1 Organismal Final Study Guide Fall 2015 Organism-of –the week:  Species: Gromphadorhina portentosa  Genus: Gromphadorhina  Family: Blattodae  Order: Blattodea  Class: Insecta  Phylum: Arthropoda  Kingdom: Animalia  Domain: Eukarya  Common name: Giant Madagascan hissing cockroach  Characteristics: o Head-thorax-abdomen [fusion of segments] o Apterous (no wings) o Spiracles (openings) o Tracheae (does the hissing) Lophotrochozoa  Lophophorates o 3 phyla o Lophophore  Feeding Structure  U-shaped tentacular ridge that surrounds mouth and bears cilia, which allows them to catch food (filter feeding)  Phylum Phoronida o Tube-dwelling worms o Only see lophophore poking out of the ocean floor  Phylum Bryozoa o Moss-like animal o Colonial animals of marine and freshwater habitats o Zooid= one individual of the colony o Zooecium= house of one individual on colony o Pectinatella magnifica  Jelly zooecium o Statoblasts  Phylum Brachiopoda o Lampshells, marine o 2 part calcareous shell o Dorsal shell larger than ventral shell Superphylum Ecdysozoa

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Ecdysis= shedding of cuticle Phylum Arthropoda o Largest phylum on earth o Most diverse o Exoskeleton  Once produced cannot grow anymore  Why it has to shed so it can grow a larger one  Complex cuticle  Ecdysis + instars  Instars=stages of eating and growin  3 stages of ecdysis:  1. Apolysis o Pro-ecdysis= Creation of space between exoskeleton and epidermis then formulation of new exoskeleton  2. Ecdysis o Exoskeleton splits along ecdysal lines then sheds  Exuvium is left (old skin)  Teneral= adjective used to describe animal just after it shed when it is soft and flexible  3. Post-ecdysis o Expansion o Sclerotization= hardening of exoskeleton o Metameric - segmentation o Tagmosis= fusion of segments to form body regions  Cephalon + abdomen  Abdomen= 3-lobed  Head + trunk  Trunk= unfused  Most simple version of tagmosis  Ex: centipede or millipede  Cephalothorax + abdomen (crustaceans)  Prosoma + opisthosoma  Prosoma= first body region  Opisthosoma= last body region  Ex: spiders  Head + thorax + abdomen  Most common  6-7 segments form the head  3 segments fuse to form thorax  9-11 segments form abdomen o Jointed appendages

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Podomeres + membranous joints  Podomeres= parts of legs  Membranous joints= thin, allow for bending  Biramous= branched  Uniramous= unbranched Complex organ systems  Respiratory system  Gills, lungs, tracheal system o Tracheal system= spiracles  Excretory system  Varies  Ammonia- urea- uric acid o Ammonia= very toxic, a lot of water to dissolve it, marine o Uric acid= requires no water to dissolve  Water conservation= cryptonephridia  Nervous system  Sensory structures: o Compound eyes o Simple eyes o Antennae Metamorphosis Subphylum Trilobitomorpha  Common name: Trilobites  All marine  Paleozoic era (alive then)  All extinct  Biramous appendages  Cephalon + 3-lobed abdomen Subphylum Chelicerata  Mouth parts= chelicerae (2)  1st pair of appendages  Independent  Chelate (pincher-like) ancestrally  No antennae  Class Merostomata  Horseshoe “crabs”  “living fossils” –adapted well  Carapace= horseshoe looking part  Telson= tail  Prosoma + opisthosoma  Book gills  respiratory gages and fold

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Class Arachnida  Order Scorpiones o Venomous o Chelate chelicerae o Large chelate pedipalps o Opisthosoma= meso- + metasoma  Telson= sting  Order Amblypygi o Tailless whip scorpion o No venom o Raptorial Pedipalps  modified for grasping (raptorial)  Order Araneae o Spiders o Silk= spinnerets o Chelicerae- fangs, venomous o Male pedipalps are modified for copulation o Narrow waist  Order Pseudoscorpiones o All small o Lacking tail o No metasoma or sting o Venom through chelicerae o Silk through pedipalps  Order Acari o Mites and ticks o Diverse o Predators, scavengers, phytoph., parasites o Capitulum= head part Class Uropygi  Vinegaroons  Telson  Acetic acid gland  Pedipalps (raptorial)  Antenni form leg #1 (whip) Class Pychogonida  Sea “spiders”  Reduced abdomen  “pantapoda”= all legs  Internal organs housed in legs  Sucking proboscis that feed on Cnidarians

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Males have ovigers o Ovigers= modified legs for carrying eggs= reversed parental roles  Reversed parental roles Subphylum Mandibulata  Mouth parts= mandibles  Infraphylum (part of sub)  Class Crustacea  Biramous appendages  2 pair of antennae  CaCO3 exoskeleton  Order Decapoda o Lobster, crab, shrimp, crawfish o 10 walking legs (5 pairs)  Some chelate o Prominent carapace o Female crabs= wide abdomen o Male crabs= narrow abdomen  Microcrustaceans o Cladocera= water fleas  Swim with antennae  1 large eye o Copepoda= copepods  Elongated, torpedo body  Swim with antennae o Isopoda= roly polys  Roly polys= Armadilidium vulgare  Same legs (function wise)  No carapace o Cirripedia= barnacles  Calcareous plates  Cirrus= modified legs for basket-like feeding structure  Tracheata (group of Arthropods)  Respiratory system= tracheal system  1 pair antennae  Myriapoda o Class Chilopoda  Centipedes  tagmosis= head + trunk  “fang foot”  1st pair of legs with venom= forcipules

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o They have a gland with a barb  1 pair of legs per segment Class Diplopoda  Millipedes  Diplosegments= 2 pair of legs  No venom  Repugnatorial glands  Secretes cyanide

Subphylum Hexapoda  Class Insecta  Primitively wingless insects  Six legs ( 3pairs)  3 body regions: head-thorax-abdomen  2 antennae (1 pair)  0 or 1 or 2 pairs of wings  Metamorphosis  Ametabolous hexapods  No metmorphocal change  Egg= immature o Then becomes adult  Primitively wingless  Ex: Silver fish  Hemimetabolous hexapods  Incomplete metamorphosis  Egg-niad-adult  Paurometabolous hexapods  Incomplete metamorphosis  Egg-nymph-adult  Ex: stink bug, grasshoppers, preying mantis, roach  Holometabolous hexapods  Complete metamorphosis  Egg-larva-pupa- adult o Larva= maggots (flies), caterpillars (butterflies), grubs (beetle) Phylum Nematoda o Round worms o Cuticle, ecdysis o Eutely= true end to development o Cryptobiosis= “hidden life”; dormant period o Many parasitic species o Diverse, abundant, ubiquitous  Ubiquitous= everywhere, all the time

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Longitudinal muscles only  Can only bend from one side to the other due to these muscles o True body cavity o Vinegar eels o Ascaris  Get from ingestion so wash hands o Pinworms  Get from ingestion so wash hands o Hookworms  Don’t go around barefoot; enters through skin  Necator Americanus o Trichina Worm  Trichinosis  Cook meat well  Deadliest  Polar bear o Guinea worm  Dracunculus medinensis  Copepod  Don’t drink unfiltered water Superphylum Deuterostomes  Deuterostomes= blastopore becomes anus and the 2nd opening is the mouth  Phylum Echinodermata  Phylum Chordata  And a few other small phyla  Phylum Echinodermata o Spiny skin o Dermal ossicles  Why skin is spiny  Internal skeleton  “skin bones” o Pentaradial symmetry (5 parts) o Water vascular system  For locomotion and feeding  Madreporite- water enters  Stone canal- dermal ossicles  Ring canal  Radial canals  Ampullae and tube feet  Tube feet used for feeding o Oral and aboral

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 Oral= mouth side; down in most  Aboral= up side in most Pedicellariae  Stalk  Jaw  “dermal jaws”  Used for defense or crypsis  Remove parasites or sediment from skin Autotomy and regeneration  Arms can break and be grown back Class Asteroidea  Sea stars  Ambulacral groove  Cardiac and pyloric stomachs  Cardiac stomach= eversible Class Ophiuroidea  Look like snakes  “serpent star”, “brittle star”, “basket star”  Supple arms (long and narrow) used for grasping prey and filter feeding Class Echinoidea  Movable spines and tests  Pedicillarea  Dermal ossicles so extensive  Sea urchins  LARGE  Sand dollars  Fuse to form tests  5-holed sand dollar= Melitta quinquiesperforata  Aristotle’s lantern  5-part jaw-like structure in urchins Class Holothuroidea  Sea cucumbers  Sedentary and errant forms  Bilateral symmetry (secondary)  Sedentary=suspension & deposit feeders  Errant=deposit feeders  Sea pig (has bilateral symmetry)  Evisceration=scares off predators by spitting out guts Class Crinoidea  Sea lilies (sessile) and sea feathers (errant)  Oral up, aboral down

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Class Concentricycloidea  Sea daisies  Most recently discovered class  One peripheral row of tube feet  Two ring canals

Species: Gopherus polyphemus Genus: Gopherus Family: Testudinidae Order: Testudines Class: Reptilia Phylum: Chordate Kingdom: Animalia Domain: Eukarya Common name: Gopher tortoise Characteristics: o Fossorial o Inquilines – animal living inside another animal o Seed dispersal o Keystone species – important in life cycle o Importance of Scientific names

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Phylum Chordata    

Deuterostome Eucoelomate Bilateral symmetry “Big Four” Characteristics o Notochord – cartilaginous skeletal rod  Turns into bony skeleton o Dorsal tubular nerve cord o Pharynx with gill slits  Used for filter feeding o Postanal tail

>Subphylum Urochordata [Uro = tail]  

Notochord is found only in tail o Larva form Sessile adults o Do not exhibit “Big Four” o Tunic – outer integument covering [‘tunicates’]  Siphons - holes o Atrium - Water chamber for circulating water through pharyngeal gill slits for filter feeding Things to know: Incurrent (oral) siphon Excurrent (atrial) siphon Pharynx with gill slits Atrium Tunic Coelom – body cavity that houses the heart and stomach. Water flows into the Pharynx through the mouth and out through the gill slits. Tiny food particles are trapped in mucus and moved through the gut (housed in the coelom).

>Subphylum Cephalochordata [Ceph = Head]

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Notocord is in the tail AND head Only group to exhibits “Big Four” characteristic as adults Also called lancelets [small knives] Live in the sediment of shallow marine areas Filter seeds on tiny particles in the water o Water flows in the mouth (near tentacles) and out the atriopore Members of a single genus Amphioxus (double pointed) and Branchiostoma (gill mouth) o A = more common name o B = older and more valid name according to the taxonomic law of priority

Should know: Mouth Pharynx Atrium Atriopore Anus Postanal tail Notocord Nerve cord

>Subphylum Vertebrata  Includes 3 major groups of fish as well as amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals  Vertebral cord is not always bony  An ancestral group of vertebrates is the Superclass Agnatha o Members of this group are cartilaginous fish that lack jaws o Lampreys  Ectoparasites on other fish  Have rings of teeth in the jawless mouth o Hagfish  Detritivores of the ocean bottom  Slime production  Flexible bodies- can tie their body into a knot and slip the knot forward to push their body away from a carcass they are feeding on  Cartilaginous skeletons  All other vertebrates are members of the Superclass Gnathostomata o Named for the presence of jaws o Class Chondrichthyes  Sharks and Rays  Spiracles – water enters to irrigate the gills

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Most must continually swim for their entire lives in order to keep water moving over their gills  Placoid scales / dermal denticles – unique scales  The seemingly endless supply of teeth in a shark are really modified scales  Most are predaceous but the largest species – whale shark and basking sharkare filter feeders. Class Osteichthyes  Bony fish  Largest group  Group Coelacanth – 1 species  Lobed-finned fish  Have muscular elements at the base of fins that are very much like the muscles in a salamander’s legs.  Once thought to be extinct  Likely ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates  Group Lung Fish  Have both gills and lungs  Able to live in fluctuating habitats and some can survive several years of drought in an underground cocoon  Group Ray-finned Fish  Includes most of the familiar fish (most an inch or less in length)  Includes the largest bony fish: the giant sunfish

All fish have a single-loop circulatory system and a 2 chambered heart (1 atrium and 1 ventricle). There is no separation between oxygenated and unoxygenated blood. o

Class Amphibia  Moist, glandular skin  Metamorphic life cycle that ties them to water  Gills as larva; lungs as adults  Sometimes referred to as only quasi-terrestrial  Much of their respiration is cutaneous [through the skin]  3- chambered hearts (2 atria and 1 ventricle) and a double-loop circulatory system – only a partial separation of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood.  Condition called poikiothermic o Where both are ectotermic [extermal control of body temperature] and heterothermic [changing body temperature]  Order Anura  Without tail (nura)  Frogs and toads o Frogs have external fertilization o Males sing to attract females to water

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Amplexus results in fertilization of eggs are they rare released. Aquatic eggs hatch into tadpoles which eventually sprout legs and absorb their tail to transform into frogs.

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Order Caudata  With tail  Salamanders o Larvae have external gills  Order Gymnophiona  Caecilians  Legless amphibians  Most burrow in moist soil and look much like earthworms o Class Reptilia  More terrestrially adapted than amphibians  Have dry, scaly skin  Their lungs are far more efficient and they rely less on cutaneous respiration.  Amniotic egg: most important terrestrial adaptations seen in reptiles is an egg that can develop and hatch on dry land  Has the same membranes and fluid compartments that are seen in bird’s eggs [[Birds may be more famous for their eggs, but reptiles had them first]] Know: Membranes and what they surround Yolk provides nourishment for developing embryos while other membrane- bound fluids prevent desiccation and provide physical protection for the embryo.

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Order Testudines  Have parts of their skeleton [backbone, ribs, and sternum] fused to form a shell o Carapace on top and plastron on the bottom o Covered with skin and epidermal scales  No teeth  Don’t hear well  Make almost no sound  Some may live to be over 100 years old

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Order Squamata  Snakes and lizards  Tail can break right off – autonomy: made famous by glass lizards  Order Sphenodonta  Tuatara – strange, lizard- like animal of New Zealand with a remnant 3rd eye that can be seen on the top of the head of young animals  Order Crocodilia  Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, etc.  4- Chambered heart which efficiently separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.  Don’t shed their epidermal scales like most reptiles  Make very good mothers – although highly predaceous Class Aves  Birds  Feathers – modified scales; necessary for flight  Adaptions for flight  Lack of bladder  Air spaces inside of their bones  Beak [or bill] instead of teeth  4-chambered heart and very efficient respiratory and circulatory systems  They are the only animals other than mammals that uniformly control their body temperature from within (metabolically)  Endothermic and therefore usually homoeothermic as well  Have the same membranes and compartments as reptilian eggs—see picture—  ** know fluids and what they surround  Bee hummingbird is the smallest bird  Most hummingbirds drop their body temperature while sleeping at night in order to save energy.  They are so small that their surface area to volume ratio is high and results in rapid heat loss  The Flightless ostrich is the largest bird Class Mammalia  Hair made of keratin (like reptilian scales and bird feathers)  Mammary glands  4-Chambered hearts  Endothermic and homeothermic  Some are oviaparous (egg layers)  Some are marsupial (young develop in pouch called a marsupium)  Some are viviparous or placental (young are nourished through the mother’s blood stream)  Infraclass with single order  Order Monotremata  Duckbill or platypus and spiny anteater or Echidna

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Eggs are released from the cloaca (single opening for reproductive, excretory and digestive systems)  Young lap milk from the mother’s fur.  No nipples and no lips  Order Marsupialia  Koalas, wombats and kangaroos  Koalas only eat eucalyptus  They have a short gestation and the young are born when only slightly developed.  They immediately migrate to the marsupium and attach to a nipple.  They will stay in the pouch until they are ready to live on their own.  Most live in Australia o The Virginia opossum is the only North American marsupial Infraclass Eutheria  All other mammals (19 orders)  Placental mammals  Order Rodentia  Gnawing mammals with evergrowing incisors, like mice and squirrels  Largest class of mammals  The capybara is the world’s largest rodent  Order Cetacea  Entirely marine group that includes whales and dolphins.  Some are predaceous o Dolphins and other filter-feeders like the hump-back whale  The world’s largest animal is the great blue whale  Order Chiroptera  Bats  Includes the smallest mammal.  Have hand bones in the wing.  Hands and legs are connected by a patagium  Order Perissodactyla  Zebras, horses, and rhinos  Odd-toed  Hoofed mammals  Horses walk on a single toe  Order Carnivora  Cats, dogs, bears, weasels, Siberian tiger and sea lions  Order Primates  Humans, monkeys, apes, tarsiers, and lemur  All have binocular vision, opposable thumbs, and fingernails  Most are critically endangered except for humans

16 Organism of the Week: Mustela Putorius Mustela -- weasel family Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Animalia E. Common name: European polecat When a pet: Ferret Characteristics:  Albino (aa) – single gene ; recessive ; no pigment  Domestic – trained and bread by humans in captivity  Feral – domestic animal that has been released & is making it in the wild – problematic  Crepuscular- Sleeps all the time – short period of activity at dawn and dusk much like it’s prey