Ninth Grade English – Jones Study Guide for Fall Final Exam Literary Terms 1. Hubris (Be able to define and give examples)

Excessive self-pride; cockiness; often has fatal consequences For example, in The Odyssey, Odysseus shows hubris by revealing his real name, genealogy, and homeland to the Cyclops after having told him his name was Nobody. 2. Epic (Be able to define, including all three parts of the definition, and prove that The Odyssey is an epic.)

a. Long narrative poem (The Odyssey is 24 chapters long & covers 10 years) b. Tells adventures of a hero (The Odyssey is about the journey of Odysseus) c. Who reflects the values/ideals of his nation or race • • •

Odysseus is a warrior – valued by the Greeks Odysseus believes in hospitality – valued by the Greeks Odysseus believes in the gods

3. Frame story (Define and explain how this applies to The Odyssey)

The frame of the story is Odysseus telling King Alcinous about what happened on his 10year journey back from the Trojan War. The adventures on each island, are the story within the big story. 4. Epic hero (Define and prove that Odysseus is an epic hero.)

a. Larger-than-life figure (Odysseus is the “son of Laertes and gods of old.” He is able to escape many situations that the average person would not have. In fact, all of his men end of dying, but he alone survives. b. Usually male c. Reflects ideas of his nation or race (See 2C above) d. * Takes part in long dangerous journeys, requiring courage & superhuman strength (Fights Polyphemus and Scylla; Goes to Hades; Rescues his men from Circe; Develops plan to escape from Polyphemus) 5. Epithet (Define and give an example.)

Brief, descriptive phrases that help characterize a specific person or thing For example, “Circe, loveliest of all immortals” (10: 164-165). 6. Epic simile (Define and give an example.)

Elaborate, more involved version of a regular simile For example: “Sometimes in farmyards when the cows return well-fed from pasture to barn, one sees the pens give way before the calves in tumult, breaking through to cluster about their mothers, bumping together. Just that way my crew poured round me when they saw me come – their faces wet with tears as if they saw their homeland, and the crags of Ithaca, and the very town where they were born” (10:118-126). 7. In media res (Define and explain how this applies to The Odyssey)

In the middle of things or in the middle of the action. The novel The Odyssey actually begins with Odysseus telling his story to King Alcinous. Then through “flashbacks”, the reader learns of each of his adventures.

Ninth Grade English – Jones Study Guide for Fall Final Exam Be able to define the following: Use the notes you took at the beginning of the semester and/or the literary terms glossary in the back of the textbook to help you find definitions 8. Plot o Exposition – introduces characters, setting, conflict o Rising Action – develops story with complications and suspense o Climax – emotional high point o Falling Action – shows what happens after the climax o Resolution – shows how conflict is resolved 9. Setting – time and place a story takes place; includes values of characters 10. Point of View – standpoint from which story is told o First Person Point of View – narrator is in the story o Third Person Point of View – narrator is not in the story 11. Character – actors in the story o Protagonist – main character o Antagonist – person or force opposing main character

Ninth Grade English – Jones Study Guide for Fall Final Exam Define and give examples of each of the following: 12. Simile – comparison of 2 unlike things using like or as. For example: He ran like the wind. 13. Metaphor – comparison of 2 unlike things NOT using like or as. For example: That boy has diarrhea of the mouth. 14. Personification – describing non-human things with human charateristics. For example: The tree waved it’s arms excited and knocked on my window to say hello. Fahrenheit 451: Identify the following: 15. Protagonist – Guy Montag 16. Antagonist – Captain Beatty; society 17. Theme(s) – 1. Censorship; 2. Ignorance vs. Knowledge; 3. Technology; 4. Religion 18. Guy Montag – Fireman who was happy with his job/life until a series of events caused him to question everything. 19. Mildred – Montag’s wife; happy watching TV and NOT thinking 20. Clarisse – 17 year old neighbor girl who asks Montag, “Are you happy,” ans thus begins his transformation. Her family talks to each other and are free thinkers; they are being watched by the firemen.

Ninth Grade English – Jones Study Guide for Fall Final Exam 21. Captain Beatty – Montag’s boss. Can freely quote books and uses the quotes to torment Montag. Tells Montag that every fireman gets the “disease” which makes him to want to read books and if the fireman doesn’t destroy the book himself, firemen will do it for him. Ends up being murdered by Montag.

The Odyssey Identify the following: 22. Protagonist – Odysseus 23. Antagonist – Poseidon, Polyphemus, Lotus Eaters, Zeus (at times), the suitors (especially Antinous and Eurymachus), Scylla, Circe (in the beginning) 24. Theme(s) – going home, bravery/heroisim, family, the pitfalls of temptation, the power of cunning vs. strength 25. Epic hero – Odysseus gods and goddesses 26. Zeus – the king of the gods; at one point will not accept Odysseus’ offering because he stabbed Zeus nephew, Polyphemus, in the eye. At another point, destroys Odysseus’ ship because Odysseus’ men ate Helios’ cattle. 27. Aeolus – the god of the wind. Helps Odysseus by putting all the winds except for the West wind in a bag so that Odysseus and his men can get home more quickly. 28. Athena – Odysseus’ chief protector; sometimes takes the form of Mentor 29. Hermes – the messenger; tells Odysseus to eat Moly and make Circe swear not to use her witches’ tricks on him. 30. Circe – “the witch;” turns Odysseus’ men into pigs. Odysseus stays on her island for 1-year. 31. Calypso – Odysseus stays on her island for 5-years 32. Polyphemus – 1-eyed giant. Eats 6 of Odysseus’ men; is stabbed in the eye by Odysseus and his men; Issues a 3-part curse on Odysseus; his father is Poseidon

humans 33. Laertes – Odysseus’ father 34. Penelope – Odysseus wife 35. Odysseus – king of Ithaca

Ninth Grade English – Jones Study Guide for Fall Final Exam 36. Telemachus – Odysseus’ son; hasn’t seen his father since the day he was born 37. Eurymachus – Odysseus’ faithful servant 38. Antinous – Leader of the suitors; the first to die; killed by an arrow through his throat 39. Polites – Leads Odysseus’ men into Circe’s house 40. Eumaeus – Odysseus’ faithful servant

locations 41. Ithaca – Odysseus’ home 42. Troy – site of the Trojan War 43. Aeaea – Circe’s isalnd 44. Hades – the land of the dead; Odysseus travels here to get directions home from Tiresias

Other 45. Sirens – mythical women whose singing lures men to their death 46. Scylla – 6-headed monster who eats one man for each of her heads 47. Cyclopes – race of one-eyed giants 48. Lotus Eaters – feed on the Lotus Blossoms. When humans eat, they lose all desire to go home. For specific examples of how the literary terms apply in this epic, please refer to your Bookmarks.

Ninth Grade English – Jones Study Guide for Fall Final Exam

Grammar Be able to define and use correctly the following parts of speech: Ø Nouns – person, place, thing, or idea Examples : Person – boy, baby, Brandon, Dr. Dixon, Brittany Spears ; Drew Brees Place – LCN, store, London, museum, Buffalo Wild Wings Thing – stool, desk, car, roller skates, pizza Idea – joy, freedom, socialism, democracy, sadness Ø Pronouns – word used in place of a noun all another any anybody anyone anything both each each other either everybody everyone everything few he her hers herself him himself his I it its itself little many me mine more most much myself neither no one nobody none nothing one one another other others ours ourselves several she some somebody someone something that theirs them themselves these they this those us we what whatever which whichever who whoever whom whomever whose you yours yourself yourselves

Ø Adjectives – describes a noun or pronoun Examples : tall, red, hairy, scary, hungry, short, excited, purple, heavy, fuzzy Ø Verbs – shows actions or links noun/pronoun to a verb Examples : To be, Am, is, are, were, was, been, being Walk, talk, skip, eat, sing, sleep, jump, learn, talk, cook Ø Adverbs – describes verbs or adjectives Examples : quickly, totally, absolutely, tiredly, excitedly, happily

Argumentation You will also be responsible for writing one paragraph using argumentation correctly. You will need to develop an assertion based on a prompt, find three pieces of evidence to prove your assertion and write the introductory and explanatory commentary to explain your point. In your paragraph remember to: §

Include the name of the story in your assertion and punctuate the title correctly. If it’s a short story, put the title in quotation marks.

§

Do not use 1st person (“I,” “me,” “us,” “our,” “ours,” “we,” “mine,” or “my”) or 2nd person (“you” or “your”) in the paragraph.

§

Repeat a key word from the assertion in each piece of explanatory commentary.