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Avances Investigativos en la Producción de Biocombustible

CAPÍTULO 4 PRODUCCIÓN DE BIODIESEL UTILIZANDO TECNOLOGÍA DE FLUIDOS SUPERCRÍTICOS Diana Catalina Cubides R, Carlos Ariel Cardona A*.

Introducción En los últimos años ha aumentado la necesidad de procesar materias primas baratas, tales como aceites usados, insaturados, grasas animales y de descarte, con el fin de bajar los costos de producción del biodiesel, cuya obtención se basa actualmente en el procesamiento de aceites vegetales de alto costo. Estas materias primas alternativas poseen alta acidez y han motivado opciones al proceso clásico catalizado por bases, como: la pre-neutralización de los ácidos grasos libres presentes en la alimentación, la pre-esterificación de los ácidos grasos libres con metanol o glicerina (catalizada por ácidos fuertes, seguida de esterificación en medio alcalino), o la esterificación catalizada completamente por ácidos [1]. Los procesos catalizados por bases (NaOH, KOH) o por ácidos (H2S04) demandan etapas de lavado para eliminar el catalizador y esto produce grandes cantidades de efluentes [2]. Otra importante alternativa propuesta para trabajar con materias primas de baja calidad es la transesterificación en condiciones supercríticas [3; 4], cuando se habla de condiciones supercríticas en la producción de biodiesel pueden presentarse varios escenarios, el primero es que la mezcla de reactivos, en este caso el aceite y el alcohol, se encuentren ambos en estado supercrítico, sin embargo, a medida que éstos reaccionan cambian las condiciones necesarias para que la mezcla se considere supercrítica. Otra alternativa es que sólo uno de los componentes de la mezcla, ya sea reactivo o producto se comporte como un fluido supercrítico, o finalmente puede usarse un solvente que se encuentre en estado supercrítico y modifique la solubilidad de una o más sustancias de la mezcla, lo cual altera la velocidad de la reacción. Los procesos para producir biodiesel en condiciones supercríticas pueden clasificarse en ca* Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Maníjales, Plantas Piloto de Biotecnologíaj Agroitidustria, Campus la Nubia, Maníjales, AA 127, Colombia. Tel-fax: +57-68879400 Ext. 55880.E-mail: [email protected]

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