Proc. of Int. Conf. on Recent Trends in Signal Processing, Image Processing and VLSI, ICrtSIV

The Perspective of Powerful Communication S.V. Niranjana Murthy Associate Professor, E&C Department, U.B.D.T. College of Engineering, Davanagere, 577004, India email : [email protected]

Abstract— The communication in the world is now so much prospective that, without it one cannot start his day business or field work or office planning. The communication techniques are also so much developed that the voice, picture, video and data can be sent from anywhere, any time to anywhere in the world. The path traversed by this powerful communication from its Telegraph form to the present day Mobile communication and computer communication is described in this paper. The Mobile has become so wide spread, powerful and easy affordable to one and all, from a Labour to the highest needy. We have Telephone, Radio, Television, computer and Mobile system of communications. The media in these systems of communication are cable, wireless, Optical fiber and satellite. The communication systems are also called after these Medias. Today all the communication systems have interactions. Also all the communication systems may use all the medias. That is today, we have hybrid communication which has become very advantageous. Index Terms— conditional access system(CAS), low earth orbit(LEO), internet protocol television(IPTV), set top box(STB), Indian satellite(INSAT),optical fiber communication

I. INTRODUCTION The communication in the world got started with Telegraph and Telephone communications. They connected only two persons at a time. As the Marconi’s radio communication(in the year 1910) made the revolution, the broadcast communication become very fascinating and mass useful. The information was spread simultaneously over a region. By connecting the radio transmitter station to the Telephone exchange; the broadcast coverage is extended to the nation. The Broad cast communication and Telephone communication were developed side by side to inter connect the neighbouring countries and finely the entire world. The Television technology (1929), made the further enhancement to the power of communication to the society. These communications were reserved for news broad casting and social programmes only in the beginning. In the Military department, Fire Department, and police departments the communication was dedicated. For the commercial applications, the rich people were using the Telephones only. The postal and telegraph departments played a very significant role in establishing commercial correspondence till 1990. Till then the personnel communication was very slow and having less importance. The Telephone sector made lot of progress through large exchange sizes, auto exchanges and microwave relay operations. The satellite communication technology was discovered (1957) in the meanwhile to aid the Telephone communication in the world. There afterwards every nation launched its own satellite in the orbit and interconnection of satellites was established for the sake of telephone, Radio, TV and data communications in the world. The satellite communication, actually the sky relay communication made a big impact on the telephone communication and other dependant communications. The numbers of subscribers were increased to ten fold in every city and country. DOI: 03.AETS.2014.5.104 © Association of Computer Electronics and Electrical Engineers, 2014

The advent of optical fiber communication during 1980 further strengthened the existing communication networks. The optical fiber communication (OFC) was found very promising for taking the entire telephone exchange load. It was having large bandwidth with very gooddesirable characteristics of the communication media. So, lot of investigations were carried out to utilize thelarge bandwidth of the optical fiber to solve the greatdemand for thebandwidth of the communication channel. The Radio frequency spectrum was efficiently divided and assigned for the different types of communication services. The OFC supported all the types of modulation technologies used for the telephone, Radio, T.V., and other communications. Along the side, the computer communication technology was invented. It made possible through computer network for sending the data from one place to another place or from one country to another country. For the intercity connections telephone network was already there. For the international connection, microwave and satellite communication was available. This set up helped the computer communication to grow very rapidly. The Internet facility made the revolution in the data communication. Mobile communication also developed step by step along with the Radio communication through AM, FM and Digital communication technology. It is developed enormously after 1990.Throughout the world the Mobile communication soon became very popular communication because it got the support of already existing communication networks. Any time from any place, one can communicate to any person in this world. The user may be travelling on the Road or sky or sea. The Mobile communications become the latest and easiest and economical communication. A Labour can afford to possess the Mobile phone. In addition to the phone calls, the Mobile supports multimedia applications. It also facilitates Bank transactions, business applications and Internet applications. The Mobile network is connected to the Telephone exchange network for long distance communication. A. Prosperity of Radio and Television communication The Radio broad cast Akashavani in India is in operation since 1956. Earlier the Analog modulation schemes like AM, FM were in use. The Head AIR station broad casts National information to all other states AIR stations through air and Telephone exchange lines. In British India, broadcast began in July 1923 in Bombay and Calcutta. In 1939, External broad cast service began for 27 languages. High powerTransmitters were used at Bangalore, Chennai, Bombay. Delhi, Aligarh, Guwahati. Short wave transmitters were used at Kolkata and Nagpur. Some Transmitters were radiating 1000KW and some 500KW [4]. The first FM broad cast in Indiawas in the year1927 at Madras. The AIR is the world’s largest network inpublic service and private service for all the sections of the society. The Television broadcasting in India has over 823 channels. Out of which 184 are paid channels. Prasar Bharathi Corporation belongs to the Government. In the Urban area 70% of the total subscribers are using cable/DTH. The DTH users are growing 28% per year. During 1991 the cable TV service started. Zee TV is the first private owned Indian channel. Direct to home service is provided by Airtel, Digital TV, Big TV, Dish TV, Tata Sky, Videocon, and D2H. The Government issued notification on 11-11-2011, to convert Analog to Digital TV transmission for the whole of the nation by March, 2015. This was due to poor service by cable operators and price hike made, and lack of regulatory procedures. Conditional access system (CAS) is a digital mode of transmitting TV channels through a set top box (STB). The transmitted signals are encrypted and viewers needed to buy STB to receive and decrypt the signal. The STB is required to watch only the pay channels. Dish TV is the first one to come up in the Indian market. Services are provided by the locally built satellites from ISRO. Such as Insat 4CR, Insat4A, Insat 2E, Insat 3C, as well as private satellites, such as Dutch based SES, global owned NSS-6, and Telstar 10. India had 54 million DTH subscribers at the end of 2012 [4]. The Internet protocol TV (IPTV), is also there in the market of the world. There are five platforms for subscribers in India in the main cities, as Broad band Internet. They are a) Mtnl IPTV b) Bsnl IPTV c)Airtel IPTV d) Smart TV group IPTV e) Reliance IPTV These are providing movies on demand.

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B. Prosperity of computer communication One of the most significant outcomes of the progress of information technology is probably electronic commerce over the Internet, a new way of conducting business. Within few years, it radically altered the economic activities and the social environment [5]. The main Internet providers in India are BSNL and MTNL. The BSNL serves, the all India except Bombay and Delhi. Whereas the MTNL covers the Bombay and Delhi. Both provide the broad band services through ADSL and Internet services over GPRS and 3G. The privately owned serviceproviders in India are a) Aircel - GPRS and 3G b)Idea cellular- GPRS and 3G c)Mts- CDMA d)Reliance - ADSL, GPRS and 3G e)Tata Docomo - GPRS and 3G f)Tata Indicom - ADSL,CDMA g)Vodafone - GPRS and 3G h)Airtel-ADSL, GPRS, 3G and 4G There are large numbers of small players with very limited coverage areas. There are enterprising /whole sale bodies also for the services [4]. C. Prosperity of the Mobile communication The Mobile communication is in practise in India since, 1995. It made a great impact on therural and urban areasof the country. The Indian Telecom is second largest wireless network in the world and it is fastest, lucrative and improved the economy of the country. Mobility is the need of the day. Wireless broad band service is extended through 3G Spectrum to the Mobiles, Tablets and Laptop. Mobile SIM card enabled with 3G Internet are available and can be used with Tablets. GSM is comfortably maintaining 80% of its portion as dominant Mobile technology. The CDMA has 20% cover. The Mobile market is rising at 40% every year. There are 736654 Base stations working for 2G and 96212 stations working for 3G mobile services [4]. The rapid spread of Mobile telephony is adding 10 million subscribers every month. Mobiles are found very useful to the farmers Agriculture to grow more yields, to study the market rates, to arrange transportation and all. The fishermen also beneficially use the mobile for market demands, market rates, places of demand,and to get storage facility. The Mobile communication in slum areas also receivedthe great demand for their job calls, to improve their knowledge and to have entertainment. A Satellite phone is a type of mobile phone that connects to orbiting satellites instead of terrestrial cell sites. The coverage of these satellite phones includes entire earth. It serves military, Navy, seamen, business people and individuals. It provides guarantee of global communication. The satellite phones also need SIM card with prepaid or post-paid. The difference is lower cost for international calls, free incoming calls and unlimited coverage, low roam cost, high performance in harsh environments.Iridium satellite phones, company is in Maryland and USA. Iridium satellite constellation has 66 active satellites used for worldwide voice, data communication. The plan was to have 77 satellites in the constellation, according to the atomic number of the Iridium. The Immersat satellite phones offer global mobile coverage. It is based in England. It provides Telephony and data service to the world. There are 12 Geo synchronous telecommunication satellites. This network will provide reliable communication to Government and remote regions. The Global star satellite phones use LEO satellites,theirperformance is very clear and they have 80% earth coverage. D. Media Communication A communication system is also named after the media, through which it propagates. Like, cable communication, satellite communication, wireless communication, and optical fiber communication. Today, all the media’s are useful for all the types of information communication. Figures A, B, C, D shown below illustrate the part played by each media for the transfer of each type of information from the source end to the destination end. The cable media comes in between subscriber and the telephone exchange, in the case of cable communication. Whereas the satellites, wireless media and optical fiber media come in between telephone exchanges. FigureE, shows that, cross communication is made possible between Telephones, radio, TV, mobile and computer communications. This feature is very useful from the user’s point of view. Some cross communications are very much in use, while some are occasionally employed. The figures areselfexplanatory for their way of working.

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Figure A. Cable media

Figure B. Satellite media

Figure C. Wireless media

Figure D. Optical media

E. Optical fiber and satellite communications Today optical fiber communication and satellite communication are very powerful. The optical fiber supports all the types of communication systems on the earth. It can also run through the sea between adjacent countries. The tera bit networks support transmission rates of one trillion bits per second. These provide the capacity and bandwidth needed to meet increasing customer demand for data and voice communication and to support future internet growth of high quality video and e-commerce applications. They can also reduce latency for long haul network traffic and reduce overall network management complexity as well [3]. The satellite communication uses the satellites to cover theentire earth. Satellite data communication employs VHF range of 1-50 GHz to transmit and receive signals. The frequency bands used are L-S-C, X-KU-KA and V bands. The signals in the lower bands are (L-S-C) transmitted with low power. Hence large Antennas are used to receive. While the signals in X-KU-KA, V bands have more powers. Therefore dishes of 45cm diameter can receive them. Therefore KU, KA bands are suitable for DTH broadcasting, broad band data communication, and mobile communication. The InternationalTelecom Union (ITU) regulates the satellite communications. The ITU based in Geneva, and Switzerland receives the signals from satellites then approves the applications and orbital slots for the satellites [4]. 173

Figure E. CrossCommunication

Future satellite communication will have more, on board processing capabilities. More the power, larger aperture antennas are required to handle large band width, and the satellite life can be increased to 20 to 30 years. The current life of satellite is 10 to 15 years. The low cost reusable launch vehicles are in development. Space crafts are being sent from the earth to the other planets. These are performing studies of the other planets for life existence, its atmosphere and for chemical properties and plants. These space crafts will be equipped with all the machineries for carrying out the investigations. High power amplifiers and electronically controlled equipment’s are built on it. The signals sent from the satellite are received using high power infrared rays from the ground control station. The life of satellite depends on amount of fuel that can be used for fuelling the thrusters. Once the fuel runs out, the satellite eventually drifts in to the space and goes out of operation.The Satellite serves all the three communications, namely, telecommunication, broadcast and data communication. Figure.F shows the global communication system. The optical fiber supports all the types of communications onthe globe, offering high bandwidth and good quality signal. So, optical fiber communication becomes the feasible high way for all the communications to rely and to rest [3]. Outside the earth, through the telephone exchange and satellite ground control station the information can be sent to the satellite. The inter satellite communication, transfers the information from any country to any country on the globe.

Figure F. Global Communication

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II. CONCLUSION The communication process in the world is day by day growing in a spectacular way, connecting more and more services in the society, offices, industries, medical field, railway, navy, military, education, social events, entertainment, business, sports, etc., Remote control is the important application of the communication process. It is being utilized by the majority of industrial needs, discovery of energy sources, medical diagnosis, space crafts, banks, automobiles, house hold applications and safety/warning systems. The mobile and internet media’s are the platform on which every progress of the communication links can be obtained. The invisible electronics and communication technology is an intelligent agent. It can see, talk, hear, touch, smell, walk and do whatever isintended by thedesigner. Itis a faithful servant for all the days in the year, for all the times in a day and for all the places in the world. So, its applications are limitless. This magic power of the technology is the great boon to the mankind. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4]

Jayesh Limaye, “India’s Technological progress since independence”, Internet resource article, 2013. Ramesh.P. Singh, “Measures of progress in science and Technology,” current science, vol- 88, no.12, 25, June 2005. Gerd Keiser, “Optical fiber communications”, –M.C. Graw Hill education(India), fifth edition , 2013. Wikipedia , “Mobile network operators of India.”, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/list _of_mobile_network_operators_of India. , October,2013. [5] Jesus Hamilton Ortiz,” Tele communications networks-Current status and future trends.”, In Tech publishers, mar, 2012. [6] Upena Dalal ,”Wireless Communication “, Oxford University press, 6 th edition, 2013. [7] P.Ramakrishna Rao, “Communication systems” , Mc.Graw Hill edition ,2013

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