START

Safety Training & Rural Transit Learner’s guide

National RTAP Program: A rural transit assistance program of the Federal Transit Administration 888.589.6821 [email protected] nationalrtap.org

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Safety Training And Rural Transit (START) is an update of the National RTAP module previously known as Special Transit And Rural Transit Safety (STARTS). This module was first created in 1988 by the Transportation Safety Institute (TSI) of the United States Department of Transportation. It has been a cornerstone training tool since that time, and is now updated to include the latest in vehicle, driver/operator, and passenger safety delivered with modern multi-media capabilities. This updated START module and its related products were created by a consortium of transportation consultants including: Project Management/Product Development Nusura Inc. Video/DVD Production Nusura Inc. Technical Team RLS and Associates Inc. Michael Noel Patti Swartz Under contract with the NATIONAL RURAL TRANSIT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM This product has been sponsored under a Cooperative Agreement under Title 49 U.S.C. 5311(b)(3) of the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) of 2012. DISCLAIMER: Any reference herein to specific external resources does not imply endorsement by National RTAP. Resources and web links are provided solely for informational purposes and the convenience of the user. National RTAP does not control, review, or approve these resources. © 2015 NATIONAL RURAL TRANSIT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM

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TA B L E O F CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................ i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................v PA R T I : V E H I C L E S A F E T Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

The Pre-Trip Inspection En Route Inspection Post-Trip Inspection Exercises & Exam

P A R T I I : D R I V E R / O P E R A T O R S A F E T Y .. . . 1 5

Physical and Emotional Conditions Basic Vehicle Control Adverse Conditions Cell Phone Use Radio Communications Safety Belts Additional Resources for Defensive Driving Training Exercises & Exam

P A R T I I I : P A S S E N G E R S A F E T Y.. . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7

Safe Boarding of Ambulatory Passengers Safe Boarding of Non-ambulatory Passengers Transit Security Crisis Management Passenger Relations A Day in the Life of a Driver/Operator Exercises & Exam

CONCLUSION................................ 63 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES................. 65 APPENDIX..................................... 69 ii

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Sample Pre-Trip Forms Sample Post-Trip Forms Defect Report Forms SAFETY TRAINING AND RURAL TRANSIT: LEARNER’S GUIDE

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Providing a safe, comfortable ride is the foundation of community

transit. To do this, transit drivers/operators must perform inspections to help ensure that their vehicles are road-worthy, understand how to safely operate their vehicle in a variety of conditions, and know how to safely board and unboard passengers in both day-to-day and emergency situations. START is divided into three sections: Vehicle Safety, Driver/Operator Safety, and Passenger Safety. VEHICLE SAFETY outlines procedures for the important pre-trip, en route, and post-trip vehicle inspections. While your agency’s vehicles or lift equipment may vary from those shown in the materials, the inspection procedures are not product-specific and should complement your manufacturers’ training materials. DRIVER/OPERATOR SAFETY covers the basics of safe vehicle operation, including fitness for duty, defensive driving, developing good safety habits, coping with adverse driving conditions, and other important aspects of driver/operator safety. PASSENGER SAFETY reviews procedures for safely picking up and dropping off ambulatory and non-ambulatory passengers, securing mobility devices such as scooters and wheelchairs, handling difficult passengers, security awareness, vehicle evacuation and other emergency situations, as well as skills for interacting with passengers to make every trip easier, safer, and more secure. Together these three elements provide the foundation for what you need to know as a transit driver/operator. While driving contains inherent risks, through diligence, training, and good fortune you will have a long and safe career as a transit driver/operator.

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PA R T I : VEHICLE SAFETY OVERVIEW

Every time passengers board your vehicle they are entrusting you, the driver/operator, to transport them safely to their destinations. Inspecting your vehicle for safety defects prior to use is essential to upholding that trust and protecting yourself. Safety Industry standards along with federal regulations require drivers/operators to conduct a pre-trip inspection of their vehicles to ensure that the vehicles are highway ready and safe for passengers.1 This involves a very serious responsibility to check on-board safety equipment carefully and to inspect the inside and outside of the vehicle thoroughly before departing on your first trip each day the vehicle is used. Key safety items that must be checked include the horn, windshield wipers, mirrors, lights, brakes, tires, and wheels.

STOP ACCIDENTS BEFORE THEY START n Before take off, pilots mark off an exhaustive

checklist to ensure their planes are safe. The same is true for you as a community transportation driver; a thorough inspection before and after trips increases your safety and the safety of your passengers.

n Vehicle inspection is one of the most

important safety elements under your control. Taking full advantage of this safety net requires knowing all the elements of an inspection and how to carry them out. Remember: You are the “captain of your ship.”

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1. Code of Federal Regulations 49, Chapter III, §392.7 (10-1-00 Edition).

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A complete pre-trip inspection is conducted to ensure safety and identify any safety-related defects before the vehicle goes into service. Security In today’s environment inspection activities should also include equipment security. Criminals and terrorists are known to tamper with safety-related equipment so that it malfunctions. They may also plant foreign objects, like bombs, to directly impact a vehicle. Signs of vehicle tampering include: n n n n n n n n

Scratches or marks made by prying tools Open or disturbed compartments and cabinets Unusually clean or dirty components Missing or unusual light bulbs Additional wires leading from battery Inconsistent or missing fuel, compressed air, hydraulic or electrical connections Items attached to vehicle, wheel wells or frame with magnets or duct tape Things that are out of place

If anything unusual, suspicious or threatening is seen or found during vehicle inspection, you should immediately notify your supervisor about your concern. Most transit systems also require a posttrip inspection to help identify problems encountered during service. In some systems, mechanics or other personnel may carry out these inspections. But even if someone else performs a post-trip inspection, or your agency does not require a formal post-trip inspection, you are required to report and document any vehicle problems encountered during your shift. The Impact of Vehicle Inspections Working as an Operations Manager, “Jane” entered the vehicle yard early one cold winter 2

morning before pullout and noticed an odd sight. The vehicle coming toward her was leaving a deep trail in the gravel behind the driver/operator-side rear tire. The driver/ operator was attempting to drive the vehicle, dead-flat tire and all, out for a morning route. Jane flagged the vehicle down and asked the driver/operator why he had not “pre-tripped” the vehicle before driving it. His first response was a sheepish, “but I did.” Jane silently pointed at the rear of the vehicle and the flat tire. He then admitted he had only given the vehicle the “once-over… lightly.” In this situation, the driver/operator’s choice resulted only in embarrassment. But suppose it had been something less obvious: a knot on the same tire, or brake fluid leaking onto the wheel? The outcome may not have been as minor. During this program, we will show you how to make required safety inspections on your vehicle and how to perform inspections to passenger equipment. It will be up to you to carry out those inspections to ensure the safety of you and your passengers. Documentation A sample Vehicle Operator Inspection (VOI) form is included in the Appendix. Refer to this, or your agency VOI (which may be electronic forms on a tablet or on-board computer), and make notes as you go through each of the following elements of vehicle inspection. During a vehicle inspection be sure to properly document any problems you observe on the VOI form, and do not put a vehicle with a safety-related defect into service. Remember that documentation is as important as the pre-trip inspection itself. Details are key. The exact location and nature of problems must be documented on the comment section of your pre- or post-trip form. For example,

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simply checking “Turn Signals” on your inspection form may not resolve a problem as quickly as, “left turn light sometimes remains on instead of flashing.” Some transit systems are now, or in the future will be, using electronic vehicle inspection devices to complete and document pre and post-trip inspections. While this advanced equipment may simplify recording, the process of pre and post-trip inspection remains the same.

THE PRE-TRIP INSPECTION

UNDER THE HOOD Check engine fluids and components THE WALK-AROUND Circle the outside of the vehicle ON-BOARD Inspect on-board areas, equipment and supplies

Determine if the vehicle is leaning to one side n Check for body damage and signs of tampering n Check the exhaust for signs of tampering or attached objects n Look for oil or other fluid leaks, especially at “hot spots” such as the front under the engine and the rear under the differential n

There are four components to the pre-trip inspection: the approach, under the hood, the walk around and on-board. Breaking it into these four parts makes it easier to quickly identify signs of trouble. Repetition and routine are crucial. Consistently using the same method each time you do a pre-trip inspection will result in quicker and more accurate inspections. If inspecting the exterior of your vehicle clockwise makes most sense to you, do it that way. Just remember to develop a routine and repeat it daily.

THE APPROACH Assess as you approach the vehicle

The Approach

Under the Hood Know your agency’s policy. Note – not all agencies allow their drivers to check under the hood. n Unlock the vehicle and open the hood. Do not start the vehicle for this portion of the inspection. n

n n

Check for signs of tampering or attached objects Check all fluid levels that require a cold check: n n n

Oil Washer fluid – Ensure fluid is allweather rated for cold climates Antifreeze – Most vehicles allow for a check to be made from the overflow reservoir, but you should also check the radiator cap to confirm there is no leakage

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The Walk Around n

Prepare vehicle for the Walk-Around: Start the engine (depending on company policy) and turn the engine on fast idle (if so equipped); make sure the transmission is in neutral or park, as appropriate for the vehicle, and the parking brake is set n Turn on the inside and outside lights and the 4-way flashers n Turn on the heater or A/C, depending on weather n Briefly test the horn and the windshield wipers and washer n Instead of checking hoses for snugness: check for belt tension and condition

n

Exit vehicle and starting from the front door, walk counter-clockwise noting: n

Front Curb Side n Frame and underbody n  Right front tire, wheel, and wheel well n Front door glass n Side turn/4-way signal lights n Clearance lights and reflectors n Mirrors and mirror mounts

n

Front of Vehicle n Frame and underbody n Fluid leaks or abnormal engine noise n Headlights (high & low); Note: Board vehicle to switch beams n Check for body damage n Windshield glass not chipped or cracked n License plate present and secure n Wipers blades not brittle or torn n Turn signals/4‐way flashers n Clearance lights and reflectors

n

Battery – All fluid covers are secured and there is no corrosion on either the battery covers or the terminals and no additional wires are attached n Other fluids – Make note of any other fluids such as refrigerant or oil leaking from the A/C system n Power steering fluid or transmission fluid leaking from hoses or lines should also be noted even though fluid levels may not be checked until the engine WHAT’S is running n Brake fluid n

Check all belts and hoses for wear: cracked or worn belts and hoses should be noted on your VOI n Check all belts including the fan, A/C compressor, water, power steering, and alternator n

A “HOT SPOT”?

n Anything designed to turn or move n Anything that has fluid in it or on it n Examples of “hot spots”: n Inside or outside of wheels at axle n Center of differential n Shocks and Struts n Oil Pan n Fuel Tank n Radiator n Transmission

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Left Side – Front to Rear n Mirrors and mounts n Driver/operator’s side window n Frame and underbody n  Front and rear tires, wheels and wheel wells n  Side turn signals/4‐way flashers n Clearance lights and reflectors n  Air tank and lines (for larger vehicles equipped with air brakes); Listen for air leaks – check hoses and connections for signs of tampering n Check for body damage n Passenger windows

n

Rear of Vehicle n Frame and underbody n Brake lights (assisted or wall test after re‐boarding vehicle) n Turn signals/4‐way flashers n Clearance lights and reflectors n Check for body damage n Rear window glass n License plate present and secure, light functioning n Fluid leaks

n

Rear to Front Curb Side n Frame and underbody n Right rear tires, wheel, and wheel well n Clearance lights and reflectors n Air tank and lines (for larger vehicles equipped with air brakes); Listen for air leaks – check hoses and connections for signs of tampering n Check for body damage n Passenger windows

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As you probably noticed, there were several recurring items to inspect as you walked around the vehicle: Frame and underbody Tire and rim checks Fluid leaks Body damage Damaged or malfunctioning reflectors or clearance lights n Condition of window glass n n n n n

NOTE: There is no way to properly check these items from one vantage point. To check each tire, all window glass, etc., you must perform a continual condition check as you walk around the vehicle. Detailed Tire and Rim Check: (Things to check for when inspecting) n

Tread depth – Make sure tread is not below the wear-bars, (the raised bar that runs perpendicular to the tread). Tread depth should be even from sidewall to sidewall. n 4/32 inch on steering axle n 2/32 inch all others axles Reporting worn tires based on their having reached the wear-bars is an absolute minimum. While your transit system may not have a depth gauge on-board each vehicle, one should be available so you can check tires for minimum depth. Each tire should be checked at the location showing the greatest wear.

Sidewalls should be in good condition with no bulges or knots that may indicate cord separation. n Look for nails or other objects in the tires. A nail or screw may not cause air to leak out immediately, but may lead to a sudden flat if it goes undetected. n Valve stems should be in good condition, not cut or cracked. One way to check stems is to flex the stem slightly from side to side and listen closely for leaking air. n

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Check for cracks or dents on the wheel rims. n Visually check the inflation of the tires. It is also important that tires be checked with a pressure gauge. If in-house maintenance staff does not perform this task, you should do it during the preinspection of the vehicle. n Check for gear oil or brake fluid leaking onto the wheels. n Rust around the wheel lug nuts may indicate that nuts are loose. Check to be sure they are tight. In no instance should a lug nut be missing. n

n

n

On Board n

n

Passenger Seating Area n n n n n n

Driver/Operator’s Area

n

Check for items left by maintenance Ensure each seat mount is secured to floor Check for any torn or damaged seat cushions or frames Check seat belts (if applicable) for missing/worn parts Check for suspicious objects, light bulbs and any signs of tampering Check to see if flooring is clean, dry, and free from tears or loose mounting

n n n n n n n n n n

Ensure fire extinguisher is on board and charged Ensure first aid and bio-hazard kits are on board and fully stocked Check for seat belt cutter and make sure it is within reach of your seated position Check for presence of three triangle reflectors or flares Ensure emergency equipment is secured in place Ensure your seat belt is in working order Check operation and adjustments of your seat Check that all gauges and indicator lights are functioning properly Check that mirrors are adjusted for your seated position Check for signs of tampering or unusual objects Ensure a flashlight is on board Ensure a Jack handle is on board if the vehicle is wheelchair lift equipped

Brakes – Hydraulic (typically found on smaller transit vehicles) Pump brake pedal several times then hold down for 5 seconds n Pedal should not move (depress further) during the 5 seconds it is held down n

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EN ROUTE INSPECTION

n Brakes – Air (hydraulic brakes are typically found on smaller transit vehicles)

n

switches and wiring harness in good shape n Backup manual lift handle is present n Lift cycles down/up, unfolds and folds properly n Check that no hydraulic fluid is leaking n Low air warning should activate from lift pump before air pressure drops below n Check for signs of tampering or 60 psi attached objects n Near 40 psi the parking brake n If the vehicle is equipped with valve should pop up, indicating additional securement devices the parking brake (spring brake) (wheelchair extension securement applied automatically straps, oxygen tank holders, etc.), with low air these items need to be checked pressure also. If you need to

n Lights in stairwell are working properly n Doors open and close appropriately n L ift and Lift Door (applies to both large and small transit vehicles) n Doors open and close properly n Light above lift door turns on when door is opened n Lift controls are secured, toggle

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leave the vehicle unattended, shift to neutral or park (depending on vehicle type), set the parking brake, shut off the engine, and take the key with you (if so equipped). Be sure to curb the wheel or use a wheel chock if parked on a grade.

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n Wheelchair Securement n E nsure an adequate number of securement devices and seat belts are available to secure all wheelchair positions n  Check that securement mechanisms function correctly and that belts are not torn or frayed n  Check that devices are properly stored, not left out on floor n  Make sure securement tracks are clean and free of debris

Looking for trouble n Sudden drop in oil pressure on gauges n Low or no oil pressure n Excessive oil consumption n Smoke or steam coming from under the dash or hood n Scuffed tires or spotty wear n  Leaking fluid evident when vehicle is parked

n

Listening for trouble Sharp knock when picking up speed Light knock when engine is idling Dull regular knock Clicking or tapping Continuous or intermittent squeal Loud exhaust noise Engine backfiring or sputtering, popping, or overheating n Steaming or hissing from engine, cooling system, and/or brakes n n n n n n n

Smelling trouble n n n n n n n

While you are driving – watch gauges and use your senses (Look, Listen, Smell, Feel) to check for signs of trouble. If you see, hear, smell or feel anything unusual, check it out.

n Make sure vehicle is on a flat surface before beginning test n Place wheel chocks n Ensure air pressure is built up to 90-120 psi n Shut off engine n Release parking brake n Apply brake pedal and hold for one minute n Air pressure should not drop more than a few pounds (3 psi) in 1 minute n Remove air pressure from system by rapidly applying and releasing the brake pedal

n Stairwell

n

n

F uel (gasoline, CNG, propane, diesel) Burning rubber  Burning oil  Hot brakes  Hot engine coolant or steam  Hot electrical wires  Exhaust fumes inside vehicle 

Feeling trouble Excessive vibration (engine, steering wheel, and/or drive line) n Low or high speed shimmy n Hard or wandering steering n Excessive heat from a tire, wheel, or wheel well n

WHEN YOU STOP DURING YOUR SHIFT: Look at gauges, lights, tires and rims DURING EACH STOP: Listen, Smell or Feel for any signs of brake trouble WHEN USING THE LIFT: Look and Listen to ensure proper lift and securement function or detect fluid leaks coming from the lift mechanism.

IF IT SMELLS LIKE SOMETHING IS BURNING,

and you don’t see anything in the environment around to account for the smell, the something might be your vehicle! You should find a safe place to pull off the road as soon as possible. If the smell you observed continues or is accompanied by any sign of smoke or flame in or outside your vehicle, passengers should be evacuated immediately to a safe location.

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POST-TRIP INSPECTION

When you leave your vehicle you should check to see: Parking brake is set and secure All passengers have exited vehicle No passengers’ personal property was left on board n All windows and hatches are closed n No signs of damage or vandalism are apparent inside or outside the vehicle n n n

When changing vehicle assignments, relieving another driver/operator in service, or at the end of a shift, you should perform another vehicle inspection and fill out the appropriate inspection form.

Depending on your agency’s policy, this may not be a formal inspection but an opportunity to note any non-critical defects that you observed during your shift as part of the en route inspection process. (Remember, critical safety defects should have been reported during your shift and would have led to a change of vehicle assignment.) Noting mechanical failures or other service problems allows repairs to be made and alerts the next person taking over use of the vehicle to any problems.

EXERCISE: Document Defects on VOI Total Exercise Training Time: Approximately 15 minutes. Directions: After observing each of the following pictured defects, use a VOI form and check the appropriate problem box and include a brief description of the problem in the notes portion of that section.

Sample Post-trip or Defect reports are located in the Appendix.

REMEMBER:

Inadequate or incomplete information may lead to a defective vehicle being placed in service.

DEFECT 1

DEFECT 2

DEFECT 3

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DEFECT 4

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EXAM: Vehicle Safety 1. The purpose of the pre-trip inspection is to: A. Ensure that every shift starts off easy B. Eliminate the threat of terrorism C. Determine what repairs are needed D. Assess the safety of your transit vehicle before putting it into service 2. When conducting a pre-trip inspection, it is better to: A. Vary the way you do things so you don’t get bored B. Use the same method every time for quicker and more accurate inspections C. Repeat the procedure several times focusing on each individual aspect of the inspection (safety, security, fluids, etc.) D. Assume that all safety-related features are tip-top

DEFECT 4: Check problem next to General Walk-Around; Leaks (oil, water, fuel, coolant). Answer: Coolant leaking from radiator; puddle detected near driver/operator front tire. DEFECT 3: Check problem next to General Walk-Around; Overall body condition. Answer: Indicate damage to front of fender on driver/operator’s side. DEFECT 2: Check problem next to General Walk-Around; Rear Wheels/lug nuts. Answer: Indicate cut found in sidewall of tire. DEFECT 1: Check problem next to General Walk-Around; Windshield. Answer: Passenger side of windshield cracked. These answers correlate to the sample VOI form shown on the right. Correct answers may vary if you’re using agency VOI form(s). Answer Key: 12

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3. Signs of tampering that you should look for when you do your pre-trip inspection include: A. Scratches or marks made by prying tools B. Additional wires leading from battery C. Items attached to vehicle, wheel wells or frame with magnets or duct tape D. All of the above 4. When doing the “Approach” you should look for: A. Fluid leaks, signs that the vehicle is leaning to one side, vandalism B. Items left inside the vehicle by maintenance or transit customers C. Suspicious items taped to the underside of the vehicle D. Extra wires attached to the battery 5. Should the “Walk-Around” be conducted with the engine on or off? A. On B. Off C. It depends upon the company policy D. It depends upon the weather 6. Signs of tire danger include: A. Rust around the wheel lug nuts and/or cracks or dents on the wheel rims B. Cracked valve stems C. Sidewalls with bulges or knots D. All of the above

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PA R T I I : DRIVER/ O P E R AT O R SAFETY

7. When checking under the hood what are the operator’s responsibilities? A. Know your agency’s policy on operators’ under the hood responsibilities B. Check all fluid levels, belts and hoses C. Check for signs of tampering or attached objects D. All of the above 8. What are all of the basic safety items that should be checked during the onboard pre-trip inspection process? A. The fire extinguisher B. The fire extinguisher and first aid kit C. The fire extinguisher, first aid kit and web cutter D. The fire extinguisher, first aid kit, biohazard kit, web cutter, 3 reflective triangles, flashlight and jack handle, if lift equipped 9. During pre-trip inspection you notice that the windshield wiper is not working on your vehicle. You should: A. Have a word with the maintenance supervisor at the end of your shift B. Notify the dispatcher that you will want to change out vehicles if it starts raining C. Return to the driver/operator’s area for another cup of coffee D. Note the problem on the VOI and inform dispatch that you have a safety problem on your vehicle 10. Why is it necessary to cycle the wheelchair lift or ramp as part of the pre-trip process? A. It is mandated under the ADA B. It helps to ensure that the lift or ramp will work if needed by a passenger C. It allows the vehicle operator to limber up their muscles prior to extended periods of sitting the driver/operator’s seat D. It is only necessary if you expect to transport a passenger who uses a wheelchair

OVERVIEW

Defensive driving may appear, at first glance, to be those things that keep you out of harm’s way as you drive your vehicle. For the transit driver/ operator, however, it is much more. Defensive driving encompasses all aspects of your day, from the pre-trip inspection until your defect report is complete. It is a total process that helps ensure the safety of you, your passengers and others on the roadway. Both you and the vehicle are equipped with defensive driving tools and equipment. On the vehicle this includes seat belts, brakes, mirrors, lights and turn signals. Your tools include your eyes, ears, nose, hands, feet, and – most importantly – your brain. With these tools, you acquire defensive driving skills including: n n n n n

1. D 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. C

6. D 7. D 8. D 9. D 10. B

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The knowledge of you and your vehicle’s capabilities and limitations (do your homework) The ability to survey what is on and near the road (be alert) The capacity to assess potential hazards and their potential impact (use foresight) The ability to identify alternatives and make the best choice quickly (use judgment) The expertise to safely maneuver the vehicle (practice)

One way to remember the important defensive driving procedures that should guide you while you are driving is the I.D.P.E. Driving Method. This four-step process is designed to help you see, think, and act in all situations.

DEFENSIVE DRIVING

 reventing accidents regardless of conditions P or the actions of others.

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Remember the four steps in the IDPE process and use them every time you drive: n I = Identify: As you drive, look for and Identify potential hazards such as other vehicles, wildlife in the roadway, signs and signals, etc.

Transit operators should take their designation as “safety sensitive employees” very seriously. You are charged with the personal safety of many lives. Consuming anything that may affect your ability to respond to a hazardous situation is irresponsible and could be life threatening.

n D = Decide: When hazards appear in your path, you must Decide quickly how to react in order to avoid the obstacle or minimize its impact. n P = Predict: Use your experience, knowledge, and judgment to Predict what will happen next. Judge where and when possible accidents may occur.

IMPORTANCE OF IDPE

Ever have someone tell you to pay attention? Truth is, paying attention is hard, because our minds tend to wander, and we can be distracted easily. That’s why developing good safety habits that give you time and space to IDPE is so important.

n E = Execute: Once you have decided upon a course of action, you must Execute quickly and decisively to keep you and others safe.

Alcohol in any amount affects alertness and judgment and should not be consumed on the job or within four hours before reporting for work. Prescription medication may also diminish your ability to safely operate a PHYSICAL AND E M O T I O N A L C O N D I T I O N S vehicle. Possible side effects of a prescribed medication should be discussed with your As a professional driver/operator it is physician. Several common over-the-counter important to recognize that your “tools” medications, including cough and cold can be inhibited by physical and emotional remedies and antihistamines, can also cause conditions. Your reaction time will be drowsiness that affects safety. Illegal drug substantially reduced by fatigue, so a healthy use, of course, is against the law. Be sure diet and sufficient rest are essential to your you understand your organization’s policies ability to report to work “fit for duty.” regarding random, reasonable suspicion and post-accident drug and alcohol testing. For more SUFFICIENT REST information visit Operators cannot function well, pay http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/ attention, and react appropriately with regulations/drug-alcoholless than 7-8 hours of sleep. If you are testing-program.

sufficiently rested, you should wake up naturally and feel refreshed.

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Emotional conditions can interfere with concentration and

driving safety as well. Driver/operator safety requires complete attention to the vehicle, the roadway, and potential problems. Your safety begins with reporting to work cool, calm, and in control. This demands a healthy lifestyle that includes freedom from legal

“Defensive driving means that you not only pay attention to your driving, but also to the other person on the road. A defensive driver/operator is prepared for the unexpected during bad weather, night hours, and heavy traffic, as well as in light traffic.” – ADSAFE (2004) © WWW.CDC.GOV

and illegal substances, sufficient rest, and some degree of mastery over personal stress. It is also important that you find a way to resolve personal conflicts and maintain good passenger relations so that emotions do not interfere with safe driving. Anything that diverts your attention from driving should be considered unsafe. This includes objects placed on the vehicle dash, anything that obstructs your view of the entire windshield, instrument panel, side or rear windows and mirrors, and communications devices such as cell phones that divert your attention from the roadway. Root causes of accidents – being hurried, distracted, complacent or fatigued. Most vehicle collisions (and other types of accidents) are caused by human factors, or human error. The errors are most often induced by one of these root causes.

Since most states do not regulate operator hours of service and Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration standards do not apply to all transit agencies, it is important that local transit systems develop policies that regulate operator’s hours of service. For the safest possible service, many transit agencies are limiting operators to a 10-hour driving limit with 8 consecutive hours off duty before returning to work. If the operator holds a second job, it is the operator’s responsibility to take into account how these limits apply and should not violate the intent of these limits, which are in place to ensure passenger safety. For more information, reference the Department of Transportation hours of service summary at: https://cms.fmcsa.dot.gov/ regulations/hours-service/summary-hoursservice-regulations.

BASIC VEHICLE CONTROL

As indicated earlier, the vehicle also has defensive driving tools and equipment including the steering wheel, brakes, defroster, windshield wipers, mirrors, seat belts, and turn signals. The following is a description of techniques to enhance driving safety when using your vehicle’s defensive driving tools and equipment. Accelerating Speed up smoothly and gradually so the vehicle does not jerk. Smooth and even acceleration is the goal, whether accelerating while moving or accelerating from a stop. Rapid acceleration is hard on the engine, transmission, and differential parts, and reduces gas mileage. An aggressive driving style, at a minimum, will cause passengers to lose confidence in the driver/operator and may cause passenger injury or property damage.

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Controlled Braking is applying the brakes as hard as you can without locking the wheels. Keep steering wheel movements small. If you need to make a larger steering adjustment, or if the wheels lock, release the brakes. n Stab Braking is applying the brakes all the way, (as far as they will go). Release the brakes when the wheels lock up. As soon as the wheels start rolling, fully reapply the brakes again. If the vehicle is equipped with ABS brakes, braking should be done by applying constant, steady pressure to the brake pedal. The ABS system will constantly apply and release brakes to prevent the wheels from locking up.

Steering

n

Hold the steering wheel with BOTH hands. It’s OK to vary hand positions to avoid fatigue, while using 9 and 3 o’clock as a guideline for ideal hand positions to maintain comfortable control. By holding the wheel in this position, you can smoothly steer left by pulling the wheel with the left hand and pushing it with the right and vice versa. Some larger vehicles may require a hand-over-hand turning method, where both hands alternate in pulling the wheel in one direction and then returning it after the turn. When steering, thumbs should not be hooked under the wheel. While driving, do not wear jewelry that could get caught on the wheel. Also, never hold the steering wheel with your forearms over the horn. In the event of an accident, the airbag deployment would cause serious injury.

n

Braking Hard braking is uncomfortable for passengers and generates more heat than steady, light braking. Choosing the right gear and speed will prolong brake life and reduce the chance of brake fade caused by a build-up of heat in braking surfaces. ABS (Automatic Braking System): If your vehicle is equipped with ABS brakes, all braking should be done by applying constant steady pressure. n Curves: Slow down to a safe speed BEFORE you enter the curve. Drive at a constant speed through the curve and accelerate back to a safe speed coming out of the curve. n Emergency Braking: If an emergency situation should call for a swift stop, you should brake in a way that will allow the vehicle to continue traveling in a straight line. Use either the “Controlled” or the “Stab” braking methods: n

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n

n

n

Note: It can take up to a full second for the wheels to start rolling again after release. If you reapply the brakes before the wheels start to roll, the vehicle won’t straighten out.

Braking after a Blowout: Stay off the brakes! Use of brakes after a tire failure could cause a loss of control. Unless there is an immediate danger of a crash, stay off the brakes until the vehicle has slowed, then brake gently, pull off the road and stop. n Wet Brakes: When driving in heavy rain, or through deep standing water, your brakes will become wet. When that happens, brakes will be weak, react unevenly, and may lock up causing a loss of control. Avoid driving through standing or flowing water if possible. If you must drive through water: slow down, place transmission in a low gear, and gently apply brakes while traveling through the water. This will decrease the chance of dirt or liquid getting into linings. n

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THE “4 SECONDS RULE”

Signaling and Turning

n

n

Directional Signals – Use signals for every movement of your vehicle from its current lane of travel. Signal 150 feet, or more if appropriate, prior to turning or changing lanes – give more warning at higher speeds. Lane Changes – Put your turn signal on before changing lanes. Change lanes slowly and smoothly. Continually monitor the lane you are merging into, paying special attention to blind spots. Re-establish following distance as appropriate. All Turns – Place your foot over the brake pedal (cover the brake) while turning and slow to an appropriate speed. Check for pedestrians, bicyclists, and vehicles on the street you are about to enter. Check left and right prior to turning. Signal early – at least 150 feet prior to turn or lane change. Signal continuously – don’t end the signal until you have completed the turn. Don’t forget to turn your signal off after completing the turn, as self-cancelling signals do not always function correctly. Left Turns – Keep wheels straight if waiting for oncoming traffic. For two-lane streets/roads, start the turn when the front of your vehicle lines up with the centerline of the intersecting street. Scan and keep your head and eyes moving while turning. Use your mirrors to check clearance. If possible, make left turns from a designated left turn lane. Right Turns – Approach the intersection so that other vehicles are not tempted to squeeze by on your right. Check that you are able to see clearly down the street onto which you are turning. Start the turn when the front wheel of your vehicle is in line with the curb (or obstacle your vehicle must clear) on the intersecting street. Scan and keep your head and eyes moving

When the vehicle ahead passes a fixed point like a sign, tree, or pole, begin counting “one thousand one, one thousand two, one thousand three, one thousand four.” If you pass the same point before reaching “one thousand four,” you are following too closely. while turning. Use your mirrors to check clearance. n

Slowing and Stopping – Warn drivers behind you with a few taps of your brake when you know you will need to slow down or if you see a hazard ahead that may require you to slow or stop. Service stops should be made as close to the curb as possible without curbing wheels (front tire within 6 inches of the curb).

Backing Backing the vehicle can be hazardous and should only be done when absolutely necessary. If you must back the vehicle you should take the following steps: n n

n n

n

If unsure of surroundings, get out of the vehicle to assess any hazards or obstacles. If feasible, use a competent adult “spotter” to guide and signal you. Have the spotter stand where he/she is visible in your left mirror. Before backing, scan in all directions and check the rear of the vehicle in both mirrors. After checking, turn on the four‐way flashers, honk the horn (if vehicle does not have a back up alarm), and continue to give short beeps while in motion. Scan back and forth in both mirrors while backing and confirm clearances.

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There were 2,362,000 people injured in vehicles in 2012. Speeding was a factor in 30% of fatalities.2 – NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION SAFETY ADMINISTRATION

HOW TO FIGURE REACTION DISTANCE Reaction distance is the distance your vehicle travels while you move your foot from the accelerator to the brake pedal.

n

Following Distance The distance between your vehicle and the vehicle you are following should allow for safe stopping regardless of the actions of the lead driver. While there are rules of thumb regarding following distance, what is safe will depend upon the driver/operator, the vehicle, weather conditions, road conditions, traffic conditions and speed of travel. So how much space do you need? n n

To calculate reaction distance, take the first digit of the speed of your vehicle plus the total speed (e.g., 25 mph + 2 = 27 feet reaction distance; 35 mph + 3 = 38 feet.). Add braking distance to calculate stopping distance from moment of reaction until the vehicle is stopped.

n

n

n easy trick is to use the A “4 Seconds” Rule

What to do about Tailgaters? n n n n n

Perception Distance: How far your vehicle travels from the time your eyes see a hazard until your brain recognizes it n Reaction Distance: The distance traveled from the time your brain recognizes the hazard and your foot pushes the brake pedal

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Increase following distance for the safety of vehicles in front of you Don’t speed up on account of the tailgater Avoid tricks such as flashing your brake lights Avoid quick changes: Signal turns and lane changes well in advance Consider pulling off the roadway to let tailgaters pass

When negotiating curves: Slow to below the posted speed Do not brake during the curve unless necessary n If you must brake, apply brakes gently n n

While some posted speed limits on curves may make allowances for wet pavement, they do not make allowances for snow and ice. If in doubt, just slow down. Train Crossings n n n n

n n

Curves n Speed limits for curves are established with many factors in mind such as an average driver/operator’s skill, an “average” vehicle’s steering and suspension system, the road surface and degree of the curve bank.

n

Stop at all railroad crossings Turn on the four-way flashers 150 feet before reaching the tracks Move as far to the right as is safely possible Stop the vehicle between 15 and 50 feet before the crossing; look for and stop behind the wide solid white line at signalized crossings Listen and look in both directions for oncoming trains If necessary, open the passenger door or window to see or hear approaching trains Do not rush to beat a train across the tracks When stopped for a passing train, do not proceed across the tracks until you make sure there isn’t another train coming from the other direction

Mirrors and Blind Spots

Blind Spot

T otal Stopping Distance is a combination of: n

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n

Driving too fast (over the speed limit and/or what road conditions allow) is a major cause of fatal accidents.3 Speeding reduces your ability to steer safely around curves or obstacles, extends the necessary stopping distance, and increases the distance your vehicle travels while you react to the situation.

n

Controlling Speed and Stopping Distance

2. See full report at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/812016.pdf 3. Traffic Safety Facts, 2006 Data, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Washington, DC, 2006

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ne second of space for each 10 feet of O vehicle – below 40 mph Add one second for speeds greater than  40 mph Example: for a 30 foot bus in slower city traffic: 3 seconds between you and the vehicle in front of you. n Example: for a 30 foot bus on an Interstate: 4 seconds minimum between you and the vehicle in front of you.

Braking Distance: The distance required to stop the vehicle once the brakes are applied

n

aving a spotter does not relieve you H of the responsibility to back the vehicle safely.

It is important to follow the correct procedure for setting the rearview, if so equipped, and side mirrors. In order to maximize your vision:

Area covered by forward view of the driver/ operator, including peripheral vision

Blind Spot

Blind Spot

*See the exercise at the end of this chapter for more information.

n

Adjust the driver/operator’s side mirror by resting your head against the driver/ operator’s side window and move the mirror so that you barely see the side of your own vehicle.

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n

Move your head the same distance to the right and repeat the process with the outside mirror. Also, adjust outside convex mirrors and rearview mirror, if equipped, to maximize side and rearview visibility

While mirrors are essential safety tools, all vehicles have blind spots. You need to know your vehicle’s blind spots and be aware that other vehicles have blind spots too. As signs on large vehicles often warn, “If you can’t see my mirror, I can’t see you.” By regularly checking your mirrors and the road ahead you will increase your awareness of what is ahead and behind the vehicle. This will improve your recognition time and may speed reaction time. Merging onto an Expressway To merge into expressway traffic, signal at least 150 feet before entering the expressway. Try to smoothly pick up speed in the acceleration lane to match the flow of traffic on the expressway. Look in your mirror for a sufficient gap in the traffic to allow you to merge. Once you merge, use the “4 Seconds Rule” to re-establish following distance.

NOTE: As you accelerate to expressway speed, be cautious of slow-moving and stopped vehicles in the acceleration lane and on the shoulder. Passing on an Expressway To pass in expressway traffic, first check your mirror for a sufficient gap in the traffic to allow you to change lanes. Change lanes slowly and smoothly. Continually monitor the vehicle you are following and the lane you are merging into, paying special attention to blind spots. Re-establish following distance using the “4 Seconds Rule.”

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Intersections

Because expressway driving usually involves high speeds and multiple lanes of traffic, it demands extra care and constant alertness.

Exiting from an Expressway When exiting an expressway, signal at least 250-300 feet before the exit. Check your mirror; then move into the exit or deceleration lane as early as possible. Try to avoid slowing down on the expressway itself since this could impede traffic and cause an accident. Once in the exit or deceleration lane, begin slowing to below the posted maximum but above any posted minimum for that lane. Passing on Two-Lane Roads Passing a vehicle on two-lane roads should be avoided. If you must pass another vehicle on a two-lane road: Maintain your following distance until ready to pass n Make sure there is no oncoming traffic, and that you are in a passing zone n Check your left mirror, turn on your left turn signal, and smoothly accelerate past the vehicle n As you pass the vehicle turn on your right turn signal and retake the lane once you are sure you have left the other vehicle with sufficient following distance n

When being passed by another vehicle on a two-lane road: n n

Maintain a constant speed Be prepared to drop back to establish “4 Seconds Rule” following distance

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Even though we spend less than 2 percent of our total driving time at intersections, according to the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration, more than half of all injury accidents happen at intersections. When approaching an intersection: n

n n n n

n n

 n approach, check the intersection to O the left, then right, then left again; turn your head along with your eyes to expand your peripheral vision to get a wider view of anyone who might be entering the intersection Reduce speed if you cannot see 100 feet in both directions on the cross street Anticipate – Survey the road for pedestrians, bicyclists and other vehicles that could cross your path Observe the rules of the road for the stoplight, stop sign, or yield sign facing you Even if you have the right of way, cover the brake and be prepared to stop until you confirm the intersection is clear of conflicts, any cross traffic is yielding to you, and it is safe to proceed Do not take for granted that other vehicles, pedestrians, or bicyclists will stop for their stop sign or red light Always scan left, right, left before moving from a fixed location or pulling from a stop.

ADVERSE CONDITIONS Reduced Visibility When driving in reduced visibility situations (dust, smoke, fog, rain or snow): Slow down Turn on your lights Use your low-beams; high-beams reflecting off snow, rain or dust tend to reduce visibility n Increase following distance to two or three times that of normal driving conditions n Avoid stopping in or alongside the roadway in dense fog, smoke, or snow; this could result in a serious rear-end collision from traffic behind you n n n

Bad Weather Foul weather increases recognition distance and stopping distance for you and other vehicles on the road. In any conditions of poor visibility, be prepared to stop within the distance you can see. SAFETY TRAINING AND RURAL TRANSIT: LEARNER’S GUIDE

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When driving in adverse weather: n n n n n

n

n

Slow down Turn on your lights  Increase following distance to two or three times that of normal conditions  Use windshield wipers and defrost to keep windows and mirrors clear  Remember that roads can be slickest when it starts to rain and the water mixes with tar and oils that have accumulated on the road surface  Wet road surfaces create glare and reflections that can make pavement markings and lane striping hard to see

Winter Driving When faced with winter conditions: n

During the pre-trip inspection pay particular attention to tire tread, vehicle heating system, and on-board emergency equipment

n n n n

Increase following distance by two or three times normal Take curves at slower speeds; brake prior to curve Anticipate stops early and slow down gradually Watch for overpasses, underpasses and shady areas where ice tends to form Snow and ice and can obscure lane striping and make it difficult to see the edges of the roadway

Summer Driving During the pre-trip inspection pay particular attention to tire condition, vehicle cooling/ventilation systems, and on-board emergency equipment n While driving, check engine temperature gauge and watch for coolant spills n In extremely hot weather n

n

Inspect tires every two hours or 100 miles, whichever comes first. If tires are too hot to touch, remain stopped

TIRES SLIDING OVER SNOW, ICE, WATER, WET LEAVES AND EXTREMELY HOT TAR CAN CAUSE SKIDDING 5 WAYS TO AVOID AN UNINTENTIONAL SKID

IF YOUR VEHICLE STARTS TO SKID

Slow down Accelerate slowly Brake early and gradually Take it slow when turning the steering wheel n Scan ahead and anticipate

the accelerator n If the wheels lock, ease up on the brakes and reapply; however, do not pump ABS brakes n Turn the steering wheel in the direction you want to go (sometimes referred to as “turning into the skid”)

n n n n

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n If the wheels spin, ease up on

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until tires cool down Watch for “bleeding tar” that has risen to the road surface n Check that the radiator is clear of dirt, leaves, litter, or other debris that can block the flow of cooling air

most rural roads you will probably have to depend entirely on your headlights. Less light means you will not be able to see hazards as clearly or as soon. Rain, snow, and ice create glare and reflections that make night driving even more hazardous. Note that dirty headlights produce only a fraction of the light they should, so keep headlights clean.

n

Driving Through Water Avoid driving through deep water if at all possible. If you are unable to avoid driving through deep puddles or flowing water you should: Slow down Place transmission in low gear Increase engine RPM and cross the water After you exit the water maintain light pressure on the brakes for a short distance to heat them up and dry them out n Make a test stop when safe to do so: Check behind to make sure no one is following, and then apply the brakes to be sure they work correctly n Do not drive your vehicle through swiftly running water or standing pools whose depth cannot be judged. A few inches of a strong current can undermine roadbeds, as well as carry your vehicle off the roadway. n n n n

Night Driving You are at greater risk when you drive at night since poor lighting, glare, and other factors increase hazard recognition time as well as driver/operator reaction time. n

n

Glare – You can be blinded for a short time by bright lights, and it takes time to recover. The risks are greater for drivers/operators whose visual recovery time is higher.

n

Visual Recovery Time – The time it takes night vision to return after encountering a bright light. Causes of increased visual recovery time include: Age – recovery time increases as people get older n High blood pressure n Diabetes n

n

Other Drivers – There is an increased number of tired and intoxicated drivers on the road at night. Recognition and reaction time are both slowed by exhaustion and intoxication.

Even a moment of glare blindness can be hazardous. A vehicle going 55 mph travels 80 feet each second.

Poor Lighting – In the daytime there is usually enough light to see well. This is not true at night. Some areas may have bright streetlights, but many do not. On

n Headlights – Studies have shown the safety value of leaving headlights on at all times, but policies vary from one agency to the next; know your agency’s policy regarding keeping lights on during the day. All transit drivers/operators should turn on lights approximately one hour before it

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gets dark and leave them on until the sun has risen above the horizon and the lights can no longer be seen on the road surface. At night, low beams allow you to see about 250 feet ahead of you. High beams extend your sight distance to 350-400 feet. If using high beams, make sure to dim within 500 feet of other vehicles to prevent glare for other drivers. Defensive driving dictates that you adjust your speed to keep stopping distance within your sight distance (i.e. going slow enough to be able to stop within the range of your headlights). If a vehicle approaches with its high-beam lights on, look towards the edge of the road on your right. DO NOT flash your bright lights at oncoming drivers as it temporarily impairs their ability to see the road and your vehicle. If your lights should fail: Try high and low beams (one may work) n Pull safely off the roadway and inform your passengers n Set up the emergency warning equipment (triangles, flares) n Call the dispatcher for further instructions n

n

Windshield and Mirrors – Bright lights refract off dirt on windshields and

Importantly, using hands-free headsets did not reduce impairment.4 Modern cell phones are also used for many other purposes including texting, email, web searches, etc. It is not safe to be performing any of these activities while operating a vehicle.

mirrors, creating glare, so it is particularly important at night to have clean windshields and mirrors n

Turn Signals and Brake Lights – At night your turn signals and brake lights are even more important for communicating with other drivers/operators. Make sure you have clean, working turn signals, brake lights, taillights, clearance lights and reflectors.

In 20​11​, the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration estimated that 9 ​ ​percent of all vehicles on the road were being driven by someone using some type of phone​.5 As a transit driver/operator you should therefore be watchful of other drivers using their cell phones and other wireless communication technologies.

CELL PHONE USE

Cell phone use has been shown to slow recognition and reaction time, and has been determined to be a significant factor in many accidents. Recent studies indicate that drivers using cell phones: Are more likely to run stop signs at 4-way intersections n Are more likely to be involved in rear-end collisions n Are more likely to be involved in an accident than someone who is alcohol impaired at the .08% level (wt/vol)

RADIO C O M M U N I C AT I O N S

n

Official communications with dispatch or fellow drivers, whether by cell phone, two-way radio or mobile data computer, should be kept to a minimum. If there is a need for extended communication with dispatch or other drivers/operators, you should first find a safe place to pull off the road then continue your communication.

SAFETY BELTS Most states and transit systems ban the use of cellular phones by the driver/operator while the vehicle is in motion.

The law states that the driver/operator of any Commercial Motor Vehicle (CMV) must use the seat belt assembly before operating the vehicle if the vehicle is so outfitted (49 CFR 392.16). And doing so makes good sense. The National Highway Transportation Safety Administration estimates that safety belts save about 15,000 lives a year. While seatbelt use nationally has increased from 61 percent in 1997 to 82 percent in 20076, the rate of seatbelt use has increased more slowly in rural areas. And, importantly, while only 20 percent of the nation’s population lives in rural areas, 60 percent of all fatal crashes occur there.7 In short, wear your seat belt and encourage others to do the same. 4. Strayer, David L. & Drews, Frank A. (In Press). Multi-tasking in the Automobile. In A. Kramer, D. Wiegmann, & A. Kirlik (Eds.): Applied attention: From theory to practice. Oxford, Psychology Press. 5. See full report at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811719.pdf 6. Traffic Safety Facts. Seat Belt Use in 2007 – Overall Results. NHTSA’s National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Washington, DC. September 2007 7. Traffic Crashes Take Their Toll on America’s Rural Roads – The Need to Establish Rural Safety Belt Programs. NHTSA December 2006

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ADDITIONAL RESOURCES: DEFENSIVE DRIVER TRAINING Many agencies will want to continue defensive driver/operator training with a nationallyrecognized defensive driver/operator program. The following are a few of the most commonly used systems. National Safety Council www.nsc.org

EXERCISE: Proactive Steps for Health Total Exercise Training Time: Approximately 20 minutes.

Directions: After reviewing physical and emotional conditions that are known to affect driving behavior, carefully consider each of the questions below. List the action steps (short answers or bullets) you are committed to under each category, and be prepared to discuss your answers.

The Smith System www.smith-system.com Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration www.fmcsa.dot.gov

1. Fatigue – What proactive steps will you take to be well-rested before your shift begins?

2. Stress Management – What proactive steps will you take to live a low stress lifestyle?

3. Health and Nutrition – What proactive steps will you take to live a healthy lifestyle?

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EXERCISE: Blind Spot Demonstration

EXERCISE: Adverse Weather and Driving Conditions

Exercise Training Time: Approximately 30-40 minutes.

Total Exercise Training Time: Approximately 20-30 minutes.

Directions: We have to turn our heads as well as move our eyes to survey all possible hazards around the vehicle. Keep in mind that the “blind spot” is dynamic, and moves along with the vehicle. For example, on a left turn it is possible to not see pedestrians legally in the crosswalk as you are turning your vehicle into their path. You have to keep your head and eyes moving to cover the blind spots, which are not really blind spots at all IF you turn your head, expand your peripheral vision, and LOOK. Follow your instructor’s directions to identify blind spots and practice proper techniques for eliminating them.

Directions: Identify steps (short answers or bullets) you would take when driving in the following adverse conditions. Be prepared to discuss your answers.

1. Heavy rain

2. Fog / reduced visibility

3. Snow and ice

4. Glaring sun

5. Night driving

Blind Spot

Area covered by forward view of the driver/ operator, including peripheral vision

6. Construction zones Blind Spot

7. Flooding / driving through water

Blind Spot

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EXERCISE: Hours of Service, Operator Jones

EXERCISE: Hours of Service, Operator Smith

Exercise Training Time: Approximately 20 minutes per case study.

Exercise Training Time: Approximately 20 minutes per case study.

Directions:

Directions:

Divide into small groups. Once small workgroups have been established, you will have approximately 10-15 minutes to read and discuss your assigned case study and develop strategies for successful problem solving. Your workgroup will then have approximately five minutes to present your case study, answer any questions, offer solutions, and discuss the case with the entire group.

Divide into small groups. Once small workgroups have been established, you will have approximately 10-15 minutes to read and discuss your assigned case study and develop strategies for successful problem solving. Your workgroup will then have approximately five minutes to present your case study, answer any questions, offer solutions, and discuss the case with the entire group.

1. Operator Jones experiences considerable delays and overtime and arrives late back at the agency garage. The next day’s schedule has Jones’ start time before eight consecutive hours off duty.

1. Operator Smith has taken a second job working part-time delivering parts for a local auto parts store. Often this second job requires Smith to work late into the evening and prevents Operator Smith from having eight consecutive hours off duty before start-up time in Operator Smith’s full-time job with the transit agency.

What should Jones do?

Who should Jones discuss this with?

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Does Operator Smith have a responsibility to inform his/her transit agency?

Does the second job violate the transit agency policy’s intent to ensure all operators are well-rested before starting their driving duties?

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EXERCISE: On-Board Practice Total Exercise Training Time: Approximately 30-60 minutes.

Directions You will practice and demonstrate safe driving practices in real world operating conditions using a bus or paratransit vehicle. Your instructor will accompany you and be available for discussion, coaching, and post-exercise debriefing. 1. “4 Seconds Rule”: While performing this on-board exercise, you will be expected to practice and demonstrate safe driving procedures by using the “4 Seconds Rule” for following distance in real-world operating conditions. You must continuously adjust your speed to keep a four second “cushion of safety” between your vehicle and the one you are following. 2. Intersection Safety: While performing this on-board exercise, you will be expected to practice and demonstrate intersection safety in a variety of intersections including: n n n n n n

Four-way intersections with stop signs Two-way intersections with stop signs Simple signaled intersections Multi-lane signaled intersections Rural non-signaled intersections Merging into traffic

You will use safety concepts such as: n n n n

Covering the brake Reducing speed Proper use of turn signals Proper stopping and starting

You will demonstrate your ability to make right and left turns, pass through intersections, and yield to traffic and pedestrians, as appropriate.

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EXAM: Driver/Operator Safety 1. True or False: Transit vehicles do not have to stop at railroad crossings as long as there is not a train on the track. A. True B. False 2. What percentage of injury accidents occurs at intersections? A. Less than one percent B. About a quarter C. About one third D. More than 50 percent 3. What is your most important driver/operator safety tool? A. Fire Extinguisher B. Bio-Hazard Disposal Kit C. Flashlight D. Your Brain 4. True or False: In the I.D.P.E. Method you are taught 1) Identify the hazard, 2) Predict what may happen next, 3) Decide how you will react and 4) Execute decisively. A. True B. False 5. Using the “4 Seconds Rule”, how many seconds should elapse between the moment the vehicle in front of you passes a fixed point and you pass that same point? A. One Second B. Two Seconds C. Four Seconds D. Eight Seconds 6. Compared to a passenger car, following distance for a transit vehicle should be: A. About the same B. Greater, but only in adverse weather C. No more than three seconds D. Greater in both ideal and adverse conditions

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PA R T I I I : PA S S E N G E R SAFETY

7. Total Stopping Distance is a combination of: A. Perception Distance, Reaction Distance and Braking Distance B. Road surface and age C. Tread wear and vehicle capacity D. Time of day and attitude of driver/operator 8. Which is the best answer regarding backing your vehicle? A. It is fine to back your vehicle, as long as you use a spotter B. If you have a spotter it is not necessary to get out of the vehicle before starting the maneuver C. Properly adjusted mirrors are the key to safely backing your vehicle D. Back your vehicle only if it is necessary

OVERVIEW

9. If your vehicle starts to skid you should: A. Ease up on the accelerator B. Brake appropriately C. Turn the steering wheel in the direction you want to go D. All of the above 10. Which of the following statements is true about the operator’s responsibility to adjust mirrors? A. Properly adjusted mirrors allow you to see the entire side of your vehicle B. Properly adjusted mirrors eliminate all blind spots C. Mirrors should be permanently set by the maintenance department D. Properly adjusted mirrors allow you to barely see the side of your vehicle

It is you, the driver/operator, who must ensure that passengers board and depart your vehicle safely. You must also be aware of special procedures for those passengers with special needs, including individuals who use mobility devices (wheelchairs, scooters, walkers, etc.), the frail, elderly, and children. This section will provide important information on passenger relations and crisis management to help you do your job effectively, regardless of the situation.

SAFE BOARDING OF A M B U L AT O R Y PA S S E N G E R S : FIXED ROUTE Slips and Falls

1. B, False. When driving a transit vehicle you must always stop at railroad crossings and check for oncoming trains. (Details on page 29 of the Learner’s Guide.) 2. D 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. D

7. A 8. D 9. D 10. D

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Passenger falls are one of the more costly casualty losses in the transit industry today. As a driver/operator, you should do your utmost to remain stopped while passengers are moving to their seats, and to accelerate and brake smoothly at all times. Entrance steps to your vehicle should be equipped with treads and a sturdy handrail to prevent slippage. During foul weather you should periodically clear steps of snow, ice and water build-up. Be sure to caution boarding passengers of slip hazards. Stop Locations Placement of transit stops – for fixed-route service, demand-response service, or any other configuration – should consider safety for boarding and disembarking. While every transit stop may not be ideal, you should alert management to safety hazards caused by the location of scheduled stops.

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Approaching the Stop Slow down and be alert when approaching each stop, allowing arriving or waiting passengers to see your vehicle. Ideally, you should pull the vehicle parallel 6-8 inches away from the curb, stopping so the door is roughly even with the stop sign, allowing passengers to step from the curb or walkway to the vehicle without stepping into the street. If, for some reason, you must stop further than six inches from the curb, remain at least three feet from the curb to keep passengers from stretching while boarding or disembarking. Where there is no curb, park the vehicle as if the edge of the road is where a curb would be.

evenly throughout the vehicle. Assist anyone who needs aid with boarding or de-boarding. Disembarking Passengers Passengers should be encouraged to exit the vehicle at the rear door if one exists. You should assist anyone who needs aid getting off the vehicle.

Boarding Passengers Boarding passengers should be politely asked to wait until on-board passengers disembark. Greet passengers as they board. As the seats in the front of the vehicle fill, you may have to politely encourage passengers to move to the rear of the vehicle. If driving a 15-passenger van or cut-a-way, you may have to request that passengers move to distribute weight

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Rural Roads

Parking lots are a high-risk environment and should be avoided when possible. Extreme care must be taken to avoid pedestrians crossing outside of crosswalks and cars backing out of parking spaces. Passenger dropoff or pick-up should be planned so that your vehicle can enter and exit without the need to back up. Report stop locations that you believe are unsafe.

Rural roads can be difficult to navigate due to surface conditions, road width, lack of shoulders, winding turns, mountains and valleys, and few places to turn around. Reasonably open areas, such as a gas station or parking area, can be used to avoid backing up. If you must back up, get out of your vehicle to look for hazards and if possible use a spotter. Because rural roads are by nature sparsely populated, common sense should be exercised when dropping passengers in isolated areas, particularly during inclement weather.

Seat Belt Use by Passengers When seat and lap belts are available, the system should have a policy mandating seat belt use by all passengers. As a driver/ operator, it’s your responsibility to ensure that you and all of your passengers abide by your agency’s seat belt policy. You must fasten your seat belt and remind passengers, ambulatory and non-ambulatory, to use their seat belts if the vehicle is so equipped.

When deciding exactly where to stop, avoid hazards such as broken curbing, potholes, manhole covers and drain grates. The vehicle should be stopped completely with fourway flashers employed before the doors are opened for passengers. Permit sufficient space to pull back into traffic. Exercise caution when passing a scheduled stop with no waiting passengers; other drivers may expect the vehicle to stop and try to pass or turn in front of your vehicle. Also, passengers may be waiting inside adjacent buildings (e.g., stores, worksite, their car at a park & ride) for protection from inclement weather.

In the Parking Lot

Stopping in the Street If the regular boarding/discharge area is blocked by water, snow, or stalled vehicles, for example, you may have to stop in the street. This can be hazardous, so try to identify a safe alternative. If you must discharge passengers into the street, enable the four-way flashers prior to stopping, discharge passengers as close to the sidewalk as possible, warn them to watch their step and inform them that they will be in the street upon leaving the vehicle. Any vehicle parked illegally at a stop should be reported immediately to dispatch.

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US DOT’s ADA Implementation Regulations (from 49 CFR 37.173) require that each public or private entity which operates a fixed route or demand responsive system shall ensure that personnel are trained to proficiency, as appropriate to their duties. This means they operate vehicles and equipment safely and properly assist and treat individuals with disabilities who use the service in a respectful and courteous way, with appropriate attention to the difference among individuals with disabilities.

Stop Announcements and Transfer Points On fixed-route systems you are required to announce all transfer points and major stops such that passengers with visual impairment or other disabilities can remain oriented to their location.

SAFE BOARDING OF N O N - A M B U L AT O R Y PA S S E N G E R S The goal of any transportation system is to provide the mobility options that meet the travel needs of the community. For people who use wheelchairs or other mobility devices, a trained and empathetic driver/operator can make a positive contribution to their quality of life. Understanding Your Responsibility As a driver/operator, you are responsible for the safe boarding, securement, transport, and de-boarding of people who use wheelchairs and other mobility devices. Fixed-route transit

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systems may require persons with disabilities to maneuver their wheelchair on their own or with the aid of a personal attendant. In shared ride, paratransit, or demand-response systems, you may be expected to completely facilitate boarding and de-boarding of people in wheelchairs. Understanding your agency’s policies is essential to fulfilling your responsibility to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements and your responsibility to the safety of your passengers. Accommodating Disability Equipment For vehicles with side lifts, you must leave sufficient space between the lift and the curb (or you must park close enough to deploy the lift on the curb and sidewalk) to board passengers in wheelchairs. In either case, you must select a flat area to ensure that the toeguard flap works properly.

is needed. It isn’t polite to grab someone’s arm without asking; the same can be true with a person in a wheelchair. Talk with the person in a wheelchair as they perform any maneuvers. Ask how the brakes function, or in the case of a motorized wheelchair or scooter, how the power may be turned off. During lift operations and after on-board securement, it will be necessary to engage the brakes and/ or power off the motorized wheelchair or scooter.

Depending on the type of vehicle used:

n n n n n

Side boarding van – back the passenger onto the platform n Rear boarding van or ramps – push the passenger forward onto the platform n

When arriving to board a person with a mobility device (wheelchairs, scooters, etc.): Stop on level ground with room for the platform to deploy n Put the vehicle in park, set the parking brake and turn on the four-way flashers n Deploy the lift n Power chairs and scooters should have n

Another consideration for serving passengers with mobility problems (seniors, injured passengers, those using mobility devices) is to stop the vehicle in an area with a smooth, solid surface leading to the vehicle. Negotiating rough, soft surfaces is not only difficult, but also hazardous to the passenger and may damage wheelchairs and scooters. Wheelchair Basics

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n

Lift Operations

For vehicles with a rear lift, you will need sufficient clearance behind the vehicle to safely maneuver passengers in wheelchairs onto the lift, also ensuring that the toe-guard flap works properly.

Knowledge of wheelchair basics is essential. First and foremost, a wheelchair is considered an extension of a person’s body. Before you take charge, ask the passenger what assistance

the power turned off once the passenger boards the lift, then turned back on in low or “turtle mode” to maneuver safely into position on the vehicle. Only in a situation in which the wheelchair user cannot safely maneuver their power chair either onto the lift or into the vehicle would a driver/operator disengage the power to allow pushing by hand to safely assist the passenger

In 2011, weight and size definitions for wheelchair/user combinations were eliminated from US DOT’s ADA regulations.

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Note: The ADA allows passengers to decide whether they want to board forward or rear-facing. Make sure the mobility device brakes are set. n Ask the passenger to place their hands on n

Wheelchair lift manufacturers recommend that only the person who uses a wheelchair ride the lift. This is the preferred method of operation. When the wheelchair brakes are not functioning properly, the wheelchair is in poor condition, or the passenger lacks body stability (e.g., frail, double leg amputee, people with cerebral palsy, etc.) exceptions to the preferred method may be necessary. Understand and follow your agency’s policy!

n

n

n n

n

their lap and make sure their feet are clear of the toe-guard flap to avoid any injury while being boarded. If the lift has securement handles, ask the passenger to take hold of them. If the lift has a securement belt, the belt must be secured before operating the lift. Inform the passenger before the lift is engaged. Hold onto the mobility device when raising and lowering the lift. Once the lift platform is level with the vehicle floor, disengage brakes on the mobility device and push the device into the vehicle so that all wheels are on the vehicle floor. The driver/operator should either be able to gently assist the wheelchair passenger into the vehicle or should leave the passenger completely on the lift, enter the vehicle through the front door and pull the passenger into position. Under no circumstances should the operator position the passenger with wheels both in the vehicle and on the lift. All wheels on the mobility device should be either in the vehicle or on the lift. Re-engage brakes on the mobility device, then raise the lift to a semi-stowed position. This prevents the passenger from rolling back onto the lift. Release the mobility device brakes and steer or move the passenger into the securement location in a front facing position. Secure the passenger using the procedure outlined below. If the passenger is using a power scooter, it is acceptable to ask them to transfer to a seat. The scooter, however, must be secured. It must be noted that while the passenger would be strongly encouraged to transfer to a seat, the ADA allows the passenger to continue to ride on their scooter. The scooter should be secured using the wheelchair securement system. However,

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under the ADA, service may not be refused to the passenger if the scooter cannot be secured satisfactorily, or if he/she does not wish to use the shoulder harness and seat belt that are part of the securement system (unless the transit system’s policy requires all passengers WHEELCHAIR to use seat 4-POINT belts). TIE DOWN SYSTEM Securing the Wheelchair Using a 4-Point Tie Down System All mobility devices should be secured with 4-point tie downs (two front, two rear). Once

secured, mobility devices should move no more than 2 inches in any direction. The following guidelines will help ensure proper securement: n Center the mobility device between the four floor attachments n Set the brakes/power down the mobility device n Attach front and rear securement straps to create a 4-point tie down, as illustrated n Attach the straps as high on the chair as possible to a solid non-movable part. The ideal angle for securement straps is 45 degrees out from the chair frame. If using a cam locking system, attach the front straps first to the solid junction of the wheelchair frame n Rear straps should be attached to a solid junction of the frame, about 2 inches below seat level on a standard wheelchair

n n n n n n

n

n

Lap belts should cross the passenger low on the pelvis, snug but not tight n Shoulder belts should be attached to the lap belt and be adjusted to cross the passenger on the shoulder n If shoulder belts are not spring tensioned, leave enough slack to fit a closed fist between the shoulder belt and the passenger n

MOBILITY DEVICES

Due to the wide variety of mobility devices and securement systems, proper securement can present challenges. Extension straps or loops available from securement system manufacturers can aid in securing scooters and large power wheelchairs. Recently, some crash-tested mobility devices have incorporated four securement brackets with a hook that designates the wheelchair as WC-19 tested. When securing a WC-19 tested mobility device, the four securement straps should be hooked to the four red or black securement brackets.

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Rear belts should be parallel with the rear wheels; front belts should flare out slightly for lateral stability Route each strap in a straight line; do not bend it around a wheel or other object DO NOT attach the tie down to the wheels or any removable parts of the device (e.g., armrests or footrests) DO NOT attach tie downs to the folding cross brace of a standard wheelchair Tighten all straps, but do not over-tighten; a ratchet-type tightener could easily bend a standard wheelchair frame Test the mobility device to be sure you cannot move it more than 2 inches in any direction Secure the passenger with the lap belt and shoulder harness provided as part of the securement system, following the manufacturer’s instructions

n

If the wheelchair securement area leaves little room for working (e.g., backed up against a wall), scoot the wheelchair a few inches from the wall to attach the rear securement straps, then move the chair back to the proper location and tighten the straps. Remember that service may not be refused to the passenger if he/she does not wish to use the shoulder harness and seat belt unless the transit system’s policy requires all passengers to use seat belts.

For hard-to-secure motorized scooters and wheelchairs, manufacturer’s securement loops can be used. These loops, made from durable webbing, can be looped around the central drive shaft or seat frame and secured with two tie downs. Such straps can be permanently affixed to the mobility devices of frequent riders for easy securement.

TRANSIT SECURITY A Few Words about Security Transit systems, because they are open and accessible to the public, are a relatively soft target for criminals and terrorists. As a driver/ operator you must remain alert to unusual or suspicious activity on and around your vehicle. The following information should help you identify and report possible security threats as well as manage on board security incidents. Transit Watch Transit Watch was developed by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) in the aftermath of 9/11 and encourages transit employees, transit riders and community members to be aware of their surroundings and alert to activities, packages or situations that seem suspicious. If you see something that seems out of the ordinary and potentially hazardous, it should be immediately reported to dispatch, who will take the appropriate actions and/or notify the appropriate authorities. Be On the Look Out (BOLO) As a transit driver/operator you are the eyes and ears of the community, a first line of defense against crime and terrorism. Be On the Look Out (BOLO) for suspicious people, activities, vehicles, packages and substances. Since you are familiar with your operating environment, you are in an ideal position to recognize what is normal and what seems

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out of place. Trust your instincts and report to dispatch anything suspicious or potentially hazardous.

n

Be On the Look Out for:

Suspicious packages:

Suspicious people: n n n n n n n n n n n n

In the wrong place or appear lost Pacing, nervous or jumpy Wearing heavy clothing inappropriate for the weather In an unauthorized or restricted area On system property without proper ID, uniform or safety gear Loitering, staring or watching employees and customers Acting in a disorderly manner, alarming or disturbing others Quickly exiting an area or vehicle after abandoning a package Taking photos of equipment or facilities Carrying a weapon or suspected weapon Expressing an unusual level of interest in operations, equipment and personnel Unfamiliar couriers, repair personnel, or utility crews in the wrong place or at an unusual time

Response to suspicious people: Note their direction of travel, description of vehicle, and license plate n Note their physical characteristics

n

birthmarks or other identifying characteristics  Report your observations to dispatch

Items or devices that are out‐of‐the‐ ordinary for the surrounding environment, exhibiting one or more of the following: n n n n n n n n n n n n

n

n n n n n 44

Head – eyes, ears, hair and facial hair, mouth, nose, forehead, cheeks, chin, complexion, jewelry, hat Body – neck, arms, chest, stomach, shirt, accessories, tattoos Legs – slacks, skirt, belt, feet, socks, shoes Overall appearance – height, weight, gender, neat or sloppy, packages, bags, accessories Unique characteristics such as scars,

Apparent attempt to be hidden No one claims ownership of item Threatening message attached Abandoned by someone quickly leaving the area Visible wires, batteries, tanks, or bottles Clock, cell phone, or timer attached Ticking, buzzing, or sloshing sound Items emitting an unexplainable or unusual odor or vapor Abandoned or out‐of‐place aerosol or manual spray devices A broken bag, envelope, bottle, light bulb or other device that leaks or leaves a powdery residue A cloud, mist, fog, fine powder, dust, liquid or oily residue with no explainable source Two or more people experiencing difficulty breathing, uncontrollable coughing, collapse, seizure, nausea, blurred vision or disorientation

n

n n n

Suspicious substances: n n n n n

Abandoned or out-of-place aerosol or manual spray devices A broken bag, envelope, bottle, light bulb or other device with a residue or a threatening note attached A cloud, mist, fog, fine powder, dust, liquid or oily residue with no explainable source Items emitting an unexplainable or pungent odor or vapor Two or more people experiencing difficulty breathing, uncontrollable coughing, collapse, seizure, nausea, blurred vision or disorientation

n

Await direction from management or emergency responders

Difficult Passengers As a driver/operator you will occasionally encounter difficult passengers; it is the nature of dealing with the public in stressful situations. Customers may be chronic complainers, irate and argumentative, or unreasonably demanding. In addition, passengers with cognitive disabilities may not communicate well, become confused easily, repeatedly ask questions, or forget where they live or where they are going. When dealing with different or difficult passengers, remain calm, avoid arguing, and don’t take the person’s remarks personally. Sensitivity and sincerity can go a long way in defusing the situation. Some helpful suggestions include: n

Assess the condition of the passenger n n n n n

Response to suspicious substances: n

Response to suspicious packages:

n

n D O NOT touch, move or cover the package or suspicious material n D O NOT use a radio or cell phone in the vicinity if you suspect an explosive device n I f there is immediate danger, remain calm and evacuate well away from the vehicle or the area n Attempt to isolate and secure the area n D O NOT re‐enter once you have evacuated everyone

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ake notification through your chain of M command (if away from your vehicle radio use a cell phone) – give a description of the suspect package, device, or substance and its location, number of victims (if any) and their symptoms If remaining on your vehicle (or in a  facility), shut down HVAC systems to avoid spreading possible contamination Call 911 if unable to make contact with  your dispatcher/supervisor Await direction from management  or emergency responders

n n n

Shut down HVAC systems on vehicle or in facility to avoid spreading contamination DO NOT touch, move or cover the substance Remain calm and evacuate everyone from the affected area Attempt to isolate and secure the area DO NOT re-enter contaminated area once you have evacuated everyone Report the situation to dispatch including your location, number of victims, a description of the substance and any symptoms displayed by the victims

n

Cognitive disabilities Physical disabilities Language barriers Adolescent Signs and symptoms of drug or alcohol usage

Assess the problem Listen to the passenger Focus on the problem, not the passenger n Place no blame and do not make excuses n Repeat your understanding of the problem to the passenger n n

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n

Encourage the passenger to suggest a solution to the problem If the solution is viable, follow through on it n If the solution is unrealistic, suggest alternatives or choices n

n

Be friendly and fair, but firm – especially in a safety-related issue

Be alert to when a passenger’s demeanor changes from different and difficult to hazardous. Some warning signs include: n n n n n n

Increased agitation, sudden movements Raised voice or shouting Voiced threats or expletives Threatening body posture or actions Suggestion or evidence of a weapon Known history of violent behavior 

Your first concern is self-protection followed by protection of the other passengers on the vehicle. Recommended tactics include: n n n n n

Stay calm and maintain control – do not overreact Behave in a non-threatening manner, both in body language and voice Try to establish a relationship using empathy Try to defuse the situation Discreetly try to alert dispatch or emergency management n n

n n

Use a panic button, if available Use a predetermined radio “alert” code

Do not board new passengers If driving, let the potentially hazardous

THE SEVEN STEPS OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Assess the Situation Notify Dispatch/Request Aid Protect Yourself Protect Others Secure the Vehicle Gather Incident Information Complete Post-Incident Reports

Check your location. DO NOT move your vehicle unless: Instructed to do so by law enforcement, or n Leaving the vehicle where it is would expose the passengers to greater danger (e.g. in a busy traffic lane, on a blind curve, etc.) n

Secure the vehicle by disengaging the transmission (place in PARK OR NEUTRAL), setting the brakes, turning off the engine and turning on your four-way hazards n Make a decision to evacuate or not to evacuate the vehicle. Evacuate if remaining in place presents a greater hazard than leaving the vehicle. Detailed evacuation procedures are provided below n Assess the condition of your passengers and contact dispatch providing the following information: n

n n n n

person know verbally what you are going to do before you do it If a weapon is suggested or evident make no sudden, threatening movements; do not grab at the weapon If possible, park the vehicle in a well lit and public place and open the doors Allow the potentially hazardous person to leave the vehicle – do not pursue the person If violence is directed towards another passenger, immediately contact dispatch or 911 and give the following information: n n n n

Accident Procedures

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n n n

names, phone numbers and any other information they can provide; collect courtesy cards to turn in to management Cooperate with law enforcement and system management DO NOT assign blame or take responsibility for the accident DO NOT talk to the media; refer the media to system management Collect information from other drivers and first responders including: n n

Exact location Type of emergency and exactly what has occurred n Number of passengers on the vehicle, number of passengers using a wheelchair, and nature and severity of any injuries n Type of help you will need from police, fire and emergency medical service (EMS) n Whether or not you are blocking traffic and if the vehicle can be safely moved

CRISIS MANAGEMENT In life, it’s a given that accidents happen. In transit, it’s almost a guarantee that you or another driver/operator in your system will encounter one or more accidents in your tenure. What you do in response to accidents can save lives and property. Here are some steps for how to react calmly to an accident.

n

n n

Vehicle location Nature of the incident Description of threatening individual Weapons, if suspected or evident

8. Depending upon state laws and incident circumstances, rendering medical aid can result in legal action against the driver/operator and the transit agency. Your transit system should provide guidance, based on legal opinion, on when and whether a driver/operator should render First Aid or CPR.

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n

n n n n n n

Respond to passenger needs and assist injured passengers according to agency policy8 n Inform all passengers of the situation, what actions you have taken and how they will be affected n Ask all passengers and witnesses to complete courtesy cards including their n

License number of other vehicle(s) Make, model and color of other vehicle(s) Name, phone number and driver license number of other driver(s) Insurance carrier and policy number of other driver(s) Names of ambulance company and hospital to which injured were transported Name, department and badge number of responding law enforcement officer(s) Name, station and badge number of responding fire protection officer(s) Any other pertinent observations, including condition or behavior of other driver(s)

Seek medical attention for any physical or emotional damage you suffered in the accident n Complete all required accident report documentation as soon as possible n

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INCIDENT MANAGEMENT FOR TRANSIT DRIVERS

1

Evacuation Procedures

n

In some accidents or emergencies, you will be required to evacuate your vehicle. This can be an extremely delicate and stressful situation, so it’s important that you have a clear process to follow. DO NOT EVACUATE the vehicle unless it is absolutely necessary n EVACUATE the vehicle if any of the following conditions exist:

n n n n

n n n

n n n n

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The vehicle is in a hazardous location and cannot be moved You see fire or see or smell smoke You see leaking fuel coming from or underneath the vehicle You see a security threat, such as a suspicious package, suspicious substance, or an explosive device Any other conditions that would make it safer for the passengers to evacuate the vehicle

Once a decision to evacuate is made, speed is of the essence, especially if there is the threat of fire Assess the condition of escape routes and identify possible safety zones outside the vehicle If it is necessary to evacuate through exit windows or roof hatches, it is preferable to have assistance inside and outside the vehicle Assess the condition of passengers to be evacuated and what assistance will be required Calmly tell your passengers what you are going to do, tell them which exit(s) to use and where you want them to wait Stress that passengers must assemble in a safe location well away from the vehicle and clear of traffic hazards Ask for assistance from ambulatory passengers in evacuating passengers who

When everyone is evacuated and accounted for, remain in a safe location and wait for emergency responders YES

Extinguishing Fires

Can you handle yourself?

Vehicle fires pose an extremely high risk to the life and/or safety of you and your passengers. If smoke or fire is present:

n

n

Assess Situation

are injured or disabled n Evacuate all ambulatory passengers first, except those who have agreed to assist in the evacuation of non-ambulatory passengers n Ensure that all passengers assemble in a safe location n When evacuating non-ambulatory passengers or passengers in a wheelchair: Use a web cutter to cut through all securement devices n If the wheelchair lift door works and the lift is operative, use the lift to evacuate non-ambulatory passengers (in an emergency, the lift may be operated manually without power) n You may also lower the lift halfway down, electronically or manually, and use it as a step for ambulatory and non-ambulatory passengers If you must resort to drag and carry techniques to evacuate passengers: Slide passengers who use wheelchairs out of their chairs, or injured passengers from their seat and onto a drag blanket (if available) n Grab corners of drag blanket and drag or carry the victim down the aisle and out the door or emergency exit. If a drag blanket is not available, grasp under their arms and gently pull to safety. n

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Securing the Vehicle If your vehicle has been disabled you should secure it to prevent secondary accidents and roll-aways. Unless you have been in an accident (or you must move your vehicle for safety reasons), move the vehicle off the roadway to a safe location n Put on the four-way flashers n

NO

Protect passengers

Can you move the vehicle?

Pull the pin on the extinguisher Position yourself upwind of the fire Remain as far away from the flames as possible, letting the wind carry the fire retardant toward the fire source n Squeeze the trigger and aim at base of the fire, not at the flames n Continue extinguishing until whatever was burning has been cooled; absence of smoke or flame does not mean that the fire is completely out If you are unsure about anything, do not attempt to put out the fire, but join the passengers in a safe area and wait for emergency responders

Are you or passengers in danger?

4

n n n

n

Call dispatch or 911

YES

Protect yourself

Shut off all electrical power EVACUATE the vehicle IMMEDIATELY Do not open up the hood or engine compartment if smoke or fire is present n Attempt to extinguish a fire only if you are certain that what you are doing is safe

n

n

3

n n n

2

NO

NO

YES

5a Move to a safe location

5b Secure & protect vehicle, reassure

6

Gather incident information

Disengage the transmission (put in PARK or NEUTRAL), 7 set the brakes and Complete shut the engine off post n If the vehicle is on a incident grade, turn the front wheels to minimize roll-away potential and block the rear wheels against the grade n

Incident Management in Seven Easy Steps 1. 2. 3. 4.

Assess the Situation Notify Dispatch/Request Aid Protect Yourself Protect Others

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IF THE PASSENGER IS UNCONSCIOUS n Ask other passengers if they

know what is wrong with the ill passenger

n Check the ill passenger’s

ABC’s: Airway clear, Breathing and Circulation (pulse). Normal respiration is 15-20 breaths per minute.

n Normal circulation is 60-120

beats per minute. (A person who is agitated may have a fast pulse, but 90 is on the high end of normal. Some people have resting pulse rates less than 60.)

n Check the passenger’s wrists

and neck to see if there are any medical warning tags. Follow the directions on the medical warning tags.

n Administer first aid or CPR if

you are trained in it and it is your system policy to do so.

5. Secure the Vehicle 6. Gather Incident Information 7. Complete Post-Incident Reports

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n n n n n n n

Secure the vehicle If possible, determine what type of help the passenger might need Contact dispatch, explain the situation, and request assistance (if needed) Inform the other passengers of the situation and keep them away from the ill passenger Keep the passenger warm and comfortable, and talk to him or her as a treatment for shock DO NOT give the passenger food, drink, or medication unless medical warning tags say to do so Ask other passengers to fill out courtesy cards and complete all required incident documentation

NIMS & ICS Like other first responders, drivers/operators of transit vehicles are required to be certified in the Incident Command System (ICS) and the National Incident Management System (NIMS). Established by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, NIMS and ICS detail roles and responsibilities for critical incidents at all levels of government. The online independent study courses cover key concepts in emergency management including organizational structure, chain of command, common communication, and information management systems. These interactive courses are available at: http://training.fema.gov/is/courseoverview.aspx?code=IS-700.a http://training.fema.gov/is/courseoverview.aspx?code=IS-100.b http://www.training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/is200.asp

Handling Bodily Fluid Spills Bodily fluids – vomit, urine, excrement, blood and saliva – can readily transmit a myriad of pathogens to the unprotected individual. As such, it is essential that you follow your system policy on handling biohazards. Following are guidelines employed by most transit systems: Contact dispatch and describe the situation n If you are instructed to wait for assistance, secure the vehicle and wait n If you are instructed to respond to the bodily fluid spill:

n

n

n n

Handling Ill Passengers

n

Operating a vehicle, you’ll come into contact with many people throughout the year. It’s inevitable that some passengers may become ill due to motion sickness or health reasons. Here’s what to do in those situations.

n n n

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Ask any passengers near the biohazard to move away Avoid touching, stepping in or splattering the spill Locate the biohazard kit on your vehicle Put on the disposable gloves found in the biohazard kit Cover the spill area with the disinfectant found in the biohazard kit Using the appropriate instrument from the biohazard kit, place any

n n n n n n n

contaminated materials in the biohazard bag found in the biohazard kit If the clean up includes broken glass or other sharp objects, pick the sharp objects up by mechanical means. Dispose of them in the leak proof, puncture proof container provided in the biohazard kit. Carefully discard all clean up materials, including gloves, in the biohazard bag Immediately double bag the biohazard bag if there is any possibility of rupture Ensure that all biohazard materials are placed in the appropriate transit system depository Thoroughly wash hands with soap and hot running water as soon as possible Apply disinfectant if available Collect passenger comment cards Complete all required incident documentation

Community Emergencies With the repercussions of recent natural disasters, HAZMAT spills and terrorist activity, transportation systems have become increasingly important to the community emergency management system. As a driver/ operator you may be asked to help evacuate residents, transport first responders, or ferry equipment or supplies. If involved in a community emergency: n Follow instructions provided by your agency’s supervision/management, or the on-scene public safety official you are assigned to report to, such as an emergency Staging Area Manager n Avoid risks that place you, your passengers or the vehicle at significant risk n If in extended operations, keep an eye on fuel and fluid levels n Periodically check tire pressure and watch for wear that could result in tire failure n Take care of yourself by resting and eating when possible n If fatigue becomes a safety concern, immediately notify your supervisor

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PA S S E N G E R R E L AT I O N S : THE FIRST (AND LAST) WORD

n n

Serving Customers Customer service attitudes of an organization are determined and maintained by its culture (staff), not by its rules (policies and procedures). When performing your duties it is important to remember that transit is a customer-centered industry. As a transit operator you may be the first and only person the passenger (the customer) interacts with. That makes you the ambassador for your entire agency. How you treat people makes a deep and lasting impression. We are all experts at customer service, because ultimately we are all customers. We know how we like to be treated, what we expect, and what we need. In the Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP)’s Transit Manager Tool Kit for Rural and Small Urban Transportation Systems9 transit customers identified seven essential elements they need when using public transportation. They are:

n

n n

Safety and Security - Customers want to feel safe and secure while using the system Clean and Comfortable - Customers want to find the vehicles and facilities clean and comfortable when riding or waiting Understandable - Customers want to easily understand how to use the services through effective, accessible information and materials Affordable - Customers want to be able to afford the transit system and receive good value for their transit fare Empathetic/Friendly - Customers want to feel that the transit system staff cares about their needs and that all personnel are friendly and customer-service focused

Your actions as a driver/operator directly affect most of these needs. Treating customers in a courteous, friendly, and helpful manner will go far in generating community-wide support for transit, and, in turn, job security. In addition, most drivers/operators agree that having a positive and friendly attitude makes their job substantially more enjoyable.

Reliability - Customers want to be confident that a vehicle will arrive and transport them on time or as promised n Convenience - Customers want to be able to use transit to travel from residential areas to major destinations or activity centers on the dates and times they need to travel n

As an operator, you know what you customers want, need and expect. Using the following seven essential steps from a TCRP study on customer service, what are your responsibilities under each category?

Reliability

Convenience

Safety & Security

Clean & Comfortable

Understandable

Affordable

Empathetic

9. See full report at http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_54-a.pdf

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EXERCISE: Passenger Safety Case Studies Exercise Training Time: Approximately 20 minutes per case study. Directions: Divide into small groups. Once small workgroups have been established, you will have approximately 10-15 minutes to read and discuss your assigned case study and develop strategies for successful problem solving. Your workgroup will then have approximately 5 minutes to present your case study, answer any questions, offer solutions, and discuss the case with the entire group. 1. You have been a professional transit driver/operator for the last six months. Today, you are driving the shopping loop and have passengers to both drop off and pick up at the local supermarket. As you approach the designated supermarket stop, you notice a pick-up truck with two young men inside, parked dead center in the stop. You pull up close to the truck and tap your horn. The truck driver and passenger completely ignore you. You are not able to correctly pull close to the curb. Your passengers at this stop generally board with multiple packages, and some have young children in tow. What steps should you take to safely drop off and pick up your passengers?

What steps should you take to report the pick-up truck?

Should you approach the pick-up truck driver?

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2. You are picking up a new wheelchair-using paratransit rider today. When you get to the designated house, you discover that the passenger, Jane, is a very large woman, using portable oxygen. She has an older, manual wheelchair with non-working brakes that is difficult to maneuver. Jane’s sister, Helen, announces that she will accompany her sister today. Even though you have room on this trip for an extra passenger, your manifest did not mention picking up Helen. As you start the boarding process, Helen insists on helping with the lift and securement. Helen also states she always rides for free when the other driver/operator, Frank, picks them up.

3. While driving the Red Route, you notice a woman sitting at the stop. You stop and open the door, expecting her to board. She looks away, ignoring you. You call out, asking if she is riding. Again, she ignores you, making no eye contact. You pull away. Thirty minutes later, you come back to the same stop. Two new passengers are waiting to board. As they board, they tell you about the woman – she was asking questions about the community transit vehicle you drive, but walked away as the vehicle approached. Later that day, you see the same woman at the same stop. You stop, and again she ignores you.

What steps should you take to safely board your passenger?

Based on your Be On the Look Out (BOLO) training, is this a suspicious person?

How do you deal with the “helpful” sister?

If so, what steps should you take and to whom do you report this?

How do you deal with the “free fare” issue?

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4. You are driving a paratransit vehicle in town. You have three passengers on board, two using a wheelchair and one older adult with physical disabilities. You are transporting them all to the medical center, about four blocks away. You smell something odd and notice a little bit of smoke coming from the engine cover. You know you can make it to the medical center in about two minutes with present traffic conditions.

5. You have been driving the Green Route all morning. The weather has been miserable with unexpected cold temperatures and continuous rain. As the temperature is dropping, you see ice forming on the passenger steps. Cold air and freezing rain is preventing the vehicle door from shutting properly. You should have enough time to fix the problem at your next stop, the mall. You generally have a 10-minute layover. Three regular, older riders are waiting under the mall’s canopy to get on the vehicle. They are cold and quickly move toward the vehicle door as you approach.

What steps should you take now? What steps should you take now to safely board your passengers?

If you decide to evacuate, what steps should you take? How could you have better prepared for this day?

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2. During lift operation and after onboard securement, it is necessary to: A. Engage the brakes on a manual chair B. Turn power off on a powered wheelchair or scooter C. Securing the mobility device using a four-point tie down system D. All of the above 3. Using the 4-point tie-down system, a secured mobility device should move no more than inches in any direction? A. Two B. Four C. Six D. Eight 4. In an emergency situation, you may have to quickly and efficiently evacuate your vehicle. You should evacuate your vehicle only if: A. Instructed to do so by dispatch B. Instructed to do so by law enforcement C. Remaining in place presents a greater hazard than leaving the vehicle D. The vehicle is lying on its side 5. The National Incident Management System is: A. FEMA’s answer to Hurricane Katrina B. A non-required course for emergency responders C. A national strategy for how local, state and federal agencies should organize to respond to emergencies large and small D. Irrelevant to the transit industry 6. If dealing with a potentially dangerous passenger: A. Tell the passenger what you are going to do before you do it B. If possible, park the vehicle in a well lit and public place and open the doors C. Do not grab at a weapon D. All of the above

8. If you see any sign of smoke or flame in or outside your vehicle you should: A. Immediately stop in a safe location and evacuate your passengers, then notify dispatch B. Call dispatch to report the problem C. Call 911 and drive to the nearest fire station D. Deploy your fire extinguisher to battle the flames 9. If you find a package that is emitting strange sounds, smells, liquids or otherwise appears suspicious, you should: A. Grab the package and move it to a nearby dumpster B. Immediately take out your cell phone and notify dispatch C. Try to determine what the device is by picking it up and shaking it D. Calmly evacuate the area and notify dispatch with a description and the location of the package 10. If you observe two or more people experiencing difficulty breathing, uncontrollable coughing, collapse, seizure, nausea, blurred vision or disorientation, you should: A. Grab the substance and move it to a nearby dumpster B. Presume that there may be some sort of toxic airborne chemical release and immediately shut down the HVAC system, evacuate, and relocate uphill and upwind (if possible), and immediately report the situation to dispatch. C. Try to determine what the substance is by tasting or smelling it D. Evacuate the area then return to investigate

6. D 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. B

1. True or False: A wheelchair is considered an extension of a person’s body, so you should ask before taking control of the mobility device. A. True B. False

7. I f you should have to clean up vomit or some other bodily fluid spill, you should: A. Immediately don the disposable gloves found in the biohazard kit B. Cover the spill area with the disinfectant found in the biohazard kit C. Carefully place contaminated materials in the biohazard bag and thoroughly wash hands with soap and hot running water as soon as possible D. All of the above

1. A 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. C

EXAM: Passenger Safety

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CONCLUSION

The responsibilities of a community transportation vehicle operator are many. A true professional takes the pre-trip inspection process, defensive driving, passenger safety and security, and customer relations very seriously. The guidelines contained in START should make your job safer and a little easier. After reading this manual, you should have a solid foundation for how to operate a transit vehicle safely. This includes the basics of vehicle security; the components of a routine pre-trip, en route, and post-trip equipment inspection; defensive driving techniques under a variety of conditions; procedures for safely boarding and disembarking passengers; accommodations for special needs passengers; customer service tools for handling passenger relations; and familiarity with procedures to effectively manage crisis situations. It is now up to you to be diligent in applying the training imparted in this guide to your daily operations, and to review START periodically as necessary. Remember: your duty as a transit operator to provide a safe and comfortable ride is the cornerstone of community transit.

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ADDITIONAL RESOURCES Your state Department of Transportation, state RTAP program, and various national organizations have additional information, resources, programs, and services to assist with safety training and development. Many can be found online (if a URL provided below no longer works, search for the organization in your preferred search engine): American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) www.transportation.org American Public Transportation Association (APTA) www.apta.com Community Transportation Association of America (CTAA) www.ctaa.org Easter Seals Project ACTION (ESPA) www.projectaction.org Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) www.fmcsa.dot.gov Federal Transit Administration (FTA) www.fta.dot.gov FTA Safety Program safety.fta.dot.gov National Rural Transit Assistance Program (National RTAP) www.nationalrtap.org National Safety Council (NSC) www.nsc.org National Transit Institute (NTI) www.ntionline.com Transportation Safety Institute (TSI) www.rita.dot.gov/tsi

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S U P P L E M E N TA L R E A D I N G A N D T R A I N I N G In addition to the resources available from the organizations and programs above, the National RTAP website offers a wealth of free training modules (e.g. Emergency Procedures, Customer Driven Service, Problem Passengers, and START), technical briefs, topic guides, toolkits, and more related to safety in the rural transit environment. Visit nationalrtap.org and use the toolbar to navigate to the following sections of the website: Resource Library - View the topic guides, browse for resources by subject or format, use the advanced search tool, or find a transit trainer for hire. 2 the Point Training - Download these cards for quick refresher training for drivers on a variety of important topics, including passenger safety and defensive driving. Toolkits - The Find Anything and Transit Manager’s Toolkits are a few of the toolkits that contain information and resources related to safety and training. News - View upcoming events and Best Practices Spotlight articles on topics like employee wellness and innovative safety programs. State RTAP Programs - Learn more about state RTAPs and get the contact information for your state’s program to find out about training opportunities. Webinars - Register for upcoming webinars and view previously recorded webinars on topics like drug and alcohol testing, ADA customer service, and more.

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APPENDIX



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SAMPLE PRE-TRIP FORMS SAMPLE POST-TRIP FORMS DEFECT REPORT FORMS

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SAMPLE PRE-TRIP VOI FORM FROM NORTH CAROLINA

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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS CONCERNING WHEELCHAIRS AND BUS AND RAIL SERVICE D E PA R T M E N T O F T R A N S P O R TAT I O N D I S A B I L I T Y L AW G U I D A N C E

GENERAL What is a wheelchair? Section 37.3 of the DOT regulations implementing the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) (49 CFR Parts 27, 37, and 38) defines a “wheelchair” as a mobility aid belonging to any class of three- or morewheeled devices, usable indoors, designed or modified for and used by individuals with mobility impairments, whether operated manually or powered. Is an electric scooter a wheelchair? Yes, provided that the electric scooter meets the definition of “wheelchair” in Section 37.3 of the DOT ADA regulations. Some wheelchairs weigh more than 600 pounds when occupied, and the design load of the lifts on our vehicles is 800 pounds. Is a transportation operator required to carry these “overweight” wheelchairs? Yes. Transportation operators must carry a wheelchair and occupant if the lift and vehicle can physically accommodate them. If a lift has the minimum design load of 600 pounds, there is no requirement for an agency to transport a heavier occupied device. However, if the vehicle lift has a design load of 800 pounds, the agency would need to transport an 800-pound wheelchair/ passenger combination, but not a combination

exceeding 800 pounds. An operator may deny transportation if carrying the wheelchair and its occupant would be inconsistent with legitimate safety requirements, for example, the wheelchair is so large it would block an aisle or interfere with the safe evacuation of passengers in an emergency. Is a transportation operator required to procure vehicles with lifts that have a design load of more than 600 pounds? No. 49 CFR Part 38 continues to require that lifts have a minimum design load of 600 pounds and that the lift platform accommodate a wheelchair measuring 30 inches by 48 inches. However, if a transportation operator procures vehicles with lifts that have a design load of more than 600 pounds, or the platform and vehicle will accommodate a wheelchair that exceeds the dimension of 30 inches by 48 inches, the operator must carry the wheelchair and its occupant.10 Are transportation operators required to retrofit their vehicles to accommodate larger and heavier wheelchairs? No. 49 CFR Part 38 continues to require that lifts have a minimum design load of 600 pounds and the lift platform accommodates a wheelchair measuring 30 inches by 48 inches.

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA) motor vehicle safety regulations require that a wheelchair lift be tested to withstand a 600-pound load. If the manufacturer states that the design load is 800 pounds, can the transportation operator limit actual use to 600 pounds for safety reasons? No. The NHTSA safety standards and the DOT ADA regulations were designed to complement each other. The manufacturer’s design load represents the amount of weight that the lift is capable of supporting. The 600-pound test required under NHTSA’s Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) represents the minimum design load specified under 49 CFR Part 38. FMVSS does not limit the capacity of the lift. Section 38.23(b)(1) requires a safety factor of six times the design load for working parts and three times the design load for nonworking parts. Given the requirement for safety factors of 3x and 6x the design load (depending upon the component), a lift with a 600 lb. design load should not be straining to the point of failure until the load approaches 1,800 lbs. (3 x 600). If the lift manufacturer specifies that wheelchairs must face away from the vehicle when using the lift, are transportation operators required to permit passengers to board facing the vehicle? Yes. 49 CFR Part 38 specifies that a lift must permit both inboard and outboard facing of wheelchair users. A lift that requires passengers to face a specific direction does not comply with the regulations.

What kinds of services must transportation personnel provide? Because safe and nondiscriminatory transportation is the responsibility of the transportation operator, Section 37.173 of the DOT ADA regulations requires operators to train their personnel to properly assist and treat individuals with disabilities with sensitivity, and to operate vehicles and equipment safely. This includes training personnel to use the accessibility equipment and to accommodate the different types of wheelchairs. Attendant-type services (e.g., manually lifting or transferring passengers to seats and carrying personal baggage or suitcases (except where provided to nondisabled passengers)) are not required. However, assistance with boarding and disembarking, including pushing a manual wheelchair up a particularly steep ramp, is required. Does a wheelchair need brakes in order to use the transportation service? No. The DOT ADA regulations’ definition of a wheelchair does not include a requirement for brakes or any other equipment. A transportation operator may not deny transportation to a wheelchair user because the device does not have brakes or the user does not choose to set the brakes. Can an operator refuse to carry a person with a disability, especially a person using an electric scooter that meets the definition of a “wheelchair,” because of higher insurance rates or liability concerns?

10. S ome changes to design loads and dimensional limits for wheelchair lifts have been made by the Next Generation Corridor Equipment Pool Committee, i.e., the “305 committee” to specifications for certain intercity and high-speed railcars. These are not regulatory changes or requirements but may be applicable. For more information, see http://www.highspeed-rail.org.

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No. Section 37.5(g) of the DOT ADA regulations prohibits an operator from denying service to an individual with a disability because its insurance company conditions coverage or rates on the absence of individuals with disabilities or persons who use wheelchairs. Can an operator require a person to transfer from a wheelchair to a vehicle seat? No. Section 37.165(e) of the DOT ADA regulations allows persons who use wheelchairs to transfer to a vehicle seat, if one is available. Such a move is the rider’s decision and the operator cannot force a rider to transfer to a vehicle seat, although the operator can suggest a transfer in a noncoercive way.

SECUREMENT May a transit operator require that wheelchairs be secured in vehicles? Yes, if the transit operator has established such a policy, and the vehicle is required to be equipped with a securement system by 49 CFR Part 38. Section 37.165(c)(3) of the DOT ADA regulations allows a transit operator to establish a policy that requires all riders to have their wheelchairs secured while aboard a transit vehicle. Therefore, the operator may decline to provide service to a rider who refuses to allow his or her wheelchair to be secured. Alternatively, transit operators may adopt a policy that allows wheelchairs to ride unsecured. If the rider wishes his or her wheelchair to be secured, however, the

operator’s personnel must provide the requested assistance.

Does a wheelchair user have to use the seat belt and shoulder harness?

The regulations do not require that rail vehicles be equipped with securement devices; if securement devices are nonetheless provided, their use is optional and at the rider’s discretion.

Under the broad nondiscrimination provisions in Section 37.5 of the DOT ADA regulations, a transit operator is not permitted to mandate the use by wheelchair users of seat belts and shoulder harnesses, unless the operator mandates the use of these devices by all passengers, including those sitting in vehicle seats. For example, on fixed route vehicles, if none of the other passengers are required to wear shoulder belts then neither can the person in the mobility device be required to do so.

What kinds of securement equipment must be provided in vehicles? Section 38.23(d) of the DOT ADA regulations requires all ADA-compliant vehicles to have a two-part securement system, one to secure the wheelchair, and a seat belt and shoulder harness for the wheelchair user. Section 38.23(a) requires vehicles over 22 feet in length to have enough securement locations and devices to secure two wheelchairs, while vehicles 22 feet and under must be able to accommodate at least one wheelchair. May a transit operator deny boarding to a rider whose wheelchair is difficult to secure?

Transit operators may establish a policy that requires the seat belt and shoulder harness to be used by all riders, including those who use wheelchairs as well as those who use vehicle seats, if seat belts and shoulder harnesses are provided at all seating locations. In some cases, state law could require an operator to adopt such a policy.

When developing seat-belt-use policies, it must be stressed that Section 38.23(d)(7) prohibits the use of the seat belt and shoulder harness in lieu of securing the wheelchair itself. If the passenger’s wheelchair cannot be secured, or cannot be secured adequately to the satisfaction of both passenger and transit personnel, the seat belt and shoulder harness must not be used. Many state seat belt laws also contain provisions exempting certain types of vehicles (such as buses and taxis) from compliance, as well as exceptions for persons who cannot use a seat belt for medical reasons. Any seat-beltuse policy established by a transit operator should reflect such provisions.

No. If the transit operator has a policy that requires securement, or if a rider asks that the wheelchair be secured, Section 37.165(f) of the DOT ADA regulations requires transit personnel to use their best efforts to secure the device. Section 37.165(d) states that transit operators cannot refuse to accommodate a wheelchair because the device cannot be secured to the driver/ operator’s satisfaction. Given the diversity of wheelchairs, transit operators should consult with the owner of the wheelchair to determine the best means of securement.

This guidance has been approved through the Department of Transportation’s Disability Law Coordinating Council as representing the official views of the Department on this matter. February 4, 2013

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A program of the Federal Transit Administration administered by the Neponset Valley Transportation Management Association National RTAP Resource Center 5 Wheeling Ave, Unit B, Woburn, MA 01801 www.nationalrtap.org