Molecular markers for diagnosis and prognosis in cervical neoplasia Eijsink, Jasper Johannes Hendrikus

Molecular markers for diagnosis and prognosis in cervical neoplasia Eijsink, Jasper Johannes Hendrikus IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the...
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Molecular markers for diagnosis and prognosis in cervical neoplasia Eijsink, Jasper Johannes Hendrikus

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Publication date: 2011 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database

Citation for published version (APA): Eijsink, J. J. H. (2011). Molecular markers for diagnosis and prognosis in cervical neoplasia Groningen: s.n.

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Molecular Markers for Diagnosis and Prognosis in Cervical Neoplasia

Jasper Johannus Hendrikus Eijsink

Molecular Markers for Diagnosis and Prognosis in Cervical Neoplasia Jasper Johannus Hendrikus Eijsink

ISBN: 978-94-91211-38-6 © Copyright 2011, J.J.H. Eijsink All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval center of any nature, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the permission of the author. Cover design: Ipskamp Drukkers, Enschede, the Netherlands Lay out: Legtron Electronic Publishing, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Printing: Ipskamp Drukkers, Enschede, the Netherlands The research in this thesis was financially supported by: Dutch Cancer Society OncoMethylome Sciences S.A. Delphi Bioscience B.V. Publication of this thesis was financially supported by: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Guide Graduate School for Drug Exploration Delphi Bioscience MDx Health GlaxoSmithKline Sanofi Pasteur MSD

Molecular Markers for Diagnosis and Prognosis in Cervical Neoplasia Proefschrift

ter verkrijging van het doctoraat in de Medische Wetenschappen aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, dr. E. Sterken, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 18 mei 2011 om 14.45 uur door Jasper Johannus Hendrikus Eijsink geboren op 8 januari 1982 te Balkbrug

Promotores:

Prof. dr. A.G.J. van der Zee Prof. dr. H. Hollema Prof. dr. G.H. de Bock

Copromotores:

Dr. G.B.A. Wisman Dr. E. Schuuring

Beoordelingscommissie:

Prof. dr. C.J.L.M. Meijer Prof. dr. L.F.A.G. Massuger Prof. dr. M.G. Rots

Table of Contents VOORWOORD

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CHAPTER 1

General introduction

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CHAPTER 2

Methylation markers for CCNA1 and C13ORF18 are strongly

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associated with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer in cervical scrapings Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, 2009;18:3000-7

CHAPTER 3

A four gene methylation marker panel as triage test in hr-HPV

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positive patients Submitted for publication

CHAPTER 4

Detection of cervical neoplasia by DNA methylation analysis in

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cervico-vaginal lavages, a feasibility study Gynecologic Oncology, 2011;120:280-283

CHAPTER 5

Routine follow-up intervals in patients with high-grade squamous

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intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and free excision margins can safely be increased in the first two years after Large Loop Excision of the Transformation Zone (LLETZ) Gynecologic Oncology, 2009;113:348-351

CHAPTER 6

Increased gene promoter methylation in high-grade cervical

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squamous intraepithelial lesions with early recurrences after treatment CHAPTER 7

Prognostic cell biological markers in surgically treated cervical cancer:

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a systematic review Submitted for publication

CHAPTER 8

The epidermal growth factor receptor pathway in relation to pelvic lymph node metastasis and survival in early stage cervical cancer Human Pathology, 2010;41:1735-41

103

CHAPTER 9

Expression of EGFR and activated EGFR predict poor response to

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(chemo)radiation and survival in cervical cancer Clinical Cancer Research, 2009;15:7389-97

CHAPTER 10 Summary and future perspectives

137

CHAPTER 11 Summary in Dutch (Nederlandse samenvatting)

149

Curriculum Vitae

159

Voorwoord Klaar is het dan. Ik heb mijn promotietraject altijd als een persoonlijk wetenschappelijk ontwikkelingstraject gezien waarin voor een optimaal resultaat een goede samenwerking nodig is. Vele personen hebben een bijdrage geleverd aan dit proefschrift. Graag wil ik iedereen bedanken voor zijn of haar inzet en ik zal een aantal personen in het bijzonder bedanken. Allereerst wil ik alle patiënten bedanken die hebben meegedaan aan het onderzoek en daarvoor een extra uitstrijkje hebben afgestaan. Hooggeleerde A.G.J. van der Zee, beste Ate, ik wil je hartelijk bedanken voor je intensieve begeleiding. Jouw benadering zowel in wetenschappelijk opzicht als persoonlijk opzicht heeft voor mij uitstekend en aanstekelijk gewerkt. Hooggeleerde H. Hollema, beste Harry, je bent de meest toegankelijk professor die ik ken. Ik wil je bedanken voor je bijdrage aan dit proefschrift en voor alle informele gesprekken als ik voor slechts een kleine vraag bij je langskwam. Hooggeleerde G.H. de Bock, beste Truuske, bedankt voor je statistische begeleiding. Jouw commentaar op de manuscripten zorgde ervoor dat het voor een ‘niet-dokter’ beter te begrijpen was. Zeergeleerde G.B.A. Wisman, beste Bea, een dokter aannemen om laboratorium onderzoek te doen, het is wat. Gelukkig is het goed gekomen. Ik wil je hartelijke bedanken voor je intensieve begeleiding ten aanzien van de experimenten die ik heb uitgevoerd en het schrijven van de manuscripten. Ik heb onze samenwerking als prettig en vooral erg gezellig ervaren. Zeergeleerde E. Schuuring, beste Ed, ik heb jouw kritische blik op experimenten enorm kunnen waarderen, helaas leverde het altijd extra werk op. Ik wil je met name bedanken voor de wetenschappelijke gesprekken, hoewel het ‘bijkletsen’ ook altijd gezellig was, dit heeft een belangrijke bijdrage geleverd aan mijn wetenschappelijke ontwikkeling. De leden van de leescommissie, hooggeleerde C.J.L.M. Meijer, hooggeleerde L.F.A.G. Massuger en hooggeleerde M.G. Rots wil ik hartelijk bedanken voor het beoordelen van het manuscript.

Voorwoord

Nathalie Reesink en Esther Nijhuis, mijn voorgangers op het onderzoeksproject, wil ik bedanken voor de gedegen opbouw van databases en ervaring die bij mijn start aanwezig waren. Dit heeft het begin en het verloop van mijn onderzoekstraject makkelijker gemaakt. De personen van onze onderzoeksgroep: Harry Klip, Klaske ten Hoor, Haukeline Volders, Yang Nan, Agnes Lendvai, Pauline de Graeff, Mirjam Kok en Frank Roosink wil ik hartelijk bedanken voor hun bijdrage aan dit proefschrift. In het bijzonder wil ik bedanken Maartje Noordhuis. Eerst mocht ik je begeleiden bij je wetenschapsstage en later werd je collega. We hebben samen vier manuscripten geschreven. Ik wil je veel succes wensen in je verdere loopbaan. Mijn opvolgster Aniek Boers wil ik succes wensen in haar promotietraject en bedanken voor het kritisch lezen van mijn manuscript voor de laatste puntjes. Tja, dan de beruchte oncologie kamer Y4.234 Ninke Leffers, Justine Briët, Claudia Bijen, Renee Vermeij, Renske de Jong en Maaike wat hebben wij een mooie tijd gehad. Ik wil jullie bedanken voor de gezelligheid en het tolereren van het opbloeien van een liefde op de werkvloer. Mijn paranimfen Claudia Bijen en Job Eijsink wil ik bedanken voor hun bijdrage aan het laatste deel van het promotietraject. Claudia we hebben samen gestudeerd, de co-schappen doorlopen in Deventer en vervolgens gewerkt in het UMCG. Ik ben daarom erg blij dat je mij op deze dag terzijde staat. Lieve papa, mama, broertjes en zusjes. Papa en mama met grote bewondering kijk ik naar hoe jullie zorg dragen voor zes kinderen. De tomeloze energie die jullie in het gezin steken zorgt voor een warm thuisfront. Aniek, Lotte, Job, Stephanie en Kars. Als oudste blijft het verantwoordelijkheidsgevoel bestaan, daarom ben ik zo blij dat we het goed met elkaar kunnen vinden! Lieve Maaike, grote bewondering heb ik voor alle avonduren die jij in je proefschrift hebt gestoken en nu gaan we met z’n tweetjes promoveren! De gedachte dat dit niet het enige is dat we samen zullen delen, maakt mij intens gelukkig.

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CHAPTER 1 General introduction

Chapter 1

SCREENING ON CERVICAL NEOPLASIA Since the introduction of a population based screening program for detection of cervical neoplasia, cervical cancer incidence and mortality declined in the Netherlands [1]. Despite this significant reduction in cervical cancer burden, there is much room for improvement of the currently applied screening test, which is based on cytomorphology. Conventional Pap smear has a sensitivity of around 55% for detection of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) [2]. It is estimated that up to 50% of high-grade CIN will progress to cervical cancer and therefore these lesions are generally treated [3]. High-risk human papillomavirus (hr-HPV) DNA testing has been demonstrated to improve detection of high-grade CIN, although the positive predictive value (PPV) is too low [4,5]. Therefore, other molecular markers, e.g. methylation markers, are needed with a high sensitivity and PPV. Gene promoters contain CpG islands and these are targets for methylation, resulting in blocked transcription. Promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes has been reported to be an early event in carcinogenesis [6]. Gene promoter methylation of several cervical cancer specific genes has been suggested as an alternative diagnostic tool for early detection of cervical neoplasia by Quantitative Methylation Specific PCR (QMSP) [7,8]. Today several cervical cancer specific methylation markers have been tested for early detection of cervical neoplasia, however none of these markers can be used in population based screening so far, due to low sensitivity and specificity [9]. Therefore, application of novel high-throughput techniques for the identification of such methylation markers is needed. The recent introduction of a prophylactic vaccine against two hr-HPV types (16 and 18) in a National Immunization Program in the Netherlands for girls 12 years of age and a catch up program for girls 13-16 years of age will affect the efficiency of the current population based screening program. Due to decline of cervical neoplasia incidence in future, the PPV of the screening test will inevitably decrease. The effect of prophylactic vaccination on cervical neoplasia incidence however will take more than a decade. Short-term improvement of current cervical neoplasia screening should focus on a test with a higher sensitivity than current Pap smear and a higher specificity than hr-HPV testing. As current prophylactic vaccines cover only 70% of all cervical cancers also in the post-vaccine era screening will still be needed. However, due to the anticipated, HPV vaccination-related decline in incidence of cervical neoplasia a future screening test will especially require a higher PPV [10].

10

General Introduction

PROGNOSIS IN CERVICAL CANCER PATIENTS Currently classic prognostic factors such as tumor size, depth of stromal invasion, lymphovascular space involvement, parametrial invasion and pelvic lymph node metastasis [11-14], are used to determine which patients will be offered adjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy after radical surgery. Still a small proportion of patients treated with primary surgery will suffer from recurrent disease. Identification of these patients by molecular markers may have significant impact on clinical practice. Another challenge for molecular prognostic markers in early stage cervical cancer is to preoperatively identify those patients, scheduled for surgery based on classic clinicopathologic parameters, who are at high risk to receive any form of adjuvant treatment, thereby presenting the opportunity to avoid two or three modality treatment. In advanced stage cervical cancer molecular markers for response on (chemo)radiotherapy are becoming more important, since new therapeutic agents, specifically targeting pathways represented by these molecular targets are reaching the clinic. In this light, molecular markers predicting response on (chemo) radiotherapy can be used to select advanced stage cervical cancer patients for additional patienttailored treatment with targeted drugs.

OUTLINE OF THIS THESIS Gene promoter methylation is an early event in cervical carcinogenesis. Therefore, detection of methylation markers may be an excellent screening test for detection of (pre)malignant cervical neoplasia. In chapter 2 an in depth analysis was performed for 13 previously identified potential cervical cancer specific methylated genes [15]. First these 13 methylation markers were tested on frozen tissue from 20 cervical cancer patients and 20 normal cervices. Secondly, most discriminative markers were used for testing their diagnostic relevance by Quantitative Methylation Specific PCR (QMSP) on cervical scrapings from 97 cervical cancer patients, 103 normal cervices and 173 patients referred with an abnormal Pap smear. Currently none of the tested methylation markers are suitable for the optimal detection of (pre)malignant cervical neoplasia in a population based screening program, as especially the sensitivity of previously identified methylation markers is too low (chapter 2). Therefore, in chapter 3 a novel high-throughput application was used to identify new cervical neoplasia associated methylation markers comparing DNA extracted from frozen tissue of 106 normal cervical epithelium and 84 cervical carcinomas. The diagnostic performance of a selection of markers was validated in cervical scrapings from 74 cervical cancer patients, 69 normal cervices and 148 patients referred with an abnormal Pap smear using QMSP. Furthermore, a scenario

11

Chapter 1

analysis for population based screening programs was performed to compare the triage potential of a methylation test to conventional Pap smear after primary hr-HPV testing. Another drawback of population based screening programs are women not attending for screening, the so called non-responders. A self-sampling approach may be a solution for these nonresponders. Self-sampling is suitable for hr-HPV testing but less applicable for cytomorphological assessment [16]. Therefore, we tested in chapter 4 the feasibility of DNA methylation analysis in cervico-vaginal lavages collected from 20 cervical cancer patients and 23 patients referred with an abnormal Pap smear. High-grade CIN is generally treated by Large Loop Excision of the Transformation Zone (LLETZ). In the Netherlands patients are followed up by Pap smear 6, 12 and 24 months after treatment. In chapter 5 compliance to the current Dutch follow-up protocol was assessed and we determined if based on the status of the excision margins follow-up intervals could be modified. A small proportion of CIN 2/3 patients develop a recurrent lesion after treatment, which can be due to incomplete excision (residual lesion) or development of de novo lesions. Distinction between residual and de novo recurrent lesions is arbitrary and commonly defined as: residual lesions; diagnosed within 24 months after treatment, recurrent lesions: diagnosed after 24 months. We hypothesized that methylation patterns in residual lesions might be more comparable to their primary lesions than methylation patterns in recurrent lesions and their primary lesions. In chapter 6 we performed a pilot study to determine whether gene promoter methylation patterns differ more between paired lesions from early (

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