1.231J/16.781J/ESD.224J Airport Systems – Fall 2007
Airport Characteristics
Amedeo R. Odoni Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Airport Characteristics Objective: – To provide background and an overview on the diversity of airport characteristics Topics: – Discussion of geometric characteristics of major airports – Introduce useful background and terminology – Critical aspects of airport layouts – Some international comparisons Reference: Chapter 9 [esp. 9.1-9.4] Page 2
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Airport Physical Layouts Airport layouts exhibit enormous variability (general layout, no. of runways, geometric configuration of runways, length of runways, location and configuration of terminal facilities) Range from very simple to complex geometries Area occupied is only mildly correlated with traffic volumes Layouts are greatly influenced by historical and local factors
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London Gatwick (LGW)
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Designation of Runways Runways are identified by a two-digit number, which indicates the magnetic azimuth of the runway in the direction of operations to the nearest 10º When parallel runways are involved the indication R (“right”), L (“left”) and, with three runways, C (“center”) is also used (e.g., Runway 22R) Note that 22R is 04L in the opposite direction With 4-6 runways, one pair is marked to the nearest 10º and the other to the next nearest 10º
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Osaka Kansai International (KIX)
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3
Seattle-Tacoma International (SEA)
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Milan Malpensa (MXP)
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4
Munich International (MUC)
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Athens International (ATH)
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5
Singapore Changi International (SIN)
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DEVELOPMENT PHASE 1A – COMMISSIONING DATE – 2008
Delhi International Airport (IGI)
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DEVELOPMENT PHASE 1B – COMMISSIONING DATE – 2010 (FOR 2012 CAPACITY)
Delhi International Airport (IGI)
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New York LaGuardia (LGA)
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Wind Coverage (ICAO) For operations on any given runway, crosswinds should not exceed: – 37 km/h (20 knots) for aircraft whose reference field length is 1500 m or more, except with poor braking action, when the limit is 24 km/h (13 knots) – 24 km/h (13 knots) for ref. field length between 1200 m and 1,499 m – 19 km/h (10.5 knots) for ref field length of less than 1,200 m Crosswind coverage (or “airport usability factor”) should be at least 95% Page 15
Frankfurt International (FRA)
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London Heathrow (LHR)
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Satellite with people movers: Tampa (TPA)
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9
Satellite with people movers: Tampa (TPA)
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New York JFK International (JFK)
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10
Atlanta Hartsfield International (ATL)
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Atlanta Hartsfield International (ATL) Page 22
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Midfield linear satellites: Atlanta (ATL)
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Los Angeles International (LAX)
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Paris Charles de Gaulle (CDG)
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Source: Airliners.net
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SATURATION PHASE DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Delhi International Airport (IGI)
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Zurich International (ZRH)
3,300 m
3,700 m
2,500 m
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14
Amsterdam Schiphol (AMS)
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Passenger Complex, AMS
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Denver International (DEN)
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Boston/Logan: Proposed Airside Changes (2001)
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Dallas / Ft. Worth (DFW)
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Chicago O’Hare (ORD)
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Land Area of Some Major Airports Airport Denver Dallas/Ft. W. Orlando Kansas City Chicago Atlanta JFK Intern’l Los Angeles Miami Newark Boston Wash Reagan LaGuardia
Acres 34,000 18,000 10,000 8,200 6,500 6,000 4,950 3,600 3,250 2,300 2,250 960 650
m2
(x106)
136 72 40 33 26 24 20 14 13 9 9 3.8 2.6
Airport m2 (x106) Buenos Aires EZE 34 Paris CDG 31 Amsterdam 28 Delhi 20 Frankfurt 19 Athens 16 Munich 15 Singapore 13 Brussels 12 Milan MXP 12 London LHR 12 Tokyo HND 11 Sydney 9 Zurich 8 London GTW 8 Tokyo NRT 7 Page 36 Kansai 5
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Factors Affecting Airport Area Requirements • Principal factors affecting airfield size are: – Airside capacity requirements: number and configuration of runways and apron stands – Weather: no. and configuration of runways – Unused area: noise “buffer” or for future expansion – Types of aircraft and operations: runway, taxiway, apron dimensions and separations – Location of passenger terminals and landside facilities relative to runways
• Terminal facilities and related landside space typically take up only 5-20% of an airport’s total area Page 37
30 Busiest Airports in the World (2006) (1)= pax (million); (2)= movements (thousand) (1)
(2)
(1)/(2)
(1)
(2)
Atlanta
84.8
976
87
Chicago/O’Hare
76.2
959
79
London/Heathrow
67.5
477
Tokyo/Haneda
65.2
Los Angeles
61.0
Dallas/Ft. Worth
(1)/(2)
Houston
42.6
603
71
New York/JFK
42.6
375
114
142
Phoenix
41.4
541
77
285
229
Detroit
36.4
482
76
657
93
Minneapolis
35.6
476
75
60.1
700
86
New York /Newark
35.5
444
80
Paris/CDG
56.8
542
105
Singapore
35.0
214
164
Frankfurt
52.8
489
108
Orlando
34.8
350
99
Beijing
48.5
376
129
London/Gatwick
34.2
263
130
Denver
47.3
597
79
San Francisco
33.5
353
95
Las Vegas
46.2
619
75
Miami
32.5
386
84
Amsterdam
46.1
440
105
Tokyo/Narita
31.8
189
168
Madrid
45.5
435
105
Philadelphia
31.8
516
62
Hong Kong
44.0
280
157
Toronto
31.0
418
74
Bangkok
42.8
271
158
Munich
30.8
411
75
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Contribution to Available Seat Mile Growth: US Major Carriers (1970(1970-2001)
Source: Eclat Consulting (2002)
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Generalizations: Major Airports... U.S.: Large volumes of passengers and aircraft; overwhelmingly domestic; numerous regional non-jets, general aviation; small no. of pax/flight Europe: Fast-growing passenger volumes at major airports; primarily international; narrowbody airline jets still dominate; few g.a. flights; intermediate no. of pax/flight East Asia/Pacific Rim: Fast-growing passenger volumes; strongest presence of wide-body jets; very few g.a. flights; large no. of pax/flight; numerous new low-fare carriers Diversity is enormous; understanding of local factors is essential. Page 40
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