dans un contexte bien plus élargi étant donné qu'ils contribuent sous une forme importante el I 'économie dans son ensemble en stimulant le développement économique, les contacts sociaux et les activités commerciales.
VOLUME ET DISTRIBUTION GEOGRAPHIQUE DE L'HEBERGEMENT
bJi sse me nts assimil és t e ls qu e mote ls, pensions d e fa miJl e et auberges, s'é Jev ait el 16,3 millions de pl aces-lits en 1977 .
Se lo n les estima t ions d e I'OMT qui se fond ent sur une enqu e te orga nisée pa r le Se crétariat en 1978-1979 , la cap acité tota Je d es h6tels et éta-
La distribution d es pl a ces-lits da ns les h6 te ls entre le s six rég ions de I'OMT f igure au tableau suiva nt :
DISTRIBUTION DES PLACES-LlTS DES HOTELS DANS LE MONDE
REGION
Nombre de pays
Places-lits disponibles dans les h6tels et établissements assimilés (en milliers) 1976 1977
%
variation 1977/76
Changement en chiffres absolus (en milliers)
. . .. . .••••. •. . . •. .. . .... ..••••...•••
37
239 .0
263.0
10.0
24.0
Amérique .................................
32
5,955.2
6,160.0
3.4
204.8
Asie de I'Est et le Pacifique.
17
840.6
872.0
3.7
31.4
Europe ......... ..............................
7 32
104.1 8,632.6
113.4 8,791.3
8.9 1.8
9.3 158.7
Moyen Orient .................. ......
8
113.9
124.4
9.2
10.5
....... ...... .... ....... ......
133
15,885.3
16,324'.0
2.8
438.7
Afrique
Asie du Sud
TOTAL
.. .............. .... .......
L 'E urope disp ose de la plus grand e capacité d 'h éberge ment (8 ,8 milli o ns de pl aces·lits pour le secteur hate lie r proprement di t). et ell e est suivie par le Canad a e t les Etats-Uni s av ec 4,6 milli ons de pl aces-lits. On estim e qu e la part des pays développés da ns I'e nsembl e de la capac ité . d 'h éberge ment de I'e nse mb le du mo nd e est d 'app rox imativeme nt 85 pour cent.
DEVELOPPEMENT DE L 'HEBERGEMENT DANS LES REG IONS DE L'OMT
établissements hotelie rs dispo nib les en Al gé rie, Tunisie et Maro c co nstitu e 53 pour ce nt du to tal région al, soit 263,000 place s-lits pour I'année 1977. On peut ~' a tte ndre a :.m dé'.'e!oppement rapid e de5 in stall ati ons d'h ébergement en Tunisie, Ol! I'on prévo it de mettre en se rvice 11.000 places-lits supplémentaires en 1980. OR peut éga lement s'a ttendre a une am élioralio n importa nte du nombre des install ations d 'h éberge menl au T ogo - 2,500 pl aces-I its- au Camerou m - 1,440 pl aces-lits- et en Tanzanie - 1,000 pl aces-lits- .
AFRIQUE
AMERIQUES
Les install atio ns d'h ébergemenl se co ncenlrenl sur la partie nord du co nlin enl. Le nombre des pl aces~ lits des
L'ense mbl e de la capacité des h6tels et établissements ass imil és s'est accru nettement dans plu sieurs pays de la 21
région. Une construction d'h6tels a grande échelle a été entreprise en Colombie: 2,100 chambres jusqu'a fin 1980; au Méxique: 16,688 chambres et au Venezuela: 10,900 places-I its.
ASIE DE L'EST ET PACIFIQUE
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Les quatre principaux pays de la région en ce qui concerne la capacité d 'hébergement sont l' Au stralie: 248,390 places-lits; le J apon: 133,620 chambres, l'lndonésie: 51,794 chambres, et la Thúlande: 30,185 chambres. Dans plusieurs pays de la région un grand essor se produit actuellement en matiere de construction. Parmi les nouveaux projets en cours qui présentent un intéret particulier, on peut citer ceux en application en République de Corée, Ol.! I'on prévoit la mise en service, en 1980, de cinquante trois établissements hoteliers supplémentaires d 'une capacité de 8,000 chambres. Le plan de développement hotel ier entrepris aux Ph ilippines en 1976 prévoit la mise en service en 1980 de 15,950 chambres d'h6tel dans sept des zones touristiques prioritaires du pays. ASIE DU SUD Les pays de la région réalisent des grandes efforts pour développer le secteur de I'hébergement dont la capacité est estimée a enviro n 113.000 places-lits. Au Pakistan, par exemple, les projets de développement hotelier entrepris dans le cadre du plan de développement touristique actuel prévoient la mise en service de .16,800 places-lits complémentaires jusqu'a 1983. EUROPE
MOYEN ORIENT Dans cette région la construction d'h6te ls se concentre principalement sur les établissements de luxe prévus a I'intention des touristes en voyages d'affa¡res. Pour répondre a la rentabilité élevée qui se manifeste dans ce domaine, un grand nombre deproiets hoteliers sont en cours. On prévoit que le développement des h6te ls atteindra son point culminant au début des années 1980. De certaines sources on apprend la mise en application de 170 projets qui se traduiront par I'octroi de 40,000 chambres complémentaires dans la région .
NOUVEAU PROFI L DU SECTEU R DE L'HEBERGEMENT • Les modifications qui se produísent dans le tourísme et le transport, les changements manífestés dans I'organísatíon des voyages et les ínnovatíons d'ordre technologíque ne constítuent que certaíns des facteurs appelés a modeler le futur profíl du secteur de I'hébergement. • L'évolutíon probable que le secteur de I'hébergement connaftra a I'avenír a faít I 'objet de I'étude entrepríse dans le cadre du programme de la recherche de I 'OMT pour la péríode de 1978,- 1979. Parm í les conc1usíons quí se dégagent de cette étude on peut mentíonner les suívantes: • les chafnes d'organísateurs, y comprís les compagníes aéríennes, contínueront a apporter leur contríbutíon au développement sensíble de I'offre d 'hébergement. Cette expansíon sera príncípalement la conséquence du déveloooement a I 'avenír des contrats de gestíon et des accords de cessíon du nom commercíal (fran eh ising). ' • un mouvement constant se produít en faveur d'une nouvelle díversífícatíon de I'hébergement. L 'accroíssement de I'hébergement a príx réduít couvrant les hotels économíques, de meme que les moyens d hébergement complémentaíre, se poursuívra probablement étant donné que le tourísme de masses stímule une nouvelle demande en faveur d 'un hébergement des príx concurrentíels;
Pour de nombreux pays européens, dans le cadre de I'expansion d 'ensemble du secteur de I'hébergement qui , dispose de plus de 24 millions de places-lits, le développement de I'hébergement h6telier a été dépassé par celui des moyens d 'hébergement complémentaire. D 'autres moyens d 'hébergement complémentaire tels que les terrains de camping et de caravaning, les chambres en location, les appartements, etc., dont le total représente plus de 15,4 millions de places, deviennent les principaux fourn isseurs d 'hébergement pour le tourisme national et ont commencé a jouer un role tres important dans le domaine du tourisme international.
• la qualíté de I'héberger'nent contínuera a augmenter. La demande d'équípements destínés aux loísírs et aux sports s 'accro ftra dans I'hébergement réservé au tourísme d 'affaíres et de loísírs;
Dans plusieurs pays européens, I'expansion hoteliere se concentre sur les constructions d'établissements de petites et de moyennes dimensions. Dans certains pays la construction d'h6tels de premiere catégorie a considérablement diminué en raison d'un exces de construction dans cette catégorie au cours des dernieres années.
• I'augmentatíon des couts de constructíon et d'exploítatíon, les pressíons quí se manífesteront dans le domaíne de I'envíronnement et de la conservatíon, de meme que la nécessíté de maíntenír I'emploí a un níveau mínímum, ínfluenceront la conceptíon et la constructío n d'unítés d'hébergement;
On peut prévoir une augmentation importante des installations d'hébergement en Yougoslavie, Ol.! 48,000 places-lits dans les hotels, de meme que 125,000 places dans des moyens d'hébergement complémentaire, ont été mises en service au cou rs de la période 1978"1980.
• les progres technologíques ínfluenceront a la foís les méthodes de constructíon tradítíonnelles -utílísatíon plus fréquente, par exemple, des techníques de préfabrícatíon- et les méthodes de gestíon hotelíere tradítíonnelles.
a
CMT' WTU' UTU
22
ACCOMMODATION FACILITIES IN THE WORLD
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More than 16 million bed-places available
Accommodation facilities constitute a vital and fundamental part of tourist supply and an adequate supply of accommodation suitably tailored to the requirements of the tourist market is one of t he basic conditions of tourism development, The provision of accommodation facilities and their growth should , at the same time, be regarded in a much broader context as they make an important contribution to the economy as a whole, by stimulating economic development, social contacts and commercial activities.
VOLUME AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ACCOMMODATION
ments, li ke motels, boarding houses and inns, was 16.3 mili ion bed-places in 1977.
According to WTO estimates, based on a survey conducted by the Secretariat in 1978-1979, t he total capacity of hotels and similar establish-
The distribution of hotel bed-places between the si x WTO regions appears in the following table :
Distribution of hotel bed-places in the world REGION
Available bed-places in hotels and similar establishments
NUMBER OF countries
%
change
1977/1976
(in thousands)
1976
1977
Change in absolute figures (in thousands)
Africa ............................................. Americas ....................................... East Asia and Pacific ..... .• ... ..... Europe .......................................... Middle East ................................. South Asia ....................................
37 32 17 32 8 7
239 .0 5,955.2 840.6 8,632.6 113.9 104.1
263.0 6,160.0 872.0 8,791 .3 124.4 113.4
10.0 3.4 3.7 1.8 9.2 8.9
24.0 204.8 31.4 158.7 10.5 9.3
TOTAL ..........................................
133
15.885.3
16.324.0
2.8
438.7
The largest accommodation capacity is available in Europe, 8.8 million bed-places in the hote l industry proper, followed by Canada and the USA, with 4 .6 mili io n bed -places. It is estimated that the share of the developed countries in total world accommodation capa¡;;ity is approximately 85 pe r cent. ACCOMMODATION DEVELOPMENT IN WTO REGIONS AFRICA Accommodat ion fac il it ies are concent rated in t he northern pa rt of t he co nt inent. Hotel bed -p laces ava il able in A lgeri a, T unisia and Morocco co nsti tute 53 per
ce nt of t he reg iona l t ota l , i.e, 263,000 bed-places for the yea r 1977. Rapid growt h of accommodation faci lities may be expect ed in Tu nis ia, where it is plan ned t o pu t into o perat ion an add it iona l 11,000 bed-p laces by 1980. Signi f i· cant im prove ment of accomm odati on fac iliti es may also be expec ted in Togo : 2 ,500 bed p!aces. Cameroon : 1,440 bed-pl aces, and Tanza nia: 1,000 bed-p laces. THE AME RICAS T otal capacity of hotel s and simil ar est ablish men t s increased signif icant ly in several countries of th e reg ion. Big sca le hotel co nst ructions have been undert aken in Col-umbia: 2 ,100 rooms up to 1980; Me x ico : 16,668 rooms and Venezue la: 10,900 bed-p laces.
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"Grand Ho tel" at Sopot (Poland)
EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC The four leading countries for the provisión of accommodation capacities in the region are Austral ia : 248,390 bed-places; Japan: 133,620 room s; Indonesia: 51,794 rooms; and Thailand: 30,185 rooms. Several countries of the region are currently enjoying a hotel building boom. Among the many new projects of particular interest, under way, are those being implemented in the Republic of Korea, which is planning to put into operation by 1980 an additional fifty-three hotel establ ishments with a corresponding capacity of 8,000 rooms . The hotel development plan initiated in the Philippines in 1976 provides for the implementation by 1980 of an additional 15,950 hotel rooms in seven of the country's tourism priority areas. EUROPE In many European countries, within the framework of the general expansion of the accommodation sector, which is providing more than 24 million places, the in crease in hotel accommodation was outstripped by the in crease in supplementary mean s of accommodation. Other supplementary means of accommodation, such as camping and caravaning sites, rented rooms, appartments, etc ., with more than 15.4 million places, have become the main provider of lodging . for domestic tourism and have also started to playa very important role in international tourism . In several European countries, hotel development is concentrated in small and medium-sized hotel constructions. In some countries the construction of first-class hotels dropped considerably due to over-building in this category during the preceding years. A significant growth of accommodation facilities may be expected in Yugoslavia, where 48,000 bed-places in hotels, together with 125,000 piaces in supplementary means of accommodation, were to be put into operation durinQ the period 1978-1980.
tion. Hotel growth is expected to peak out in the early 1980s. Some sources indicate 170 projects whose implementation wou ld result in the provision of an add itional 40 ,000 rooms in the region. SOUTH ASIA The cou ntries of the region are undertak ing great efforts to develop the accommodation sector, whose capacity is estimated at approximately 113,000 bed-p laces. In Pak istan, for examp le, hote l projects undertaken under the present tourism development plan provide for an additiona l nu mber of 16,800 bed-p laces up to 1983. CHANGING PROFI LE OF THE ACCOMMODATION SECTOR New developments in tourism and transportation, changes in the organisation of travel, and technological innovation, are only some of the factors wh ich will shape the future profil e of th e accommodation sector. The probable future developments in the accommodation sector were the subject of the study undertaken in WTO's 1978-1979 research programme. Some conclusions wh ich emerge from the study are as foil ows : • a significant growth in accommodation supply will continue to be contributed by chain operators, including airlines . This expansion will result mainly from the further development of management contracts and franchise agreements; • there will be a continuing move towards the further diversification of accommodation. The development of budget accommodation, covering budget hotel s and also supplementary means of accommodation, is likely to continue as mass tourism stimulates new demands for competitively-priced accommodation; • the standard of accommodation will continue to rise. Demand for recreational and sporting facilities will increase iOn both business ann leisure accommodation;
MIDDLE EAST
• rising building and operating costs, growing environmental and conservation pressures, as well as the need to keep staffing levels at a minimum, will influence design and construction of accommodation units;
Hote l construct ion in t he reg ion is ma in ly concentrated on lu xury class hote ls in te nded chief ly to cater for business t rave ll ers. In response to t he high profitab ili ty, there are many hotel pro jects w h ich are under co nstruc-
• Cldvances in technology will both influence the traditional construction methods, for example, more frequent use of prefabricated building techniques, as well as traditional methods of hotel operations.
24
CHRONIQUE DES MEMBRES AFFILlES En ce début de 1980, il est raisonnable d'affirmer que le secteur opérationnel du tourisme pen;oit de plus en plus clairement I'importance de I'action menée par I'OMT et la nécessité de s'associer a calle-cL En effet, quelques mois apres la cloture de la troisieme session de l'Assemblée générale, le Secrétaire général a déja re
