The 1949 Geneva Conventions - A Commentary

CLAPHAM, Andrew (Ed.), GAETA, Paola (Ed.), SASSOLI, Marco (Ed.)

Reference

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EDITEO :BY

ANDREW CLAPHAM PAOLAGAETA

MARCO SASSOLI

Contents Table ofCases Table ofLegislation List ofAbbreviations List ofContributors PART I A.

XVll XXXIX

lxxxvii XCV

CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES AND COMMON PROVISIONS

CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES

1. The Concept oflnternational Armed Conflict (Andrew Clapham) 2. The Applicability of the Conventions to 'Transnational' and 'Mixed' Conflicts (Marko Milanovic) 3. The Temporal Scope of Application of the Conventions (Gabriella Venturini) 4. The Geographical Scope of Application of the Conventions (Katja Schoberl) 5. Rights, Powers, and Obligations ofNeutral Powers under the Conventions (Yves Sandoz)

3

27 51

67 85

B. COMMON PROVISIONS 1.

GENERAL

6. The Obligation to Respect and to Ensure Respect for the Conventions (Robin Gei{;) 7. Special Agreements in International Armed Conflicts (Stuart Casey-Maslen) 8. Non-Renunciation of the Rights Provided by the Conventions (Pierre d 'Argent) 9. Final Provisions, Including the Martens Clause (Giovanni Distefano and Etienne Henry) 2.

111 135 145 155

SPECIAL RULES

10. The Principle ofNon-Discrimination (Gabor Rona and Robert J. McGuire) 11. Hospitals (Elibieta Mikos-Skuza) 12. Humanitarian Assistance (Flavia Lauanzi) 13. Search for Missing Persons (Anna Petrig) 14. The Dead (Daniela Gavshon) 15. Taking of Hostages (David Tuck)

191

"207 231

257 277 297

Contents

XIV

16. Torture, Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Manfred N owak and Ralph Janik) 17. Rape and Other Sexual Violence (Patricia Viseur Sellers and Indira Rosenthal) 18. Protected Areas (Natalino Ronzitti) 3.

433 449 469 495 509

525 549 561 575 597 615 647

THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS IN CONTEXT

33. The Universality of the Geneva Conventions (Frederic Megret) 34. Relationship with Prior and Subsequent Treaties and Conventions (Paolo Benvenuti) 35. The Complex Relationship Between the Geneva Conventions and International Human Rights Law (Andrew Clapham) 36. The Interplay Between the Geneva Conventions and International Criminal Law (Paola Gaeta) PART li A.

391 415

ENSURING COMPLIANCE WITH THE CONVENTIONS

26. The Role of the International Committee of the Red Cross (Rotem Giladi and Steven Ratner) 27. Protecting Powers (Robert Kolb) 28. Good Offices, Conciliation, and Enquiry (Theo Boutruche) 29. Prohibition of Reprisals (Jerome de Hemptinne) 30. Dissemination of the Conventions, Including in Time of Armed Conflict (Elibieta Mikos-Skuza) 31. Grave Breaches of the Geneva Conventions (Paola Gaeta) 32. Domestic Implementation (Andreas R. Ziegler and Stefan Wehrenberg) D.

343 369

COMMON ARTICLE 3

19. The Concept ofNon-International Armed Conflict (Lindsay Moir) 20. The Addressees of Common Article 3 (Sandesh Sivakumaran) 21. The Beneficiaries of the Rights Stemming from Common Article 3 (]ann K. Kleffner) 22. Murder in Common Article 3 (Sarah Knuckey) 23. Judicial Guarantees under Common Article 3 (Louise Doswald-Beck) 24. The Right oflnitiative of the ICRC and Other Impartial Humanitarian Bodies (Nishat Nishat) 25. Applicability of the Conventions by Means of Ad Hoc Agreements (Luisa Vierucci) C.

317

669 689 701 737

SPECIFIC ISSUES AND REGIMES

GENEVA CONVENTIONS I AND II

37. Who Is Wounded and Sick? (Annyssa Bellal)

757

Contents

38. Who is Shipwrecked? (Steven I-Iaines) 39. The Obligations to Respect, Protect, Collect, and Care for the Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked (Gilles Giacca) 40. The Status, Rights, and Obligations of Medical and Religious Personnel (Stuart Casey-Maslen) 41. Buildings, Material, and Transports (Katja Schoberl) 42. Loss ofProtection (Tom Haeck) 43. The Use of the Emblem (Antoine A. Bouvier) B.

1.

767 781 807 825 839 855

GENEVA CONVENTION III

44. Who Is a Prisoner ofWar? (Sean Watts) 45. Status and Treatment ofThose Who Do Not Fulfil the Conditions for Status as Prisoners ofWar (Laura M. Olson) 46. Determination of Prisoner ofWar Status (Marie-Louise Tougas) 47. Evacuation and Transfer of Prisoners ofWar (Keiichiro Okimoto) 48. Treatment of Prisoners ofWar (Silvia Sanna) 49. Relations with the Outside World (Sharon Weill) 50. Penal or Disciplinary Proceedings Brought against a Prisoner ofWar (Peter Rowe) 51. Release, Accommodation in Neutral Countries, and Repatriation of Prisoners ofWar (Marco Sassoli) C.

XV

889 911 939 957 977 1013 1025 1039

GENEVA CONVENTION IV GENE1?AL

52. The Structure of Geneva Convention IV and the Resulting Gaps in that Convention (Nishat Nishat) 53. Maintenance and Re-establishment of Family Links and Transmission oflnformation (Heike Spieker) 54. The Derogation Clause (Anne-Laurence Graf-Brugere)

1069 1089 1123

2. CIVILIANS IN THE HANDS OF THE ENEMY: GENERAL PROTECTION

55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.

3.

Who Is a Protected Civilian? (Elizabeth Salmon) The Prohibition of Collective Punishment (Shane Darcy) 1he Right to Leave (Pamela Anne Hylton) The Transfer and Deportation of Civilians (Vincent Chetail) Judicial Guarantees (Payam Akhavan) Other Issues Relating to the Treatment of Civilians in Enemy Hands (Iris van der Heijden)

1135 1155 1173 1185 . 1215 1241

SPECIFIC PROTECTION

61. Special Rules on Women (Noelle Quenivet) 1271 62. Special Rules on Children (Hans-Joachim Heintze and Charlotte Liilf) 1293

Contents

XVl

63. Special Rules on Refugees (Bethany Hastie and Fran