The Republic of

50th Anniversary

A Golden Jubilee Celebration

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Foreword by

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& OREWORD(IS%XCELLENCY 0RESIDENT%RNEST"AI+OROMA 3TATEMENT0ROFESSOR-&YLE #HAIRMANTH!NNIVERSARY#OMMISSION -ESSAGE4HE2T(ON4ONY"LAIR &RIENDOF3IERRA,EONE -ESSAGE&RANK4IMIS #%/!FRICAN-INERALS #HAPTER&ROMTHE%ARLIEST4IMES¯ !RRIVALOFTHE0ORTUGUESE #HAPTER$ISCOVERYAND-IXED &ORTUNE¯THE0ORTUGUESE0ERIOD #HAPTER4OWARDS0ROGRESSAND %QUILIBRIUM¯THE"RITISH0ERIOD #HAPTER3IERRA,EONE¯ 0OLITICAL)NFRASTRUCTURE #HAPTER%CONOMYAND.ATURAL 2ESOURCES¯!BUNDANT2ESOURCES #HAPTER3IERRA,EONE¯ &OREIGN0OLICY#ENTRE #HAPTER!2ICH4APESTRY¯ 3IERRA,EONEAN#ULTURE #HAPTER!&REE0RESS¯ 3IERRA,EONEAN-EDIA #HAPTER!"EAUTIFUL$ESTINATION¯ 4OURISMAND,EISURE #HAPTER3IERRA,EONE¯ ,EADINGTHE7ORLD #HAPTER,OOKING!HEAD¯ !"RIGHT&UTURE !PPENDICES #HRONOLOGY ¯ ,EADUPTO)NDEPENDENCE 3TATISTICS ¯ &ACTSAND&IGURES 3IERRA,EONE ¯ .ATIONAL!NTHEM 3IERRA,EONE ¯ 'OVERNOR#LARKSON´S0RAYER

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)THASBEENAGREATPRIVILEGETOEDITTHIS ANNIVERSARYPUBLICATIONCELEBRATING YEARSOF3IERRA,EONE´SINDEPENDENCE

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LESSON NONETHELESS)HOPETHATBYTHETIMEYOUGETTO THEENDOFIT YOUWILLHAVELEARNTSOMEMOREABOUTOUR WONDERFULCOUNTRY)NFACT THEAUTHORSDELIBERATELY STEEREDCLEAROFOVERLOADINGTHEBOOKLETWITHFACTS AND½GURESBECAUSE ABOVEALLELSE THISISVERYMUCHA CELEBRATIONOF3IERRA,EONEAND3IERRA,EONEANS )TWASNOTBYACCIDENTTHATDECIDEDTHATTHE THEMEFORTHISYEAR´S'OLDEN*UBILEECELEBRATIONS SHOULDBE±9EARS&ORWARD #ELEBRATINGA.EW3IERRA ,EONE²)NMOVINGFORWARD WEWILLOFCOURSELOOKBACKAT THOSEDREAMSOFOURNATION´SFOUNDERSANDATTHESAME TIME USETHISANNIVERSARYASANOPPORTUNITYFORTHE REGENERATIONOFOURNATION 4OTHECASUALREADERITMIGHTSEEMTHAT3IERRA ,EONEHASHADLITTLETOCELEBRATEINRECENTTIMESBUT THEYCOULDNOTBEMOREWRONG7EAREDETERMINEDNOT TOBEACOUNTRYTHATISDE½NEDBYWARANDITSAFTERMATH BECAUSEWEKNOWTHATWEAREMUCHMORETHANTHAT !SANATION WEAREGROWINGEVERMORECON½DENT OFOURPLACEINTHEWORLDANDAREDETERMINEDTOBETHE AUTHORSOFHOWOTHERSPERCEIVEUS&ORTOOLONGWEHAVE BEENDE½NEDBYOTHERS´PERCEPTIONOFWHOWEARE7E BELIEVETHATNOONEISBETTERPLACEDTHANOURSELVESTO TELLOUROWNSTORY )TISSOMETIMESEASYTOFORGETTHATWEAREAYOUNG NATIONANDTHAT LIKEANYYOUNGNATION THEREARE GROWINGPAINS4HESEHAVEBEENPARTICULARLYPAINFUL ATTIMESANDWECANONLYHOPETHATWEHAVELEARNT LESSONSTHATWILLMAKEUSSTRONGERINTHEFUTURE7EAREA RESILIENTANDRESOURCEFULNATIONWITHANINDOMITABLE SPIRITANDONETHATHASITSOWNSPECIALBRANDOF HUMOUR WHICHHASHELPEDTOLIFTOURSPIRITSINOUR DARKESTMOMENTS7EAREANATIONWELL KNOWNFOROUR TRADITIONOFRELIGIOUSTOLERANCE4HESETOO ARETHINGS WORTHCELEBRATING )NSPITEOFALLTHETRAVAILSTHATWEHAVEGONE THROUGH WEHAVEREASONTOFEELBLESSEDTHATWEHAVE FRIENDSBOTHCLOSEANDFARAWAY7ETHANKTHEMANDWE HOPETHEYWILLCONTINUETOBE³&RIENDSOF3IERRA,EONE´ )WOULDLIKETOUSETHISOPPORTUNITYTOCALLONALL 3IERRA,EONEANSANDFRIENDSOF3IERRA,EONETOCOME TOGETHERDURINGTHESECELEBRATIONSANDTOUSETHIS ³'OLDEN/PPORTUNITY´AFFORDEDBYTHIS'OLDEN*UBILEE TOREDOUBLEOUREFFORTSTOMAKETHISTHECOUNTYWEWANT ITTOBESOTHATWECANCOMETOEMBODYTHEWORDS ONOURNATIONALCREST±5NITY &REEDOMAND*USTICE² (ERE´STOTHENEXTYEARSANDBEYOND2EAD ANDENJOY
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Statement by

0UBLISHER !'(USSAIN -ANAGING%DITOR -ICHAEL$EWAR (EADOF%XTERNAL#OMMUNICATIONS 3IMON7ATSON (UGHES %XTERNAL#OMMUNICATIONS -ICHAEL4HOMPSON 3AM3TEPHENSON -ICHALE7ILDS !RT$IRECTOR *AMES$EWAR $ESIGNER 4OM'OOD 0HOTO%DITOR !DE$ARAMY #ONTRIBUTING0HOTOGRAPHERS 0ETER!NDERSEN 'ARY3CHULZE +ATRINA-ANSON &RANCES.GABOH 3MART !DE$ARAMY !DONIS!BBOUD +IM"RUNHUBER *ENNIFER(OLLETT +RYSTLE,AI -ICHELLE$ELANEY 4HE#OMMONWEALTH3ECRETARIAT 4HE3MITHSONIAN-USEUMOF!FRICAN!RT !GENCE&RANCE0RESSE!&0 4HE'RIMALDI&ORUM -ONACO #ONTRIBUTING!UTHORS !NSU-OMOH¯-0HILRESEARCHSTUDENT 3CHOOL OF'OVERNMENTAND3OCIETY )NTERNATIONAL $EVELOPMENT$EPT 5NIVERSITYOF"IRMINGHAM &RANKLYN*OHNSON !DE$ARAMY -ICHAEL$EWAR 0UBLISHEDBY ,OWNDES'ROUP,TD

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Message by

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YINITIALTHOUGHTSWEREABOUTTHEENORMITY OFTHETASKTHATLAYAHEADINTHESHORTSPACE OFTIME!FTERALL ITWASN´TASIFTHEREWASA TEMPLATETHAT)COULDDRAWONFORTHEJOBALTHOUGHTHEREHAD BEENBODIESCONSTITUTEDANDINDIVIDUALSTASKEDTOOVERSEE VARIOUSINDEPENDENCECELEBRATIONSINTHEPAST THISISA SIGNI½CANTMILESTONETHATISBEINGCOMMEMORATED-YCAREER ANDSENSEOFPATRIOTICDUTYMEANTHAT)HAVEBEENABLETO BRINGALLOFTHESETOBEARINTHESERVICEOFMYCOUNTRYATA MOMENTOUSTIMEINOURHISTORY )HAVEBEENHEARTENEDBYTHEWAY3IERRA,EONEANS FROMALLWALKSOFLIFEHAVEEMBRACEDTHEIDEAOFMARKING THISSIGNI½CANTMILESTONEINAWAYTHATWILLBEMEMORABLE UNIFYINGANDREJUVENATING ASWEEMBARKONTHENEXT YEARSOFOURJOURNEYASANINDEPENDENTNATION7EAREALL CONSCIOUSOFTHEFACTTHATWEHAVEANOPPORTUNITYTONOTONLY MAKEAMARKINTHIS*UBILEEYEARBUTALSOTOBEINVOLVEDIN ENSURINGTHATTHENATIONISBEQUEATHEDANENDURINGLEGACY 4OTHISEND THEMEMBERSOFTHECURRENT.ATIONAL #OMMITTEEHAVESERVEDTHEIRCOUNTRYWILLINGLY GUIDEDBYTHE SPIRITOFNATIONALPRIDEANDASTRONGSENSEOFDUTY)HOPETHAT THISSENSEOFPRIDETHAT)ANDMYFELLOWCOMMITTEEMEMBERS FEELAS3IERRA,EONEANSCOMESTHROUGHTHEPAGESOFTHIS PUBLICATION !S)LEAFTHROUGHTHISBOOKLET )½NDMYSELFRE¾ECTING ONHOWFARWEHAVECOMEASAPEOPLE4HOUGHWEHAVEFACED MANYCHALLENGES WEHAVERISENTOTHEOCCASIONEACHTIME UNITEDINTHELOVEWESHAREFOROURCOUNTRY 7ESEEOURSELVESASHAVINGAGREATRESPONSIBILITYFOR ENSURINGTHATWEADEQUATELYSHOWCASETHEDIVERSECULTURES ANDUNIQUETRADITIONSTHATCANBEFOUNDWITHIN3IERRA,EONE 7EWOULDSUBMITHUMBLYTHATWEHOPEWEHAVEMANAGEDTO ACHIEVETHATWITHINTHEPAGESOFTHISBOOKLET )HOPETHAT)HAVEBEENABLETOREPAY(IS%XCELLENCY4HE 0RESIDENT´STRUSTINMEBYWHATMYCOMMITTEEAND)HAVEBEEN ABLETODELIVER)TISAPLEASUREANDANHONOURTOHAVEBEEN CALLEDTOTHISTASKAND)WILLCLOSEBYASKINGTHATYOUENJOY THISPUBLICATIONANDENJOY3IERRA,EONE*OINUSASWEWORK TOWARDSTHENEXTYEARSOFPROSPERITYFOR3IERRA,EONE
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S3IERRA,EONELOOKSBACKATTHEPAST YEARS ITISANOPPORTUNITYFORRE¾ECTION 4HISCOUNTRYHASCOMETHROUGHSOME INCREDIBLYDIF½CULTTIMESINTHEPASTYEARS)AM PROUDOF"RITAIN´SPARTINHELPINGTHE3IERRA,EONE GOVERNMENTTOENDTHEDEVASTATINGCIVILWARTHROUGH THEINTERVENTIONMADEBYOURARMEDFORCESDURINGMY TIMEAS0RIME-INISTER "UTTHISISALSOANOPPORTUNITYTORE¾ECTON HOWFAR3IERRA,EONEHASCOMEINASHORTSPACEOF TIME4ODAY 3IERRA,EONEISAPLACEOFPEACEAND STABILITY ANDIN THE3IERRA,EONEANPEOPLE VOTEDINFREEANDFAIRELECTIONS)TISACREDITTOBOTH PARTIESTHATAPEACEFULTRANSITIONOFPOWERENSUED ANDTHATDEMOCRACYBECAME½RMLYEMBEDDED)N THEAFTERMATHOFTHECIVILWAR PUBLICSERVICESAND INFRASTRUCTUREWEREINDIRESTRAITS0RESIDENT+OROMA ANDHISGOVERNMENTFACEDAMAMMOTHTASKTOBEGIN REBUILDINGTHEBASICSERVICESTHAT3IERRA,EONE´S CITIZENSNEEDED¯ANDHAVEARIGHTTOEXPECT&OUR YEARSON THEREISSTILLALONGWAYTOGOBUT)AM STRUCKEACHTIME)VISIT&REETOWNWITHHOWQUICKLY CHANGEISHAPPENING¯3IERRA,EONE´SCAPITAL

WASONCETHEDARKESTINTHEWORLD NOWMAINS ELECTRICITY¾OWSTHROUGHTHECITY 4HECHARITY)FOUNDEDONLEAVINGOF½CE THE !FRICA'OVERNANCE)NITIATIVE!') HASBEEN WORKINGIN3IERRA,EONEFORTHREEYEARSNOW SUPPORTINGTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEGOVERNMENT´S PRIORITIESOFAGRICULTURE PRIVATESECTORDEVELOPMENT ANDHEALTH4HISMONTHSEESANOTHERIMPORTANT ANNIVERSARY¯THATOFTHE&REE(EALTHCARE)NITIATIVE THATWASLAUNCHEDAYEARAGO7ITHTHESUPPORTOF !')ANDTHEINTERNATIONALCOMMUNITY 3IERRA,EONE HASTAKENABOLDANDAMBITIOUSSTEPBYABOLISHING USERFEESFORMOTHERSANDBABIES WHONOWHAVE BETTERACCESSTOHEALTHCARETHANEVERBEFORE)AM PROUDTHATTHE!FRICA'OVERNANCE)NITIATIVEHAS BEENABLETOSUPPORTTHEGOVERNMENTTOMAKETHIS PROGRAMMEWORKONTHEGROUND4HERESULTSARE STARTLING¯ALREADYTHEREHASBEENAREDUCTION INCHILDDEATHSFROMMALARIA )BELIEVETHATTHEOPPORTUNITIESFOR3IERRA ,EONEANDFOR!FRICATODAYAREGREATERTHANAT ANYTIMESINCETHEWINDSOFCHANGEBLEWTHROUGH THECONTINENT ONTHEEVEOF3IERRA,EONE´S INDEPENDENCEYEARSAGO4HEREISANEW GENERATIONOF!FRICANLEADERSINBUSINESSANDIN POLITICSTHATARELEADINGTHEWAYFOR!FRICATOSHAKE OFFTHEWORLD´SMISCONCEPTIONS4HEIRSUCCESSIS ALREADYBEGINNINGTOREAPREWARDS ANDTHEGLOBAL COMMUNITYISBEGINNINGTOTAKENOTICEOFTHEARRAY OFOPPORTUNITYTHATISAVAILABLEIN!FRICA 4HEKEYWILLBETOMAKESURETHEECONOMIC BENE½TSOF!FRICA´SINCREDIBLEWEALTHOFRESOURCES REACHITSPEOPLE3IERRA,EONEISARICHCOUNTRY ¯BUTITSPEOPLEARENOTRICH)BELIEVETHEKEY TOREALISINGTHISCOUNTRY´SVASTPOTENTIALIS½RSTLY EFFECTIVEGOVERNANCE ANDSECONDLYDEVELOPMENT OFTHEPRIVATESECTORTHATWILLENDAIDDEPENDENCY 'OODGOVERNANCE STRONGLEADERSHIPANDPRIVATE SECTORINVESTMENTARETHETOOLSTHATPUT3IERRA ,EONE´SFUTURE½RMLYINTHEHANDSOFITSCITIZENS 4HESEAREEXCITINGTIMESFOR3IERRA,EONE¯ ANDFOR!FRICA4ODAYISNOTJUSTABOUTHOPEFOR THECONTINENT BUTEVIDENCETHATCHANGEISALREADY TAKINGPLACE)AMPERSONALLYCONVINCEDTHATTHIS CANBE!FRICA´SCENTURY!SITLOOKSFORWARDTOTHE NEXTYEARS 3IERRA,EONECANANDSHOULDBEONE OFITSMOSTSTRIKINGSUCCESSSTORIES 4HE2T(ON4ONY"LAIR 0ATRONOFTHE!FRICA'OVERNANCE)NITIATIVE

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Frank Timis Message by

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INCE!FRICAN-INERALSHASBEEN ACTIVELYINVESTINGIN3IERRA,EONE ACOUNTRYRICHINMINERALDEPOSITS FORMERLYUNDISCOVEREDAND FOLLOWINGAPERIODOF POLITICALINSTABILITY NOWEXPERIENCINGFAVOURABLE REGENERATION %LECTIONS HELDIN LEDTOTHESUCCESSFUL TRANSITIONOFPOWERANDESTABLISHMENTOFTHE DEMOCRATICPROCESS )THASBEENAREMARKABLEJOURNEYSINCE !FRICAN-INERALSCOMPLETEDTHECOUNTRY´S½RST AERO MAGNETICSURVEYDURING SUBSEQUENT EXPLORATIONPROGRAMMESANDMULTI ELEMENT SAMPLINGANALYSISHAVERESULTEDINTHE#OMPANY DEVELOPINGAMAJORMINERALEXPLORATIONPORTFOLIO UNRIVALLEDINSCALEIN3IERRA,EONE !SA#OMPANYWEHAVESOUGHTTOMEETTHE CHALLENGESCONFRONTINGTHECOUNTRY CONSISTENTLY UPGRADINGOURINFRASTRUCTUREINITIATIVES HEALTH EDUCATIONANDEMPLOYMENTPROGRAMMES AND GENERALLYSEEKINGNEWOPPORTUNITIESTOIMPROVETHE LIVESOF3IERRA,EONE´SPEOPLE!LLOFTHESEEFFORTS AREMADEINSUPPORTOFTHEGOVERNMENT´SLONG TERM PLANTOHELPPOVERTY STRICKENCOMMUNITIESAND IMPROVELIVINGSTANDARDSFORALL

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)MPORTANTLY OURENVIRONMENTALANDSOCIAL IMPACTPOLICIESARESTRUCTUREDTOCOMPLYWITHTHE %QUATOR0RINCIPLES INTERNATIONALLYRECOGNISED ASASETOFBENCHMARKSFORMANAGINGTHEIMPACT OFLARGEPROJECTSONLOCALCOMMUNITIESANDTHE ENVIRONMENT !FRICAN-INERALSISJUSTLYPROUDTOHAVE RECEIVEDTHEPRESTIGIOUS)NTERNATIONAL9EAROF 0LANET%ARTH!WARDIN!FRICAN-INERALS´ 4ONKOLILI)RON/REAND)NFRASTRUCTURE0ROJECT WASAWARDED±-OST%FFECTIVE#ORPORATE3OCIAL 2ESPONSIBILITY0ROJECT²4HE5. RECOGNIZED AWARDISATESTAMENTTOTHEONGOINGSOCIALAND ENVIRONMENTALRESPONSIBILITYENDEAVOURSTHAT DE½NETHE4ONKOLILIPROJECT4HERECIPIENTOF THEAWARDISDETERMINEDBYAPANELOFSOCIAL ANDENVIRONMENTAUTHORITIES AND±INNOVATION BENE½CIALEXCELLENCEANDSIGNI½CANTACHIEVEMENT INTHEAREASOFENVIRONMENTALENHANCEMENTAND SUSTAINABILITYOFTHE%ARTH´SRESOURCES²FORMTHE CRITERIAFORTHEPRIZE !FRICAN-INERALS ONEOFTHELARGESTEMPLOYERS IN3IERRA,EONEANDLOOKINGTOSETTHESTANDARDFOR FUTUREFOREIGNINVESTMENTPROJECTSINTHECOUNTRY HASRECEIVEDTHEHIGHESTLEVELOFSUPPORTFROMLOCAL COMMUNITIES REGIONALGOVERNMENTAGENCIESAND THEOF½CESOFTHE0RESIDENTOF3IERRA,EONE )TAKETHISOPPORTUNITYTOWISH(IS%XCELLENCY 0RESIDENT+OROMAANDTHEPEOPLEOF3IERRA,EONE CONGRATULATIONSONTHETHANNIVERSARYOF )NDEPENDENCEOFTHE2EPUBLICOF3IERRA,EONE &RANK4IMIS #%/

/PPOSITE4OP-ANGROVE SWAMPSTYPICALOFTHOSE FOUNDACROSSTHECOUNTRY /PPOSITE"OTTOM !TRADITIONALOLDVILLAGE SETTLEMENT DEEPINTHE FORESTSOFTHE3OUTHERN 0ROVINCE

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Chapter 1. From the Earliest Times – 2IGHT!YOUNG³"ONDO´ INITIATE¯ONEOFTHEOLDEST TRADITIONALWOMEN´S´SECRET SOCIETIES´

)NCOMMONWITHMOSTCOUNTRIESSOUTH OFTHE3AHARA 3IERRA,EONEHASHADTO RELYINLARGEPARTON%UROPEANOR!RAB TRAVELLERSTOTELLAMAJORPARTOFITSEARLY HISTORY7HAT3IERRA,EONESHARESWITHALL THESEOTHERCOUNTRIESINTHESURROUNDING SUB REGIONISALACKOFWRITTENHISTORY)TIS NOTTRUETOSAYHOWEVER THATTHECOUNTRY ORTHEREGIONDOESNOTHAVEARECORDED HISTORYITVERYMUCHDOES ANDASTILL VIBRANTONEATTHAT

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FTERALL THISWESTERNCORNEROF!FRICA ISHOMETOTHETRADITIONOFTHEGRIOTS THOSEKEEPERSOFTHEORALHISTORY OFTHEIRPEOPLE PARTICULARLYTHE-ANDINKAOR -ADINGA PEOPLE WHOCANSTILLBEFOUNDACROSS VASTSWATHESOF7EST!FRICA!LOTOFORALHISTORY HASBEENHANDEDDOWNBUTFOREITHERTHECASUALOR SERIOUSHISTORIAN THISISNEVERDEEMEDSUF½CIENTOR ASPERSUASIVEASTHATWHICHISWRITTENDOWN 7HATHASBEENPASSEDDOWNTOUSRELATING TOTHEEARLIESTTIMESHASTHEREFORECONSISTED OFAMIXTUREOFTHEWRITTENANDTHEORAL-UCH OFWHATWASWRITTENBYTHEEARLIEST³OUTSIDERS´ PRINCIPALLYTHE0ORTUGUESE WASITSELFAMIXTURE OFTHEIROWNOBSERVATIONSANDTHEACCOUNTS GIVENTOTHEMBYTHEINHABITANTSOFTHEREGION WHOMTHEYCAMEACROSS 4HATLITTLEISKNOWNISPERHAPSSOMETHINGFOR WHICHWESHOULDBEGRATEFUL'RATEFULBECAUSETHE EVENTUALCONTACTWITH³OUTSIDERS´WASNOTALWAYS BENE½CIALTOTHEPEOPLEOFTHEREGION-OSTOF THEEARLIEST%UROPEANTRAVELLERS WHOPASSEDTHE COASTOFWHATBECAMEKNOWNAS3IERRA,EONE DID SOONTHEIRWAYTOSOMEWHEREELSESOMEWHERE WHICHHELDTHEPROMISEOFSUCHUNTOLDRICHES THATTHEREWASNONEEDTOSTOPOFFANDEXPLORE THEHINTERLANDBEYONDTHESHORESOFTHISPARTOF !FRICA0ARTICULARLYASSOMEWHODIDOBSERVEITAS THEYPASSEDTHOUGHTTHETERRAINHADAFORBIDDING ASPECTTOIT*OURNEY´SENDFORTHESE%UROPEAN ADVENTURERSWASTHESEDUCTIVEPULLOFTHESPICESOF THE%AST INANAGEWHEREWETAKESUCHSPICESFOR GRANTED ITISHARDTOCONJUREUPTODAYTHELUREAND FASCINATIONTHATTHOSE%ASTERNSPICESHADONTHE %UROPEANS -ANYOFTHEACCOUNTSLOOKINGBACKOVER THEREASONSFORTHELACKOFEARLYEXPLORATIONAND

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SETTLEMENTINTHISREGIONTENDTONARROWTHEM DOWNTOFOURMAINONES)FONELOOKSATTHEEARLIEST MAPSTHATACCURATELYTRACETHESHAPEOFTHEWHOLE OFTHE!FRICANCONTINENT ITISCLEARTHATTHESEEARLY MAPSDRAWNBYTHE0ORTUGUESE WHOWERETHE½RST ANDMOSTADVENTUROUSOFTHE%UROPEANSEAFARING NATIONS USEDTHECOASTASPOINTERSORLANDMARKS TOGUIDETHEMASTHEYSAILEDTOWARDSTHEIRMAIN DESTINATION !SECONDREASONWASTHATTHEBUSINESSOF BUILDINGSETTLEMENTSINAPLACETHEYHADNO INTENTIONOFSETTLINGINDIDNOTMAKEANYSENSE ANDMOSTIMPORTANTLY WOULDHAVEBEENACOSTLY BUSINESSPARTICULARLYASITWASTHEPURSUITOF PRO½TABLETRADETHATWASTHEIRMAINCONCERN 4HETHIRDBARRIERWASTHATTHEREWERETIMES

,EFT!³"ALANJI´PLAYER¯ONE OFTHEOLDESTTRADITIONAL INSTRUMENTS¯VERYSIMILARTO THEXYLOPHONE !BOVEONEOFTHE TRADITIONALMASQUERADERS

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. WHEN OUTOFNECESSITY THEYHADTOCOMEASHORE /NSUCHOCCASIONSTHEYWOULDENCOUNTERKINGS ORCHIEFSWHOWEREREADYTOBARTERORTRADEWITH ANYWHOCAMEINTOTHEIRDOMAIN!GAIN THISCOULD PROVETOBEACOSTLYBUSINESS4HEREASONINGTHUS WASTHATIFTHISWASWHATTHEYENCOUNTEREDONTHE COAST HOWMUCHMOREEXPENSIVEWOULDITBEIFTHEY VENTUREDINTOTHEINTERIOR

4HEFOURTHANDONEOFTHEMOSTCRUCIALIN TERMSOF3IERRA,EONE´SHISTORYANDDEVELOPMENT WASTHEINHOSPITABLENATUREOFTHETERRAINAND THEINCLEMENTWEATHER7HENTHEHEATWASNOT UNBEARABLE THEFEVER MOSTLYFROMMOSQUITOES WASAKILLER9ETAGAIN THEREASONINGWASTHAT THISAREAWASNOTKNOWNATTHETIMEFORHAVING PRECIOUSMINERALS ASWASTHECASEWITHTHEGOLDOF -EXICO WHICHMADETHEPRIVATIONSOFSTAYINGAND EVENTUALLYSUBDUINGTHOSEPEOPLEINCLUDINGTHEIR RULERS ANATTRACTIVEPROPOSITION 4HELARGEBELTOFFORESTTHATACTEDASABARRIER FROMTHE3AHARAWASANOTHERFACTORTHATPREVENTED EXPLORATIONFROMTHATPARTOFTHECONTINENT)TIS THOUGHTTHATTHEREASONTHECARAVANSFROM!RAB LANDSSTOPPEDSHORTOFPENETRATINGTHISFORESTBELT WASTHATEARLYENCOUNTERSHADEXPOSEDTHEMTOWILD ANIMALSTHATROAMEDTHESEFORESTS 3OMEONEWHODIDRECORDSOMEOFWHATCAME TOBEKNOWNABOUTTHISPARTOF!FRICAISOFTEN MISTAKENLYASSUMEDTOBEA2OMAN ,EO!FRICANUS )NFACT THISWASMERELYADESCRIPTIONOFWHOHE WAS,EO 4HE!FRICAN(EWASFROMTHE#ITYOF&EZ )N-OROCCO ANDHISFULLANDRATHERIMPRESSIVE NAMEWAS%L (ASSANBEN-OHAMMEDEL 7AZZAN EZ 7AZAYYATITHEREAREOTHERVARIATIONSONTHE SPELLINGOFTHENAME  "ETWEENAND !FRICANUSWROTE WHATHECALLED³!$ESCRIPTIONOF!FRICA´(ISTORY HASTAUGHTUSTHATHEGOTALOTWRONGBUTWEARE

,EFT!YOUNG³0ORROH´ INITIATE¯THISBEINGONE OFTHEOLDESTMEN´S³SECRET SOCIETIES´IN3IERRA,EONE "OTTOM&ISHINGHASBEEN ANIMPORTANTSOUCEOF INCOMEFORCOASTALDEWELLERS FORCENTURIES

People and vessels

In a nutshell, that is the driving force behind Jan De Nul Group. Thanks to the 5,000 employees worldwide and its ultramodern fleet, today the group ranks at the top .

of the international dredging and marine related industry. Also with regard to civil engineering and environmental works, the group is one of the largest contractors. Jan De Nul congratulates the people from Sierra Leone for the 50th anniversary of the Republic of Sierra Leone. Our company is grateful to contribute to the future growth and development of the country by dredging Sierra Leone’s freeways to the world and contributing in the opening of the iron ore export programs.

OFFICE JAN DE NUL NV

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Tragel 60 I 9308 Hofstade-Aalst I Belgium T +32 53 731 711 I F +32 53 781 760 [email protected] I www.jandenul.com

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ACANOEINLAND4HE4EMNESWERESAIDTOINHABIT THEAREAOF+ASSEHONTHERIVER3CARCIES4HE3USUS WERETOBEFOUNDATWASWASDESCRIBEDAS³½FTEEN LEAGUESFROMTHECOAST)NTHE.ORTH &ERNANDES DESCRIBED½NDINGTHE³#APEOS´3OMEHAVETAKEN THISTOBESPELLED³3APIOS´AND³3APIS´AMONGST NUMEROUSVARIATIONS !LTHOUGHWEAREGRATEFULFORTHEEARLY RECORDERSOFHISTORY ITISCLEARTHATTHEYHAD TROUBLEGETTINGTHEIRTONGUESAROUNDSOMEOFTHE PLACENAMES LEAVINGUSWITHPOSSIBLYCORRUPTED VERSIONSOFWHATWEKNOWTOBEVARIOUSTOWNSTODAY %ARLYREPORTSTELLOFPLACESSUCHAS

!BOVE!CARVEDMALE½GURE INTHE.OMOLI3TYLEFROMTHE TH THCENTURY)MAGE 4HE3MITHSONIAN



/PPOSITE"OTTOM2IGHT 4RADITIONALLY ATTIRED DRUMMERS WITHSOMEOFTHE OLDESTTYPEOFTRADITIONALLY MADEDRUMS



„-ANGUY DESCRIBEDASAVILLAGEOFSOME THOUSANDINHABITANTSIN POSSIBLY -ANGEWHICHISACOMMONNAMEFORAVILLAGE AMONGTHE4EMNE „0INTOOR0YMTO A6ILLAGEINTHEHILLS POSSIBLY'BINTI

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"OTTOM,EFT-ODERN EXAMPLEOFTHEOLDESTFORM OFTRADITIONALMASQUERADE /PPOSITE4OP2IGHT %XAMPLESOFTHEOLDESTFORM OFTRADITIONALHUTSFOUND ACROSS3IERRA,EONE

-ENDESHAVEHISTORICALLINKS7HATGIVESCREDENCE TOTHELEGENDISTHATPARTOFITSAYSTHATSOMEWERE LEFTBEHINDTO½GHTWHILSTTHEOTHERS¾EDTOWHERE THEYARENOWANDTHATTHISEXPLAINSWHYTHEREIS EVIDENCEOFTHE,OKOAND4EMNETRADINGTOGETHER FROMMUCHEARLIERTHANTHE-ENDEAND4EMNE 4HISWOULDINDICATETHATTHOSELEFTBEHINDWERENOT WIPEDOUTBUTFOUGHT SURVIVEDANDSTAYED 3USUORALHISTORYALSOTELLSUSTHATWHENTHEY CAMETOTHEAREACLOSETOTHECOAST 4HE,IMBAS WEREALREADYTHERE4HATHISTORYALSOTELLSUSTHAT THEYWERESTRONGANDLEDBYONE+ING+ANFORI $OMIN+ONTEHOR#ONTEH 9ALUNKATRADITIONHAS ITTHATTHEYARRIVEDINTHESOUTHTOESCAPEATTEMPTS TOCONVERTTHEMTO)SLAMBY-ANSA-USATHE LEGENDARY+INGOF-ALI 4HATHISTORYALSOTELLSUSTHATTHISWASAN AREAWELLPOPULATEDBYELEPHANTHERDS!NDTHAT ELEPHANTSWEREHUNTEDBYTHEEARLY4EMNEARRIVALS TOWARDSTHEAREAWHERETHESUNSETS,EGENDHASIT THATTHEYHUNTEDTHEMANDWHENTHEYREACHEDTHE COAST ASTHEAREAWASUNINHABITED THEYCHOSETO MAKEITTHEIRHOME5PONHISDEATH +ING+ANFORI +ONTEH WASSUCCEEDEDBYHISSON-ANGA+OMBEH "ALLA)TWASDURINGTHELETTER´SREIGNTHATTHE½RST 0ORTUGUESEWERESAIDTOHAVELANDEDONTHECOASTOF 3IERRA,EONE)TISSAIDTHAT-ANGA+OMBEH"ALLASO GREATLYENJOYEDHISTRADEWITHTHE0ORTUGUESETHAT HEWASTHEONEWHOASKEDTHEMTOSETTLEINTHEAREA

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17

Chapter 2. Early European Contact – Mixed Fortune

!LTHOUGHTHENAME3IERRA,EONEIS COMMONLYACKNOWLEDGEDTOHAVEBEEN COINEDBY0EDRO$A#INTRA THEREHAD ALREADYBEEN0ORTUGUESEINTERACTIONWITH THEPEOPLEOFTHEAREALONGBEFOREHISTIME )TISGENERALLYACCEPTEDTHAT3IERRA,EONE´S ³0ORTUGUESE0ERIOD´INFACTDATESBACKTO AROUND SOMEYEARSBEFORE0EDRO DA#INTRACAMEUPONTHECOAST!ND THAT WASSOMEYEARSAFTER0ORTUGUESEEXPLORERS MAKINGTHEIRWAYTOTHESPICEROUTESOFTHE %AST½RSTCAMEUPONTHECOASTANDMAPPED IT)TMUSTBEREMEMBEREDTHATTHISWASA TIMEWHENTHEREWASAGREATRACEAMONGST THENATIONSOF%UROPETODISCOVERNEWLANDS ANDTERRITORIESTOTRADEWITHORTOSUBDUE

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EDRODA#INTRAHADONCEBEENAPAGE TO0RINCE(ENRYTHE.AVIGATOROR $OM(ENRIQUE THESONOF+ING*OAO OF0ORTUGAL)TWASSAIDTHAT(ENRYHAD ANOBSESSIONWITHSENDINGSHIPSOUTTO½NDNEW LANDSANDTOCLAIMTHEMINTHENAMEOF0ORTUGAL)T WASTHEREFOREAPTTHATWHENHEDIEDIN.OVEMBER  THEKINGAPPOINTED0EDROTOCARRYON(ENRY´S NAUTICALWORK )NTERESTINGLY FORALL THATWEKNOWABOUT0EDRODA#INTRAANDHISLIFE FOR 3IERRA,EONEANS THEDETAILSABOUTTHENAMINGOFTHE COUNTRYARENOTTOBEFOUNDINACCOUNTSGIVENBYDA #INTRABUTBYAN)TALIAN OUTOF6ENICE WHOASWAS THEFASHIONINTHOSEDAYSHADSOUGHTANDBEENGIVEN THE³PERMISSION´OFTHE+INGOF0ORTUGALTOSAILASFAR INTO!FRICAASTHERIVER#ASAMANCEIN(EWAS !LVISE#ADAMOSTO#ADAMOSTOWASLIVINGIN,AGOS IN0ORTUGAL WHENDA#INTRA´SEXPEDITIONRETURNED TO#ABO3AO6ICENTE#APE3T6INCENT IN (OWEVER ITWASNOTUNTIL WHENHEPUBLISHED ANACCOUNTOFHISOWNTRAVELSONTHEWESTCOASTOF !FRICA THATHEINCLUDEDWHATHESAYSISTHEREASONING BEHINDDA#INTRA´SNAMINGOFTHISPLACE 4HISACCOUNTLAYSTORESTSOMEOFTHEMYTHS SURROUNDINGTHENAMINGOF3IERRA,EONE#ADAMOSTO RECCOUNTS ±4HISISWHAT)HAVELEARNTDURINGTHETIMEWHEN)WASIN THESEPARTSBUTTHEREHAVEBEENOTHERSAFTERME/FMOST IMPORTANCEWERETHETWOARMEDCARAVELSWHICHTHE+ING OF0ORTUGALHADSENTTHITHERAFTERTHEDEATHOFTHE)NFANTE $ON(ENRY4HEIRCOMMANDERWASONE0IERODE3INZIAA

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SQUIREOFTHISLORD´S WHOHECOMMISSIONEDTOSAILFARTHER ALONGTHISCOASTOFTHE"LACKS ANDTODISCOVERNEWLANDS 7ITHTHISCAPTAINWENTA0ORTUGUESEYOUTH AFRIENDOF MINE WHOHADBEENTHEREWITHMEASANOTARY/NTHE RETURNOFTHECARAVELS !LVISE#ADAMASTOWASIN,ACHUSA PLACENEAR#APEDE3AN6INCENZOWITHERTHESAIDCAPTAIN RETURNED-YFRIENDCAMEASHORETOMYHOUSEANDGAVE MEHISOBSERVATIONSPOINTBYPOINTONTHELANDTHEYHAD DISCOVERED THENAMESTHEYHADGIVEN THEPLACESATWHICH THEYHADSTAYED ALLINDUEORDERASSETFORTHBELOW² (ECONTINUES ±ABOUTMILESBEYONDTHE2IO6ERDETHEREISANOTHERCAPE TOWHICHTHEYGAVETHENAME#APE,IEDO THATISINOUR TONGUE!LIEGROBECAUSEITSEEMEDTOTHEMTHATTHISCAPE

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ALSOTHENAMEOFAVILLAGEINTHEMOUNTAINS(AVING HIDDENTHEREGIONBYPRODUCINGDECEPTIVEMAPSAS WASCOMMONATTHISTIMETOPROTECT³POSSESSIONS´ THE0ORTUGUESEWEREKEENTORECOMMENDTHEAREA TOTHEIRKINGANDFELLOWCOUNTRYMEN!FTER0EDRODA #INTRA OTHER0ORTUGUESESAILEDALONGTHECOASTAND INLANDGIVINGPLACENAMESASTHEYWENT&OREXAMPLE WEKNOWTHATDUETOTHEFACTTHATONEOFTHE"ANANA )SLANDSHADAROCKYSHORE THEYCALLEDTHEM)SLAS "RAVASOR"RAVE)SLANDS!ND THELARGEST)SOLA3ALVAZA OR(EALTHY)SLAND PROBABLYBECAUSETHEASPECTWAS SOFAIR 4HE0ORTUGUESEWERESOSUCCESSFULINKEEPING THEIR³SECRET´OF3IERRA,EONETHAT-ARTIN&ROBISHER´S ³$ECLARATIONFORTHETRA½QUETO'UINEA´ASTHE AREAINCLUDING3IERRA,EONEWASTHENKNOWN WAS TOSAYERRONEOUSLYTHATTHE+INGOF0ORTUGALHADNO ±#ASTELL FORT OR(OUSEOF4RA½QUEUPONTHECOASTS BETWEEN#APE6ERDE ANDTHE+INGDOMOF"INNY ;"ENIN=BUTONLIEONESMALLFORTAT#APE4REPONTES CALLED!SHIENANDTHEOTHER LEAGUESBEYOND CALLED#ASTEL$EL-INA%LMINA#ASTLE ²7HATHEWAS NOTAWAREOFWERETHEEXTENSIVEVISITSALREADYMADEBY THE0ORTUGUESEANDRECORDEDONTHEIRSECRETMAPS "YTHETIME!LVARESD´!LMADAWROTEABOUT3IERRA ,EONEIN HEDIDNOTFEELTHENEEDTOEXPLAIN MUCHABOUTTHETERRAINANDTHELANGUAGE SOWELL ENTRENCHEDWAS0ORTUGUESETRADEINTHEREGIONBY THISTIME$´!LMADA ANATIVEOF#ABO6ERDE#APE 6ERDE INSTEADWROTEABOUTTHECUSTOMSOFTHEPEOPLE INCLUDINGTHEIRMETHODSOFDISPENSINGJUSTICE EVEN DESCRIBINGHOWCASESWEREPRESENTEDINTHECOURTS

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ADDAX BIOENERGY

Directing Energy – Growing Solutions

"ELOWLEFT3POON CMINLENGTH )VORYCARVED BYA3APIARTISTIN3IERRA ,EONETH¯THCENTURY !$2ECORDEDINTHE2OYAL #OLLECTIONOF$ENMARKAS FARBACKAS/NTHE STEM ASNAKEANDANOTHER ANIMALCONFRONTEACHOTHER .OWIN#OPENHAGENAT 4HE.ATIONAL-USEUMOF $ENMARK "ELOW!N)VORYCARVED SALTCELLARBYA3APIARTIST TH¯THCENTURY!$

Addax Bioenergy congratulates the Republic of Sierra Leone and its people on the occasion of its 50th Anniversary of Independence.

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We are proud to develop sustainable agriculture and bioenergy solutions and to be part of Sierra Leone’s long-term success. We wish you a great celebration and a very bright future ahead.

www.addaxbioenergy.com

.

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CONGRATULATIONS ON 50 YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE!

Chapter 3. Towards Progress and Equilibrium –

.

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PRESENT DAYBOUNDARY/N!UGUSTA 0ROCLAMATIONHADBEENISSUEDINTHECOLONY DECLARINGTHETERRITORYAROUND&REETOWNTOBE A"RITISH0ROTECTORATE&REETOWNREMAINEDA COLONYTHE0ROTECTORATEWASGOVERNEDFROMIT !LMOSTEVERYCHIEFTAINCYWITHINTHENEWLY ACQUIREDTERRITORIESRESPONDEDWITHARMED RESISTANCE4HEYOBJECTEDTOTHEFACTTHATMOST OFTHEPOWERSOFTHECHIEFSWEREREMOVEDAND GIVENTOCOURTSPRESIDEDOVERBY"RITISH$ISTRICT #OMMISSIONERS!NEWTAXWASLEVIEDBYTHE "RITISHANDWHENIN ATTEMPTSWEREMADETO COLLECTTHISTAX ANARMEDINSURRECTIONENSUED 3EPARATERISINGSINTHE.ORTHAND3OUTHARE COLLECTIVELYREFERREDTOASTHE(UT4AX7AROF 4HEYWERE½RMLYPUTDOWNBYTHE"RITISH ANDITSLEADERSWEREEITHEREXILEDTOTHE'OLD #OASTOREXECUTED!FTERTHE(UT4AX7ARTHERE WASNOFURTHERSIGNI½CANTARMEDRESISTANCETO COLONIALISM THOUGHDISSENTTOOKOTHERFORMS &ORINSTANCE 3IERRA,EONEDEVELOPEDANACTIVE TRADEUNIONMOVEMENTWHOSESTRIKESWEREOFTEN SUPPORTEDBYWIDESPREADRIOTSAMONGTHEWIDER POPULATION 4HE"RITISHCONTINUEDTORULEIN3IERRA ,EONE PARTLYBYPROXY)NRETURNFORMAINTAINING THECHIEFSINTHEIRPRIVILEGEDPOSITIONS THEY WEREEXPECTEDTOPROVIDEPOLICINGANDLABOUR ANDCOLLECTTAXES#HIEFSWHOWERENOTWILLINGTO PLAYTHISROLEWEREREPLACEDBYMORECOMPLIANT ONES.OTSURPRISINGLYTHEATTITUDEOF!FRICANS TOWARDSTHEIRCHIEFSWASANAMBIVALENTONE #ONSEQUENTLYTHROUGHOUTTHECOLONIALPERIOD

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4OP2UINSOFTHESLAVE MERCHANT´SHOUSEON"UNCE )SLAND !BOVE!NOLD"RITISH MADE CANNONONCEUSEDTODEFEND "UNCE)SLANDONTHESHORES OFTHEISLAND

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INTHETH#ENTURYTHEREWERENUMEROUSRIOTS DIRECTEDATTHETRIBALCHIEFS4HESECULMINATED INTHE RIOTSWHICHTOOKPLACERIGHT ACROSSTHE0ROTECTORATEANDWHICHHADTOBE SUPPRESSEDCAUSINGCONSIDERABLELOSSOFLIFEBY THE!RMY (OWEVER MUCHOFTHE"RITISHLEGACYIN 3IERRA,EONEHASBEENPOSITIVE)NTHEEARLY TH#ENTURY&REETOWNSERVEDASTHERESIDENCE OFTHE"RITISH'OVERNORWHOALSORULEDTHE'OLD #OASTAND'AMBIASETTLEMENTS#ONSEQUENTLY &REETOWNBECAMETHEEDUCATIONALCENTREOF "RITISH7EST!FRICAASWELL!SEARLYAS

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Chapter 4. Sierra Leone –

3IERRA,EONEANSLIKETOSEETHEMSELVESAS PEACE LOVINGPEOPLEANDYETTHEROADSINCE INDEPENDENCEHASOCCASIONALLYBEENA VERYBLOODYONE4HISISASTARKCONTRASTTO THEDAY3IERRA,EONEANS½RSTAWOKETOTHE REALISATIONTHATTHEYWEREABOUTTOJOINTHE GROWINGLISTOFINDEPENDENTNATIONS

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HELDTHELATTER BUTNOTDIAMETRICALLYOPPOSITEVIEW SAWINDEPENDENCEASTHETIMEWHENTHE³REALWORK WOULDBEGIN´ 4HESEVIEWSWERECERTAINLYRE¾ECTEDANDECHOED ATTHE,ANCASTER(OUSE ,ONDONCONFERENCEHELDTHE YEARBEFORE3IERRABECAMEANINDEPENDENTNATION 3PEAKINGATTHEOPENINGCEREMONYAT,ANCASTER (OUSEIN ATTHOSETALKSTHE3ECRETARYOF3TATE FORTHE#OLONIESHADTHISTOSAYTOTHE3IERRA,EONE DELEGATION ±,ETMESAYHEREANDNOWTHAT)RECOGNISETHESTRENGTHOF YOURASPIRATIONSONTHEATTAINMENTOFINDEPENDENCEATAN EARLYDATE)TWASINTHATSPIRITTHAT)ISSUEDANINVITATION TOYOUR'OVERNMENTTOSENDANALL PARTYDELEGATIONTO THESETALKS¨²

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4HE3IERRA,EONE)NVESTMENTAND%XPORT0ROMOTION !GENCY3,)%0! ISTHE½RSTPORTOFCALLFORINVESTORS WANTINGTO½NDOUTINFORMATIONABOUTINVESTINGIN 3IERRA,EONEANDCANBEFOUNDATWWWSLIEPAORG )NVESTORSAREENCOURAGEDTOENSUREALLTHEIR TRANSACTIONSAREDONETHROUGHOF½CIALCHANNELSTO AVOIDTHERISKOFBEINGSWINDLED 7ITHTHESEVAST UNTAPPEDRESOURCESAND POTENTIALYOUWONDERHOWLONGTHECOUNTRY CANCONTINUETOBEANUNDISCOVEREDINVESTMENT DESTINATION!FTERALL 'EORGE3OROSMUSTKNOWA THINGORTWOABOUTINVESTING
4HECOUNTRYREALLYIS³READYANDOPEN FORBUSINESS´

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. A Fantastic Journey

A Fant ast ic Journey African Minerals

0RO½LEOF&RANK4IMIS CHARISMATICCHIEFOF!FRICAN -INERALSAND!FRICAN0ETROLEUM

2IGHT&RANKAMONGHIS WORKFORCEONTHE0EPELTO 4ONKOLILIRAILCONSTRUCTION

,EFT$SEISMICBOATUSEDBY !FRICAN0ETROLEUM

"ELOWRIGHT&RANK RECEIVESTHE5.DESIGNATED )90%AWARDFOR³-OST 3IGNI½CANT%NVIRONMENTAL AND3USTAINABILITY!CTION 0ROGRAMME´FOR!FRICAN -INERALS THE½RSTTIMEEVERA MININGCOMPANYHASRECEIVED THISAWARD

&EWBUSINESSLEADERSHAVEALIFESTORYTOMATCH &RANK4IMIS WRITES2UPERT0RIOR/F2OMANIAN DESCENT HESTARTEDHISWORKINGLIFE AGEDYEARS ASALABOURERIN7ESTERN!USTRALIA PROSPECTINGFOR GOLDANDDIAMONDS!DECADELATER HEESTABLISHED HIS½RSTMININGOPERATIONAND EVIDENCEOFHIS DETERMINATIONANDDRIVE EXPANDEDHISBUSINESSINTO AGROUPOFRICHNATURALRESOURCEASSETSWORLDWIDE ±7ORKINGFROMTHEBOTTOMUP FROMZERO²SAID&RANK 4IMIS CALLINGTOMINDHISMODESTBEGINNINGSAND EARLYWORKINGYEARS ±ISTHEGREATESTEXPERIENCEAS YOUSEEITALLATTHATLEVEL)T´SAREALADVANTAGEWHEN THETIMECOMESTOMAKESTRATEGICDECISIONS² /NEOFTHETOPENTREPRENEURSINTHE5+ HIS ADOPTEDHOME HISCONTINUINGINVESTMENTIN3IERRA ,EONE INTERMSOFBOTH½NANCIALINVOLVEMENTAND INFRASTRUCTUREINITIATIVES ISCRUCIALINACOUNTRY UNDERGOINGINTENSECHANGEANDREDRESSINGTHE IMBALANCEAFTERAPERIODOFPOLITICALINSTABILITY #HAIRMANOF4IMIS#ORPORATION AMULTI BILLION DOLLARHOLDINGOFCOMPANIESINTHEMINING OIL ANDGAS LIFESCIENCESANDAGRICULTURALSECTORS HIS AF½NITYWITH3IERRA,EONE THELOCATIONOF!FRICAN -INERALS,IMITED 4IMIS#ORPORATION´S¾AGSHIP ENTERPRISE ISPIVOTALTOTHESUCCESSOFTHECOUNTRY ±"OTH!FRICAN-INERALSAND!FRICAN0ETROLEUMWANT TOSHARETHEIRRESOURCESTOCREATEABETTERWORLD IN3IERRA,EONE2EMEMBER WEAREGUESTSINTHEIR COUNTRY² !IM LISTED!FRICAN-INERALSDISCOVERYIN OF4ONKOLILIIRONOREDEPOSITLEDTOFORMAL AGREEMENTS INCLUDINGANEXCLUSIVE YEARPORT ANDRAILLEASEANDANAPPROVED-INING,ICENCEWITH THE3IERRA,EONE'OVERNMENT4HEBILLION TONNE*/2##OMPLIANTRESOURCEISTHEWORLD´S LARGEST AND!FRICAN-INERALSSHAREINTHEGLOBAL IRONORESECTORISSETTOMARKEDLYINCREASEWHEN HEMATITEIRONOREPRODUCTIONSTARTSLATERTHISYEAR TOBEFOLLOWEDBYMAGNETITEPRODUCTION 4URNINGTOTHE½ELDOFOILEXPLORATION !FRICAN 0ETROLEUM#ORPORATION,IMITED FOUNDEDBY4IMIS #ORPORATIONIN ISA7EST!FRICANFOCUSEDOIL ANDGASEXPLORATIONANDDEVELOPMENTCOMPANY

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WITHAMARKETCAPITALIZATIONOFAPPROXIMATELY !BILLION CURRENTLYHOLDINGBLOCKSOFF SHORE IN4HE'AMBIA ,IBERIA AND3IERRA,EONE&URTHER APPLICATIONSHAVEBEENMADETOEXPLOREAND DEVELOPBLOCKSINTHEREGION4HESEBLOCKSARE SITUATEDALONGTHESAMECOASTLINEASTHEBILLION BARRELDISCOVERIESOF!NADARKOAND4ULLOW´S*UBILEE OIL½ELDTOTHEEAST OFFTHECOASTOF'HANA AND !NADARKO´S6ENUS-ERCURYOIL½ELDTOTHEWEST OFF THECOASTOF3IERRA,EONE ±"YDEVELOPINGSUCCESSFULCOMPANIES)CAN HELPCOMMUNITIESRELEASETHEWEALTHOFTHEIRASSETS INTOTHELOCALSOCIETY)NTHECASEOF3IERRA,EONE THISISESPECIALLYIMPORTANT²SAYS&RANK4IMIS WHO ISWIDELYCREDITEDWITHINTRODUCINGANETHICAL DIMENSIONTOHISENDEAVOURS7ORKINGINCOMPANY WITHGOVERNMENTAUTHORITIES HISEFFORTSTOIMPROVE INFRASTRUCTURE FUNDSCHOOLANDSCHOLARSHIP INITIATIVES HOSPITALSANDEMERGENCYMEDICALCARE ANDTODEVELOPEMPLOYMENTOPPORTUNITIESATLOCAL LEVEL HAVEPROVEDINVALUABLETOTHECOMMUNITY #ULTURAL ENVIRONMENTALANDCHARITABLEPROJECTS ALSORECEIVESIGNI½CANTDONATIONS WITHPARTICULAR EMPHASISONMEDICALRESEARCHFORCHILDRENAND THESPONSORSHIPOFYOUTH FOCUSEDPROGRAMMES ±)´MPUTTINGALOTOFHEARTINTO3IERRA,EONE4HE CHILDRENAREBRIGHTANDBEAUTIFUL ANDTHEYDESERVE BETTER)WANTTHEMTOHAVETHESAMEOPPORTUNITIES ANDLIFESTYLEASMYOWNCHILDREN &RANKAND0ATRICIA (ELPINGINTHISWAYISAREWARDINITSELF² 4OFOCUSONWORKINPROGRESS !FRICAN-INERALS ONEOFTHELARGESTPRIVATESECTOREMPLOYERS ISTHE LEADINGSPONSOROFTHE,EONE3TARS THENATIONAL SOCCERSIDEFOOTBALLISUNRIVALLEDASTHECOUNTRY´S FAVOURITESPORT AND&RANK4IMISISTHEOF½CIAL

PATRONOFTHE3TREET#HILDOF3IERRA,EONECHARITY 4HECHARITY´SAIMISTHEREDUCTIONINNUMBERSOF VULNERABLECHILDRENLIVINGONTHESTREETSOFONE OFTHEWORLD´SMOSTDISADVANTAGEDCOUNTRIES$ON "OSCO A#ATHOLICCHARITYBASEDIN&REETOWN IS ANOTHERCHARITABLEORGANIZATIONTOBENE½TFROM THEENCOURAGEMENTOF&RANK4IMIS WHOFUNDED THE"ASIC-OBIL ABUSTRAVELLINGDAILYTOSLUMS ACROSSTHECAPITALTOCOLLECTISOLATEDCHILDREN AND BRINGTHEMDAILYTOTHECHARITY´S$ON"OSCO&AMBUL CENTREIN&REETOWN !SINGLE MINDEDCOMMITMENTTO3IERRA,EONE HASLED&RANK4IMISTODIRECTLYWITNESSTHEDEADLY EFFECTSOFMALARIAINAHIGH TRANSMISSIONAREA"Y PROVIDINGESSENTIALFUNDINGTO,ONDON0HARMA ,IMITEDAKA0ROTO0HARMA A5+MEDICALRESEARCH COMPANY ANANTI MALARIALSPRAYISUNDERGOING TRIALTOHELPELIMINATEADISEASEFROMWHICHAN !FRICANCHILDDIESEVERYSECONDS±)NTHE½GHT TOREDUCETHISTERRIBLETOLL²SAIDTHELATE#ALVIN *2OSS $IRECTOROF$EVELOPMENTATTHECOMPANY ±THEDEVELOPMENTOFANEWMETHODOFTREATMENTFOR INFANTSANDCHILDRENSUFFERINGFROMCOMPLICATED MALARIAWOULDNOTHAVEBEENPOSSIBLEWITHOUT -R4IMIS WHOWASPROMPTEDBYHIS½RSTHAND EXPERIENCEOFINFANTSANDCHILDRENDYINGIN3IERRA ,EONE² -ANYINSTITUTIONALSHAREHOLDERS WHOHAVE INVESTEDIN4IMIS#ORPORATIONSINCETHEIREARLIEST VENTURES ADDTHEIRSUPPORTTOONGOINGCHARITABLE EFFORTSIN3IERRA,EONE %QUALLYDESERVINGOFMENTIONIS4HE4ONKOLILI 0ROJECT WHICHCURRENTLYEMPLOYSOVER  PEOPLEBETWEENOPERATIONSANDCONSTRUCTION OFWHICHARELOCAL3IERRA,EONEANS!FRICAN -INERALSHOPETHATDEVELOPMENTSOF0HASE4WO

AND4HREEWILLINCREASETHETOTALNUMBEROFPEOPLE INVOLVEDWITHTHEPROJECT!PROJECTVERYPROPERLY GIVENITSDUEWITHTHEPRESENTATIONINOF THEPRESTIGIOUS)90%)NTERNATIONAL9EAROF0LANET %ARTH !WARD !PRIZEACKNOWLEDGEDBYTHE5NITED.ATIONS ANDAWARDEDINRECOGNITIONOFTHECONTRIBUTION OF4IMIS#ORPORATIONTOTHESUSTAINABILITYOFTHE EARTH´SPRICELESSRESOURCES ,OOKINGTOTHEFUTURE &RANK4IMISSAIDTHAT ±HISTORICALLY INCOLONIALTIMES 3IERRA,EONEWAS KNOWNASTHE³3WITZERLANDOF7EST!FRICA´ANDMY HOPEFORTHECOUNTRYISTHATSUCHADISTINCTIONWILL COMEAGAINFORALLTHEDESERVINGPEOPLEOF3IERRA ,EONE²

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Chapter 6. Sierra Leone –

!S3IERRA,EONEPREPARESTOCELEBRATE YEARSOFINDEPENDENCE THECOUNTRY½NDS ITSELFTHRUSTINTOAMAJORFOREIGNPOLICY CONTROVERSYTHATHASBEENBROUGHTABOUT BYTHESTAND OFFIN#OTED´)VOIREBETWEEN THECOUNTRY´STWO±PRESIDENTS² ,AURENT 'BAGBOAND!LASSANE/UATTARA

P

RESIDENT%RNEST"AI+OROMAANDTHE PRESIDENTSOF"ENINAND#APE6ERDEHAVE BEENASKEDBYTHE%CONOMIC#OMMUNITY OF7EST!FRICAN3TATES%#/7!3 TOCONVINCE 'BAGBO THEINCUMBENTDEEMEDBYMOSTOFTHE INTERNATIONALCOMMUNITYTOHAVELOSTTHEPRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONIN.OVEMBER TOSTEPDOWNINFAVOUROF /UATTARA WIDELYBELIEVEDTOHAVEBEENTHEVICTOR 4HAT0RESIDENT+OROMAHASBEENASKEDTOTAKE PARTINTHISMISSIONISELOQUENTTESTAMENTTOTHE HIGHREGARDINWHICHITS!FRICANNEIGHBOURSANDTHE INTERNATIONALCOMMUNITYHOLD3IERRA,EONE &OREIGNPOLICYCONSTITUTESACRITICALCOMPONENT OFACOUNTRY´SCONDUCTOFPUBLICPOLICYASITRELATESTO OTHERACTORSBOTHSTATEANDNON STATE INTHELARGER INTERNATIONALSYSTEMORTHEEXTERNALENVIRONMENT !LTOGETHER FOREIGNPOLICYISAMULTI FACETEDAND DYNAMICPROCESSTHATENTAILSCONSTANT¾OWOF

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INFORMATIONABOUTTHESECURITY MILITARY POLITICAL ECONOMIC CULTURALANDINSTITUTIONALINTEGRITYOFA STATE 0RESIDENT+OROMA´SFORAYINTOTHE#OTED´LVOIRE QUAGMIRESHOULDNOTREALLYBETAXINGIFHETAKESINTO CONSIDERATIONTHEEXPERIENCESOF3IERRA,EONEIN THENOT TOO DISTANTPAST!FTERALL THESTAND OFFAND THREATENEDMILITARYINTERVENTIONIN#OTED´LVOIRE AREISSUESTHATECHO3IERRA,EONE´SSITUATION WHERE %#/7!3DECIDEDONMILITARYINTERVENTION 4HE.IGERIAN LED%#/7!3INTERVENTIONIN TOOUSTTHE!RMED&ORCES2EVOLUTIONARY#OUNCIL CREATEDALOTOFFOREIGNPOLICYPROBLEMS#HIEFAMONG THESEWASTHECIRCUMVENTIONOFANINTERNATIONALARMS EMBARGOAGAINSTTHEREGIMEOF'ENERAL3ANI!BACHA IN.IGERIATOPROVIDEWEAPONSFORTHEFORCESTHAT REMOVEDTHE!&2#4HISWASADELICATEPROBLEMFOR THENEWLYELECTED"RITISH,ABOURGOVERNMENTOF4ONY "LAIR WHICHWASESPOUSINGAN±ETHICALFOREIGNPOLICY² !FTERLESSTHANYEARINGOVERNMENT ,ABOUR REALISEDTHATSAYINGONETHINGANDDOINGSOMETHING DIFFERENTWASTHENORM RATHERTHANTHEEXCEPTION INFOREIGNAFFAIRS3IERRA,EONEHADTESTED,ABOUR´S RESOLVEONTHEISSUEOFAN±ETHICALFOREIGNPOLICY² ANDITINVITEDCRITICISM"UTTHE"LAIRGOVERNMENT WEATHEREDTHESTORM

.

"ELOW0RESIDENT3IAKA 3TEVENSWELCOMES#UBA´S &IDEL#ASTROAT,UNGI !IRPORTONHISVISITTO3IERRA ,EONEIN

/VERTHEYEARS 3IERRA,EONEITSELFHASBEENIN THETHICKOFFOREIGNPOLICYCONTROVERSIESIN!FRICA THETHORNYQUESTIONOF!NGOLA´SMEMBERSHIPOFTHE THEN/RGANISATIONOF!FRICAN5NITY/!5 IN BEINGACASEINPOINT!STHEPENDULUMSWUNGSLOWLY INFAVOUROFMEMBERSHIP AS!FRICANCOUNTRIES ONEBYONE RECOGNISEDTHE-0,!ASTHELEGITIMATE GOVERNMENTOFTHEFORMER0ORTUGUESECOLONY 3IERRA ,EONESATONTHEFENCETHEREWASSTALEMATE "RIGADIERASHEWASTHEN /LUSEGUN/BASANJO DEPUTYTO.IGERIA´SMILITARYRULER 'ENERAL-URTALA -OHAMMED ¾EWINTO&REETOWNTOHOLDTALKSWITH 0RESIDENT3IAKA3TEVENS!FTERTHEMEETINGITWAS ANNOUNCEDTHAT3IERRA,EONEWASNOLONGERSITTING ONTHEFENCE ITHADRECOGNISEDTHE-0,!ASTHE LEGITIMATEGOVERNMENTOF!NGOLA ANDTHATCOUNTRY WASADMITTEDINTOTHE/!5MEMBERSHIPFOLD !TTHETIME ITWASVIEWEDASSTRANGETHAT3IERRA ,EONE WHICHHADALWAYSBEENATTHECENTREOF THELIBERATIONSTRUGGLEATLEASTINTERMSOFPUBLIC PRONOUNCEMENTSBYTHEGOVERNMENT WOULDBE SORELUCTANTTORECOGNISETHEMOVEMENTTHATHAD SPEARHEADEDTHE½GHTAGAINST0ORTUGUESECOLONIALISM IN!NGOLA!FTERALL THEALTERNATIVE 5.)4! LEDBY *ONAS3AVIMBI WASBACKEDBYTHE3OUTH!FRICAN APARTHEIDREGIMETHATWASWREAKINGHAVOCIN NEIGHBOURINGCOUNTRIES "UT3IERRA,EONEWASNOTACOUNTRYTHATHAD EVERSHIRKEDITSRESPONSIBILITIESORFAILEDTOGIVE½LIAL SUPPORTWHENITCAMETOTHELIBERATIONOF!FRICAN COUNTRIESFROMTHE½NALVESTIGESOFCOLONIALISM ANDWHITEMINORITYRULE3CORESOF#ONGOLESE :IMBABWEANSAND3OUTH!FRICANSRECEIVEDFREE SECONDARYANDTERTIARYEDUCATIONIN3IERRA,EONE 4HECOUNTRYHADALSOBEENAHAVENFORLARGENUMBERS OF"IAFRANSESCAPINGTHEWARIN.IGERIA,IBERATION MOVEMENTLEADERSBREEZEDINANDOUTOF&REETOWN 3IERRA,EONEMADEREGULARCONTRIBUTIONSTOTHE ,IBERATION#OMMITTEEIN$ARES3ALAAM!STHETH MEMBEROFTHE5NITED.ATIONS 3IERRA,EONEBACKED THEMANYRESOLUTIONSTHATCONDEMNEDAPARTHEIDAND OTHERFORMSOFDISCRIMINATIONANDNEO COLONIALISM 4HEBASISOF3IERRA,EONE´SFOREIGNPOLICYWITH REGARDTO!FRICAHASBEENCONTINENTALINTEGRATION)T WASINTHISVEINTHAT0RESIDENTS3IAKA3TEVENS 7ILLIAM 4OLBERTOF,IBERIAAND3EKOU4OUREOF'UINEACAME TOGETHERINTOCREATETHE-ANO2IVER5NIONTO FOSTERBETTERECONOMICRELATIONSAMONGTHETHREE COUNTRIESTHATSHAREDBORDERS4HEYWEREAHEADOF THEIRTIMEBECAUSETHISWASTWOYEARSBEFORE7EST !FRICANLEADERSINCLUDINGTHOSEOF3IERRA,EONE ,IBERIAAND'UINEA ESTABLISHEDTHE%CONOMIC #OMMUNITY/F7EST!FRICAN3TATES%#/7!3 PRIMARILYASANECONOMICUNIONTHATWOULDEVENTUALLY LEADTOASINGLEMARKETANDCURRENCYCONVERGENCE (OWEVER THEREWASSOMEONEWHOWASAHEADOFEVEN ALLOFTHESEVISIONARIES3IERRA,EONE´S½RST0RIME

-INISTER 3IR-ILTON-ARGAI WHODIEDIN HAD PROPOSEDTHESETTINGUPOFAFREETRADEZONELINKING 3IERRA,EONE 'UINEA ,IBERIAAND4HE)VORY#OAST (OWEVER YEARSAFTERTHEFORMATIONOF %#/7!3 THEHOPESLEADINGTOITSFORMATIONWERE DASHEDWHEN3IERRA,EONEBECAMETHECENTREOFA NEWDEVELOPMENTININTERNATIONALRELATIONS THATOFA REGIONALGROUPINGINTERVENINGMILITARILYINAMEMBER STATETORESTOREORDER,IBERIAHADGONEUPIN¾AMES ATTHEENDOFWHEN#HARLES4AYLOR BACKEDBY FORCESOPPOSEDTO3AMUEL$OE LAUNCHEDANATTACK FROM#OTED´LVOIREAGAINSTTHE,IBERIANGOVERNMENT )N THEMILITARYRULERSOF'HANAAND.IGERIA FEARINGITWASSAID SIMILARATTACKSAGAINSTTHEIR REGIMES DECIDEDTOINTERVENEMILITARILY&ROMTHAT MOMENT %#/7!3´ECONOMICINTEGRATIONREMITWAS PLACEDONTHEBARK BURNERASTHEORGANISATIONBEGAN ASUSTAINEDPERIODOF½RE½GHTINGNOTONLYIN,IBERIA BUTALSOIN3IERRA,EONEAND'UINEA"ISSAU3IERRA ,EONEBECAMETHELAUNCHPADFORTHE%#/7!3 ONSLAUGHTAGAINST4AYLOR´SFORCESBYALLOWING,UNGI )NTERNATIONAL!IRPORTTOBEUSEDBYJETSCARRYINGOUT BOMBINGRAIDSIN,IBERIA 4HERESTISHISTORY4HE%#/7!3INTERVENTIONIN ,IBERIACREATEDAPRECEDENTININTERNATIONALLAWTHE

!BOVE#APT6ALENTINE 3TRASSERHEADOFTHE.02# JUNTA RELAXESONTHEREST DAYATTHE#OMMONWEALTH (EADSOF'OVERNMENT -EETINGIN,IMASSOL #YPRUS #OURTESY #OMMONWEALTH3ECRETARIAT

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. 2IGHT(ER-AJESTY4HE 1UEENINSPECTSTROOPSON HERVISITTO3IERRA,EONEIN  "ELOW3IERRA,EONE´S SECOND0RIME-INISTER 3IR!LBERT-ARGAILEFT IS GREETEDBY"RITAIN´S0RIME -INISTER 3IR(AROLD7ILSON ATTHE#OMMONWEALTH (EADS/F'OVERNMENT -EETING -ARLBOROUGH (OUSE ,ONDONIN #OURTESY#OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT

RIGHTOFAREGIONALGROUPINGTOINTERVENEMILITARILYIN AMEMBERSTATETORESTOREORDER#ERTAINLY THISWASA ½RSTFOR!FRICA %#/7!3SYMBOLISESTHEINTERRELATIONSHIPBETWEEN ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT PEACEANDSECURITY4HISIS MADEEXPLICITINTHEPREAMBLEOFITSPROTOCOLRELATING TO-UTUAL!SSISTANCEIN$EFENCE SIGNEDIN&REETOWN IN)TSTATES

!BOVE-INISTEROF&INANCE -R#!+AMARA 4AYLORAT A#OMMONWEALTH&INANCE -INISTER´SCONFERENCEIN ,ONDON #OURTESY #OMMONWEALTH3ECRETARIAT ,EFT3IR!BUBAKARR4AFAWA "ALEWA .IGERIA´S0RIME -INISTERSITSNEXTTO3IERRA ,EONE´S½RST0RIME-INISTER 3IR-ILTON-ARGAIATA #OMMONWEALTH(EADSOF 'OVERNMENTMEETINGIN 

±%CONOMICPROGRESSCANNOTBEACHIEVEDUNLESSTHE NECESSARYCONDITIONSFORSECURITYAREENSUREDINALL-EMBER STATESOFTHE#OMMUNITY² 4HELINKAGEISALSOENUNCIATEDIN!RTICLEOFTHE %#/7!3REVISEDTREATY WHICHSTATES FOREXAMPLE THAT ±MEMBERSAF½RMANDDECLAREADHERENCETOTHE MAINTENANCEOFREGIONALPEACE STABILITYANDSECURITY THROUGHTHEPROMOTIONOFGOODNEIGHBOURNESSANDTHATTHE PROMOTIONOFAPEACEFULENVIRONMENTISAPREREQUISITEFOR ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT² 4HEESTABLISHMENTOF%#/-/'THEMILITARY INTERVENTIONISTFORCESANCTIONEDBY%#/7!3 AND ITSINTERVENTIONIN3IERRA,EONEMUSTBESEENINTHE CONTEXTOFTHISSAMEFUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLE4HE MANDATETHAT%#/7!3RECEIVEDFROMTHE5NITED .ATIONS3ECURITY#OUNCILINRESOLUTION UNDERCHAPTER6)OFTHECHARTEROFTHE5NITED

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.ATIONS TOENFORCEANDMONITORIMPLEMENTATION OFTHEARMSANDOILEMBARGOAGAINSTTHEREBEL MILITARYJUNTAWASALANDMARKDECISION)TWASAN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTOFTHECAPACITYOF%#/7!3ASAN INSTRUMENTOFCON¾ICTRESOLUTIONINTHEINTERNATIONAL SYSTEM)TTURNEDOUTTOBEONEOFTHESTEPPING STONES TOWARDSTHEPEACEPROCESSIN3IERRA,EONE4WENTY YEARSAFTERTHEINTERVENTIONIN,IBERIA %#/7!3IS STILLGRAPPLINGWITHTHEISSUEOFMILITARYINTERVENTION AND3IERRA,EONEHASBEENCALLEDAGAINTOPLAYA

CENTRALROLE7HETHER%#/7!3WILLACHIEVETHE DESIREDRESULTIN#OTED´LVOIREISANOTHERMATTER BUT3IERRA,EONEHASACTEDTRUETOFORMINMATTERS RELATINGTOITSFOREIGNPOLICYPEACEANDSTABILITYIN !FRICA 4HEFORMATIONANDEXECUTIONOF3IERRA,EONE´S FOREIGNPOLICYFROMINDEPENDENCETODATEHASBEEN ONEOFCONTINUITY4HEVARIOUSADMINISTRATIONSHAVE BROADLYPURSUEDAFOREIGNPOLICYBASEDONCORE FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLESOFPEACEFULCO EXISTENCE RESPECTFORSOVEREIGNTYANDTERRITORIALINTEGRITY NON INTERFERENCEINTHEAFFAIRSOFOTHERSTATES REGIONAL ECONOMICCOOPERATIONANDDEVELOPMENTANDSTRICT ADHERENCETOTHE#HARTERSOFTHE5NITED.ATIONS ANDTHE!FRICAN5NION"UT ASWEHAVESEENEARLIER THEREHASBEENAHUGEPARADIGMSHIFTININTERNATIONAL RELATIONSSINCETHESAND3IERRA,EONEHASHADTO RE¡THINKITSOWNFOREIGNPOLICY4HEBASICPRINCIPLES STILLSTAND BUTTHESEHAVEHADTOBECONSTANTLYRE NEGOTIATEDINORDERTODEALWITHTHECOMPLEXITIESTHAT

HAVEBEENTHROWNUPININTERNATIONALRELATIONSSINCE THEENDOFTHE#OLD7AR $URINGTHE#OLD7AR 3IERRA,EONEWASPARTOF THE.ON !LIGNED-OVEMENTBUTTHEREWASATENDENCY TOTILTSLIGHTLYTOTHE%AST4HATWASUNDERSTANDABLE GIVENTHE!LL0EOPLE´S#ONGRESS´CLOSELINKSWITHTHE FORMER3OVIET5NIONAND#HINA TWOCOUNTRIESTHAT PROVIDEDNUMEROUSSCHOLARSHIPSFOR3IERRA,EONEAN STUDENTS4HIS THOUGH DIDNOTAFFECTTHECOUNTRY´S RELATIONSWITHTHEFORMERCOLONIALPOWER THE5+ OR THE53ANDOTHER7ESTERNANDCAPITALISTCOUNTRIES 4HE!0#GOVERNMENTHADTOMAKETWOMAJOR DECISIONSINTHES½RSTITSEVEREDDIPLOMATIC RELATIONSWITH4AIWANANDRECOGNISED#HINAIN THUSPAVINGTHEWAYFOR"EIJINGTOBECOMEAMEMBER OFTHE5.ATTHEEXPENSEOF4AIWANANDTHENIN DIPLOMATICRELATIONSWITH)SRAELWERECUTINSOLIDARITY WITHTHE!RABWORLDFOLLOWINGTHE9OM+IPPUR7AR THATSAW)SRAELITROOPSOCCUPY!FRICANTERRITORYIN %GYPT"UTSOLIDARITYWITHTHE!RABWORLDDIDNOT PAYDIVIDENDSBECAUSEWHEN!RABCOUNTRIESBEGAN USINGOILASAPOLITICALWEAPON PRICESESCALATEDINTHE WORLDMARKET DISTORTINGECONOMIESINRICHANDPOOR COUNTRIESALIKE3IERRA,EONEANDOTHERCOUNTRIES AROUNDTHEWORLDARESTILLSUFFERINGFROMTHEMANNER INWHICHOILPRICESHAVEREMAINEDEXCEPTIONALLY HIGH)NALLTHIS HOWEVER THETHRUSTOF3IERRA,EONE´S FOREIGNPOLICYAGENDASHOULDBEUNDERSTOODIN THECONTEXTOFADVANCINGITSNATIONALINTERESTSAND VALUESTHROUGHBILATERALANDMULTILATERALINSTITUTIONS GUIDEDBYTHEVISIONOF±ABETTER3IERRA,EONEINA BETTER!FRICAINAJUSTANDEQUALWORLD²&ROM3IERRA ,EONE´SPERSPECTIVE THEGREATESTTHREATTOPEACE BUILDINGANDSECURITYISTHEPREVALENCEOFPOVERTY 4HESECONCERNSWEREREITERATEDINTHEPROTOCOL WHERE%#/7!3LEADERSACKNOWLEDGE IN!RTICLE THATPOVERTYALLEVIATIONANDTHEPROMOTIONOFSOCIAL DIALOGUE AREIMPORTANTFACTORSFORPEACE)TSAYS MEMBERSTATESUNDERTAKE±TOPROVIDETHEBASICHUMAN NEEDSOFTHEIRPOPULATIONS²ANDIN!RTICLE THATTHEY SHOULDUNDERTAKETO½GHTPOVERTYEFFECTIVELYINTHEIR COUNTRIESANDWITHINTHECOMMUNITY ESPECIALLYBY

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CREATINGANENVIRONMENT±TOPROVIDEINVESTMENTANDTHE DEVELOPMENTOFADYNAMICANDCOMPETITIVEPRIVATESECTOR² 'IVENTHESIGNI½CANTROLE%#/7!3PLAYEDIN PEACEENFORCEMENT PEACEKEEPING ANDPEACEFUL NEGOTIATIONOFTHECON¾ICTIN3IERRA,EONE WHICH HASLEDTOCURRENTPEACE BUILDINGACTIVITIESINTHE COUNTRY ITISIMPORTANTANDPROBABLYINEVITABLETHAT 3IERRA,EONEPLACESGREATERFOCUSON%#/7!3AND THEOPPORTUNITIESITPRESENTSFORREGIONALINTEGRATION ANDTHEECONOMICDEVELOPMENTOF7EST!FRICA

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ENHANCING3IERRA,EONE´SDIPLOMATICANDECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT RECOGNISINGTHATTHISISALONG TERM PROJECT BUTTHATTHEREWARDSSHOULDBEMUTUALLY BENE½CIALANDREINFORCING 4HEONLYTHINGTHATCANBECERTAINISTHAT3IERRA ,EONE ASEVER WILLPLAYITSHANDPRAGMATICALLYAND ALWAYSWITHTHEAIMOFACHIEVINGTHEMAXIMUM BENE½TFORTHECOUNTRYANDITSCITIZENS%XPERIENCE ANDHISTORYHAVESHOWNUSTHATTHISISLIKELYTOBESO

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. 2IGHT7OMENATA#REOLE WEDDING WEARINGASHOBIIN THEFORMOFPRINTS

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UNIQUELY STRONGTRADITIONOFRELIGIOUS TOLERANCEANDETHNICINTER MARRIAGE !NEDUCATIONSYSTEMWITHAHERITAGE UNRIVALLEDINSUB 3AHARAN!FRICA LEADINGTOTHEONCE OFT USEDSOBRIQUET THE!THENSOF7EST!FRICA )SITANYWONDERTHATTHERESULTOFALLTHESE INGREDIENTSISAVIBRANT OPENANDBEGUILINGCULTURE THATISPERHAPSTHEBEST KEPTSECRETONTHE7EST COASTOF!FRICA!ND&REETOWN GLORIOUSLYENERGETIC BUSTLING&REETOWN NESTLINGRIBBON LIKEABOUTTHE ANKLESOFTHE±,ION-OUNTAINS²FROMWHICHTHE COUNTRYGETSITSNAMEISAFEASTFORTHESENSES&ROM ITSMARKETSTOITSMARCHINGBANDS ITSBEACHESTO ITSPEAKS ITSCLAPBOARDHOUSESTOITSCHURCHESAND MOSQUES &REETOWNANDITSSURROUNDINGVILLAGES COMBINEHISTORICALLEGACYWITHAMODERN!FRICANGO GETTINGMINDSET

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. BIGDANCEORCHESTRASFEATURINGBRASSINSTRUMENTS PLAYINGSWINGANDJAZZIN¾UENCEDMUSICCONTINUED TODOMINATE!ND3IERRA,EONETOO ALSOHADWARTIME BANDSSUCHASTHE-AYFAIR*AZZ"AND -ELODY 3WINGERSAND#UBAN*AZZ(OWEVERATTHISTIME 0ALM7INEMUSICBECAMEINCREASINGLYFUSEDWITH GOOMBAY -ERINGUEAND#ALYPSOANDTHISRESULTED INANEWMUSICFORM-ARINGA!LTHOUGHHEWASTHE UNDOUBTEDTAROFTHISMUSIC %BENEZER#ALENDARDID NOTHAVETHESTAGETOHIMSELFBETWEENTHEENDOF THE3ECOND7ORLD7ARAND)NDEPENDENCEIN MANYMUSICIANSCAMETOTHEFORESOMELIKE#ALENDAR CAMEFROMA0ALM7INEMUSICBACKGROUNDANDHAD STARTEDOFFSINGINGATEVENTSLIKEWEDDINGS WAKESAND FUNERALS4HESEINCLUDEDMUSICIANSLIKE0ETERNAR ,EPETLITERALLY³0ETERISA,EOPARD ´ WHOPOPULARISED THESONG9AHWO-AMMY(EAVY3O &AMOUS3CRUBBS WITH±0OOR&REETOWN"OY²AND7AKING0RO½TSO CALLEDASHEMADEAGOODLIVINGFROMPERFORMINGAT WAKES /THERSWEREMUSICIANSLIKE!LI'ANDAAND 4EJAN 3IEWHOHADBANDSTHATWEREHEAVILYIN¾UENCED BY#ALYPSO4HEREWASONETHINGTHATUNITEDTHESE MUSICIANSTHOUGH¯INTHERUN UPTO)NDEPENDENCE THEYALLFELTARESPONSIBILITYTOCONTRIBUTEBYHELPING TOFOSTERASTRONGSENSEOFNATIONALIDENTITYAND UNITY)NFACT !LI'ANDAWROTEACALYPSOSONG CALLED±&REEDOM FREEDOM3IERRA,EONE²AND"LIFF 2ADIE"YNERECORDED±6ICTORYFOR3IERRA,EONE )NDEPENDENCE-ERENGUE²&ROM3EGBWEMAINTHE 3OUTHERN0ROVINCEEMERGEDAPOETANDMINSTREL 3ALIA+OROMAWHOWROTEEVOCATIVESONGSABOUTHIS HOMELAND INCLUDING±&ISHINGFORMYFATHER² ±9OHMIE² AND±-ENDE'ENDEI² 3IERRA,EONESTILLHADAHEALTHYMUSICINDUSTRY INTHESANDINTOTHELATESANDWASDOMINATED BYTHELIKESOF!FRO.ATIONALAND3ABANOH"Y THEENDOFTHECIVILWARHOWEVER THECOUNTRY´SMUSIC INDUSTRYLAYDEVASTATED2ECORDINGARTISTSWEREFEW ANDFARBETWEENANDMANYOFTHEMOSTTALENTED MUSICIANSHADTOLEAVETHECOUNTRYINORDERTOCARRY ONRECORDING )N HOWEVER ONEOFTHEMCAMEBACK*AMES "ANGURAPOPULARLYKNOWNAS*IMMY"ESTABLISHED 0ARADISE2ECORDS BUILTADIGITALRECORDINGSTUDIOAND SIGNEDUPBUDDINGLOCALTALENT4HEINITIATIVEAND SENSEOFMISSIONDEMONSTRATEDBYTHISONEPATRIOTIC 3IERRA,EONEANHASBEENWIDELYCREDITEDWITHSETTING THESTAGEFORTHEPHENOMENALGROWTHEXPERIENCEDIN THE3IERRA,EONEMUSICSCENEOVERTHEPAST½VEYEARS WITHARTISTSHESUPPORTEDLIKE%MMERSONAND$*3AJ COMINGTOTHEFORE 3IERRA,EONE´SMUSICINDUSTRYTODAYISVIBRANTAND HIGHLYPRODUCTIVE4HECHALLENGEFORTHEINDUSTRY ISNOWTOMAINTAINQUALITYEVENASOUTPUTINCREASES /NEGROUPSERVESASASHININGEXAMPLEONTHISFRONT 4HE2EFUGEE!LL3TARS0ERHAPS3IERRA,EONEBIGGEST MUSICALEXPORTOFTHESTCENTURY THE2EFUGEE

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Chapter 8. A Free Press –

.

3IERRA,EONECOULDBESAIDTOBE ANATIONTHATHASALWAYSHADA FASCINATIONWITHTHEMEDIA,ONG BEFORENEWSPAPERSCAMETOTHE COUNTRY THEGOVERNMENTPUBLICATION 4HE'AZETTEWHICH INITSTIMEWENT THROUGHSEVERALNAMECHANGES CONTAINEDNEWSOFOF½CIALGOVERNMENT BUSINESSBUTWASNEVERTHELESSVERY POPULAR PARTICULARLYINTHEWESTERN AREA WHERETHEEMERGING EDUCATED ELITEWANTEDTOBEUP TO DATEWITHTHE INNERWORKINGSOFGOVERNMENT

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64

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"ELOW!TYPICALLOCALRADIO STATIONSET UP

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Sierra Leone: Most Important Sources for information

Sierra Leone 2008: survey of adults (15+) n=2009

!BOVEAND,EFT'RAPHS¯ MEDIAUSEIN

Sierra Leone: Media Use Percent of those who said they used the following media devices/technologies in the previous month.

71%

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Sierra Leone 2008: survey of urban adults (15+) n=2099

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Chapter 9. A Beautiful Destination –

. 2IGHT/NEOFTHEMANY SPECIESOFBUTTER¾YTOBE FOUNDAROUND3IERRA,EONE "ELOW"UREH"EACHONTHE &REETOWN0ENINSULAR

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70

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Salini Cost rutt ori Made in Italy –

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GENERATINGEXPORTEARNINGSFOR3IERRA,EONE AND FOSTERINGREGIONALINTEGRATION

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!BOVE!YOUNGBOYPLAYS ONA½SHINGBOATIN+ENT 6ILLAGE ,EFT!WOMAN½SH SELLER CARRIESWARESON HERHEAD

Chapter 10. Sierra Leone –

3IERRA,EONEANSANDTHEWORLDHAVELONG BECOMEUSEDTODECADESOFREADINGTHAT 3IERRA,EONEONLYCOMES½RSTATBEING LASTEGMOSTINTERNATIONALLYPUBLISHED STANDARD OF LIVINGSTATISTICS 4HESECLAIM THATTHECOUNTRYISRIVENWITHCORRUPTION FROMTOPTOBOTTOM THATCHEATINGIN SCHOOLSANDUNIVERSITIESISTHENORM OR THATTHECOUNTRY´SCIVILWARWASPROBABLY THEMOSTBRUTALONTHE!FRICANCONTINENTIN THELATTERPARTOFTHELASTCENTURY7ITHALL OFTHATITISALMOSTIMPOSSIBLETOIMAGINE THATTHEREWASTIMEINTHENOT TOO DISTANT PASTWHEN3IERRA,EONELEDTHEWORLDIN SOMETHINGTHATWASGOODANDPOSITIVE

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EVENTS!NDYET THEREISONEANNIVERSARYFROMTHAT SAME&EBRUARY BURIEDINTHEMISTSOFTIME THATIN THEHUMBLEOPINIONOFTHISWRITERDESERVESTOSTAND ALONGSIDETHOSEALREADYMENTIONED !LMOSTYEARSAGO ANEVENTHAPPENEDTHAT SENTRIPPLESOFPLEASURETHROUGHOUTTHEWORLDOF 0HILATELYESPECIALLYFORITWASIN&EBRUARYTHAT 3IERRA,EONEISSUED4(%7/2,$´3&)234%6%2 3%,& !$(%3)6%34!-03.O THISISNOTA³TYPO´ ANDYOUMAYREADTHATLASTSENTENCEAGAINJUSTTO MAKESURE)DELIBERATELYTYPEDTHATSENTENCEIN CAPITALLETTERSBECAUSETHEACHIEVEMENTISONEWORTH SHOUTINGABOUT )NKEEPINGWITHALLTHINGS3IERRA,EONEAN THE STAMPSWERENOTISSUEDTOMARKANYEVENTOFNATIONAL SIGNI½CANCEBUTTOCOMMEMORATESOMETHING HAPPENINGSOMEWHEREELSESPECI½CALLY THATYEAR´S .EW9ORK7ORLD´S&AIR4HESTAMPSWEREAWORLDWIDE HITWITHSTAMPCOLLECTOR´SCLAMOURINGTOGETTHEIR HANDSONTHESEBEAUTIFULANDOH SO PRACTICALSTAMPS 3OMEBODYSOMEWHEREMUSTHAVEDECIDEDTHATSURELY LICKINGSTAMPSWASBECOMINGPASSmINTHETH CENTURY 7HERE3IERRA,EONELED ITSEEMEDTHEWORLD WOULDFOLLOWIT´SJUSTTHATNOONETHOUGHTITWOULD TAKESOLONGFORTHATTOHAPPEN 4OPUTTHEACHIEVEMENTINTOSHARPERCONTEXT

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. ,EFT2EVERSEOFPOSTCARD FROMTHE#%/OFTHE COMPANYRESPONSIBLEFOR PRODUCINGTHEWORLD´S½RST SELF ADHESIVESTAMPSON BEHALFOFTHE'OVERNMENTOF 3IERRA,EONE

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Regimanuel Gray (SL) Limited SIERRABLOCK CONCRETE PRODUCTS LTD wishes the government and the people of sierra Leone a glorious 50th Anniversary of Independence

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Regimanuel Gray: Devoted to the development of Sierra Leone

REGIMANUEL GRAY 38 Freetown Road, Wilberforce Freetown

Tel: (+232 22) 236046, 235109, 076 541541

Chapter 11. Looking Ahead –

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