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Mexican archives of New Mexico Spanish archives of New Mexico

1821-1846

GUIDE TO THE MICROFILM EDITION OF THE TERRITORIAL ARCHIVES OF NEW MEXICO 1846 - 1912 In The Historical Services Division Of The State of New Mexico Records Center And Archives

189 Rolls

A Microfilm Project Sponsored by the NATIONAL HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS COMMISSION

Myra Ellen Jenkins, Project Director and Editor J . Richard Salazar, Assistant Editor Arlene L . Padilla, Editorial Assistant and Typist

Microfilmed by the State of New Mexico Records Center and Archives Santa Fe, New Mexico 1974

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This microfilm meets standards established by the NATIONAL HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS COMMISSION General Services Administration and was produced with its assistance

The Documentary Publication Program includes letterpress volumes and microfilm reproductions and is a program designed to help achieve equal opportunities for scholarship.

THE TERRITORIAL ARCHIVES OF NEW MEXICO Film size 35mm . Reduction ratio 15xl unless otherwise specified .

NOTICE Citations must credit the State of New Mexico Records Center and Archives, Santa Fe, New Mexico, as the repository of the originals .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The microfilm edition of the Territorial Archives of New Mexico including this Guide, 189 rolls and Calendar, is the third major project of the State Records Center and Archives for the comprehensive filming of the official documentary patrimony of the State of New Mexico made possible by grants from the National Historical Publications Commission . The microfilm edition of the Spanish Archives was completed in 1967 ; the Mexican Archives in 1969 . Special gratitude is expressed to Mr . Fred Shelley, Deputy Executive Director of the National Historical Publications Commission, for his continuing interest, and especially for his forbearance with problems encountered in this project . The cooperation of the New Mexico Commission of Public Records, particularly of Chairman Dr . Ward Alan Minge, professional historian in his own right, is gratefully ackknowledged . Archivist J . Richard Salazar was responsible for much of the organization of the records and assisted in all research and editorial matters . Mrs . Arlene L . Padilla, in addition to her many responsibilities as secretary for the Historical Services Division, was responsible for typing and clerical duties, including the preparation of the Guide and Calendar for publication . Microfilm operator Mrs . Lala O . Baca also helped organize the documents . The consistent support, encouragement and guidance of Joseph F . Halpin, Administrator of the State Records Center and Archives, is always generously given to activities of the Historical Services Division . In no project has his steady counsel and patience been more appreciated than in the preparation of this microfilm publication . Myra Ellen Jenkins

This microfilm edition reproduces in 189 rolls the basic extant records of New Mexico in state custody, except for judicial records, dating from the occupation of Santa Fe on August 18, 1846 by United States military forces under Brigadier General Stephen Watts Kearny to January 6, 1912 when President William Howard Taft signed the proclamation admitting New Mexico to the Union as the 47th state . The Territory of New Mexico was actually created by Congress September 9, 1850 and another six months elapsed before the inauguration of James S . Calhoun as the first Territorial Governor on March 3, 1851 . All but a few items contained in this microfilm are those created by the Territory of New Mexico . Those official records which have survived from the period of quasi-military administration covering the years between the change of sovereignty from Mexico to that of the United States and the implementation of Territorial status (1846-1851) are, however, included . Most of these pertain to the civil and military governors . Special collections of the State Records Center and Archives containing non-official documents of both pre-Territorial and Territorial periods are not included in this microfilm . HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NEW MEXICO,

1846-1912

U . S . Occupation and Military Government 1846-1850 New Mexico formed a major portion of the former Spanish Borderlands which came under U . S . jurisdiction as a result of the War with Mexico . On May 10, 1846 President James K . Polk declared that a state of war existed between the two countries . In late June Brigadier-General Stephen Watts Kearny led a force of army regulars and volunteers, mostly recruited in Missouri, out of Fort Leavenworth for the conquest of New Mexico and California . By July 30 the expedition, known as "The Army of the West," reached the Bent Fort fur-trading post on the Arkansas River in present Colorado where Kearny issued a proclamation to the people of New Mexico announcing his intended occupation of their land and advising them not to resist . He dispatched James Magoffin, a former Santa Fe Trail trader who was well known by the Mexican authorities, to Santa Fe, escorted by Captain Philip St . George Cooke and a group of dragoons, to treat with Governor Manuel Armijo . A secret meeting was held between thv two men on August 12 . Crossing into New Mexico over the Raton Pass route of the Santa Fe Trail, Kearny took possession of the village of Las Vegas on August 15 . Armijo marched his unpaid and demoralized forces of Mexican regulars and militia east of Santa Fe to meet the invaders at the defensible site of Apache Canyon, but suddenly abandoned his defenses and

after the departure of the army small group : of conspirators, aided by guerrilla leaders dispatched from Mexico to foment recapture of the region, began to lay plans for concerted revolution .

retreated south through the Galisteo Basin taking the regulars with him . Stopping briefly at Albuquerque, he then continued his retreat down the Rio Grande to Chihuahua . Late in the afternoon of August 18, the Army of the West marched into Santa Fe . The U . S . flag was run up over the adobe Palace of the Governors, the official executive headquarters of previous governors since its construction in 1610, and Acting Governor Juan Bautista Vigil y Alarid officially surrendered New Mexico to Kearny .

Confusion concerning the status of the newly-occupied area added to the tension . Congress, feeling that its constitutional power to provide for the admission of new regions had been bypassed by the Kearny proclamation of citizenship and actual territorial organization, reacted by calling on President Polk to clarify matters . On December 22 the president sent a message to the House of Representatives repudiating the portions of the Kearny Code providing for permanent government and the granting of political rights of citizenship to New Mexicans .

No blood had been shed in the take-over . On August 19, acting under his instructions from Secretary of War William L . Marcy that he would establish civil governments in each portion of the occupied territory, Kearny, as he had done at each settlement along his route, read a proclamation to the inhabitants informing them that New Mexico was now a Territory of the United States, of which they were citizens whose property, civil and religious rights would be protected as long as they did not resist the new government . on September 22 Kearny promulgated the "Organic Law of the Territory of New Mexico," a codification of Mexican and U . S . law, commonly known as the Kearny Code, and appointed civil officials headed by trader Charles Bent of Taos as Governor and Donaciano Vigil, who had served as military secretary to former Mexican governors, as Secretary . Three days later the general led the main army out of the capital for the conquest of California . Colonel A . W . Doniphan was ordered south into Mexico with the rest of the forces upon the arrival in Santa Fe of reenforcements under Colonel sterling Price . Delegations from the peaceful Pueblo Indians had been among the first New Mexicans to pledge their allegiance to Kearny and had requested military aid against Navajo attacks . With the arrival of Price in late October Doniphan marched northwest to Bear Springs, near' present Fort Wingate, where on November 22 he signed a peace treaty with the Navajos, then turned south along the Rio Grande and through the Jornada del Muerto to reenforce General John E . Wool in Chihuahua . On Christmas Day he defeated Mexican forces at Brazitos, near Las Cruces, in the only battle of the war fought on New Mexico soil . Civil Governor Bent, meanwhile, attempted to implement the Kearny Code by appointing local officials, under the old titles of alcaldes and prefects, many of whom had held office before the occupation . However, while the majority of residents had accepted the change in sovereignty willingly, some native leading citizens remained loyal to Mexico, bitterly resenting the Armijo surrender and the imposition of a foreign government on their soil, regardless of its moderate changes . Shortly

I

Before word of the president's message reached New Mexico, a plot in late December to capture Santa Fe was discovered, but the conspirators escaped . Believing that the government was secure, Bent returned to his Don Fernando de Taos home for a visit in mid-January, 1847, little realizing that the Taos area was a major stronghold of the dissidents . On January 19 a band of nationalists, joined by the Taos Pueblo Indians who feared that the new government would deprive them of their lands, attacked the Anglo-Americans and the pro-U . S : Mexican citizens, killing Bent and most of the local officials . They then stormed north and wiped out the settlement of trader and distiller Simeon Turley at Arroyo Hondo . Another uprising took place at Mora and armed bands of revolutionists surfaced in several villages north of Santa Fe . Col . Price quickly mobilized his forces and joined by a mountain man militia company recruited in the capital by Cerfn St . Vrain, marched out of Santa Fe, defeating the rebels at Santa Cruz and Embudo . They found the Taos insurrectionists entrenched at the Pueblo of Taos within the walls of the massive adobe church of San Ger6nimo, but then arms were no match against U . S . cannons and in the bombardment which followed on February 3-4, the church was virtually destroyed . The revolt was quickly crushed with heavy casualties, especially among the Indians, and some of the leaders were given a short trial and executed for murder or treason, in spite of the fact that . Congress and the President had disavowed that they were as yet U . S . citizens . In the meantime, troops stationed in Las Vegas had crushed the Mora revolt and burned much of that village . Donaciano Vigil, Secretary of the "Territory," now became acting governor, but subordinate to Military Governor Price . In December, 1847 a General Assembly, provided for in the Kearny Code, was permitted by Price to meet and attempted to set into motion the machinery of local self-government, although the status of New Mexico had not yet been established . To remedy this situation the Assembly passed a bill calling for a convention to work for permanent annexation of the region

as a territory . On February 2, 1848 the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed officially transferring New Mexico, along with other Southwestern areas, to the United States . Under ifs terms, former Mexican citizens in the ceded region could reta,n their Mexican citizenship or become citizens of the United States . In either case, however, their civil and property rights were to be guaranteed . New Mexicans were now legally citizens of the United States, but the governmental status of New Mexico was still unreso .lvet since the treaty provided only "that it shall be admitted at the proper time (to be judged by the Congress of the United States) according to the principles of the constitution ." Legislative assemblies were permitted to meet in 1848 and again in 1849, but for more than two years . military govern rs continued to administer the region . Donaciano Vigil, no longer acting civil governor, was appointed Registrar of Land Titles . Five days after the treaty was signed, Price was replaced by Colonel John M . Washington who, in turn, was succeeded by Colonel John Munroe on May 26, 1849 . One group of local leaders immediately made plans to work for the admission of New Mexico as a territory ; another group agitated for admission as a state . On June 20, 1850 a constitutional convention called by Military Governor Munroe adopted a constitution providing for statehood . Congress, however, ignored the proceedings and created the Territory of New Mexico on September 9 . James S . Calhoun, who had come to New Mexico in 1849 as Superintendent of Indian Affairs, was appointed first territorial governor by President Fillmore and was inaugurated on March 3, 1851 . Richard T . Weightman, a leader in the ill-fated statehood movement, became the first territorial delegate to Congress . Governors continued to serve as Superintendents of Indian Affairs until 1857 when the duties of the latter office were assigned to a separate presidential appointee . The Establishment of the Territory of New Mexico Calhoun attempted to integrate the Hispanic majority of New Mexicans into full citizenship, especially by appointments to local offices in spite of opposition from powerful Angle leaders . He continued to champion the cause of the Pueblo Indians by petitioning federal authorities to clarify their status and protect their lands from encroachment by bringing them under the wardship protection of the Indian Non-Intercourse Act of 1834 . However, no action was taken and a bill passed by the 1847 General Assembly creating the pueblos as corporate entities which could sue and be sued was allowed to remain on the statutes . Before he could fully inaugurate his administration, however, serious disagreements with Military Commander Col . John Munroe and his successor Col . E . V . Sumner over

conflict of authority, as well as ill health, prompted Calhoun to return to Washington in May, 1852 leaving Secretary of the Territory John Greiner as acting governor . He died on the return journey and was buried at Independence, Missouri . William Carr Lane, a St . Louis surgeon, appointed his successor by President Fillmore, arrived in Santa Fe on September 9, 1852 . After touring the northern part of the vast area under his jurisdiction Governor Lane immediately launched an energetic administrative program and urged the territorial assembly to pass legislation designed to encourage economic development, and to provide adequate revenues for local governmental programs, public education and civilian defense . As Superintendent of Indian Affairs he vigorously pursued a policy of granting annuities and signing treaties with the often-hostile Apaches and Navajos believing that these measures were more effective than military campaigns against them . However, differences of opinion over his espousal of civil control and many of his programs led to increased opposition from Military Commander Sumner, especially over the governor's attempt to assert New Mexico jurisdiction over the disputed southern Mesilla Valley . After the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo a joint commission consisting of U . S . and Mexican representatives was selected to establish the boundaries of the ceded lands . Due to inaccuracies in the treaty map and vagueness in defining the southern boundary, both sides claimed the strip of land along the southern border west of the Rio Grande, known as the Mesilla Valley . Late in 1850 U . S . commissioner John R . Bartlett agreed to a compromise line which would place the disputed area within the Mexican state of Chihuahua, but the boundary surveyor refused to continue the survey and Congress, influenced by interests who wanted to run a railroad to the Pacific through the region, withheld funds for the survey until the matter was solved . After the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, land-hungry Anglos, many of whom were Texans who had been given land certificates or "head rights," moved into the eastern Rio Grande valley causing the alarmed residents, encouraged by the Mexican government, to, move across the river into the Mesilla Valley, believing that they were on Mexican soil . The State of Chihuahua continued to make land grants in the region to groups of settlers . Shortly after his appointment, Anglos from the disputed region joined by a few Mexican settlers, appealed to Lane for support . Upon notification in February, 1853 that Congress had rejected the compromise line, the governor decided on direct action and set out for the Mesilla Valley . On March 13 in the town of Doha Ana he read a proclamation asserting that as Governor of New Mexico he had retaken possession of the disputed area . Sumner, however, refused to provide federal troops if armed confrontation resulted . Reluctance on the part of Washington to enforce the reoccupation, combined with rejection of a

treaty signed between Lane and the Gila Apaches creating a reservation for those Indians near Fort Webster, resulted in the resignation of Lane in July and the appointment of David Meriwether as governor by President Pierce . However, during the same month President Pierce dispatched James Gadsden to Mexico as special agent to negotiate a treaty over the disputed area . Lane then became a candidate for the position of delegate to Congress in the hotly-contested September election of that year, and while he received a majority of the votes cast, Congress refused to seat him on the grounds that the Pueblo Indians had been permitted to vote and awarded the position to his priest-opponent, Jose Manuel Gallegos . Meriwether arrived in Santa Fe on August 8 . This was not his first visit to the New Mexico capital since as a trader to the Pawnees in 1820 he had been taken prisoner by the Spanish authorities for illegal entry and briefly jailed in Santa Fe . In the years preceding his appointment he had become a wellknown political leader in his native state of Kentucky . The dangerous situation over the boundary was resolved on December 30, 1853 when, as a result of the negotiations of Agent Gadsden with the Mexican Republic, Congress ratified the "Gadsden Purchase" by which the 45,000 square miles of disputed territory was purchased from Mexico for $10,000,000, thus completing the boundaries of the continental United States . Although property rights of former citizens of Mexico were guaranteed by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, including those of the Pueblo Indians, no action was taken to determine those rights until 1854 when Congress created the Office of the Surveyor-General of New Mexico to deal with the problem of Spanish and Mexican land grant titles . Upon the arrival of Surveyor- General William Pelham, documents concerning land grant, conveyance and probate were segregated from the official Spanish and Mexican Archives in the custody of the governor and transferred to the new agency so that the mechanism of title adjudication could be set into motion . Difficulties involving the Navajos, Apaches and Utes continued as new settlers moved into New Mexico . Meriwether continued the Lane policy of negotiation with these tribes to accept reservations of lands capable of being cultivated . Following the campaign against them in 1855, the governor persuaded the Mescelero Apaches to accept a reservation near Fort Stanton and in the same year the Navajos also agreed to accept a reservation in the northwest Four-Corners region . However, following the all-too-familiar pattern, Congress failed to ratify the treaties which were unpopular with many residents since the lands set aside for the reservations were tempting to non-Indians, and raids against both Pueblo Indians and settlers continued .

Meriwether left Santa Fe in May, 1857, although his term did not expire for some five months, leaving Secretary W . W . H . Davis in charge, and returned to his Louisville, Kentucky home . In August President Buchanan appointed Abraham Rencher of North Carolina, former congressman and Minister to Portugal, to succeed him . Rencher arrived in Santa Fe on November 11 . For three weeks, New Mexico had been without a chief executive since Secretary Davis had also left the territory on October 15 . James L . Collins, former trader and newspaperman, was appointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs thus separating those duties from those of the governor . The decade preceding the Civil War was characterized by increased westward expansion into the region of the Mexican Cession, especially after the discovery of the rich California gold fields in 1849, and travel routes were greatly expanded . The major stagecoach line was The Butterfield Overland Mail Company, operating from St . Louis to San Francisco, which crossed southern New Mexico . Many immigrants remained in New Mexico, however, because of the availability of land . Additional troops were stationed throughout the territory to protect the new settlers, and forts were built to guard the lines of communications since, due to failure of the federal authorities to ratify reservations for these tribes, confrontations with the Navajos and Apaches continued . The Sectional Controversy With the appointment of pro-Southern Abraham Rencher as Governor, the mounting national tension between North and South was increasingly reflected in New Mexico political affairs . The issue of whether or not slavery would be permitted in the regions acquired from Mexico had been one of the primary causes of the sectional controversy, and had delayed the formal admission of the area into the Union while representatives of slave and free states vied for numerical supremacy in Congress . Within a month after the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the slave-holding state of Texas reasserted its old claim to New Mexico east of the Rio Grande originally based on the 1836 Texas Boundary Act passed at theconclusion of its successful revolt from Mexico . However, neither the Mexican Republic, prior to occupation, nor federal authorities in New Mexico had recognized the validity of the claim . Moreover, the majority of New Mexico residents were strongly opposed to any Texas ambitions, especially since the boundaries of the "County of Santa Fe," proclaimed by the Texas state legislature, included the capital itself . Local sentiment was also opposed to slavery . The convention assembled in October, 1848 to draft a plan for civil government included a strong anti-slavery resolution and the rejection of the Texas claim in its memorial to Congress requesting

territorial status . Two years later, the abortive statehood constitution also rejected slavery and defied the Texas claim by locating the capital at Santa Fe . Less than three months later, Congress, ignoring the New Mexico statehood constitution, attempted to resolve the abrasive issue of slavery in the territories by the passage of a group of acts collectively known as "The Compromise of 1850 ." California was admitted to the Union as a free state . New Mexico and the remainder of the Mexican cession were to be admitted as territories with the right to decide the issue of slavery for themselves . Texas was paid $10,000,000 compensation for surrendering her claim to the land east of the Rio Grande . In common with developments on the national scene, the slavery question continued to divide New Mexicans throughout the 1850's . The first territorial assembly refused to pass a law requested by Georgia-born Governor James S . Calhoun to prohibit the entrance of free Negroes . Bitterness between abolitionist and slavery partisans increased during the succeeding years, especially since many civil federal appointees and military officers were Southerners who brought their slaves with them . In 1855 Miguel A . Otero, one of the few pro-slavery sympathizers of Mexican ancestry, was elected territorial delegate and immediately became identified with the Southern bloc in Congress . His career, coinciding with the administration of Governor Rencher, gave impetus to the pro-slavery faction . Influenced by Otero, the territorial legislature of 1856 had passed an act restricting the movement of free Negroes and in 1859 enacted a slave code sharply regulating the activities of the few slaves residing within the territory . After the attack on Fort Sumter in April, 1861 most of the commissioned army officers resigned their commands and left New Mexico to offer their services to the Confederacy . In July, Texas Confederate volunteers under Col . John R . Baylor occupied Mesilla and seized near-by Fort Fillmore with the object of severing the southwest from the Union and securing the gold fields of California and Colorado for the Confederacy . In spite of his pro-slavery view Governor Rencher remained loyal to the union and issued a proclamation repudiating the invasion . However, in late August he was replaced by President Lincoln and Henry Connelly, a former Kentucky surgeon who had lived in New Mexico since the 1830's, was appointed Governor . Because of the similarity between slavery and peonage, or involuntary servitude for payment of debt, which had been an established institution since the early Mexican period, proSouthern elements had assumed that the more affluent New Mexican Hispano leaders were sympathetic to their cause . With the

exception of a few individuals such as Otero, however, this was not the case . The vast majority of citizens were strong Northern adherents, especially since invasion by Confederate forces from Texas had rekindled old antagonisms . Union Commander Lt . Col . Edward R . S . Canby concentrated his remaining forces at Fort Craig, located on the Rio Grande at the northern end of the jornada del muerto desert route from the south and Governor Connelly mobilized the territorial militia . The southern Arizona portion of New Mexico also quickly fell to the Confederates . In January, 1862 Brigadier-General H . H . Sibley led his forces out of Fort Bliss, in present El Paso, and up the Rio Grande . He defeated Canby's few army regulars and the territorial volunteers at the Battle of Valverde, February 21-22 and, by-passing Fort Craig, marched through Albuquerque and occupied Santa Fe on March 23 . Connelly had, however, already moved the territorial government to Las Vegas, and Sibley advanced towards Fort Union, the guardian of the Santa Fe Trail . Union regulars at Fort Union, reenforced by New Mexico militia units and the Colorado Volunteers, however, were already-marching westward to the relief of Canby . The forces met near Glorieta Pass where the Confederates were defeated on March 26-28, 1862 in a battle often referred to as "The Gettysburg of the West," since it marked the turning point of the Confederate cause in that region . The Texans retreated south, pursued by the Union forces who were met near Albuquerque by Canby and the troops marching north from Fort Craig . After a second defeat at Connelly's ranch, near Peralta, on April 14-15, the Confederates continued their retreat down the Rio Grande and backk into Texas . Meanwhile, General James H . Carleton, commanding a body of California Volunteers, was marching westward across the deserts of California and Arizona to join the action against the Confederates . By late August, 1862 he had taken possession of Mesilla and Las Cruces and reoccupied Fort Fillmore . New .Mexico remained union territory . On September 18 Canby was replaced'bv Carleton as Commander of the Department of New Mexico . End of the Indian Conflict The disagreement between territorial governors and military commanders over policy concerning the non-Pueblo Indians had continued during the Rencher period . The governor particularly viewed a campaign against the Navajo in the fall of 1858 conducted as the result of the killing of a young slave belonging to the post commandant of Fort Defiance as unwarranted and the cause of increased depredations . Attacks became so

-1 0serious that in August, 1860 a convention of aroused citizens demanded that Rancher call the militia into service . When the governor refused, due to the lack of federal approval and the threat of Commander Thomas Fauntleroy to withdraw the regular troops from the Indian country, the volunteers conducted an inconclusive expedition of their own . As a result of the resignation of Fauntleroy and other officers to serve in the Confederacy during the spring of 1861 the troops were withdrawn from the frontier posts to meet the threat of invasion . With the sectional conflict ended, Governor Connelly and military authorities turned their attention to action against the Apaches and Navajos who, feeling increasing pressures of continued intrusion into their lands, again stepped up their raids on livestock herds and against settlers and prospectors . One by one the various hostile groups were defeated and placed on reservations . Concerted action was ordered against them by General Carleton after he replaced Col . Canby in September, 1862 . In the southeast, Fort Stanton was reoccupied and Fort Sumner built on the Pecos River at the location known as the Bosque Redondo to serve against the Mescalero Apaches . In the northwest, Fort Wingate was established near present San Rafael for action against the Navajos . During the following year additional forts were established in the southwestern area to protect the routes to California and El Paso from the western Apaches tribes . Militia Colonel Christopher (Kit) Carson, placed in command of the military forces by Carleton, first concentrated his action against the Mescaleros who were largely subdued by the summer of 1863 and placed on the Bosque Redondo reservation at Fort Sumner . Carson then turned his attention to the Navajos . A two-year campaign characterized by rounding up individual bands of Indians and sending them to the Bosque Redondo in the "Long Walk," combined with the systematic destruction of crops and confiscation of livestock effectively broke Navajo resistance . The Bosque Redondo reservation, however, did not solve the problem as the area would not support the Indian population . Crops failed, livestock died, government supplies were insufficient and Navajos and Apaches quarreled with each other . In November, 1865 the Mescaleros deserted the reservation en masse and scattered in small bands but gradually returned to the Fort Stanton area where, in 1873, a permanent reservation was created for them in the White and Sacramento Mountains . In 1868 the Navajos were permitted to return to a reservation in their Four-Corners homeland . Conflicts with the western Apaches, who particularly menaced the rapidly developing mining region of southwestern New Mexico, continued until the capture of Chiricahua chieftain Geronimo in 1886 finally ended the long period of Indian warfare in New Mexico . In 1887 a reservation in the northern part of the territory was established for the Jicarilla Apaches .

Economic Expansion and Politics With the opening of large areas for settlement after the Civil War and the Indian campaigns, a virtual commercial revolution characterized New Mexico economic history throughout the rest of the century . Small shop-keepers and traders were replaced by sedentary merchants, many of whom were German-Jewic , immigrants, representatives of a culture which had been particularly successful in mercantile pursuits in Europe for several generations . A few were native New Mexicans, but most of the merchant capitalists were drawn to New Mexico . Perhaps the most important factor in the economic transformation which resulted was the ability of the mercantile houses to operate On a wide credit basis with both their retail outlets in the towns and with their suppliers in eastern financial centers . By the 1870's even larger credit organizations were needed to finance the livestock, agricultural and mining industries, and commercial banks, often with some of the merchants as organizers, were chartered to supplement and later to partially supplant the mercantile firms as credit organizers . During the 1880's much foreign capital came into New Mexico . Livestock quickly became the dominant indpstry in both the western valleys and in the vast high plains legion east of the Pecos River known as the Llano Estacado where the forts and the Bosque Redondo reservation first provided a ready market for beef . In 1866 Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving trailed the first of many herds of Texas cattle up the Pecos - River . By the 1870's the cattle drives of Texas stockmen who had moved into the plains became virtual stampedes . Sheep-raising, the major economy of New Mexicans since the Spanish period, also thrived with the opening of new markets . Hispano stockmen from around Las Vegas took their flocks into the northern Llano Estacado and established their traditional small villages . Acquiring a cattle range was relatively simple in the early years, for by holding title to the waterholes by preemption or homestead entry, a stockman could control the public domain for miles around . Livestock development was not always peaceful . During the 1870's sheepmen often fought cattlemen and the cattle barons fought with one another, as well as with the small ranchers and farmers who were coming into the plains regions in increasing numbers to take advantage of the homestead laws . By the early 1880's, however, the big cattlemen were encouraging many settlers to prove up on their homesteads and exemptions and then buying their land . The Hispano sheepmen were not so sophisticated and did not file on their water supply areas or encourage and then buy up claims . As a result, the cattle grazers used these methods to get homesteaders to file on the land and then dispossessed the sheepmen .

-12While exploitation of the public domain was proceeding rapidly in the regions opened to settlement after the Civil War, the problem of title to large areas of lands in northern New Mexico which had been settled by Spanish colonists and held by their descendants long before U . S . occupation posed even greater problems . Under Spain and Mexico the governors of New Mexico had been authorized to provide for the expanding population by making grants of unappropriated domain for agricultural and grazing purposes to landless private individuals and groups of settlers who would establish communities, usually on the frontiers, to serve as buffers against hostile Indian attack . Familiar landmarks such as mesas, arroyos and trees rather than explicit surveys were used to designate the boundaries of the grants . Title in fee simple was given to private grantees who fulfilled the leg .a terms of their grants, but in the community grants individual title was given only for the farming lands allotted to each settler and the remainder of the land used for grazing was held in common . In all cases, however, Spanish law required that the grants were not to encroach on the lands of the Indian Pueblos . For the most part, this Indian protection was scrupulously observed . In the closing years of the chaotic Mexican period, however, several large grants of dubious legality, such as the Beaubien-Miranda in Colfax County, later known as the Maxwell, had been made by Governor Armijo to combines of Anglo and Hispano speculators . In spite of the stipulation in the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that property rights legally held under Mexican law would be respected by the United States, no action was taken by the U . S . either to clarify the land title problem or the status of the Pueblo Indians as to whether they were citizens or wards of the government until 1854 when Congress created the Office of Surveyor-General in an attempt to adjudicate Spanish-Mexican titles . Upon approval of the Surveyor-General and confirmation by Congress, the grants were to be surveyed and patents given to the descendants of the grantees or their legitimate successors . In the meantime grant papers had been lost, some had been fraudulently manufactured . Many claimants, often victims of sharp practices, had conveyed their rights to speculators . Surveys revealed the endless conflict of overlapping grants . The courts, unfamiliar with Spanish law and practice, established the precedent that the title to the community grant commons could be divided among the many claimants by partition suits of grants which were approved . Only a few claims were confirmed and patented under the Surveyor-General, and by the 1880's speculation in the grants and public domain had reached the point of a national scandal . Mining also prospered until the late 1880's, when it, too, sharply declined . Some prospecting had been done before the Civil War, but the real impetus came with the 1866 discovery

-13of rich gold placers in both the southwestern Black Range region and near Elizabethtown in the upper Moreno Valley of the Maxwelli land grant . These discoveries were followed in 1869 by silver strikes at Silver City and the discovery of silver, lead and zinc near Socorro . After a brief slump in the 1870's, mining of precious minerals revived with the discovery of gold at Hillsboro, on the edge of the Black Mountain range, in 1877 and at White Oaks in Lincoln County in 1879, followed by rich southwestern silver strikes at Kingston in 1883 and Lake Valley in 1887 . Towns sprang up over night as miners and enterprising suppliers of their wants flocked into the mining camps . Often, however, they prospered briefly only to become ghost towns by the end of the 1880's as the ores were exhausted . New Mexico's rapidly advancing economy created a need for better and faster transportation resulting in the extension of stage lines during the 1860's and early 1870's and the coming of the railroad . On April 4, 1879 the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, following the route of the old Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail over Raton Pass, reached Las Vegas . The following year the line was constructed to Albuquerque which became the chief railroad terminus for the Territory . In 1880, also, branches of the Denver and Rio Grande Railway narrowgauge system reached Espanola and Chama, making possible the exploitation of the vast timber resources of northern New Mexico By 1881 the A . T . & S . F . had extended its main line south to El Paso to join the Southern Pacific system and its subsidiary, the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, was building a direct route to California westward from Albuquerque . Far-reaching cultural and social changes also took place during these years as more and more people of differing economic, social and ethnic backgrounds poured into New Mexico disrupting the relatively uncomplicated Pueblo Indian and Hispanic bicultural society . Since most of the newcomers, even those from foreign countries, spoke English, the term "Angle- came to be generally applied to all of these groups regardless of their national origins . with occupation had come separation of church and state as well as a change in jurisdiction within the Roman Catholic Church hierarchy . Formerly a part of the Mexican Diocese of Durango, New Mexico was given independent diocesan status in 1853 with the appointment of French-born Jean B . Lamy as Bishop . Lamy had initiated a vigorous program of recruiting European priests to fill vacant parishes and missions and had imported teaching orders to establish schools in the major towns . Attempts to institute changes in local Hispanic church practices and supervise the actions of the few native clergy led to serious disagreements and resulted in the excommunications of several priests, especially the powerful Antonio Jose Martinez of Taos, and Jos€ Manuel Gallegos of Albuquerque, who also served two terms as territorial delegate to Congress . In 1875 New Mexico was elevated to archdiocesan status .



-14Protestant denominations also viewed New Mexico as a promising missionary and educational field . Early attempts were largely unsuccessful, but permanent Protestant establishments came with the rapid population expansion following the Civil War . All of these developments directly affected political events . Territorial administrations reflected the philosophy and policies of the dominant political party in control of Washington since the governor and other major office-holders were appointed by the President and confirmed by Congress . Due to the opportunities which arose with the rapid exploitation of New Mexico, especially in land speculation, an interlocking clique of enterprising attorneys, businessmen, large ranchers and promoters virtually controlled the economic and political life of the territory . "The Santa Fe Ring," as it was called, was affiliated with both major political parties and often acted in alliance with territorial and federal office-holders . During Connelly's administration relations between the governor and the military commander were cordial for the first time in territorial history . New Mexico was further reduced in size with the creation of the Territory of Arizona in 1863 . The Territory of Colorado, established in 1861, had already absorbed a large area south of the Arkansas River . Illness caused Connelly to be absent from New Mexico on several occasions, leaving the government in the hands of controversial Secretary William P . M . Array . In July, 1866 President Andrew Johnson appointed John B . Mitchell of Ohio, an attorney and Civil War brigadier-general, Governor . Less than a month later, Connelly died and was buried in Santa Fe . During Mitchell's term the peonage issue was settled when Congress abolished all forms of that institution in 1867 . His tenure was marked by personal business investments in the territory, especially in mining, and by sharp clashes with both the territorial legislature over jurisdictional matters and with Secretary Array, and Array's even more controversial successor, H . H . Heath, over actions taken during the governor's frequent absences in Washington . Mitchell's resignation was accepted in 1869, after he had served less than two years of his term, and he was replaced by William A . Pile, a former Methodist minister who had joined the Missouri Volunteers in the Civil War as a chaplain and then, like Mitchell, rose to the rank of brigadier-general, Pile's brief administration was also characterized by the pursuit of private business interests in addition to his official duties . In the spring of 1870, together with Surveyor-General Thomas Rush Spencer, former territorial Supreme Court Chief Justice John S . watts and other leading

-15Anglos, he was one of the incorporators and the vice-president of the Maxwell Land Grant and Railway Company, nominally formed to purchase the huge Colfax County grant which had been confirmed to Lucien B . Maxwell, but actually acting as the agent for an English-Dutch syndicate . Shortly thereafter he used his office as chief executive to take an active part against the miners, homesteaders and small ranchers who disputed the attempts of the company to evict them . An unfortunate episode during the spring of 1870 in which he permitted a large number of Spanish and Mexican official administrative archives to be sold for waste paper further discredited his administration, although most of the documents were soon retrieved . In May of 1871 President Grant appointed Pile U . S . Minister to Venezuela . Marsh Giddings, a staunch political friend of the President from Michigan, was appointed Governor of New Mexico . Giddings arrived in Santa Fe September 1, 1871 and soon was embroiled in a bitter partisan controversy within the territorial assembly . In early January of the following year he vetoed a measure changing the residence of Supreme Court Chief Justice Joseph G . Palen from the first judicial district in Santa Fe to the third district at Mesilla, apparently because of decisions against prominent Santa Feans . The veto was upheld through the support of Republican legislators, many of whom had voted for the original bill . In retaliation the Democratically-controlled House voted to unseat three . Republicans elected from Taos County . Supported by the governor, the Speaker of the House secured the presence of soldiers in that chamber because of the unruly conduct of the members and declared the Republicans reseated . Each side then formed its own body and attempted to enact separate laws until a compromise was reached on January 29, two days before adjournment . The only unanimity during the stormy session had been joint action with the upper house in drafting a constitution for statehood which the legislature accepted on January 30 and submitted to the voters in a referendum election . Strong opposition to the Republican-sponsored document, conflicts over interpretation of the referendum procedures and delays in receiving the returns from the June 3 election within the time specified by the act caused the commission to certify the results, headed by the governor, to cancel the proceedings without announcing the outcome . Giddings' support of the Republican faction in the 1872 session resulted in an attempt on the part of congressional delegate Jose Manuel Gallegos and the rebellious Democratic legislators to have him removed from office . President Grant, however, after a special investigation had exonnerated the governor, refused to do so . Relations with the 1873-74 legislature were amicable, but much local opposition continued . Plagued by failing health for several months, Giddings died on

-16June 3, 1875 . Grant immediately appointed another close friend, Samuel B . Axtell, then governor of the Territory of Utah, to succeed him . Axtell's administration was characterized by violence and instability, intensified by the governor's open identificatior with the powerful combination of politicians, office-holders, business men and land speculators known as the Santa Fe Ring . Both the Maxwell land grant area comprising much of Colfa : : County and the livestock region of Lincoln County were in a state of turmoil when Axtell arrived . The English-Dutch syndicate, in open ownership of the Maxwell grant since 1872, was in serious financial difficulties . In the previous sat= of land to both New Mexican and outside investors, many rmL - 1 settlers whose possession had predated the company's control had been dispossessed and opposition of these "anti-granters" to the company ran high . Territorial investors, including U . S . District Attorney T . B . Catron, and other officeholders, attempted to secure control of the grant by taking advantage of the inability of the company to pay its taxes . Tension was heightened by political rivalry between these Santa Fe-oriented Ring leaders and the powerful local managers and supporters of the company . On September 14, 1874 the Reverend Thomas J . Tolby, Methodist minister and spokesman for the "anti-granters," was murdered . Lynching of the alleged murderer and other acts of violence followed . A mass meeting of local citizens charged the Santa Fe Ring with responsibility in the Tolby murder and called on the governor to investigate . Axtell not only refused to even visit the region but strongly defended the Santa Fe group . The 1876 legislature, with the full support of the governor, passed a law authorizing the sale or partition of a land grant if requested by any owner . Another measure placed Colfax County within the Taos judicial district so that suits involving land sale, grant partition and criminal proceedings would be tried in a place difficult of access to Colfax County residents and more sympathetic to the Santa Fe faction . The grant was redeemed by the Maxwell Land Grant Company, but incidents continued as both sides utilized the services of local gunmen, and the anti-granters continued to oppose both sides . By 1878 the struggle between the two factions of rival cattlemen and business men in the area around the village of Lincoln culminated in the "Lincoln County War ." Axtell openly supported the Murphy -Dolan-Riley faction, which also had the backing of third judicial district attorney William L . Rynerson, U . S . District Attorney Catron and other members of the powerful Santa Fe machine, as well as of the local sheriff . The rival group was dominated by attorney Alexander McSween, cattle

-17baron John Chisum and English investor John Tunstall . On February 18, 1878 Tunstall was shot down in cold blood by the sheriff's posse after a legally dubious writ of attachment had been served on him . Following the murder, Axtell removed both the local justice of the peace and the U . S . Marshall, leaving control of the area entirely in the hands of Sheriff Brady . In retaliation, employees and friends of McSween and Tunstall, among them the famous William Bonney ("Billy the Kid"), gunned down the sheriff and his deputy . Axtell promptly appointed another friendly sheriff over local protests . Other acts of violence followed, again with the use of hired gunmen on both sides, resulting in a violent shoot-out at the McSween home in July which also involved soldiers from near-by Fort Stanton . Meanwhile, the British government made strong protests to Washington over the Tunstall murder . In the spring of 1878, Axtell also removed the Colfax County sheriff, who was sympathetic to the local group headed by Frank Springer, attorney for the Maxwell Land Grant Company . Springer sent to the Secretary of the Interior a copy of a letter written by Axtell to the Colfax County district attorney in 1876 which appeared to have been part of a plot to assassinate Springer, William R . Morley, manager of the company, and other anti-Santa Fe faction leaders . The charges to Washington against Axtell were so numerous that in May the Departments of Justice and Interior Sent Frank Warner Angel, a respected New York Jurist, as special agent to investigate . His report of conditions in both Colfax and Lincoln counties was a sharp indictment of federal and territorial officials . He characterized the Axtell administration as one of "corruption, fraud, mismanagement, plots and murder ." As a result, the governor was suspended from office on September 4, 1878 and General Lew . Wallace of Indiana appointed in his stead . However, in 1882 President Arthur, due to the influence of the Santa Fe leaders, appointed Axtell territorial supreme court chief justice and he returned to New Mexico . Wallace, after service in both the Mexican and Civil Wars, had entered legal practice and was an artist and author by avocation . Much of his novel Ben Hur was written during his term as Governor of New Mexico . Upon his arrival at Santa Fe on September 29, 1878 he immediately launched a personal investigation into the chaotic conditions in Lincoln County . Acting upon his request for a presidential declaration of martial law, President Hays issued instead a proclamation authorizing the use of federal troops, if necessary, to restore order . On November 13 Wallace issued an amnesty for all those on both sides who had been involved in the "misdemeanors and offenses" committed since February . The governor's action calmed the situation temporarily . The

-18amnesty was opposed particularly by Lt . Col . Nathan A . M . Dudley, commander of Fort Stanton . Shortly thereafter, H . I . Chapman, an attorney attempting to settle the McSween estate for the widow, wrote to Wallace accusing Dudley of complicity in the McSween killing and the governor asked General Edward Hatch, Commander of the Military District, for Dudley's removal . In February, 1879 Chapman was murdered . Accompanied by General Hatch, Wallace immediately went to Lincoln, had several outlaws arrested for the murder and Dudley was removed from duty . This prompt action largely ended the turmoil in Lincoln County, although Dudley was later cleared by a military court of inquiry over Wallace's protests . The tense condition in Colfax County also subsided . Wallace offered his resignation to President Garfield on March 9, 1881, less than three years after his arrival . He was succeeded by Lionel A . Sheldon, an Ohio attorney and leading Republican and, in common with many of his predecessors, a Civil War Union brigadier-general . Sheldon was the last governor to be selected from outside New Mexico . Later appointments were made to residents, several of whom, however, had followed active political careers elsewhere before moving to the territory . Although most of the Indian tribes had been assigned reservations, periodic Apache outbreaks occurred during both the Wallace and Sheldon administrations . Many of the raids which resulted were due to intolerable conditions on the reservations as well as to resentment over control of former Indian lands by miners, ranchers and settlers . A more serious problem for both administrations, in many respects, arose from the depredations of bands of rustlers who attacked the herds of the ranchers and other outlaws who frequented the mining and railroad towns . Both governors found it necessary to authorize the use of territorial militia and citizens' posses for action against these "bad men ." Reform and Increasing Stability By the mid-1880's speculation and fraud in the Spanish land grant area had become a problem of national notoriety . Under the domination of the Santa Fe Ring in the northern region, and a powerful combination of Hispano leaders and large ranchers in the counties of Bernalillo and Valencia closely allied to the Santa Fe group politically, surveyorsgeneral had hastily approved grant claims with acreages magnified far beyond their original intent . The land was conveyed to members of the rings, or business interests from outside the territory allied with them, even before congressional confirmation in the expectation of acquiring huge holdings by partition suits when Congress confirmed

-19the grants . In the process, many legitimate claimants were often defrauded by the inclusion of bona fide common lands in these questionable transactions . Edmund G . Ross was appointed Governor of New Mexico by President Grover Cleveland in May, 1885, the first Democrat to hold that office since the Civil War . After serving in the Union forces in Kansas, Ross, then a Republican, had become famous as the U . S . Senator who had cast the deciding vote against the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson in 1868 . The uproar in his own state over this unpopular action had caused him to change his political affiliation and finally to come to Albuquerque in 1882 . Cleveland felt that Ross's long advocacy of free-soil and homestead rights as a crusading newspaperman in Kansas fitted the president's program of western agrarian reform, particularly with respect to ending speculation in the public domain . In line with Cleveland's reform policies, one of his first actions was to remove Axtell as territorial supreme court chief justice . Ross'aappointment was unpopular with some important local members of his own party, partly because they had been bypassed and partly because he immediately becamg a vigorous foe of all political and economic rings . Cleveland also appointed capable George W . Julian of Indiana as SurveyorGeneral . Backed by strong support from Ross, Julian reopened hearings on the unconfirmed land grants and then disallowed most of them . He also caused the arrest of Land Register Max Frost on charges of fraud in land entry . To solve the matter Ross advocated the creation of a special federal court to adjudicate land grant claims . The governor's sympathy with the farmers and small sheep ranchers alienated many of the large cattlemen . In 1885 he supported sheepmen against the Lincoln County Stock Association . The following year he intervened on the side of Hispano sheepmen of northern Rio Arriba County and threatened the use of armed force against an English-owned Colorado-based cattle company for trespass on the sheep range . His administration witnessed the end of the boom period in the cattle business due to a sharp decline in prices combined with extended drought and harsh winters . However, this industry actually entered a more stable period . With the increase of farmers and the end of the open range, both ranchers and settlers enclosed their holdings with barbed wire and utilized the windmill for water supply . In 1887 Ross signed a bill creating the Cattle Sanitary Board to adopt and enforce regulations for the control of disease, which was expanded in 1891 under the Prince administration to include brand inspection .

-20Although Ross received much support from citizens and groups who had long opposed the political-economic cliques, his actions to halt land speculation and advocacy of other reform measures led to a continuing struggle with the Republicandominated legislature . Lesser territorial officials were appointed by the governor with the consent of the Council and Ross needed their loyalty to carry out his policies . Just before leaving New Mexico, however, Sheldon had reappointed all Republican office-holders . Ross promptly moved to replace these individuals with his own appointees . When the attorneygeneral and territorial treasurer, both members of the Santa Fe Ring, would not resign, he removed them by proclamation, but the legislature refused to confirm his nominees, and in 1889 abolished the office of attorney-general and created that of solicitor-general, with the same duties but more responsive to the legislature . A stalemate resulted as the legislative assembly systematically defeated the governor's reform proposals for public schools, fiscal and tax reform and reapportionment and passed measures solidifying its own position, only to have those measures vetoed by Ross and the vetoes promptly overridden . Fear of the possible appointment of another Ross by a future Democratic president, if New Mexico remained a territory, was partly responsible for the enactment of a measure by the territorial assembly in February, 1889 calling for the election of a constitutional convention for statehood . With the change in national administration, Ross was removed by president Benjamin Harrison on April 1 of the same year and L . Bradford Prince, originally of New York, who had served as territorial supreme court chief justice from 1879 to 1882, was appointed as his successor . Although Ross had apparently failed in his attempts to change conditions, progress was made during his administration . The Colorado and Southern Railway, linking Colorado and Texas through northeastern New Mexico, was completed in 1888 . In 1889 he signed into law a bill creating the University of New Mexico at Albuquerque, the Agricultural College at Las Cruces and the School of Mines at Socorro . Within two years the measures which he had strongly advocated, a public education system and a federal land court, became realities . A staunch, conservative Republican, Prince had gained his initial political experience as a member of the New York state legislature in the early 1B70's . Since coming to New Mexico as chief justice in 1878 he had maintained close business, social and political contacts with his eastern associates and friends and was much more aware of the national policies of his party than were the veteran members of the local leadership, long involved in dominating affairs within the territory . Convinced that New Mexico would never

-21really advance so long as it was controlled from Washington, Prince was committed to the achieving of statehood, but felt that modernization of territorial government and capitalistic development, rather than local reform, were the methods to be undertaken . Personally involved in land grant speculation, he considered the settling of the troublesome problem of land titles to be the key to attracting outside capital for this development . Like Ross, he also strongly supported free public schools, realizing that until such a system was established, congressional leaders would not favor the admission of New Mexico as a state . Elections for delegates to the constitutional convention provided for by the legislative assembly were held on August 6, 1889 amidst the usual charges of election fraud and control . During its sessions held in the fall the convention, composed largely of Republican attorneys and large . land owners, drew up a constitution which included such provisions as low property taxes with proportionately heavier ones for industries, redemption of outstanding militia payment warrants, mostly held by local speculators, at par value and a provision for a public school system . Since an enabling act from Congress was necessary for approval, in February, 1890 Prince appointed a delegation of citizens to journey to Washington to lobby for both an enabling act and a land title court . But congressional leaders, including Democratic delegate Antonio Joseph, were cool towards statehood . However, Joseph, who was alsoaa large grant speculator, supported the land bill . The constitution was decisively defeated by the voters in the referendum election held on October 7 . In his message to the legislative assembly two months later, Prince charged that the failure was due to the backward conditions in New Mexico and called for governmental reform, and especially for an education bill . Under his prodding, the office of Superintendent of Public Education was created on February 12, 1891 and the first mandatory public school system was established . In 1891 Congress also established the Court of Private Land Claims and by 1904 all land grant claims were adjudicated . The precedent that the commons could be conveyed and partitioned was continued and as a result, much of the land formerly used by residents of the community land grants for livestock grazing was either confirmed to outsiders or was returned to the public domain, to be incorporated into the national forests, leaving a legacy of bitterness . The Pueblo Indians still not considered as wards of the government until the U . S . Supreme Court Sandoval decision of 1913, were not represented before the Court of Private Land Claims and lost even more of their lands which had long been protected by Spanish and Mexican authorities .

-22Agricultural enterprises in eastern New Mexico prospered where irrigation was possible . By 1890 wells were being drilled to tap the springs of the Artesian Basin of the Pecos River for irrigation, and in 1891 Charles B . Eddy, Charles Green and James J . Hagerman organized the Pecos Irrigation Project to develop the valley by utilizing the artesian wells and waters impounded from the Pecos River in the .Avalon and MacMillan dams . They also brought the railroad to this valley to link the lands covered by their irrigation project to main lines in Texas . The new town of Eddy (now Carlsbad) was reached in 1891 and Roswell in 1894 . Prince was aware that in spite of its apparent control, the Republican party had not been generally popular with the electorate who had returned Democrat Antonio Joseph to Congress since 1885 and had decisively defeated the constitution . In his attempts to broaden the party's policies he was often at odds with the closely-knit leadership, especially with T . B . Catron . But a more diversified economy and the increase in population was making it increasingly difficult for the "Old Guard" to maintain its power and led to the rise of rival factions . A similar development was taking place within the Democratic party as younger leaders with more liberal ideas were challenging the traditional domination of that party by the large cattlemen and other conservative interests . Protest parties and organizations who were espousing "Populist" causes in other parts of the nation had their followers in New Mexico who adapted the principles of agrarian and social reform to local conditions . Third parties, joined by dissidents from both majbr parties, were organized in widely separated parts of the territory to support candidates for local office . Farmers' Alliance groups were formed in Lincoln and Colfax counties . while not generally widespread, Knights of Labor assemblies were organized in San Juan County and in the Las Vegas area of San Miguel County, the center of much of the protest . During the late 1880's, ranchers and land companies had bought into the undivided community lands of the Las Vegas land grant and enclosed their holdings, again depriving the long-time Hispano residents of the common use of pasture areas . In retaliation, masked armed bands, known as Gorras Blancas (White Caps), engaged on an organized basis in fence cutting, barn burning and scattering of livestock, often extending their activities outside the confines of the Las Vegas grant . Secret gangs without any apparent motives other than terrorism or acting as tools for different factions operated particularly in Las Vegas and Santa Fe . The outbursts of lawlessness resulted in a number of violent incidents, often with political overtones . Republican Dona Ana county legislator Joseph A . Ancheta was critically wounded on February 5, 1891 by a shot through a window while

-23attending a committee meeting . A fire of s ;picious origin destroyed the new capitol on May 12, 1892 . Some two weeks later, a series of politically-inspired murders in Santa Fe culminated in the assassination of Francisco Chavez, controversial County Sheriff and leading Democrat . In spite of the advance made during his administration, Prince's inability to stop much of this criminal activity, combined with the splits within his own party, marked the closing years of his tenure . With the inauguration of Grover Cleveland to a second term in 1893, Prince was replaced on April 20 by Democrat William T . Thornton, an attorney who had come to New Mexico from his native Missouri in 1877 and had served in the territorial legislature and as mayor of Santa Fe . Thornton's administration coincided with the national depression beginning in 1893 which had serious effects in New Mexico . Especially hard hit was the mining industry . Highgrade gold and silver-bearing ores had already been largely exhausted . The repeal of the Snerman Silver Purchase Act in 1893 caused the collapse of silver mining centered in the southwestern region and resulted in increased support for the Populist Party by "free silver" advocates from both Republican and Democratic parties . In the 1894 election for territorial delegate, veteran Antonio Joseph was defeated by Republican T . B . Catron largely because of opposition to the Cleveland administration's support of the silver purchase repeal, together with attacks on Joseph by other Populist elements because of his land grant activities . . In the 1896 election, however, the silver issue was so overriding that Democrat Harvey B . Fergusson, Albuquerque lawyer and leading spokesman for the free silver Democrats who also championed many of the Populist party social reforms, was elected . Thornton's administration witnessed a decline in violence In June, 1894 the Gonzalez y Borrego brothers were arrested for the murder of Sheriff Chavez, convicted and sentenced to death in the following year, and executed in 1897 after refusals for clemency on the part of both the Governor and the President . The killing of Judge Albert J . Fountain, a prominent Republican of Mesilla, and his young son in the white Sands on February 1, 1896, however, was never solved . The decrease of bitter factional strife under Thornton made possible a growing recognition on the part of legislators that the increasing complexity of government required more progressive organization of territorial agencies . During the last months of his administration the 1897 assembly provided for the establishment of the National Guard on a permanent basis replacing the territorial militia . The protective measures adopted for the cattle industry in 1887 and 1891 were expanded to the sheep industry with the creation of a Sheep

-24Sanitary Board . The same session also enacted a measure permitting the owners of community grants to incorporate and boards of trustees of such grants were empowered to file ejectment suits against intruders . Thornton was the last Democratic governor to hold office during the territorial period . With the inauguration of William McKinley as president in 1897 the various factions within the New Mexico Republican party jockeyed to secure appointment of their leaders to the position of chief executive . Ignoring both the Catron and Prince groups, McKinley instead, on June 2, appointed Miguel A . Otero of Las Vegas, son of the former delegate to Congress . Otero's appointment marked a turning point in territorial history . Not only was he the only native-born New Mexican to hold that position, but he was the only chief executive of Hispano extraction, and his vigorous administration represented a fusion of both cultures . Due to his father's involvement in the promotion of the Santa Fe Railroad and as senior partner in the large Las Vegas-based wholesale firm of Otero, Sellars & Co . the younger Otero had gained experience in business affairs . Although not identified with any particular faction he was no political novice and had served as San Miguel county probate clerk, district court clerk, and had represented New Mexico in the Republican National Convention of 1888 . After his appointment as Governor, Otero largely ignored the old party groups and built a more unified political organization of his own . His political acumen resulted in a nine-year executive term, the longest tenure of any chief executive in New 'Mexico history since occupation . Increasing stability and greater cooperation between the governor and the legislative assemblies resulted in the continuing reorganization of territorial government . In 1899 Congressional delegate Harvey B . Fergusson obtained grants of public lands for the benefit of schools and institutions of higher learning and in 1899 the legislature created the Board of Public Lands, headed by a Commissioner of Public Lands appointed by the governor, to administer the sale, leasing and management of these lands . Because of the importance of water to New Mexico economy the 1897 legislature had established a Commission of Irrigation and Water-Rights . In 1905 this agency was expanded into a Commission of Irrigation, headed by the Territorial Irrigation Engineer . Finally, in 1907, during the Hagerman administration, the basic water rights legislation was passed which still governs the use and appropriation of public waters in New Mexico . The office of Territorial Engineer was established to supervise the control, appropriation and distribution of water and the legal machinery for adjudication of water rights along each stream was established . The 1905 assembly provided for the greater protection of public safety by establishing the Mounted Police .

-25New Mexico gained national recognition curing the SpanishAmerican War of 1898 . When hostilities broke out, Otero's enthusiastic response to President McKinley's call for volunteers to serve under Col . Leonard Wood and Lt . Col . Theodore Roosevelt resulted in the territory's quota of "Rough Riders" being raised within a few days . Many of the men who served in Cuba later became influential political figures . In 1900 a new capitol was completed replacing the structure destroyed by fire in 1892 . Prince's hopes of capitalistic development saw-fruition under Otero . Encouraged by tax exemptions from the legislature, railroad construction accounted for much economic activity and the establishment of new towns in eastern New Mexico . Eddy's El Paso and Northwestern railroad syndicate was responsible for the development of the Tularosa Basin . The rails reached his townsite of Alamogordo in 1898 . one branch was then constructed eastward to tap the timber in the Sacramento Mountains, while the other was constructed north through Carrizozo and in 1902 joined the main line of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific at Santa Rosa . Eddy then bought out the interests of the Dawson brothers in the Vermejo Valley of Colfax County and organized the Dawson Railroad to connect the vast coal fields in that area to the Rock Island line at Tucumcari . Many other short lines were constructed to serve the livestock, agricultural, lumbering and mining industries . Although gold and silver mining never recovered from the depletion of high-grade ores and the demonetization of silver, they were replaced by the more stable industries of copper, zinc and lead, as well as coal . Large-scale agricultural developments were encouraged by federally-financed irrigation and conservation projects under both Otero and Hagerman . In 1903 the Federal Reclamation Service began a comprehensive program of dam construction on the Rio Grande for impounding of waters for irrigation, and in 1906 purchased Eddy's Carlsbad Reclamation Project holdings which had proved too ambitious for private capital . The establishment of the National Forest system under the Department of Agriculture halted to a large extent the destruction of rich timber resources, and stockmen now had to secure licenses to graze their herds on public lands . The advances made during Otero's terms blunted the validity of many of the arguments used by congressional opponents that New Mexico was not as yet ready for full admission into the Union . Working closely with his political ally, Bernard S . Rodey, Delegate to Congress, the governor called a statehood convention in October, 1901 . In 1902 an omnibus statehood bill, sponsored by Representative William S . Knox of Massachusetts providing for admission to the Union of the territories of New Mexico, Arizona and Oklahoma, passed the

-26U . 5 . House of Representatives but was defeated in the Senate, due to the determined opposition of Senator Albert J . Beveridge, Chairman of the Committee on Territories . Following this defeat, Delegate Rodey supported the movement in Congress, which had the backing of both President Roosevelt and Senator Beveridge, to admit New Mexico and Arizona as a joint state . The governor's conviction that New Mexico should be admitted as a single state only led to his break with Rodey and support of William H . Andrews as delegate in the 1904 election . Political opposition by various factions of the local Republican party to Otero, intensified by his continued refusal to support the jointure issue, caused him to submit his resignation to the president in the fall of 1905 when it became obvious that he would not be reappointed . On November 24 President Roosevelt announced the appointment of Herbert J . Hagerman, son of wealthy Pecos Valley financier J . J . Hagerman, but the new governor was not inaugurated until January 24, 1906 . The appointment of the thirty-four-year-old Hagerman reflected the rising Progressive movement within the national Republican party . The selection of the young liberal was probably due in part to the fact tnat he had spent much of his life outside New Mexico and was not identified with any of the local political factions, some of which had developed in the final years of Otero's term . Hagerman's tenure was short, however . His reformist views soon brought him into conflict with many leaders within the territorial Republican party, including Delegate Andrews, powerful Holm O . Bursum of Socorro and even Secretary of the Territory James Wallace Raynolds . Shortly after taking office he removed several local officials and then dismissed Bursum as Superintendent of the Penitentiary on charges of mishandling funds . Ironically, charges of official misconduct for allegedly delivering deeds for the sale of public lands without proper investigation or authority, were responsible for Hagerman's own removal by Roosevelt and the appointment of George Curry as his successor on April 1, 1907 . In the meantime, another attempt at New Mexico-Arizona joint statehood had failed . Backed by strong support from President Roosevelt and Senator Beveridge, a jointure bill had been passed by Congress in the spring of 1906 to be submitted to a referendum vote in both territories at the November 6 general election . Although accepted by New Mexican voters, the proposal was decisively defeated in Arizona, ending all attempts at joint statehood .

-27Statehood Achieved Born in Louisiana in 1863, George Curry had moved to Lincoln County at the age of sixteen and had taken an active part in ranching, mercantile and political affairs in that region . As an officer in the New Mexico "Rough Riders" he became known to Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War and held various military and civilian positions in the occupation government of the Philippine Islands . At the time of his appointment he was Governor of the Province of Samar, for which reason his inauguration was delayed until August 8, 1907 and Secretary Raynolds was acting governor until his arrival . Curry's personal friendship with the President resulted in a period of comparative political peace, and attention was again focused on the question of achieving statehood . The Republican national convention of 1908 finally adopted a strong plank advocating admission of New Mexico and . Arizona as separate states which had the support of both Roosevelt and President-elect William Howard Taft . Although efforts failed in 1909, due again to the opposition of Beveridge, an enabling act was finally passed by the 61st Congress and signed on June 20, 1910 permitting the people of New Mexico to draft and adopt a constitution . In the meantime, Governor Curry's resignation, submitted the previous fall, had become effective on February 28 . 1910 and President Taft had appointed William J . Mills of Las Vegas, chief justice of the territorial supreme court since 1898, as chief executive . Following the signing of the enabling act, Mills issued a proclamation on June 29 calling for election of delegates to a constitutional convention . The election was held September 6 and the convention began its deliberations on October 3 . The constitution was adopted November 21 by a vote of seventy-nine to eighteen, with three absences recorded . Unlike the constitutions of most western states, the New Mexico document contained no provisions for such direct demo-, measures as the initiative, recall or women's suffrage . A referendum provision was so restrictive as to be meaningless . U . S . Senators were to be elected by the legislature rather than by popular vote, while a provision that a two-thirds majority of the entire membership of both houses would be required to propose an amendment made it virtually impossible to change the constitution . On the other hand, the voting and educational rights of Spanish-speaking citizens were protected by equal recognition of both languages and denial of separate schools . Because of its conservative nature, the majority of Democratic delegates, led by Harvey B . Fergusson, not only

-28voted against adoption but also campaigned against its acceptance by the voters . However, the majority of New Mexicans felt that actual admission to the Union was the main consideration and voter approval was secured in a special January 21, 1911 election . On February 24 President Taft transmitted a copy of the new constitution to Congress with a message recommending its approval . On March 1, less than a week later, the House of Representatives passed a joint resolution accepting the constitution and sent it to the Senate . Meanwhile, Arizona voters, on February 9, had also adopted a constitution which aroused congressional controversy and disapproval from President Taft for its liberal provisions, especially the recall of judges . The 61st Congress was nearing adjournment and when the joint resolution reached the upper chamber, Senator Robert Owen of Oklahoma threatened a filibuster against all pending legislation unless the resolution was amended to include the admission of Arizona . The amended resolution was defeated and once again it seemed that statehood would be denied . However, President Taft included the admission of the territories in his call for a special session which met on April 4 . On that day Representative Henry D . Flood of Virginia, Chairman of the Committee on Territories, submitted a joint resolution providing for the admission of New Mexico and Arizona on the basis of their adopted constitutions . Due to the testimony before his committee by Fergusson and other New Mexican Progressives, however, Flood amended his resolution to provide that a substitute for the restrictive amending clause be voted upon at the first state election . The measure was finally passed by the Senate on August 8, but was vetoed by President Taft a week later because of the recall provision in the Arizona document . On the same day Senator William Alden Smith of Michigan amended the Flood Resolution to require that the recall provision be stricken . This measure was passed and signed by the President on August 21 . New Mexico citizens went to the polls for the first time on November 7, 1911 to elect their own officials . In the separate "Blue Ballot" election, so named because the ballots were printed on blue-tinted paper, they passed the measure making it easier to amend the constitution by vote of a simple majority of all members of both houses, if ratified by the voters at the next election or in a special election . Democratic William C . MacDonald of White Oaks was elected Governor, defeating Holm O . Bursum, and Ezequiel C de Baca of Las Vegas, also a Democrat, was elected Lieutenant Governor . Democrat Harvey B . Fergusson and former Governor George Curry, a Republican, became the first T . B . Catron and Albert B . Fall, both U . S . Representatives . Republicans, were chosen by the legislature as Senators . On January 6, 1912 President Taft signed the proclamation admitting New Mexico as the 47th state of the Union, and the long struggle for full citizenship was over .

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HISTORY OF THE TERRITORIAL ARCHIVES The public archives of New Mexico dating from the occupation of Santa Fe by U . S . military forces under the command of Brigadier General Stephen Watts Kearny on August 18, 1846 to the January 6, 1912 proclamation of statehood by President William Howard Taft have had a long history of transfer and, in many cases, unfortunately, of dispersal or loss . As a result, the records of most officials and agencies are incomplete and sometimes fragmentary . This is especially true for the period of quasi-military administration and the first quarter-century of the Territorial period . From occupation until 1885 the records were maintained and housed in the Palace of the Governors where the chief executives and other officials had their offices . The venerable adobe building had also been the governmental headquarters and archiva depository for Spanish and Mexican governors of New Mexico . Wit the completion of a capitol in 1885 the offices were moved to more commodious quarters in the new building . Following the destruction of this structure by fire on May 12, 1892 the records were taken back to temporary offices in the Palace until the completion of a new capitol in 1900 . They were then transferred to the new capitol where the Secretary of the Territory now had a modern vault for their safe-keeping and where space was also provided for the recently established agencies such as the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and the Commission of Public Lands . After the incorporation of the Historical Society of New Mexico in 1884 some documents and private collections of Spanisi Mexican and early territorial figures were donated to it or purchased with territorial funds and placed in the .Palace of the Governors where the Society had been given the use of the two east rooms . The papers of Donaciano Vigil, appointed Secretary of the Territory by Kearny in 1846 and acting governor after thdeath of Charles Bent, were so purchased from the Vigil heirs ire 1906 . In 1909 the Museum of New Mexico was established and given jurisdiction over the Palace and the holdings of the Historical Society came under its custody, but not under its direct control . The increase in record creation during the late territorial period caused by the mounting complexity of government and the establishment of new agencies accelerated with the achievement of statehood in 1912 . Although the capitol was frequently remodeled and enlarged, available space was always needed for the current records of state agencies and departments as the vault of the Secretary of State and the storage areas of other agencies were filled to overflowing . Some transfers, such as the territorial militia muster rolls in 1925, were made to the Historical Society holdings in the Museum .

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-30Finally, in 1927, the state legislature passed HB 338 making the Historical Society of New Mexico "the official custodian and trustee for the State of New Mexico of the public archives of whatever kind which may be transferred to it from any public office . . .,' The legislature, continued to make appropriations for the Historical Society, but the funds were administered by the Museum of New Mexico . As administrative agency for the Society, the Museum was charged With preserving the records but had neither the space nor the personnel to take adequate steps towards organizing or even properly housing the papers . Periodically, agencies would transfer large volumes of materials but, due to lack of space, the records could usually only be stored, often in their original cartons . In 1955 the Secretary of State transferred to the Museum the correspondence and some other records of territorial governors dating from the William T . Thornton administration through statehood . The penal papers, however, remained in the capitol . The majority of governors records prior to Thornton's appointment in 1893 had apparently not been in official custody . During the 1940's the massive collection of L . Bradford Prince Papers, consisting of private materials as well as his records as Territorial Supreme Court Chief Justice and Governor, were given to the Museum of New Mexico but were not organized . The papers of Governor Edmund G . Ross were donated to the State Records Center and Archives shortly after its establishment . To complicate the dispersal of territorial records, although many were no doubt saved from destruction in the process, many were transferred to the custody of the Zimmerman Library of the University of'New Mexico during the 1936-1941 Historical Records Survey of the Works Projects Administration . Included in them were the executive records of requisitions for extradition of fugitives and criminals . Some initial sorting and organization was undertaken by the Library, but again, the bulk of the materials was largely unorganized . Until 1960 New Mexico lacked any systematic program for the maintenance, organization, care and preservation of public records, including the Territorial Archives . In March of that year the State Records Center and Archives was established as the result of the Public Records Act passed by the 1959 state legislature . The legislation had stipulated the appointment of a professionally-trained archivist and records manager by the Commission of Public Records to serve as the state records administrator who was designated as "the official custodian and trustee for the state of all the public records and archives of whatever kind which are transferred to him from any public office of the state or from any other source ." The quasi-public status of the Historical Society of New Mexico was repealed by the Public Records Act . Within the first year of operation all public records previously transferred to the

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custody of the Historical Society or the Museum of New Mexico, or purchased with territorial or state funds, including the territorial records, were transferred to the new agency . By amendment of the 1963 legislature the term "agency" was further defined to include "any state agency, department, bureau, board, commission, institution or other organization of the state government, the territorial government and the Spanish and Mexican governments in New Mexico" to insure that the scope of the Records Center program would include the entire governmental administration of New Mexico from its beginnings . From 1960 to 1966 all remaining territorial and statehood non-current records were systematically removed by Records Center staff from the various vaults, basement hallways and storage rooms within the capitol complex to the archives division of the Center, sorted and organized . In 1971, by agreement with the Regents of the University of New Mexico, the territorial records in the custody of that institution were transferred to the Records Center and collated with the other holdings to constitute this microfilm edition . ORGANIZATION OF THE TERRITORIAL ARCHIVES Records of the Secretary of the Territory Records maintained by the Secretary of the Territory, the most important official except for the Governor, are contained in Rolls 1-43 . Appointed by the President, the Secretary was responsible for the maintenance of the records of the Governor and the Territorial Assembly and tt.e transmittal of copies of the executive proceedings and the acts, memorials and resolutions of the legislatures to the U . S . Secretary of State until 1073, and after that date to the Secretary of the Interior . All essential internal records of the Territory of New Mexico were also registered with the Secretary, including incorporation papers, oaths and bonds of public officials, general election results, records of constitutional conventions and special census schedules . The bicameral legislature, officially designated as the Territorial Assembly, consisted of the Council and the House of Representatives . Extant records for each session are organized as a unit, beginning with the journals of proceedings for each house . Due to loss or removal journals of both houses for the first session held in the summer of 1851 are missing as well as house journals for the second (1851-1852), third (1852-1853), sixth (1855-1856), eighth (1857-1858) and tenth (1859-1860) sessions and those of both houses for 1860-1861 . Some sessions of each house were recorded in Spanish, others in English, depending on the language facility of the secretary of the session .

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-32Since the bills passed by the assemblies are availablee in printed form, the enacted legislation has not been microfilmed . Because of their value to researchers, however, copies of introduced bills which were defeated or vetoed are included . Special messages of the governors, letters and petitions to the legislative assemblies and special committee and commission reports are included . Information concerning disputed elections form an important part of the latter .

Records of the Treasurer of the Territory

i 6

Records of the Auditor of the Territory

The records of executive proceedings consist of seven bound Executive Record Books . Copies of these actions were sent to the Secretary of State, or to the secretary of the Interior after March, 1873, and are contained in the Territorial Papers of those departments . However, the Washington copies are not always identical with the originals microfilmed in this edition .

The Governors, with the consent of the Council, also appointed the territorial auditors who were responsible for the final checking of all financial accounts of territorial and local agencies and officials . The records of this office are, hence, invaluable sources of early economic history . The microfilmed reports of the Auditors, Rolls 47-52, consist of letters received and sent, annual reports and audits of county commercial licenses . The latter are particularly useful for information concerning early peddlers, traders, businessmen and mercantile firms . After the imposition of the general property tax, bound copies of the yearly assessment tax roll for each county were filed with the Auditor of the Territory . The assessment rolls do not form a part of this edition but they have been commercially microfilmed and are available to researchers at the State Records Center and Archives .

Only fragmentary correspondence of the Secretary of the Territory has survived prior to 1889 . Beginning with 1889 outgoing correspondence was maintained in bound letterpress volumes . Entries in these records, as well as in the letterbooks of other officials included in this edition, which are totally illegible due to ink fade or water damage have not been microfilmed . Incorporation records were maintained by the Secretary of the Territory in accordance with the provisions of the General Incorporation Act of 1868 as amended in 1876 . The originals were filed and then copied by the Secretary into bound record books . The original filed copies have been microfilmed by the State Corporation Commission . The records in this microfilm edition consist of the bound Corporation Classification Index, 1868 - 1910 and the record copy books . Unfortunately, Books 4 and 5 for the period of January, 1886 to July 21, 1909 are lost . The oaths and bonds, which were required to be filed with the Secretary of the Territory for all elected and appointed territorial office-holders and county officials, are valuable for information concerning names and terms of office for these positions . The records of the various constitutional conventions which met from 1850 to 1910 also contain the final records of admission to the Union . Separate canvass results for election of the Delegate to Congress are extant only for the years 1888-1910, with the exception of that for 1892 which is missing . Special reports of the Secretary have been filmed as well as the printed periodic compilations of territorial information known as the "Blue Books," because of their color . The latter publications have been included because of their value to researchers and the fact that many of them are difficult to obtain . The special territorial census of 1885 completes the microfilmed records of the Secretary of the Territory .

Territorial treasurers were appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Council . The records of this office, microfilmed on Rolls 44-46, consist of incomplete letterbooks of correspondence sent, annual reports to the governor and receipt= and disbursement journals .

Records of the Attorney-General [Solicitor General] Unfortunately, no records of this appointive office exist in official custody prior to 1890 . During the quarrel between Governor Edmund G . Ross and the territorial legislature in 1889 the title was changed to Solicitor General, but the original designation of Attorney General was restored to the office on March 16, 1905 . The records, on Rolls 53-54, consist of letter received and sent, annual reports and the Record Book of opinions Issued, 1904 - January 5, 1912 . F

Records of the Commissioner of Public Lands l

This agency, established as the result of the successful efforts in 1898 of Delegate to Congress Harvey B . Fergusson i, securing the granting of public lands to the Territory for school purposes, was one of the most important territorial institutions . Since statehood, the Commissioner of Public Lands has been a major elective office in the State of New Mexico . The Board of Public Lands was created by act of the thirty-third Legislative Assembly, March 16, 1899 to administer the sale, leasing and management of public lands granted to the Territory of New Mexico . The Board was

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composed of the Governor, Solicitor General and a Commissioner of Public Lands to be appointed by the Governor, with the consent of the Council, for a period of two years . Records for this agency, microfilmed on Rolls 55-64, are relatively complete and consist of letters received and sent, annual and special reports, and the minutes book of the Board of Public Lands .

Records of the Superintendent of Public Instruction The Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction was created by a law approved February 12, 1891 . With the creation of this office a public school system was established, and Amado Chaves appointed the first Superintendent of Public Instruction . A Territorial Board of Education was also created, consisting of the Governor, the Superintendent of Public Instruction and the presidents of the University of New Mexico, the Agricultural College, and St . Michael's College in Santa Fe . Records of this important agency, Rolls 65-72, are also relatively complete . In addition to correspondence received and sent and the annual reports, a number of special reports are included as well as the Territorial Board of Education minutes book and the record books maintained by the Superintendent of Public Instruction .

Records of the Adjutant General Rolls 73-88 contain the records of this official . The military forces of the Territory were known as the Territorial Militia until 1897, when the Legislative Assembly provided for the organization of the National Guard of New Mexico . Prior to 1897 the militia was not a permanent organization, but was subject to call by the Governor in his capacity as Commander-in-Chief during periods of Indian uprisings, civil disturbances or depredations by outlaws . During the Civil War, the Territorial Militia acted in concert with the U . S . Federal troops stationed in New Mexico . The Adjutant General, appointed by the Governor, administered the Territorial Militia and, after 1897, the National Guard . The records of the Adjutant General created before the establishment of the National Guard have had an even more complicated and frustrating history than have documents of other territorial offices . In spite of this situation, they contain much basic information . Except for military general and special orders and incomplete muster rolls, most of the Civil War records have not survived . Correspondence is relatively complete only after 1880, except for that which was related to military orders, circulars, and proclamations and is interfiled in that section .

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The organization and microfilming of t' , Territorial militia muster rolls has posed the greatest problem encountered in any group of records in this project due to their complicated history and the deterioration of those dating in the 1860's . Most of those concerning the period from the suppression of the Taos Revolt in 1847 through the Civil War and Navajo campaign of 1864-65, together with discharge papers and other supporting military records, were not in the custody of the Adjutant-General until the 1890's when they were recovered from various merchants and other interested persons who had acquired them by the process of buying up unpaid territorial warrants or securing them for indebtedness . When received by the Adjutant-General a number was arbitrarily placed on each temporary or official muster-in-roll, muster-out record or other paper without regard to any discernible order . A total of 686 items were so numbered . These records, most of them in extremely deteriorated condition, were then stored and no further care was given . them until 1925 when by order of Governor Arthur T . Hannett they were transferred from the Adjutant-General's office to the custody of the Museum of New Mexico . They were then examined by Lansing B . Bloom, Assistant Director of the Museum and Secretary of the Historical Society of New Mexico and by Ralph Emerson Twitchell, President of the Historical Society, who prepared listings of individual names in several muster rolls . The papers were then filed in numerical order according to the original number assigned to them in the 1890's . Not all of the records covering the years 1847-1865 had been recovered by the Adjutant-General, however . Some were later acquired by the Museum of New Mexico and a few additional ones were received by the State Records Center as late as 1968 . However, many militia records of these early years have disappeared while others may still be in private hands . In 1925, also, many muster-rolls and other military documents concerning militia activities during the 1080's especially those of the Apache campaign of 1885-1886, were transferred to the custody of the Museum of New Mexico . Messrs . Bloom and Twitchell assigned a different numbering system to , these records, but again without any ascertainable order . With the establishment of the State Records Center and Archives in 1960 the files in the Museum of New Mexico came into the custody of the new agency . Since that date, the AdjutantGeneral's office has transferred to the State Records Center the remaining territorial military documents, including the company records of the National Guard . Since the documents covering the period of the Civil WarNavajo campaign (1861-1865) recovered by the Adjutant-General in the 1890's have suffered such deterioration that many of them are virtually in shreds and some are nearly illegible, no attempt has been made to microfilm the 686 files originally

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numbered by the Adjutant-General . They are maintained at the State Records Center and a card index to individual names, including a summary of the service record, probably initiated by Bloom and Twitchell and completed since 1960, is available to researchers . The Bloom-Twitchell numbering system for the 1880's records received by the Historical Society in 1925 has been disregarded and the muster rolls for the years 1847-1860 and 1869-1897 are microfilmed in chronological order . In a few instances of action by a single company, militia lists were maintained by the unit commander together with other records of action . In these instances, the records are microfilmed in the Campaign Records section . When the Territorial Militia was superceded by the National Guard in 1897 the muster rolls were maintained by the Adjutant-General according to company . This company record organization has been retained in the microfilm . A name file index to all muster rolls is available to researchers at the State Records Center . Records of Commissioned officers have been microfilmed, but not enlistments and discharges, due to their volume, as the information is largely contained in the company records . Scattered unit records of company commanders during Indian campaigns, and civil disturbances and the Spanish-American War documents constitute the Campaign Records section . Payment and account record books are included but not loose warrants, certificates and vouchers . A final section contains miscellaneous record books and documents concerning special issues including the 1890-1896 recovery of the early muster rolls and other militia papers from private parties, the redemption of militia payments and certificates, 1903-1907, and the 1896-1897 controversy involving the Adjutant-General George W . Knaebel .

administer the office of Territorial Irrigation Engineer tt public waters of New Mexico and a six-member Commission of Irrigation which, together with the Territorial Irrigation Engineer, would be known as the Board of Control . The 1907 Territorial Legislature repealed this act and passed the basic water rights legislation which still governs the use and appropriation of public waters in New Mexico . The office of Territorial Engineer was established to supervise the control, appropriation and distribution of water ; legal machinery for adjudication of water rights along each stream was established ; a-three-member Board of Water Commissioners was created to approve rules and regulations and hear appeals from decisions of the Territorial Engineer . Since 1912 the office of the State Engineer, exercising the same duties as the former Territorial Engineer, has continued to be a major state executive agency . The records in Rolls 89-90 consist of the correspondence, minutes books and reports of the irrigation commissions and the letterbooks, biennial and miscellaneous reports of the Irrigation Engineer and the Territorial Engineer . Records of the Mounted Police On February 20, 1905 "An Act to organize and Equip a Company of Mounted Police for the Territory of New Mexico," was approved by the 36th Legislative Assembly authorizing the governor to raise and muster into service one company of New Mexico Mounted Police to consist of one captain, one lieutenant, one sergeant and not more than eight ptivatee to preserve the peace and capture persons charged with crime . The records of this agency are microfilmed on Rolls 91-93 .

Miscellaneous Records of the Commission of Irrigation and Water-Rights ; TerritoriaTIrrigation Engineer ; Territorial Engineer Because of the historic character of water right title, dating from the period of Spanish sovereignty, and the importance of water to New Mexico economy, the records of the office of the Territorial Engineer, created in 1907, and its precursor agencies, are extremely valuable . The Commission of Irrigation and Water-Rights was created by Act of March 18, 1897 to investigate irrigation and water right conditions throughout the Territory, as well as irrigation laws in other territories and states, and recommend irrigation legislation to the next legislative assembly . As a result, the 1899 legislature established the comprehensive Board of Public Lands Act to which a Commission of Irrigation was attached . (See Commissioner of Public Lands, Roll 55) . In 1901 the Act was slightly amended and the Legislative Assembly created the

Territorial Boards and Commissions

This section contains the records of boards and commissions created by the territorial legislatures as special governmental protection and action required . To protect the important cattle industry, the Cattle Sanitary Board was established February 10, 1887 to adopt and enforce quarantine rules and regulations fok the control of infectious diseases affecting cattle, and expanded in 1891 to include brand inspection of all stock leaving New Mexico or slaughtered within its borders . Its records are microfilmed in Roll 94 . Records of the three-member Sheep Sanitary Board which came into existence by act of the 1897 legislature to enforce similar regulations and inspections for the sheep industry are contained in Roll 95 . One of the most interesting boards was the Bureau of Immigration, consisting of twenty commissioners, created by

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an act of February 13, 1880 . Its primary duty was to publish information concerning the economic resources of New Mexico to attract outside capital and immigration into the Territory . Roll 96 contains its records, including the "Chamber of Commerce"-style published reports . A series of agencies established at various times from 1853-1901 to supervise and control capitol construction and expansion have the oldest records of any board or commission . An act of January 12, 1853 provided for a Board of Commissioners of Public Buildings and a Superintendent, a ppointed .b y the Governor, to direct the erection and administration of public buildings . The records of the Superintendent of Public Buildings for 1853-1873 are relatively complete . Records of the Capitol Building Commission of 1884-1888 which supervised the construction of the first capitol are not extant, except for a special report to Governor Lionel Sheldon microfilmed on Roll 99 . Records of the Capitol Rebuilding Board, .18951901, established by the legislature on February 5, 1895 to administer the reconstruction of the capitol which had been destroyed by fire in 1892 are also relatively complete . The records of these capitol building boards as well as the minutes book of the Board of Equalization, created in 1882 to equalize tax rates in the various counties, are filmed in Roll 97 .

Records of the Territorial Governors Previous to the administration of William T . Thornton (1893-1897) the territorial governors of New Mexico apparently took most of their public records, as well as their private papers, with them when they left office . Some official papers from the early years were undoubtedly lost or destroyed ; others found their way into private hands . Items removed by one Secretary of the Territory, together with certain official Spanish and Mexican Archives, were later sold by his estate in the 1920's . As a result only a few records have survived in local custody for the period of military occupation in 1846 through the administration of Samuel B . Axtell (1875-1878), accounting for the fact that executive documents of these first thirty-two years are microfilmed on a single roll, and some of these are from special collections of the State Records Center and Archives . Most of the records dating from the 1846-1850 period of quasi-military administration are contained in the Donaciano Vigil Papers, acquired by the Historical Society of New Mexico in 1906 . The surviving items from the administrations of Governors James S . Calhoun, William Carr Lane and David Meriwether are mostly from the Benjamin M . Read Papers, also acquired by the Historical Society in 1935 . In the microfilm the name of the special collection is designated on the proper document .

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4

Except for penal papers, the records o' Governors Lew . Wallace (1878-1881) and Lionel A . Sheldon (1881-1885) are incomplete . Most of Wallace's records, both public and private, are housed in the William Henry Smith Library of the Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, Indiana . With the exception of this collection and the papers of Governor Abraham Rencher (1857-1861), which are in the University of North Carolina Library, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, the locations of collections of other governors papers until 1885, if extant, are not known . The public records of Governor Edmund G . Ross (1885-1889), as well as personal and family papers concerning his years in New Mexico, and some materials dating from his previous career in Kansas, were given to the State Records Center and Archives shortly after its establishment in 1960 by the late Edmund Ross and Mrs . Susan Beyer of Albuquerque, grandchildren of Governor Ross . Only his chief executive records have been microfilmed in this edition . Both the original private papers and a microfilm copy of them are available to researchers at the State Records Center . A collection of Ross Papers concerning his activities in Kansas, especially as U . S . Senator, are in the holdings of the Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas . The voluminous L . Bradford Prince Papers, acquired by the Museum of New Mexico in the 1940's and transferred to the State Records Center and Archives in 1960, constitute the Center's largest single special collection . only his records as Governor have been microfilmed in this project, except for personal correspondence covering the years 1889-1893 which was interfiled with his official letters received and sent . Prince's records as territorial Supreme Court Chief Justice, 1879-1882, private papers concering his law practice, involvement in land grants, mining and other property interests, political and civic affairs and organizations, are also accessible to patrons at the Records Center . The bulk of the official records of territorial governors who succeeded Prince were retained in public custody, although the chief executives possibly took with them some documents, including part of their correspondence . The letters received by William T . Thornton (1893-1897) are obviously incomplete and no copies of his letters sent are extant . A few of Thornton's private papers were donated to the Records Center in 1964 . They are not microfilmed . The private papers of Governor Miguel A . Otero are contained in the Miguel A . Otero and Marion Dargan Collections at the Zimmerman Library of the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico . The records of the governors have been organized and filmed in the following described sequence . All categories are not extant for each governor until the administration of Edmund G . Ross .

r.

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-40Letters Received . Since the Secretary of the Territory was acting governor in the absence of the chief executive, some letters received by the Secretaries in this capacity are filmed with the executives under whom they served . t Letters Sent . Only a few copies of correspondence sent by the governors prior to Ross are extant ; none have survived for Thornton . Beginning with the Otero administration in 1897 all outgoing letters were maintained in bound letterbook volumes . Appointments . These records are arranged by year . They were also filed in the Executive Record Books by date of appointment . Resignations and Removals . Resignations were also usually filed in the Executive Record Books . Notifications of removal sometimes include supporting documents . Reports to the Governor . This section consists of reports of territorial officials, agencies and institutions . During the administrations of Governors Otero and Hagerman only those reports which were not included in the published messages of the Governor to the Territorial Assembly have been microfilmed . By error, the order was reversed for Governors Sheldon and Ross and the Reports to the Governor were filmed following the Reports of the Governor to the Secretary of the Interior . Reports of the Governor to the Secretary of the Interior . Although these documents were printed in Washington by the Government Printing Office they have been included so that users of this microfilm edition would-have more complete access to New Mexico executive records . Messages of the Governor to the Legislative Assembly . Some of these documents arealso recorded in the Executive Record Book . Those for Otero and Hagerman were locally printed and included biennial reports of major officials and agencies . Special Reports, Issues and Investigations . This section, beginning with Governor Sheldon, contains reports of special committees and commissions as well as valuable information concerning such matters as economic and social conditions, charges against appointed and elected officials, investigations of territorial institutions and mining accidents, and various political controversies . Penal Papers . Records of executive clemency for persons convicted of crime and of official action in apprehending criminals or fugitives from justice or of extraditing such individuals to other territories and states form the second largest volume of governors papers, out-ranked only by the correspondence files . Including supporting documents such

as petitions, letters and affidavits, the p nal records are arranged alphabetically for each administration in the following order : rewards for wanted men ; pardons granted ; pardons denied or on which no action was taken ; commutations ; reprieves ; paroles (for Curry and Mills only) ; requisitions for extradition to New Mexico ; requisitions for extradition from New Mexico ; death warrants . Records of the Territorial Insane Asylum, Deaf and Dumb Asylum, Institute for the Blind, Miners' Hospital, Penitentiary and Reform School and records of the institutions of higher learning are not microfilmed in this edition, except for annual, biennial and special reports to the Governor . Basic records of the benevolent and penal institutions are available for research purposes at the State Records Center and Archives . Records of educational institutions which date from the Territorial period are in the custody of those institutions . Records of the district courts of the Territory of New Mexico and the Territorial Supreme Court have not been microfilmed . Initially, filming of the docket books and court journals of the district courts, but not the massive criminal and civil case files, had been considered, but this phase of the project posed several problems . From the beginning of the Territorial period to the present, judicial organization in New Mexico has been by district, often with several counties included within a single district . The judge of the judicial district held sessions in the courthouse of each county under his jurisdiction and the court records were maintained in that county by a clerk of the district court . Several district court judges have authorized the transfer of the Territorial court records to the custody of the State Records Center and Archives, but most of these records are still housed in the county courthouses in the custody of the clerks of the district courts . An extensive study of all judicial records is presently being undertaken by records management staff of the State Records Center and Archives in conjunction with the Office of the Court Administrator of the New Mexico Supreme Court . While the records microfilmed in this edition include the essential surviving public records maintained in the official custody of the State of New Mexico for the period of U . S . sovereignty to statehood on January 6, 1912, with the exceptions noted above, they constitute only a part of the Territorial Archives of New Mexico available to researchers . Because of the close supervision of Territorial affairs, other than local administration, by the President and executive agencies and by the Congress, the records of Federal authorities maintained in the National Archives, constitute a voluminous amount of source materials . The Territorial Papers of the U . S . Department of State (Record Group 59) contain the letters from the Governors and Secretaries of the Territory to the

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President or Secretary of State, as well as copies of executive proceedings and the acts, resolutions and memorials passed by the legislatures prior to March, 1873 . On March 1 of that year Congress transferred jurisdiction of the territories from the Department of State to the Department of the Interior . After that date copies of the executive actions, legislative proceedings, as well as the territorial chief executive's letters to Federal officials and miscellaneous communications to the Department of the Interior are found in the Territorial Papers of the U . S . Department of the Interior (R . G . 48) . The Appointment Papers section of this record group also contain a large amount of letters of application and recommendation for territorial positions, petitions and reports concerning the appointments, removals and conduct of territorial governors, secretaries, surveyors-general, superintendents of Indian Affairs and Indian agents . The Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs of the Department of the Interior (R . G . 75), especially the Records of the New Mexico Superintendency of Indian Affairs, are the primary source material for the history of the Pueblo Indians during the long territorial period, while documentation concerning military action and reservation policies involving the Navajos, Apaches and other hostile tribes is found in the various record groups of the Department of War . The Territorial Papers for New Mexico of the U . S . House of Representatives (R . G . 233) and of the U . S . Senate (R . G . 46) contain much valuable information, especially concerning the various attempts to secure statehood . In addition to the wealth of materials in the National Archives, the New Mexico Miscellaneous Collection of the Division of Manuscripts, Library of Congress, also contains New Mexico territorial documents The U . S . District Court records for the Territory of New Mexico are housed in the Archives . Branch, Federal Archives and Records Center, Denver, Colorado . The Federally-owned records concerning the adjudication of the Spanish and Mexican land grants were placed in the custodial care of the State Records Center and Archives by the Archivist of the United States on April 10, 1972 . The originals are retired from use as they were microfilmed by the University of New Mexico in 1955 . These records consist of the case files, correspondence, journals and exhibits of the Office of the Surveyor General of New Mexico, 1854-1890, similar documents of the Court of Private Land Claims, 1891-1904, and the original land grant documents . A separately printed 114-page Calendar detailing the contents of each roll by beginning frame number for each section of records accompanies this microfilm edition .

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ROLL NOTES

Roll 1 The extant house and council journals for the Second Seventh Legislative Assemblies (1851-1852 through 1856-1857) are contained in this roll . Unfortunately, the journals of the First Assembly of June 3 - July 12, 1851, are missing, as are the journals for the Third and Sixth Assemblies . Roll 2 This roll contains the journals of the Eighth Legislative Assembly (December 7, 1857 - February 4, 1858) through the session of December 5, 1864 - February 2, 1865 with the exception of house journals for the Eighth and Tenth sessions . The journal of neither house is extant for the Eleventh Assembly of 1860-1861 . Printed laws designate the number of the sessions through the Twelfth Assembly of December 2, 1861 January 30, 1862 . Printed laws for the session of December 1, 1862 - January 29, 1863 and succeeding years to 1866-1867 do not designate the number of the session . At some time during this period, an error was either made in numbering the legislatures, or the First and Second Assemblies were considered as one session, with the result that the 1866-1867 session was designated as the Seventeenth Assembly and later sessions follow in proper numerical order . Due to this confusion, the intervening assemblies have been left unnumbered in this microfilm . Roll 3 Records of the Legislative Assemblies of December 4, 1865 February 1, 1866 through the Eighteenth session (December 7, 1868 - February 4, 1869) are found in this roll . Letters and petitions received by the legislature, special messages of the Governor and special reports are also included . Beginning with the Eighteenth session, copies of introduced bills which were defeated by the Assembly are included since they contain information concerning legislative history . Copies of such bills prior to that session are not extant . The bills which were passed are not included in this microfilm since the printed laws are available . Roll 4 This roll consists of the records of the Nineteenth (December 6, 1869 - February 3, 1870) and Twentieth Assemblies (December 4, 1871 - February 1, 1872) . Beginning with the latter, bills vetoed by the Governor and letters sent by the Assembly are microfilmed . Unfortunately, texts of these documents from prior sessions are not extant . The Twentieth session also includes special committee and commission reports of disputed elections . Beginning with this legislature, sessions are biennial rather than annual .

1

-44-45Roll 5 Journals and other records of the Twenty-First Legislative Assembly, December 1, 1873 - January 9, 1874, through the Twenty-Fourth session of January 5 - February 13, 1880, are contained in this roll . Roll 6 This roll consists of the records of the Twenty-Fifth Legislative Assembly of 1882 through the Twenty-Seventh session of December 27, 1886 - February 24, 1887 . The latter session contains the report of a contested election in Valencia County . Roll 7 The records of the highly controversial Twenty-Eighth Legislative Assembly of December 31, 1888 - February 28, 1889 form this roll . Particularly significant are a series of special reports including the conduct of officials and contested elections . Roll 8 Records of the Twenty-Ninth Assembly, December 29, 1890February 26, 1891 are voluminous . This roll contains the journals and defeated council bills . Roll 9 Bills defeated in the house of representatives, committee reports, letters and petitions pertaining to the Twenty-Ninth Assembly appear in this roll . Roll 10 Records of the Thirtieth Assembly, December 26, 1892 February 23, 1893 .

-

Roll 11 Records of the Thirty-First Legislative Assembly, December 31, 1894 - February 26, 1895 make up this roll . Special reports of several disputed electionss are particularly significant . Roll 12 Records of the Thirty-Second Assembly, January 18 - March 18, 1897 . Roll 13 Records of the Thirty-Third Legislative Assembly, January 16 - March 16, 1899 . Roll 14 Records of the Thirty-Fourth Assembly, January 21 14, 1901 .

- March

Roll 15 Records of the Thirty-Fifth Assembly, January 10 - March 19, 1903 are voluminous, only the journals are microfilmed in this roll .

I

Roll 16 Defeated and vetoed bills, reports, letters and petitions received by the Thirty-Fifth session constitute this roll . Roll 17 This roll consists of the records of the Thirty-Sixth Legislative Assembly, January 16 - March 16, 1905 . Especially interesting is a speech delivered by Jacobo Chavez to the legislature paying tribute to J . Francisco Chives, president of the council from 1875 until his assassination on November 26, 1904 . Roll 18 Journals, messages of the Governor, defeated and vetoed bills of the Thirty-Seventh Legislative Assembly, January 21 - March 21, 1907 are microfilmed in this roll . Roll 19 Defeated and vetoed resolutions and memorials, committee reports, an election contest and a large number of letters and petitions received by the Thirty-Seventh Legislature form this roll . Roll 20 This roll contains the records of the final New Mexico Territorial legislature, the Thirty-Eighth Assembly which met from January 18 to March 18, 1909 . Roll 21 TheExecutive Record Books filmed in this and succeeding rolls are the original bound journals of actions taken by the An index to proper names appears at the beginning Governors . of each volume . This roll contains Executive Record Book 1 (June 26, 1851 - July 18, 1867) ; and Book 2 (July 25, 1867 November 8, 1882) . Roll 22 Executive Record Book 3 (November 8, 1882 - December 30, 1890) ; and Book 4 (January 1, 1891 - June 30, 1898) . Roll 23 Executive Record Book 5 (July 1, 1898 - June 29, 1903) ; Book 6 (July 1, 1903 - August 7, 1907) . Roll 24 Executive Record Book 7 (August 8, 1907 - January 15, 1912) and two bound indices to this volume are contained in this roll .



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oll 25 Letters received by the Secretary of the Territory from 1865 • 1894 appear in this roll . Correspondence prior to that date s not extant and there are many gaps in later years . The bulk • the documents for 1865-1866 consists of claims submitted to he Federal government for compensation for losses during the onfederate invasion of 1862 . oll 26 Letters received by the Secretary, 1895-1911 . oll 27 This roll consists of copies of letters sent by the Secretary • the Territory through 1897 . Only fragmentary items are extant rior to 1889 . No copies exist from 1898 to April 13, 1905 . oll 28 Letterbooks of communications sent by the Secretary of the erritory, April 13, 1905 - November 16, 1906 . oll 29 Letterbooks of communications sent by the Secretary, ovember 16, 1906 - January 11, 1908 . oll 30 Letterbooks of communications sent by the Secretary, anuary 11, 1908 - December 15, 1908 . oll 31 Letterbooks of communications sent by the Secretary, ecember 15, 1908 - June 10, 1909 . oll 32 Letterbooks of communications sent by the Secretary, une 10, 1909 - October 29, 1910 . oll 33 TheGeneral Incorporation Act of 1868 required all articles • incorporation to be filed with the Secretary of the Territory . he original filed copies of incorporations are on microfilm at he State of New Mexico Corporation Commission . Beginning in 876 the originals were recorded in bound Record of Incorporaion volumes . This roll contains the Corporation Classification ndex, 1868-1910 and Book 1 of the Record of Incorporations, anuary 5, 1876 - January 7, 1882 . oll 34 Record of Incorporations, Book 2, January 9, 1882 - June 28, 883 ; Book 3, January 29, 1883 - December 30, 1885 ; Book 6, my 22, 1909 - January 14, 1912 . Unfortunately, Record Books and 5 for the years 1886 - July 21, 1909 are missing .

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Roll 35 Record books of the oaths and bonds of territorial officials, August 11, 1851 - July 29, 1867 and from February 25, 1893 April 6, 1907 are contained in this roll . The record books for other years are missing . Also included are the record books of elections and oaths of Members of the Territorial Legislative Assemblies, 1882-1909, commissions of notaries public, 1882-1911 and the officials elected in Bernalillo County . Roll 36 Oaths and bonds of officials elected in the counties of Chaves, Curry, Colfax, Dona Ana, Eddy, Grant, Lincoln, Mora, Rio Arriba, San Juan and San Miguel form this roll . Roll 37 Oaths and bonds of officials elected in the counties of Santa Ana, Santa Fe, Sierra, Socorro, Taos and Valencia form this roll . Roll 38 This roll contains the records of the proceedings and other documents created by the various constitutional conventions held between 1850 and 1910, when the constitution under which New Mexico became a state was adopted . Also included pre the 19L11912 final records of ratification, adoption of the "Blue Ballot" amendment and the Presidential proclamation admitting New Mexico into the Union . Roll 39 Canvass results of general elections for Territorial Delegate to the U . S . Congress through the first election for state officials are filmed in this roll . Reports for elections prior to 1888, except as recorded in the Executive Record, are not extant . Results of the election of 1892 are also missing . Also in this roll are the special reports of the Secretary of the Territory, including that of the Soldiers' Monument Commission of 1867-1868 and the compilations of information and manuals of territorial government published by the Secretary of the Territory, commonly known as the "Blue Books ." Roll 40 TheSpecial Territorial Census of 1885 for the counties of Colfax, Dona Ana and Grant are contained in this roll, and a fragment of that for Bernalillo County . Roll 41 The 1885 census of the counties of Lincoln, Mora, the surviving portion of Rio Arriba and a few pages of San Miguel are microfilmed in this roll . The major portion of the latter county has not survived . Roll 42 The 1885 census of the counties of Sierra, Socorro, and incomplete schedules of Santa Fe are included in this roll .

r.

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-49-

Roll 43 The 1885 census of Taos and Valencia Counties are filmed in this roll, as well as the enumeration of both Union and Confederate veterans residing in New Mexico and a list of land grants .

Roll 54 Letters received by the Attorney General, 1908-1910, annual reports and the bound Record Book of Opinions Issued, November 19, 1904 - January 5, 1912 are contained in this roll .

Roll 44 Letterbook copies of letters sent by the Treasurer of the Territory May 28, 1901 - December 13, 1905 comprise this roll . No outgoing correspondence is extant for 1906-1907 .

Roll 55 Letters received by the Commissioner of Public Lands from the creation of the office in 1899 through 1911 comprise this roll .

Roll 45 This roll contains letters sent July 6, 1908 - December 15, 1909 and the extant reports of the Treasurer . Particularly valuable is the first report covering the period of January 16, 1847 to May 10, 1851 . Also included is the miscellaneous disbursement journal for 1849-1864 .

Roll 56 This roll consists of letterbooks of communications sent by the Commissioner of Public Lands, may 6, 1899 through March 8, 1901 .

Roll 57

Roll 46

Letterbooks of communications sent by the Commissioner of Public Lands, March 11, 1901 - November 22, 1902 .

Receipts and disbursements journals of the Treasurer, 18471891 form this roll . No later journals are extant .

Roll 58

Roll 47

Letterbooks of communications sent by the Commissioner of Public Lands, November 25, 1902 - June 29, 1904 .

Letters received by the Auditor of the Territory, 1852-1908, and letterbook volumes of communications sent, June 16, 1891 to July 15, 1892 are included . No letters received for 1909-1911 are extant and no letters sent prior to 1891 .

Roll 59 Letterbooks of communications sent by the Commissioner of Public Lands, July 6, 1904 - January 6, 1906 .

Roll 48

Roll 60

Copies of communications sent, July 17, 1892 - January 6, 1912 by the Auditor of the Territory .

Letterbooks of communications sent by the Commissioner of Public Lands, January 8, 1906 - July 5, 1907 .

Roll 49

Roll 61 Letterbooks of communications sent by the Commissioner of Public Lands, July 12, 1907 - September 23, 1908 .

This roll consists of the extant annual reports of the Auditor of the Territory covering the year 1886-1911, and the audited reports of commercial licenses for the Counties of Bernalillo and Chaves .

Roll 62

Roll 50

Letterbooks of communications sent by the Commissioner of Public Lands, September 25, 1908 - October 14, 1909 .

Audited reports of licenses for the Counties of Colfax, Dona Ana, Eddy, Grant, Guadalupe, Lincoln and Mora .

Roll 63

Roll 51

Letterbooks of communications sent by the Commissioner of Public Lands, October 14, 1909 - December 29, 1910 .

Audited reports of licenses for the Counties of Rio Arriba, San Juan, San Miguel, Santa Ana and Santa Fe .

Roll 64

Roll 52 Audited reports of licenses for the Counties of Sierra, Socorro, Taos, Union and Valencia .

Roll 53 This roll consists of letters received by the Attorney General [Solicitor General], 1890-1907 . No correspondence prior to 1890 is _extant .

The letterbook of communications sent by the Commissioner of Public Lands to the Commissioner of the General Land Office, January 24 - December 3D, 1910 and the letterbook of communications sent by the Commissioner as chairman of the Carey Land Act Commission, May 20, 1909 - January 9, 1911 are contained in this roll as well as the annual and special reports of the Commissioner of Public Lands and the minutes book of the Board of Public Lands .

-50Roll 65 The office of Superintendent of Public Instruction was created as the result of the passage of the 1891 public school act . This roll consists of the letters received by the Superintendent of Public instruction, 1892-1911 . Roll 66 Letterbooks of communications sent by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, April 2, 1903 - September 6 ; 1905 . There are no extant letterbooks prior to this period . Roll 67 Letterbooks of communications sent by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, September 6, 1905 - September 25, 1907 . Roll 68 Letterbooks of communications sent by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, September 26, 1907 - April 7, 1908 .

-51Roll 74 This roll consists of letters received by the Adjutant General from 1895 to 1902 . Roll 75 Letters received by the Adjutant General, 1903-1906 . Roll 76 Letters received by the Adjutant General, 1907-1909 . Roll 77 Letters received by the Adjutant General, 1910-1911 . Roll 78 Extant separate copies of the letters sent by the Adjutant General in 1862 and 1881 and letterbooks of outgoing communications, 1882-1893 are contained in this roll .

Roll 69 Letterbooks of communications sent by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, April 7, 1908 - January 22, 1909 .

Roll 79 Letterbooks of communications sent by the Adjutant General, 1894-1896 .

Roll 70 Letterbooks of communications sent by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, January 22, 1909 - flay 23, 1910 .

Roll 80 Letterbooks of communications sent by the Adjutant General, 1897-1899 .

Roll 71 Letterbooks of communications sent by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, July 28, 1910 - January 6, 1912 .

Roll 81 Letterbooks of communications sent by the Adjutant General, 1900-1903 .

Roll 72 This roll contains the annual reports of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1891 - 1912 and special reports covering a variety of educational subjects . Three of the latter predate the actual establishment of the office of Superintendent of Public Inatructien And concern educational records during the 1880's when provision for education was strictly a county prerogative . Also included in this roll are the Territorial Board of Education minutes book and record books maintained by the Superintendents .

Roll 82 Letterbooks of communications sent by the Adjutant General, 1904-1906 .

Roll 73 Letters received by the Adjutant General of the Territorial Militia from 1869 to 1894 form this roll . With the exception of a few letters for the years 1862-1867 in a record book of Adjutant General C . P . Clever and filmed in Roll 88, no correspondence prior to 1869 is extant . Letters received by Adjutant General Max Frost in 1881 concern the calling out of the militia to control outlaws in Rio Arriba County, while those for 1882 and 1885 deal with campaigns against the Apaches .

Roll 83 LatFarbooks communications sent sent by by the the Adjutant Adjutant General, Gene CFeChooks of communications 1907-1911 . Roll 84 This roll contains the extant annual reports of the Adjutant, General, 1874-1902, as well as the general, special, division and staff orders, circulars and proclamations and related correspondence, 1851-1911 . Roll 85 Included in this roll are the muster rolls of the Territorial Militia, 1847-1896, company rolls of the National Guard, 18971911 and the official military rosters . For a detailed explanation of the muster rolls, see ORGANIZATION OF THE TERRITORIAL RECORDS, Records of the Adjutant General .

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Roll 86 The records of commissioned officers, 1851-1911, contained in this roll consist of oaths and related correspondence, some original certificates of appointment, mostly received by donation, and resignations . The entire Officers Register for 1909-1923 has been microfilmed since it was maintained in alphabetical rather than chronological order . Roll 87 This roll contains the unit records of company commanders during Indian campaigns against the Apache in 1851-1852 and 1885, Lincoln County difficulties of 1879 and action against outlaws in Rio Arriba County in 1881 . Records of the SpanishAmerican War of 1898 are also included . Roll 88 General payment allowance and account books of the Adjutant General are filmed in this roll as well as miscellaneous record books and documents concerning such issues as the attempted recovery of the early militia muster rolls, 1890-1896, the redemption of militia warrants, 1903-1907 and the 1896-1897 controversy involving Adjutant-General George W . Knaebel and Lt . Col . William Strover . Roll 89 Records of the Commission of Irrigation and Water-Rights, consisting of minutes, reports and correspondence, 1897-1899, and of the Commission of Irrigation, 1901-1906, are contained in this roll . Roll 90 This roll consists of the Territorial Irrigation Engineer and the Territorial Engineer letterbooks of communications sent, 1905-1907, as well as the biennial and miscellaneous reports of the Territorial Engineer . Roll 91 Letters received by the Mounted Police, 1905-1911, comprise this roll . Most 1905 correspondence consists of weekly reports submitted to first Mounted Police Captain John F . Fullerton . Roll 92 Copies of letters sent by Captains Fullerton and Fred M . Fornoff, extant annual reports and appointments to the New Mexico Mounted Police, 1905-1912, comprise this roll . Roll 93 This roll contains the Arrest Books and special investigation files of the New Mexico Mounted Police . Especially interesting are the records of the continuing investigations into the murders of two leading political figures which occurred before the creation of the Mounted Police, Judge Albert J . Fountain in 1896, and veteran legislator and Superintendent of Public

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Instruction J . Francisco Chives in 1904 . A so included are bound notebooks, chronologically arranged, of reward posters for "wanted men," strayed or stolen stock and related correspondence . Roll 94 The records of the Cattle Sanitary Board, created in 1887, consisting of correspondence, annual and special reports and the published re-recorded Territorial Brand Book are contained in this roll . Not microfilmed are the massive bound volumes of chronologically recorded brands since the information is contained in the published volume . Roll 95 This roll consists of the letters sent, record book and Sheep Brand Registers of the Sheep Sanitary Board, established in 1897 . Roll 96 The Bureau of Immigration records constitute this roll . They contain letters received for the years 1886-1889 and 1896-1897, extant annual and biennial reports, the many special reports published to attract capital and encourage immigration into New Mexico and the bound minutes of the Bureau for 1907-1911 . Roll 97 This roll contains the records of the Superintendent of Public Buildings, 1853-1873, consisting of correspondence ; accounts and reports, arranged chronologically ; the 1893 report of the Territorial House of Representatives Capitol Committee concerning the destruction of the first territorial capitol ; the 1895-1901 records of the Capitol Rebuilding Board, including contracts, letterbooks of communications sent, reports to the Governor and minutes book . The minutes book of the Territorial Board of Equalization is also included . Roll 98 Allof the extant Governors Papers for the 1846-1850 period of occupation and quasi-military control, as well as the records of Territorial Governors James S . Calhoun (1851-1852) through Samuel B . Axtell (1875-1878) are contained in this roll .' Roll 99 This roll contains the records of Governor Lew . Wallace (1878-1881) and the correspondence and reports of Governor Lionel A . Sheldon (1881-1885) . Roll 100 The penal papers of Governor Sheldon constitute this roll . Roll 101 This roll consists of letters received by Governor Edmund G . Ross (1885-1889) and letters sent for 1885 and 1886 .

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-55-

Roll 102

Roll 116

This roll contains letters sent by Ross, 1887-1889, appointments, proclamations and circulars, legislative papers, reports to the Secretary of the interior, reports to the Governor, special reports and issues . Particularly important among the latter is the executive appointment issue concerning his attempt to remove certain officials, as well as records of his intervention in a conflict between cattle interests and sheepmen in Rio Arriba County . Penal papers, including his notebooks concerning convicts, complete the records of Ross .

Letters sent by Prince, January

Roll 117 Letters sent by Prince,

July - December,

Roll 104 Letters received by Prince, August - December, Roll 105 Letters received by Prince, January - March, Roll 106 Letters received by Prince, April

- August,

Letters sent by Prince, January - May,

1892 .

Roll 119 - December,

1892 .

Roll 120 Letters sent by Prince, January - April 17,

1893 .

Roll 121 1889 .

1890 . 1890 .

Roll 107 Letters received by Prince, September - December, 1890 . Roll 108 Letters received by Prince, January

1891 .

Roll 118

Letters sent by Prince, June Roll 103 This roll consists of the letters received by Governor L . Bradford Prince, April - July, 1889 .

- June, 1891 .

This roll contains Governor Prince's records of appointments, resignations, proclamations, reports made to him by territorial officials, agencies and institutions, his reports to the Secretary of the Interior and messages to the Legislative Assembly as well as special reports . Important among the latter are the issue of Statehood and the investigations into the activities of the "White Caps" and the shooting of legislator J . A . Ancheta .

Roll 122 Penal papers consisting of proclamations of rewards for wanted men and actions of pardon constitute this roll .

- April, 1R91 .

Roll 123 Roll 109 Letters received by Prince, May - August,

This roll contains Prince's records of pardons denied, conditional pardons, a few remissions of fines and commutations of prison sentences .

1891 .

Roll 110 Letters received by Prince, September - December,

1891 .

Reprieves issued by Prince, requisitions for extradition to New Mexico and requisitions from other areas for extradition out of New Mexico are included in this roll .

Roll 111 Letters received by Prince, January - April, 1892 . Roll 112 Letters received by Prince, May - December, 1892 . Roll 113 Letters received by Prince, January, 1892 - April, 1893 . Letters to Prince are microfilmed to the end of April, ilthough William T . Thornton succeeded him on April 20 .

Roll 114 Letters sent by Governor L . Bradford Prince, April December, 1889 . Roll 115 Letters sent by Prince, January -

December, 1890 .

Roll 124

Roll 125 Governor William T . Thornton's letters received, 1893 - May 31, 1897, as well as appointments, resignations, proclamations, reports to the Governor, reports of the Governor to the Secretary of the Interior, messages to the Legislative Assembly and special reports are contained in this roll . No copies of letters sent are extant . Included in the special issues are two investigations of mine accidents and papers concerning the indictment of Fred A . Anderson for libel against the Governor .

Roll 126 This roll contains Governor Thornton's proclamations of rewards for wanted men and pardon papers .

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-56Roll 127 Pardons denied, conditional pardons, commutations, reprieves, requisitions for extradition to New Mexico and from New Mexico and death warrants conclude Thornton's papers .

Roll 142 Letterbook of communications sent by Otero, January 2 December 31, 1901 . A portion of this volume has been extensively damaged by water .

Roll 128 This roll consists of the letters received by Governor Miguel A . Otero for 1897 and 1898 .

Roll 143 Letterbooks of communications sent by Otero, January 3, 1902 - March 28, 1903 .

Roll 129 Letters received by Otero, 1899-1900 .

Roll

144 Letterbooks of communications sent by Otero, April 1 December 31, 1903 .

Roll 130 Letters received by Otero, January - June, 1901 . Roll 131 Letters received by Otero, July - December, 1901 . Roll 132 Letters received by Otero, January - December, Roll 133 Letters received by Otero, January - May,

1902 .

Roll

145 Letterbooks of communications sent by Otero, January 1 December 30, 1904 .

Roll

146 Letterbooks of communications sent by Otero, January 3, 1905 January 19, 1906 .

Roll 1903 .

Roll 134 Letters received by Otero, June - December, 1903 . Roll 135 Letters received by Otero, January - December, 1904 . Roll 136 Letters received by Otero, January - April, 1905 . Roll 137 Letters received by Otero, May, 1905 - January 18, 1906 . He was succeeded by Herbert J . Hagerman as Governor on January 22 . Roll 138 This roll begins the nineteen-bound letterbook series of The dates covered are communications sent by Governor Otero . June 15, 1897 - April 8, 1898 . Roll 139 Letterbooks of communications sent by Otero, February 8, 1899 .

April 9 -

Roll 14 0 Lett erbooks of communications sent by Otero, December, 1899 .

February 9 -

147 This roll contains Governor Otero's appointments, arranged by years, resignations and removals, proclamations and executive orders and reports of officials, agencies and institutions to Not included are biennial reports contained in the Governor . the messages of the Governor to the Legislative Assembly .

Roll

148 Reports of Governor Otero to the Secretary of the Interior for 1897 to 1901 are included in this roll . Roll 149 Reports of Otero to the Secretary of the Interior, 1902 1905 .

-

Roll 150 Messages of Governor Otero to the Legislative Assemblies of 1899, 1901, 1903 and 1905 comprise this roll .

Roll

151 This roll consists of the special reports, issues and investigations during the Otero administration . A number of charges against public officials and incomplete records of the investigation of the murder of Judge Albert J . Fountain are among the more significant .

Roll

Roll . 141 Letterbook of communications sent by Otero, January 2 December 29, 1900 .

152 Pardon papers of Otero make up this roll .

Roll

153 Papers of Otero concerning pardons in which no action was taken, conditional pardons, commutations and reprieves .

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Roll 154 This roll is composed entirely of Otero's requisitions for extraditions of fugitives and persons accused of crime to New Mexico . Roll 155 Requisitions for extraditions from New Mexico and death warrants signed by Otero . Roll 156 Letters received by Governor Herbert J . Hagerman, January April, 1906 . Roll 157 Letters received by Hagerman, May - August, 1906 . Roll 158 Letters received by Hagerman, September - December, 1906 . Roll 159 Thf roll consists of the letters received by Hagerman during 1907 through May 3 when he officially turned over the office of Governor to Secretary of the Territory J . W . Raynolds . Roll 160 Letterbooks of communications sent by Governor Hagerman, January 23 - August 7, 1906 . Roll 161 Letterbook of communications sent by Hagerman, August 7, 1906 - May 3, 1907 . Roll 162 This roll contains Governor Hagerman's appointments, resignations and removals, proclamations, reports of officials, agencies and institutions, his 1906 report to the Secretary of the Interior and message to the Thirty-Seventh Legislative Assembly and special reports, issues and investigations . In addition to the usual charges against public officials and investigations of institutions, this last section also contains the E . P . Holcomb report of Hagerman's activities in the lease and sale of public lands which resulted in his removal by President Roosevelt and the series of documents in his own defense, privately published in 1908 . Roll 163 Hagerman's records concerning pardons, commutations, reprieves and requisitions to and out of New Mexico form this roll .

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Roll 164 Letters received during the administration of Governor George Curry, May - December, 1907 comprise this roll . Although Curry was appointed on April 1, 1907 he did not assume his duties until August 8 . Hagerman turned over the office to Secretary of the Territory J . W . Raynolds on May 3, who acted as Governor until Curry was inaugurated . This correspondence includes letters received by Raynolds during the interim period . Roll 165 Letters received by Curry, January - May, 1908 . Roll 166 Letters received by curry, June - August, 1908 . Roll 167 Letters received by Curry, September

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Roll 168 Letters received by curry, January

February, 1909 .

Roll 169 Letters received by curry, March Roll 170 Letters received by Curry, June

-

December, 1908 .

- May, 1909 . ;

- August, 1909 .

Roll 171 Letters received by Curry, September - November, 1909 . Roll 172 Letters received by Curry, December, 1909

- February, 1910 .

Roll 173 Letterbook of communications sent by Acting Governor J . W . Reynolds, May 3 - August 1, and of Governor George Curry, August 10 - December 31, 1907 . Roll 174 Letterbook of communications sent by Curry, January 3 December 31, 1908 . Roll 175 Letterbook of communications sent by Curry, January 4 July 31, 1909 . Roll 176 Letterbook of communications sent by Curry, August 2, 1909 February 28, 1910 .

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-60-61Roll 177 This roll contains Governor Curry's records of appointments, resignations and removals, proclamations and the reports submitted by all officials, agencies and institutions . Biennial reports are not included in his message to the legislature . Roll 178 Reports of Governor Curry to the Secretary of the Interior for 1907, 1908 and 1909 are filmed in this roll, as well as his messages to the Legislative Assembly and the special issues, reports and investigations section . A particularly interesting report concerns the attempts of Curry to secure the return of the Spanish and Mexican Archives of New Mexico from the Library of Congress . Roll 179 Curry's records of pardons, commutations and reprieves are contained in this roll . Paroles granted during his administration are also included . Roll 180 Records of Curry's requisition for extraditions to and from New Mexico and a death warrant constitute this roll . Roll 181 This roll contains the letters received by Governor William J . Mills from his inauguration on March 1, 1910 to July 31 of that year . Roll 182 Letters received by Mills, August 1 Roll 183 Letters

- December 31, 1910 .

received by Mills, January 1 - April 30, 1911 .

Roll 184 Letters received by Mills, May 1

August 31, 1911 .

Roll 185 Letters received by Mills, September 1, 1911 - January 13, 1912 . After the presidential proclamation of statehood, January 6, 1912 Mills continued to serve as Governor until the inauguration of first elected state Governor William C . MacDonald on January 15 . Roll 186 Letterbook of communications sent by Mills, March 1 December 30, 1910 . Roll 187 Letterbook of communications sent by Mills, January 4, 1911 January 13, 1912

Roll 188 This roll includes Mills' records of appointments, resignations, executive orders and proclamations, reports of officials, agencies and institutions, the report to the Secretary of the Interior for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910 and special issues, reports and investigations . Roll 189 The final roll of this microfilm edition includes the penal papers of Governor Mills, consisting of pardons granted and denied, remissions of fines, commutations, reprieves, paroles and revocation of paroles, requisitions for extradition and Reform School pardons and paroles .

GUIDE TO THE MICROFILM EDITION OF THE

MEXICAN ARCHIVES OF NEW MEXICO 1821-1846 IN THE ARCHIVES DIVISION OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO RECORDS CENTER

42 Rolls

A Microfilm Project Sponsored by the NATIONAL HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS COMMISSION

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Myra Ellen Jenkins, Project Director and Editor J . Richard Salazar, Research Assistant Shirley Velarde Martinez, Editorial Assistant Arlene L. Padilla. Editorial Assistant

Microfilmed by the State of New Mexico Records Center Santa Fe, New Mexico 1969



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This microfilm meets standards established by the NATIONAL HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS COMMISSION General Services Administration and was produced with its assistance

The Documentary Publication Program includes letterpress volumes and microfilm reproductions and is a program designed to help achieve equal opportunities for scholarship .

Film size 35mm. Reduction ratio 12x1 unless otherwise specified . THE MEXICAN ARCHIVES OF NEW MEXICO

NOTICE Citations must credit the State of New Mexico Records Center, Santa Fe, New Mexico, as the repository of the originals .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The microfilm edition of the Mexican Archives of New Mexico, including this guide, 42 rolls and calendar, is the second project of the Archives Division of the State of New Mexico Records Center made possible by two grants from the National Historical Publications Commission . Deep appreciation is expressed to Dr . Oliver W. Holmes and Mr. Fred Shelley of the National Historical Publications Commission for their interest, and especially for their patience. Members of the State of New Mexico Commission of Public Records again lent their support . A special debt is due Dr . Ward Alan Mlnge, Chairman of the Commission and recognized authority in the Mexican period of New Mexico history, for both his keen Interest in the project and for the definitive interpretation of the Departmental period contained in his doctoral dissertation . Assistant Archivist J. Richard Salazar organized the mass of documents into record groups and assisted in the identification of fragmentary and undated items . Mrs . Shirley Velarde Martinez was responsible for typing and clerical details and assisted in the microfilming. After her resignation, the Archives Division secretary, Mrs . Arlene L. Padilla, assumed these tasks, in addition to her regular duties, and prepared the guide and calendar for publication . Mrs . Janet Stoker, who replaced Mr . Salazar as Assistant Archivist, assisted in proof reading and in the many final details of the project. Microfilm operator Joe L . Garcia and his successor Tony J. Martinez supplied their technical skills. As is usual in activities of the Archives Division, the project would have been impossible to undertake or complete without the steady support of Joseph F . Halpin, Administrator of the State Records Center . MYRA ELLEN JENKINS

This microfilm edition consisting of 42 rolls, reproduces the extant official administrative records of New Mexico under the sovereignty of the Mexican national government from the signing of the Treaty of Cordova, August 24, 1821, to the occupation of Santa Fe by United States forces led by Brigadier-General Stephen Watts Kearny on August 18, 1846 . Most of the originals are in the custody of the Archives Division of the State Records Center . Included also are the official documents in the holdings of the Zimmerman Library of the University of New Mexico and the administrative records in the custody of the Bureau of Land Management regional office of the Department of the Interior, housed in the Federal Building in Santa Fe . The records concerning land grant and tenure, which were segregated from the administrative records in 1854 and transferred to the Office of the Surveyor-General of New Mexico, are not incuded . The originals of these documents are still in the custody of the Department of the Interior and were microfilmed by the University of New Mexico in 1955 . Documents of a private nature in family papers and other special collections of the Mexican period in the holdings of the Archives Division are likewise excluded from this microfilm . Mexican Administration of New Mexico The history of the brief twenty-five year period of New Mexico as a part of the northern frontier of the infant Mexican national government is the least investigated and understood period of the more than four centuries of the region's recorded history . Only In recent years has this era attracted the attention of serious scholars, and several excellent published studies and doctoral dissertations have been written on specific issues or periods during the last few years . This situation has been due in large part to the dispersed and fragmented condition of the official administrative records . Exception must be made to the pioneer study of Lansing B . Bloom, entitled "New Mexico under Mexican Administration," published in Old Santa Fe, 1913-1915, but much of the documentary material in this microfilm edition was not available to Mr. Bloom . The troubled period from independence in 1821 to August 18, 1846, when Brigadier-General Stephen Watts Kearny raised the United States flag over the venerable Palace of the Governors in Santa Fe, reflected the turmoil within the Mexican nation itself .

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2 On August 24, 1821, former royalist army officer Agustin de Iturbide, leader of the Army of the Three Guarantees, signed the Treaty of Cordova with Juan O'Donoju, the last of the Spanish viceroys of New Spain, and Mexico was an independent nation . The revolution was made possible only by an uneasy alliance of former monarchists and arch reactionaries, such as Iturbide, opposed to the Spanish constitution of 1820, staunch mestizo adherents of a federalized republic, such as Vicente Guerrero, and a crew of ambitious lesser military officers . Mexican independence did not seem to mean much at first, except the end of Spain. Iturbide had himself crowned as Agustin I on May 18, 1822, and attempted to create a lavish court . But the exchequer was empty, Ferdinand VII was plotting to recapture his overseas empire, the unpaid army generals began to desert, and the imperial trimmings were anathema to the republicans . The result was again revolution, and in March, 1823, Agustin I abdicated, and was escorted to the coast and put on a boat for Europe . The republicans now assumed power, a congress was assembled, and on October 4, 1824, a federal constitution, modeled closely on that of the United States, was adopted and Guadalupe Victoria was elected president-the first and only president to occupy that office for the full tenure during the period in which New Mexico was attached to Mexico . Behind the scenes was a lesser army official named Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana who cast a long and sinister shadow over Mexican political life for the next 30 years, whether in power or temporarily deposed and plotting with his coterie of pet generals to return . The result was chaos for Mexican and neglect of the northern frontier.

tion . Even the Spanish governor, Facundo Melgares, continued to hold his job . Until January 31, 1824, New Mexico remained one of the provinciasinternas attached to the comandancia of Chihuahua . On that date, the region was joined briefly with Chihuahua and Durango to form the Internal State of the North . With the adoption of the October, 1824, constitution, Chihuahua and Durango became states and New Mexico was a territory until 1837 . The governor carried the title of gefe politico and administered civil affairs, while a comandante principal subordinate to the comandante general of Chihuahua, was in charge of the military . Governors Antonio Narbona, 1825-1827, and Albino Perez, 1835-1837, however, combined both civil and military functions. The chief executives were appointed by the national government and with few exceptions, were native New Mexicans, which was a marked departure from Spanish policy . As a result, a powerful group of local families came to dominate New Mexico political affairs . The diputacion territorial was the legislative bod§ from 1824 to 1837, but its function was more as an advisory council to the executive than as a law-making agency . Antonio Barreiro, an attorney sent to New Mexico as asesor (legal adviser) in 1831, accurately predicted that serious difficulties would arise unless executive and legislative powers were more clearly defined and the diputacion given greater authority. No notice was taken of his criticism . By a system of indirect election, New Mexicans also elected a member to the national congress . The judicial system was administered through the jusgados presided over by the alcaldes who continued to be the chief local officials until 1837 . There was also a circuit court with a jues letrado and part-time justices, known as jueces suplentes, in the larger areas. Some cases were referred to the Supreme Court in Mexico City for final disposition .

Directives were regularly sent to New Mexico, but often no sooner had instructions arrived from one government, than it would have fallen and the next post from Mexico would bring a new set of orders from the government then in power . The Mexican Archives of New Mexico show that government in Santa Fe actually had more continuity than that in Mexico City, since the local officials had a longer tenure in office .

Administration of villages and settlements continued to be carried out by the ayuntam .ientos until the establishment of the prefecture system in 1837.

With independence in 1821, few changes were made in the legal status and administration of New Mexico . Spanish laws were continued in force where they did not conflict with the new constitu-

Perhaps the most far-reaching development within the northern frontier of the Mexican nation during the period was the abandonment of the Spanish economic exclusion policy and the opening

5

4 of New Mexico to trade with the United States . William Becknell had set out in the early fall of 1821 with a small load of goods to trade with the Tndians of the Rocky Mountains, but made his way across Raton Pass where he was met by Mexican troops . Instead of being taken prisoner, for illegally entering the territory, he found himself invited to Santa Fe to dispose of his goods . On January 29, 1822, he was back in Independence, Missouri, with his rawhide packages of Mexican silver pesos . He returned to Santa Fe later in the year, to be followed by dozens of other traders in regular succession who would make several alternate trails from the Missouri River towns to Santa Fe . The ruts of the Santa Fe Trail were so deeply engraved into the earth that they would be visible nearly 100 years after the last yoke of oxen or span of mules had plodded into Santa Fe . Foreign fur trappers also came in larger numbers because of the quantity of beaver in New Mexico streams . Many of the traders and some of the "Mountain Men" trappers blended into the communities, especially Taos and Santa Fe, became naturalized citizens, intermarried with Mexican families, and even held local offices . Naturalized or not, however, most of them retained a loyalty to the United States . It was due, in part, to their influence that final conquest in 1846 was relatively easy and bloodless . The most pressing problem of New Mexico during the Mexican period was the lack of adequate finances to maintain the bare essentials of government . The chief source of revenue was the taxation of the trade goods from the United States which were often transhipped by wagon, ox cart or pack train to Chihuahua, Sonora or Durango . There were two kinds of revenue : the derecho de internation or de arancel, which was the national levy made according to the current tariff schedule which was regularly sent to Santa Fe, and the derecho de consumo or excise tax levied on goods imported into the region . By a special concession from the central government, domestic produce of New Mexico, except gold and silver bullion, was free of export duty . Until 1828, export of gold or silver in dust or bars was not legal, and although permission was then granted, it was suspended for silver in 1835 . But the traders considered this a major part of their return cargo and soon found ways to smuggle it out of the country, sometimes packing it in false oversized axletrees on their wagons . The derecho deconsumo was the chief

source of funds for all New Mexico governmental activities, especially since the national government was reluctant to remit any of the derecho de arancel . Many early writers relying largely on anglo trader Josiah Gregg's Commerce of the Prairies, first published in 1844, have concluded that with the growing commerce in the 1830's and 1840's, increasing amounts were collected, with much of it finding its way into the pockets of the local officials, especially those of Governor Manuel Armijo . Undoubtedly, there was some bribery and embezzlement . However, import duties were insufficient to pay for governmental functions, if fully collected, especially as the traders were most ingenious in smuggling and defrauding the customs officials by repacking their cargoes in tremendous loads on fewer wagons at the outskirts of Santa Fe since they were taxed by the load . Thus, the prosperity of the traders was no index of the prosperity of the money-shy New Mexico government . The only other means of revenue was a voluntary or, in times of military necessity, a forced loan from wealthy citizens . Throughout the period, campaigns were frequent because of Indian depredations. Often the soldiers had to be paid in corn or wheat. The fondo de aliados, or gratuities to hostile tribes, had to be met if there was to be any peace . Civil salaries had to be paid . Governmental services, even the most rudimentary, cost money . Public education was a matter of concern to New Mexico officials, many earlier writers of the period to the contrary notwithstanding . Virtually every large settlement periodically issued decrees and regulations for public schools, but there were no funds to carry them out . Pleas to Mexico fell on deaf ears. Early in 1835, professional soldier, Col . Albino Perez, was appointed gefe politico and comandante principal of New Mexico and arrived in Santa Fe, May 22 . During the same year, Santa Ana lost the battle of San Jacinto, and with that defeat all of Texas, and was forced into temporary retirement. The conservative faction gained control of Mexico, and on December 30, 1836, imposed a centralist constitution abolishing the liberties of the states and dividing the nation into Departments, of which New Mexico was one . In the spring of the next year, Perez was ordered to put the departmental plan into operation . The fiscal agency of hacienda was reorganized with the gefe superior de hacienda responsible to Mexico City in charge, replacing the territorial comisario substituto who

6

7

had been under the jurisdiction of Chihuahua. The junta departamental, which became the asamblea departamental in 1843, took the place of the diputacion as the legislative body . On May 22, 1836, Perez ordered the Department of New Mexico organized into two prefecturas, one for Santa Fe and the Rio Arriba, the other for the Rio Abajo, each under a prefect responsible to the governor . The alcaldes were to be replaced by jueces de pas. In 1844, the number of prefecturas was enlarged to three, with the Rio Arriba jurisdiction separated from that administered by Santa Fe . However, the title of alcalde did not disappear, but was used until after U .S. occupation . A new system of systematic collection of taxes was ordered .

eral, subject directly to the Ministro de Guerra y Marina in Mexico City rather than to the comandancia of Chihuahua. The central authorities, however, continued to ignore New Mexico . Indian troubles increased, demanding more military expenditures, and a new danger of invasion threatened in 1841, when Mirabeau Lamar, President of the Republic of Texas, dispatched an expedition under Colonel Hugh McLeod to take possession of the capital of New Mexico and capture the trade caravans of the Santa Fe Trail . Near Anton Chico, Armijo's forces captured the remnant of the expedition which had managed to reach the Pecos River .

The Departmental Plan was highly unpopular, particularly because Perez was not a native New Mexican . On August 3, a fullfledged revolution broke out in the north, centered in the ChimayoSanta Cruz de la Canada region . The insurrectionists issued a pronunciamento announcing the formation of a "canton" government and an ultimatum that they would neither permit the establishment of the Departmental Plan as attempted by Prefect Santiago Abreu nor pay the taxes . Perez at the head of government troops marched against the rebels, but was defeated near San Ildefonso on August 5 . The governor and members of his cabinet fled southward, but on the 8th were captured and killed, Prefect Santiago Abreit, his brothers and Jesus Maria Alarid at Santo Domingo, and Perez at Agua Fria . Jose Gonzalez of Ranchos de Taos was installed by the insurrectionists as governor . Early in September, Jose Caballero, Captain of the Company of Santa Fe, was notified by military authorities in Chihuahua to act as comandante principal . He issued a call to the local officials of the Rio Abajo, largely untouched by the revolution, to meet and determine upon a plan of action . The result was the "Plan of Tom,'i," issued by the leading citizens on September 8 to sasrcts the revolt, and the appointment of former governor, Manuel Armijo, as "Chief of the Liberating Army ." Armijo with his forces arrived in the capital on the 12th and was recognized by Caballero as comandante . Reinforced by dragoons from Vera Cruz, he defeated the revolutionists and caused the conspirators, including Gonzalez, to be executed . On September 30, Comandante General of Chihuahua, Jose J . Calve, appointed Armijo governor and the appointment was quickly confirmed by the central authorities .

For a time, Armijo was popular with the central authorities, especially with President Santa Ana who had returned to power in 1841, but economic support was not forthcoming and Indian troubles and threats from the north and east increased . On May 1, 1843, Armijo took the field in person to lead an expedition to the Arkansas River to protect the Santa Fe Trail caravans from the depredations of the Texas-based Warfield expedition, leaving Prefect of the Northern Jurisdiction Juan Andres Archuleta in -Santa Fe as acting governor and comandante general . Meanwhile, complaints against Armijo of mismanagement, incompetence and dishonesty had reached Mexico City, and in June, General Mariano Monterde, Comandante of Chihuahua, was sent to make a military inspection of the Department of New Mexico . Monterde removed Armijo as comandante general on October 16, and appointed Colonel Mariano Martinez of Chihuahua in his place . On January 15, of the next year, Armijo resigned as civil governor and Mariano Chavez y Castillo was acting governor until April 16, when he too resigned and Felipe Sena acted until May 15 . On that date, Mariano Martinez, who had actually been appointed in April, formally assumed the civil as well as the military function .

In the spring of 1839, Armijo was appointed comandante gen-

Martinez was able, but like Albino Perez, he was not a native New Mexican and hence highly unpopular . He attempted to tighten administration, to reform the judicial system, and stopped the practice of Armijo of alienating the public domain by making large land grants to combines of Anglo-American and native speculators . To feed the army he was forced to borrow money from patriotic citizens with repayment guaranteed from the revenue of the first caravan from the United States . Then, the national government closed New Mexico's ports of entry to all trade from September to

8 March. Forced loans followed . On May 1, 1845, Martinez turned over the civil duties to Mariano Chives y Castillo and those of comandante general to Juan Andres Archuleta and returned to Chihuahua . Chives y Castillo died May 16, and was succeeded by Jose Chives. Archuleta acted as comandante general until mid-August when General Francisco Garcia Conde made another military inspection of the department and the office of comandante general was vacated in New Mexico, with the comandancia for the northern area centralized in Durango . On November 16, 1845, Manuel Armijo was again appointed governor. President James K. Polk declared that a state of war existed between the United States and Mexico, May 13, 1846 . In late June, Brigadier-General Stephen Watts Kearny led the Army of the West out of Fort Leavenworth for the conquest of New Mexico and California, and by July 31, was at Bent's Fort on the Arkansas River in present Colorado. Here he issued a proclamation stating that he was occupying New Mexico and advised that resistance was useless. On August 2, he sent former Mexican trader James Magoffin to Santa Fe to treat with Armijo, escorted by Captain Philip St. George Cooke . Meanwhile, Treasurer Serafin Ramirez notified Armijo that the treasury was empty and all bills at least a month in arrears, and the Asamblea authorized Armijo to take whatever discretionary steps he thought advisable . On August 8, Armijo issued a pronouncement that he was prepared to defend New Mexico at all costs . Magoffin and Cooke arrived August 12 and a secret session was held with Armijo and his top advisors . Armijo marched his demoralized, unpaid army of regulars, militia and the Vera Cruz squadron of dragoons east of the city and began to fortify Apache Canyon, but changed his mind and fled southward, first to Albuquerque, then to Chihuahua, taking the dragoons with him . Late in the afternoon of August 18, a tired Army of the West straggled into Santa Fe . Juan Bautista Vigil y Alarid, acting as governor, officially surrendered New Mexico to the United States .

9 History and Organization of the Mexican Archives of New Mexico The public records of New Mexico during the Mexican period, together with those of Spanish sovereignty, constituted the official archive turned over to General Kearny by Secretary of Government Juan Bautista Vigil y Alarid in 1846 . On September 22, Kearny appointed Donaciano Vigil, who had been military secretary to Governor Manuel Armijo during much of his tenure, as Secretary of the Territory of New Mexico . With the assassination of civil governor Charles Bent, January 19, 1847, Donaciano Vigil became acting civil governor until 1848, and continued as Secretary of the Territory and Recorder of Titles until 1851 . In 1854, Spanish and Mexican records relating to land grant and conveyance were segregated from the administrative archives and placed in the custody of the Surveyor-General for New Mexico . They have remained in the custody of the General Land Office of the Department of the Interior and are still housed in the Santa Fe, New Mexico, office of the Bureau of Land Management. The governor's letterbook of communications sent to authorities within New Mexico, 1840-1842, and the journals of the various legislative bodies of 1824-1837 and 18451846 were apparently removed from the administrative records in 1854 . Permission was secured from the Regional Office of the Bureau of Land Management to include these records in the microfilm edition . Administrative records, with these exceptions, remained in the custody of the Secretary of the Territory until 1903, when the Secretary of the Interior ordered New Mexico governor Miguel A. Otero to send them to the Library of Congress, where Lansing B. Bloom made use of them for his 1913-1915 study. They were returned to the state in 1924, and placed in the custody of the Museum of New Mexico until 1960, when Dr. Wayne Grover, then Archivist of the United States, authorized their transfer to the recently established State Records Center . As was true also of the Spanish Archives, some official records disappeared from public custody after U . S . occupation through carelessness, neglect and removal. Others sustained serious damage from water and vermin . Some have been recovered by the Museum of New Mexico and the State Records Center since 1960 . Many items were located in the special collections of private papers held

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10 by the State Records Center and the Zimmerman Library of the University of New Mexico . In several cases of incomplete documents within the official archives, the missing pages were located in one or more of the private collections of both institutions .

Mrs . James Seligman Papers Tyler Dingee Collection - Delgado Family Papers Ortiz Family Papers Ina Sizer Cassidy Collection Ted Otero Collection Valencia County Records

In 1891, the New Mexico territorial legislature appropriated funds for the cataloging and translation of the Spanish Archives by Adolph F . Bandelier, who was responsible for the numbering system used by Twitchell in The Spanish Archives of New Mexico, Vol. II. The only catalog or description of the Mexican Archives, however, was an incomplete card index of the early years, apparently made by Mr . and Mrs . Bloom after the return of the documents to the Museum in 1924 . When the documents came into the custody of the Archives Division of the State Records Center in 1960, they had been arranged in rough chronological order, only, without regard to originating agency or subject matter . In the preparation of this microfilm edition, all public records dating from the Mexican period of sovereignty located in the private collections of the Archives Division of the State Records Center and in the Zimmerman Library of the University of New Mexico were collated with the bulk of the official Mexican Archives of New Mexico so that scholars would have access to the complete extant documentation . The originals have been returned to the special collections after microfilming, since listings of some of the collections have been known to scholars for several years . These will be rephotographed in the appropriate collection as the microfilm program of the State Records Center progresses . Wherever documents from such collections appear in the microfilm, the name and location of the collection appears on the first page of the document . Items from the following collections are included in this microfilm edition : State Records Center Special Collections Ralph Emerson Twitchell Papers Donaciano Vigil Papers Benjamin M . Read Papers Larkin G . Road Papers L . Bradford Prince Papers Maria G . Duran Papers

Zimmerman Library, University of New Mexico University of New Mexico Miscellaneous, Ayuntamiento of Santa Fe, 1829-1833 L. Bradford Prince Papers D'Armand Papers Miguel Antonio Lovato Papers Julius Seligman Papers Bureau of Land Management, Santa Fe Office Governor's Letterbook of Communications Sent to Authorities Within New Mexico, August 25, 1840 - January 12, 1842 Journal of Diputacion Provincial, 1822-1824 Journal of Diputacion Territorial, 1824-1837 Journal of Asamblea Departamental, 1845-1846

t

In this microfilm edition, the Mexican Archives for each year have been organized into several major record groups according to governmental agency or function. Within each record group, materials have been subdivided as to subject matter . Documents in each section have been chronologically arranged, with beginning and ending dates listed on both the calendar and the microfilm target immediately preceding the proper category . In cases where a document extends over several years, such as letterbooks and judicial case files, the complete record is microfilmed by the date of the first entry, and the entire span of time noted on the calendar and target . Cross references to them appear in succeeding years . No attempt has been made to list individual documents, with the exception of judicial cases and items in the Miscellaneous group . No distinction is made between printed circulars, orders, decrees and handwritten manuscripts, since both were official documents. Duplicate printed circulars were often sent from authorities in Mexico to the gefe politico, the comandante principal, offi-

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Some proceedings of the Ayuntamiento of Santa Fe for 1829-1836 were from the holdings of the University of New Mexico ; others in the official archives . The two collections have been collated, with the location of each page noted on the microfilm .

cials of hacienda and other agencies . These directives are filed in the record groups of the official to whom they were addressed, or who has rubricated the document thus acknowledging its receipt . Hence, duplicate copies are sometimes found in the records of several agencies . If no address is given, and the document is not rubricated, it is filed in the Governor's papers . I

Executive papers form the first record group for each year, and are divided into those of the Governor (gefe politico) and Comandante Principal, except when both offices were held by the same man . When this occurs, the comandante principal records are incorporated into those of the governor . There are two major categories of the Governor's Papers : Communications Received, organized according to originating agency ; and Communications Sent, listed under recipient . In the Communications Received, rough copies of answers also often appear on the margin of the letters . Often, printed directives were sent to the governor for distribution to local officials . These are organized in the Correspondence Sent under the governor's handwritten date of transmittal, rather than by the date of the directive . Correspondence of the governor with the legislative bodies, however, is filed in the Legislative record group, rather than in the executive series, since the governor presided over the law-making bodies . The Legislative Papers contain two sections, the records of the New Mexico legislatures and those of the local ayuntamientos, which also had ordinance-making powers for towns and settlements . The name of the legislative body varied according to the form of government for New Mexico : the diputaci6n provincial for 1822-1824 ; the diputacidn territorial, 1824-1837 ; the junta departamental, 1837-1843 ; and the asamblea departamental, 1843-1846 . Rolls 1 through 41 contain the correspondence, reports and incomplete copies of some proceedings of the diputaciones and the asamblea departamental, as well as the extant journals of the junta departamental . Journals of the other bodies from 1822-1837 and 1845-1846 are in the Bureau of Land Management records and are microfilmed as a unit in Roll 42 . Late in the project it was realized that the ayuntamiento records could logically have been organized with the Records of Local Officials, but they have been retained in the Legislative series.

Election results for both the area and local legislative bodies and for the deputy to the national congresses form a large portion of the materials contained in the Legislative group .

I

Because of the increased volume of records maintained by the alcaldes, and after 1837 by the prefects, a section entitled Records of Local Officials has been added for 1830, and a new series, Communications of Local Officials, for the years 1835-1846 . Correspondence with the governor, however, continues to be filed in the executive papers . Information concerning foreigners, especially naturalization policies, forms an important part of this group .

I

Judicial proceedings came under the purview of the governor, the local officials and even the army command, in cases involving the military fuero . They have, however, been organized as a separate record group since they were so maintained in the original archive . Litigation often extended over a period of several years, and the proceedings were then bound or sewn together to form case files . To provide some assistance to the researcher, the entire case is briefly described and listed in the calendar and microfilmed under the earliest date of the proceedings, with the complete time span noted . A cross reference to the litigation appears in the calendar for each succeeding year until the case was closed . Beginning in 1835, cases of the military fuero are listed after the civil files for each year, and civil proceedings are organized by the jurisdiction of the proper jusgado . Military records comprise the largest volume of documents in the Mexican Archives . Those of the regular army have been organized into four major categories : company records ; company accounts ; soldiers accounts and receipts ; and service records. The company records contain the monthly muster rolls, company supply records, correspondence sent to company commanders, and occasional military instruction handbooks, indices of records and special reports . Military accounts were audited by the comisario substituto until 1837, then by the tesorero, but since they were main-

14 tained in the military archive, they are microfilmed in this series . The company accounts for each year were usually sewn together and were not always filed chronologically within the year . They have been microfilmed in their original order . The correspondence of the habilitado ( pay master) is included in the company accounts . Beginning in 1829, consolidated company troop payment records were usually copied into bound notebooks . Until 1828, soldiers acc3unts consist of miscellaneous receipts . Beginning in that year, the division of libretas, small sewn notebooks into which each soldier's account was copied, is added. Service records include appointments and promotions, as well as the filiaciones and hojas de servicio . Militia muster rolls, lists of eligibles for service and records of campaigns constitute the final entry in the Military Records . The Hacienda series, which begins in 1825, contains the records of the fiscal department, the most important governmental agency in New Mexico, aside from the executive . During the territorial period, this office was the Comisaria, Substitute, headed by the Comisario Substitute, sometimes known as the Comisario Subalterno, who was responsible to both the governor and to Hacienda officials in Chihuahua . With the reorganization of 1837 under the Departmental Plan, the Comisario was replaced by a Gefe Superior de Hacienda, directly responsible to the Secretaria de Hacienda in Mexico City . The Administrador de Rentas, in charge of the aduana, had many record-keeping functions since the largest source of revenue came from the collection of import duties . Communications received and sent by the Hacienda officials, account books and records of the aduana constitute the chief divisions of this record group . The Miscellaneous group obviously contains those items which do not form a part of the records contained in the other series . Two of the most important kinds of documents frequently found in this final section are the census reports and the incomplete files of official newspapers . Throughout this Guide, the 144-page Calendar which accompanies it, and the microfilm, the original spellings have been ret^.ined and no attempt has been made to standardize them according to modern usage . The complete Guide has been photographed in Roll 1 . Calendar entries appear at the beginning of each roll,

15 While the archives of Mexican sovereignty reproduced in this microfilm edition constitute all extant public records still in New Mexico official custody, there are other depositories which contain additional materials for the period . Major sources in Mexico are the Archivo General y Publico de la Nacion, the Archivo Hist6rico de Hacienda and the Archivo de la Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores. Many official records are also in the Bancroft Library of the University of California at Berkeley, California, the Huntington Library, San Marino, California, and the Beinecke Library of Yale University . Some are undoubtedly still in private collections . ROLL NOTES Roll 1 1821-1822 The documents microfilmed in this roll include all those created after the Treaty of C6rdova, August 24, 1821, the official date of Mexican independence from Spain . Many items for 1821 also appear in Roll 20 of The Spanish Archives of New Mexico, microfilmed by the Archives Division of the State Records Center in 1967, since they were listed in Ralph Emerson Twitchell, The Spanish Archives of New Mexico, Vol . II . In this edition, however, they are incorporated with other documents not listed by Twitchell and microfilmed in chronological sequence within the proper record group, but retain the old Twitchell number on the calendar . Beginning in 1822, and continuing throughout this edition, individual items are not listed, except for judicial cases and entries in the Miscellaneous record group . Roll 2 1823 Jose Antonio Vizcarra was both civil and military chief executive until September, when Bartolome Baca was appointed as civil governor, with Vizcarra continuing to exercise military authority under the title of gefe militer, or comandante principal . Executive records of both men are contained in this roll . Beginning in this year and continuing throughout the period, a rubricated copy or summary of the answer sent by the chief executive to a correspondent is often written on the margin of the letter received . In these cases, the document is filed in the Communications Received series, rather than in the Communications Sent . Legislative and Judicial proceedings for 1 .823 are also in this roll .

17 16 Roll 3 1823-1824 Military and Miscellaneous documents for 1823 are in this roll . In the latter, the extensive census report is of particular value . The 1824 series consists of the record groups of civil Governor Bartolome Baca and Comandante Principal Vizcarra, Legislative papers and Judicial cases . Roll 4 1824-1825 This roll contains Military and Miscellaneous documents for 1824, as well as all records for 1825 . In September, 1825, there was a change in the chief executive's office, when Antonio Narbona arrived in Santa Fe to become both civil governor and comandante principal . In 1825, also, a new record group has been added, consisting of the records of the fiscal department of Hacienda . In New Mexico, this agency, known as the Comisaria Substituta, was headed by the Comisario Substituto, sometimes referred to as the Comisario Subalterno, who was subordinate to Hacienda officials in Chihuahua . One of the most important sections of the Hacienda papers are those dealing with the aduana, or customs department . Roll 5 1826 The records of chief executive Antonio Narbona are contained in this roll as well as Legislative papers of the territorial diputacibn and local ayuntamientos and the Judicial files . Proceedings against the anglo fur trader Silvester Pratt for illegal activities marks the beginning of a series of such actions against foreigners . Roll 6 1826-1827 In this roll are Military, Hacienda and Miscellaneous records for 1826, and executive documents for 1827 . For 1827, the records of the comandante principal have been segregated from those of the civil governor (gefe politico), since the executive functions were again separated . In late May, Manuel Armijo became civil governor . On July 24, Narbona turned over comandancia records to Jose Caballero who acted as comandante principal until the ap-

pointment of Juan Jose Arocha to that position in August . Military correspondence concerning Indian affairs, however, appears in the papers of both the governor and the comandante principal . Roll 7 1827-1828 A substantial increase occurs in both Legislative and Judicial papers for 1827 . Military, Hacienda and Miscellaneous records for 1827 and Governor Manuel Armijo's papers for 1828 are also contained in this roll . Roll 8 1828 Beginning with the Comandante Principal record group, all other series for 1828 are contained in this roll . Extensive correspondence with the Ayudante Inspector de Tropas in Chihuahua is filed in the Military company records . Due to the increase in military accounts, a separate category of troop payment records has been added, consisting of the individual soldier payment notebooks, known as libretas. Roll 9 1829 Executive record groups for 1829 comprise most of this roll . In March, Governor Manuel Armijo was superceded by Jose Antonio Chaves . In August, Comandante Principal Arocha died and Jose Antonio Vizcarra again assumed the military function . Beginning with 1829, the records of the ayuntamientos in the Legislative series are separated according to region . Portions of the journals of the Ayuntamiento of Santa Fe for 1829-1836 are in the holdings of the Zimmerman Library of the University of New Mexico . Others are in the State Records Center . The two collections have been collated, with the location of each page noted on the microfilm . The side notations on the University holdings are in the handwriting of Lansing B . Bloom. Roll 10 1829-1830 Judicial cases for 1829 form the first portion of this roll . Un-

18 fortunately, Military company records are incomplete . Hacienda and Miscellaneous groups for 1829 are also included, as well as the records of Governor Jose Antonio Chives for 1830 . Roll 11 1830 Papers contained in this roll begin with the files of Comandante Principal Vizcarra and conclude with Judicial cases . A new group consisting of the retained Records of Local Officials (alcaldes) has been added for this year . However, letters between the central territorial officials and the alcaldes continue to be filed in the correspondence record groups of the proper agencies . Roll 12 1830 Military, Hacienda and Miscellaneous groups comprise this roll . Military accounts become much more voluminous, and two additional categories are added : company pay records, and the audited consolidated company pay records . Roll 13 1831 In the executive papers for this year, the Communications Received from Within New Mexico consist, in large part, of the militia reports concerning the December Navajo expedition . Legislative, Judicial and Military record groups complete this roll . Roll 14 1831-1832 Hacienda and Miscellaneous documents for 1831 are in this roll and Executive and Legislative groups for 1832 . Santiago Abreu replaced Jose Antonio Chives as gefe politico In March . Especially significant in the communications received by Abreu, are a group cet letters from the Bishop of Durango re completion of the secularization of the missions, Results for the September-October elections to select members of a new diputacion territorial and New Mexico deputy to the national congress form a large bulk of the records . This election was, however, voided as a result of events in Mexico . Results of the December elections for new ayuntamientos are also included .

19 Roll 15 1832 The extensive Judicial cases comprise a large bulk of this roll . The Military record group includes audited company accounts for 1824-1826 filed by Captain Blas de Hinojos in the 1832 military archive . Hacienda and Miscellaneous papers complete the documentation for the year . In the latter group are found items from the personal files of Albino Perez concerning his military appointments prior to becoming governor of New Mexico. Roll 16 1833 Executive documents for this year reflect changes in administration . On April 12, Santiago Abreu turned over the civil authority to Francisco Sarracino . During the spring, Comandante Principal Vizcarra was replaced by Jose Maria Ronquillo, but by fall, Blas de Hinojos was in charge of the military function . The Legislative series again includes voluminous election results in February for members of the diputacion and delegate to the national congress . Ayuntamiento elections were held in December . Judicial cases complete the roll. Roll 17 1833 Military, Hacienda and Miscellaneous record groups comprise this roll . Files of the comisario substituto are quite extensive . Roll 18 1834 The volume of communications received and sent by both civil Governor Francisco Sarracino and Comandante Principal Blas de Hinojos shows a marked decrease from previous years . Elections for an electoral junta to select the territorial deputy were again held in September-October and for ayuntamientos in December . Only three judicial cases are extant . In the Military series, company records for this year consist mostly of communications to the captain of the Company of Santa Fe . Roll 19 1834-1835 Records of the Hacienda and a single Miscellaneous item for

20 1834 are recorded . A major change in administration is reflected in the Governor's and Comandante Principal papers for 1835 with the arrival in late May of Albino Perez, designated by the central authorities to take over both civil and military duties . Perez replaced both Governor Francisco Sarracino and Acting Comandante Principal Jose Caballero. Comandante Blas de Hinojos had been killed during the February Navajo Campaign. Comandante Principal papers, therefore, are organized separately through May 22 only, after which they are combined with the Governor's records. In the Legislative series, no loose diputacion records have survived . Because of the increased volume of alcalde correspondence during and after this year, all papers of these officials have been separated from the ayuntamiento proceedings, and placed in the Communications of Local Officials . The judicial proceedings of the jusgados, however . have been retained as a separate category. Roll 20 1835 Beginning with this year, judicial cases have been separated according to the proper jusgado or lower court, presided over by the jues de pas . The alcalde of each jurisdiction was also the jues de pas and used this title in his judicial capacity . Beginning with 1835, cases of the military fuero are organized separately at the end of the jusgado files . Military records for 1835 are also contained in this roll . Roll 21 1835-1836 The extensive Hacienda records and Miscellaneous items for 1835 form the first portion of this roll . Also included are the executive papers for 1836 . Since Perez had both civil and military duties. the Comandante Principal group has been discontinued and the comandancia records are organized within the Governor's record groups . Legislative papers for 1836 are relatively few in number . The roll closes with Communications of Local Officials . Roll 22 1836 This roll consists of Judicial proceedings, Military and Hacienda records . There are no Miscellaneous items . Lists of eligibles for

21 service and other militia records for the fall Navajo campaign form an important part of the Military group . A new division of administracion general de contributions directas appears in the Hacienda record group .

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Roll 23 1837 Executive, Legislative, Local Officials and Judicial record groups are contained in this roll . Following the revolution which erupted on August 3 against the Departmental Plan established by the constitution of December 30, 1836, the executive branch was in a state of confusion . Governor Albino Perez and leading members of his government were killed on August 8, and Jose Gonzalez was installed as governor by the revolutionists . The office of comandante principal was again separated from the civil and assumed temporarily by Jose Caballero . Manuel Armijo at the head of "the Liberating Army," organized in the Rio Abajo following the issuance of the "Plan of Tome" on September 14, was quickly recogniz ed by the military as comandante principal and was appointed governor by Comandante General Jose J . Calvo on September 30 . Because of this confused state, all communications received or sent by the executive, both civil and military, have been organized chronologically throughout the year . Unfortunately, many official documents of this period disappeared from the archives after U . S . occupation . Originals and drafts of some of them were located in the private papers of L . Bradford Prince and Donaciano Vigil and are microfilmed in this section. The Legislative series contains the results of the April 16 election for deputy to the national congress and members of the junta departamental, which replaced the diputacion . They are organized according to Governor Perez' proclamation of March 30 establishing three electoral districts and designating the voting partidos within each district . Unfortunately, results from some partidos are missing. Records of Local Officials also reveal the internal reorganization required by the Departmental Plan with the division of the Department of New Mexico into two prefecturas on May 22 . This roll concludes with the Judicial files . Roll 24 1837-1838 This roll includes Military, Hacienda and Miscellaneous records

23

22 for 1837 . By virtue of an April 27 decree, the division of Hacienda was reorganized . A gefe superior de hacienda, responsible to Mexico City, became the chief fiscal official in each department . Other treasury employees, including the tesorero and administrador de rentas, were responsible to him . In New Mexico, the gefe superior de hacienda replaced the comisario substituto . Often this office and that of tesorero were held by the same man . The records of Governor and Comandante Principal Armijo for 1838 are also a part of this roll. A new section appears in the Governor's papers consisting of the correspondence received and sent by the official executive secretariat headed by the Secretario de Gobierno . Roll 25 1838 Legislative papers and Records of Local Officials are few in number . Civil Judicial files are voluminous . The only military fuero extant is that of the investigation of the conduct of Sergeant Donaciano Vigil during the 1837 revolt . The Military records include those of the Permanent Regiment of Vera Cruz, the nationall dragoons, who helped suppress the revolt . Hacienda records are extensive . Two items only appear in the Miscellaneous group . Roll 26 1839 Executive papers form a large portion of this roll . Sometime between March 6 and April 17, Governor Manuel Armijo was apbetween-March pointed General and was no longer under the jurisdiction of the Contandanto General of Chihuahua, but was directly responsible to the Ministro de Guerra y Marina . Legislative papers . of both the junta departamental and the ayuntamientos are few in number, as are Communications of Local Officials . Judicial and Military records are also in this roll . The latter includes a number of Pueblo Indian militia muster rolls . Roll 27 1839-1840 Reorganization of the Hacienda department is reflected in the bulk of records for that agency in 1839 . Miscellaneous 1839 items are also in this roll . Executive records for 1840 include the 18401842 letterbook of communications sent by the governor to authori-

ties within New Mexico in the custody of the Bureau of Land Management, Santa Fe, New Mexico . Roll 28 1840-1841 The Legislative series for 1840, which begins this roll, contains but three documents . Communications of Local Officials and Judicial cases are included . Military company records and accounts are divided according to companies . Hacienda and Miscellaneous groups complete the 1840 records . Executive papers for 1841 reveal the international tensions caused by the Texas invasion . Communications received by the Secretario de Gobierno include many from U . S . Consul Manuel Alvarez . Roll 29 1841 A few papers of the Ayuntamiento of Santa Fe comprise the Legislative series . Communications of Local Officials and Judicial proceedings are included . The large volume of Military records reflect the impact of the Texas expedition . Company records and accounts contain separate groups for the Mexican national companies. Roll 30 1841-1842 Hacienda records for 1841 are again extensive . Miscellaneous items for this year include a comprehensive census enumeration . Executive groups for 1842 again contain sections of correspondence with the Comandante General of Chihuahua . Diaries of militia commanders in the field during the Navajo campaign are organized in the Governor's Communications Received from Within New Mexico . Roll 31 1842 The bulk of records in this roll consists of the election ballots and results for selection of the deputy to the National Constituent Congress, listed by jurisdiction and demarcation . Election reports for the Ayuntamiento of Santa Fe and the few extant Communications of Local Officials are also included .

25

24 Roll 32 1842

proceedings and the correspondence of the first asamblea departamental.

This roll is comprised of Judicial, Military and Hacienda series and one Miscellaneous item, a copy of the proposed peace treaty with the Apaches, transmitted from Chihuahua .

Roll 36 1844

Roll 33 1843

Records of Local Officials reflect the change in the prefectura system with the creation of a third district on October 17 . Judicial cases, both civil and military, are voluminous . Military records complete this roll.

Executive papers reflect the continued unsettled state of affairs . From May 1 to July 4, Juan Andres Archuleta, Prefect of the Northern Jurisdiction, was acting governor and comandante general while Armijo commanded an expedition to the Arkansas River to guard the caravans from the United States . As a result of the military visitation of the department by General Mariano Monterde during the summer, Armijo was replaced on October 16 as comandante general by Mariano Martfnez de Lejaunza of Chihuahua, but continued as civil governor . The correspondence of Martinez after October 16 is separated from that of Armijo . The Legislative papers contain the results of the October election for members of the asamblea departamental and deputy to the national congress . Communications of Local Officials are also in this roll . Roll 34 1843 Military records continued to be extensive because of the troubled state of the frontier . Manuel Armijo's notebook of general orders concerning the Arkansas River expedition is of particular interest . Hacienda documents complete the roll . There are no Miscellaneous items for 1843. Roll 35 1844 Changes in administration are again apparent in the executive papers for 1844 . Manuel Armijo resigned civil functions to Mariano Chives y Castillo on January 15 . Chives y Castillo resigned April 16, and Felipe Sena acted until May 15 when Mariano Martinez formally assumed the office of governor by virtue of appointment from Mexico City, thus reuniting civil and military functions in a single executive . Legislative records include Ayuntamiento of Santa Fe

Roll 37 1844 Hacienda and Miscellaneous record groups comprise this roll . In the latter series are the extant files of La Verdad, the official newspaper printed in Santa Fe . Roll 38 1845 Executive series of this year again reflect changes in administration . Mariano Martinez resigned May 16 and was succeeded by Jose Chives as civil governor and Juan Andres Archuleta as comandante general until the military visitation of General Francisco Garcia Conde in mid-August, when the office of comandante general was vacated in New Mexico and the northern comandancia centralized at Durango . Archuleta then assumed the title of comandante principal. Manuel Armijo was reappointed governor on November 16 . The papers of the comandante general-principal after May 16 are again organized as separate groups . Legislative documents are in this roll as well as Communications of Local Officials . Roll 39 1845 Judicial files in this year reflect a change in legal procedure . Major cases were assigned by the governor to the prefect of the proper jurisdiction for preliminary investigation . The prefect then referred the case to the local jusgado . The files are organized according to the jusgado to which they were referred . Military records continue to be large in volume . The correspondence and re-

26 ports of General Francisco Garcia Conde's visitation are organized separately. Roll 40 1845 Hacienda and Miscellaneous groups are contained in this roll . The latter includes the official newspapers published in New Mexico, La Verdad and its successor, El Payo de Nuevo Mejico, and several other official newspapers from Mexico . Roll 41 1846-Undated All record groups for 1846 are in this roll . The archives of Mexican sovereignty terminate with the occupation of Santa Fe by Brigadier-General Stephen Watts Kearny on August 18 . Also included in this roll are the undated and unidentified materials found in the Mexican Archives . Many are incomplete and fragmentary . They have been organized according to record group . Whenever internal evidence has suggested an approximate date, notation has been made on the document . Roll 42 Legislative Records This roll consists of the journals of the various legislative bodies in New Mexico from 1822-1837 and from 1845-1846, in the custody of the Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior, Santa Fe . Notations in several places indicate that they were segregated from the administrative Mexican Archives of New Mexico by the Surveyor-General's Office or the Court of Private Land Claims in the 19th century and were never returned to the administrative files . Some of them were, however, consulted by Lansing B . Bloom, as references to them appear in his study, "New Mexico under Mexican Administration," Old Santa Fe . Vols . I-II, July, 1913April, 1915 . As they were not microfilmed in the University of New Mexico edition of the Surveyor-General and Court of Private Land Claims records, the State Records Center was unaware of their existence until notified by personnel of the Bureau of Land Management in July, 1969 . Permission was then secured to include them in this microfilm edition . Previous rolls should be consulted for correspondence and other materials relating to the legislative assemblies .

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AA

GUIDE TO THE MICROFILM EDITION OF THE SPANISH ARCHIVES OF NEW MEXICO 1621 - 1821 In The Historical Services Division Of The State of New Mexico Records Center and Archives

23 Rolls

A Microfilm Project Sponsored by the NATIONAL HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS COMMISSION

Myra Ellen Jenkins, Project Director and Editor Marc Simmons, Assistant Editor J . Richard Salazar, Assistant Editor Shirley Velarde Martinez, Editorial Assistant Arlene L . Padilla, Editorial Assistant

Microfilmed by the State of New Mexico Records Center and Archives Santa Fe, New Mexico Second Edition, 1975

HI S

This microfilm meets standards established by the NATIONAL HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS COMMISSION General Services Administration and was produced with its assistance

The Documentary Publication Program includes letterpress volumes and microfilm reproductions and is a program designed to help achieve equal opportunities for scholarship .

Film size 35mm . Reduction ratio 12xl unless otherwise specified .

THE SPANISH ARCHIVES OF NEW MEXICO

1

NOTICE Citations must credit the State of New Mexico Records Center and Archives, Santa Fe, New Mexico, as the repository of the originals .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The microfilm edition of the Spanish Archives of New Mexico is a project of the Historical Services Division of the State of New Mexico Records Center and Archives, made possible by a grant from the National Historical Publications Commission in 1966-1967 . The interest of Dr . Oliver W . Holmes, and the many practical suggestions made by Mr . Fred Shelley, both of the National Historical Publications Committee, are most gratefully acknowledged . Thanks are also due to members of The Commission of Public Records of the State of New Mexico, especially to Commission chairman, Dr . Ward Alan Minge, for his enthusiastic support . The project benefited greatly from the careful scholarship of Dr . Marc Simmons who was enlisted to prepare the calendar for the years 1770-1821 . Archivist J . Richard Salazar assisted in the identification and calendaring of Rolls 21-23 and did much of the proof reading . Microfilm operators Joe L . Garcia and Mrs . Lala Baca supplied their technical skills . Mrs . Shirley Velarde Martinez handled the typing and clerical details and assisted in the microfilming of the original Guide and its accompanying calendar ; Mrs . Arlene L . Padilla was responsible for the typing of this edition of the Guide . The entire project would have been impossible to complete E_aTit not been for the constant encouragement of Joseph F . Halpin, Administrator of the State Records Center, who also assumed the responsibility for the general administrative detail . Myra Ellen Jenkins

The 23 rolls of this microfilm reproduce the extant official Spanish archives of New Mexico in the custody of the Historical Services Division of the State of New Mexico Records Center and Archives concerning the administration of the region from the period of Spanish Colonial sovereignty to the establishment of the Mexican national government in 1021 . Included also are documents in the custody of the Zimmerman Library of the University of New Mexico . Not included are the Spanish archives concerning land grant and title which were segregated from the administrative archives in 1854 and transferred to the custody of the Surveyor General for New Mexico . These documents, listed by Ralph Emerson Twitchell in Volume I of The Spanish Archives of New Mexico, . published in 1914, remained -in the custody of various divisions of the Department of the Interior until 1972 when, together with the files of the land grant cases adjudicated by the Surveyor General and by the Court of Private Land Claims, they were transferred to the custody of the State Records Center and Archives by the Santa Fe office of the Bureau of Land Management . They were microfilmed by the University of New Mexico in 1955 . Roll 23 of this second microfilm edition does, however, include several documents located in the files of the Bureau of Land Management and transferred to the State Records Center and Archives in 1972 which were not listed by Twitchell and hence had not been microfilmed by the University of New Mexico . Other official Spanish archives recovered by the State Records Center and Archives from institutions or private sources since 1967 are also contained in Roll 23 . Excluded from this microfilm edition are records of a private nature dating from the Spanish period which are contained in the special collections of the State Records Center and Archives . SPANISH ADMINISTRATION OF NEW MEXICO More than half a century elapsed between the entrada of the first Spanish explorers into New Mexico and effective settlement of the northern outpost of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . In 1539 the advance group of the Fray Marcos de Niza expedition reached the Zuni village of Hawikuh, but turned back when the leader, Estevan, was killed . In 1540 Francisco Vdsquez de Coronado, Governor of Nueva Galicia, led his ill-fated expedition

I

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from Compostela to Hawikuh, thence to the Rio Grande and eastward into the Kansas plains, but was forced to abandon the region in 1541 . In 1581 the Rodriguez-Chamuscado expedition came up the Rio Grande, explored from Zuni to the buffalo plains east of the Pecos River, and returned . In 1582 Antonio de Espejo and Fray Bernardino BeltrAn came in search of the priests left behind the previous year, and returned by way of the Pecos River . Gaspar Castano de Bosa led an expedition of settlers up the Pecos into the Rio Grande Valley in 1590, but was recalled to Mexico ; the unauthorized Bonilla-Humana expedition of 1593 was massacred . New Mexico came under the administration of the Viceroyalty of New Spain with effective colonization of the region by Juan de Onate, who established headquarters near San Juan Pueblo in 1598 . His successor, Pedro de Peralta, acting under viceregal instructions of August 30, 1609 established the Villa of Santa Fe in 1610, which was to remain the capital of New Mexico until the present date . With settled occupation came all the administrative machinery of Spanish imperial bureaucracy, although modified to some extent by frontier conditions . The governor was responsible directly to the viceroy until the establishment of the Provincias Internas in 1776, and he appointed or approved the lesser officials . He was obligated to carry out the instructions and policies of the viceroy and to enforce all the numerous royal c6dulas and decrees . He was head of the presidial troops ; he coup order the formation of militia from the settlements ; he made the land grants . Municipal government, especially that of the Villa of Santa Fe was left largely to the cabildo . For greater administrative control, two additional villas were created : Santa Cruz de la Canada in 1695, to administer the northern jurisdiction ; and Albuquerque in 1706, to administer the region south of Santa Fe known as the Rio Aba'~o . At the end of his term each governor had to undergo a complete inspection of all his official actions, known as the residencia . New Mexico was affected by the comprehensive administrative reorganization attempted by the Spanish Crown during the half century before Mexican independence in 1821 . Due to the serious problem of frontier defense a royal order of August 22, 1776 established the Provincias Internas, composed of the northern provinces of New Mexico, Nueva Vizcaya, Coahuila, Texas, Sinaloa, Sonora and the Californias . The new jurisdiction was separated from the viceroyalty and placed under the direct control of the comandante general, with headquarters at Arispe, Sonora . Until after independence the comandante general exercised military control, but delegated most civil functions in New Mexico to the governor . Viceregal authority was resumed by Bernardo de Gdlvez, 1785-1786, but after his death the Provincias Internas were separated into two comandancias in December, 1786 . New Mexico, together with the Californias, Sonora and Nueva Vizcaya, became

the western division . By royal order of November 23, 1792 the Californias were again placed directly under the viceroy and comandancia headquarters were officially established at Chihuahua . 1

Much of the attempted administrative reform in Mexico was checked during the reign of Charles IV, especially after the recall of capable Viceroy Revilla Gigedo in 1794 and the succeeding events of the Napoleonic wars . In 1808 Charles IV abdicated in favor of his son Ferdinand VII . Both were imprisoned in France and Joseph Bonaparte installed as King of Spain, but opposition continued . The Junta Central was organized first at Aranjuez in 1808, then moved to Seville and finally forced to the Isle of Le6n in 1809 . On January 29, 1810 the Junta Central resigned after creating a five-member Council of Regency to carry on the government in the name of Ferdinand VII . The Council of Regency convoked the old representative Cortes which began its deliberations September 24, 1810 . The occupation caused the rise of two factions in the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Audiencia of Mexico supported the Junta Central ; the Ayuntamiento of Mexico City and the provincial cities promoted a Mexican national junta, which was recognized by Viceroy Iturrigaray in August, 1808/ On September 15, however, Iturrigaray was removed by the supporters of the Junta Central, and replaced first by Pedro de Garibay, then by Archbishop Francisco Xavier de Lizana, who was, in turn, replaced by Francisco Xavier Venegas, sent by the Council of Regency in September, 1810 . The Cortes promulgated a constitutional form of government for both Spain and the empire, March 18, 1812 and on September 28, Viceroy Venegas ordered the constitution put into effect, but suspended it on December 6 . In February, 1813 the Council of Regency replaced Venegas with General F4lix Marfa Calleja, who again promulgated the constitution . Meanwhile, the abortive Hidalgo-Morelos revolution for complete independence further compounded the administrative chaos within the viceroyalty . Ferdinand VII abrogated the constitution soon after his restoration in 1814, but was forced to restore it in 1820 . The proclamation of the constitution in Mexico by Viceroy Apodaca on May 3, 1820 sparked the successful war of Mexican independence which resulted in the Treaty of C6rdova, August 24, 1821 . Throughout these chaotic latter years of Spanish rule, the governors of New Mexico, far removed from the events within the interior of the viceroyalty, continued to cope with local problems, often unaware that one change in government had taken place before another had occurred . They published the orders and decrees of the various Spanish governments and the instructions of the viceroy in charge at the time, submitted through the comandante general, even though such orders, decrees and instructions were often obsolete before they had arrived in

-4Santa Fe . The revolution of 1810-1815 made little impact on the northern frontier, although New Mexico did send a delegate, Pedro Bautista Pino, to the Cortes . HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SPANISH ARCHIVES OF NEW MEXICO Documents for the period of exploration and early settlement did not remain in New Mexico and are to be found in other depositories . With effective settlement, especially after the establishment of the Villa of Santa Fe as the capital in 1610, the governors were responsible for the maintenance of the official archives, in accordance with Spanish administrative regulation and practice . Instructions were constantly being sent from viceregal headquarters in Mexico City, or from the comandante general ; the requisite reports were also constantly being sent to Mexico by the governor with a copy retained in the governor's archives ; instructions were sent by the governor to the chief local officials, the alcaldes mavores or alcaldes ordinarios, and reports received by him from these officia s ; reports and service records were maintained for the Presidial Company of Santa Fe ; censuses were periodically prepared ; minutes and petitions of the cabildo of Santa Fe were filed ; probate records concerning settlement of estates and protection of widows and minors were maintained ; transcripts of the litigation procedure in civil and criminal suits were kept . Land titles and conveyances were registered in Santa Fe, particularly the lengthy proceedings in the granting of land to community and individual petitioners, since land grants in New Mexico were made by the governor and not by the viceroy . The earliest record in the Spanish Archives of New Mexico consists of the instructions given by the Audiencia of Mexico January 9, 1621 to Esteban Perea of the Franciscan Order, to Only this whom the conversion of New Mexico was entrusted . document and two others, military commissions dated December 15, 1636 and January, 1664, survived the great Pueblo Revolt of 1680 which drove the Spaniards out of New Mexico for twelve years . The Indians destroyed the archives which they considered symbols of the aggressor . After his retreat, Governor Antonio de Otermfn established headquarters at El Paso del Norte (Jufrez) across the Rio Grande . There, he and his successors maintained the records of the government-in-exile and kept journals of events including their unsuccessful attempts at reconquest . In 1692 Governor Diego de vargas made a peaceful military entry into New Mexico and in 1693 led the settlers back to Santa Fe to reestablish Spanish control .

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The number of documents maintained in the Santa Fe archives expanded progressively during the years following reoccupation . An increase was particularly discernible after the creation of the Provincias Internas in 1776 when administrative procedures were tightened, and continued with the volume of correspondence and instructions which resulted from the upheaval in Mexican government during the Napoleonic period . When Brigadier-General Stephen Watts Kearny took possession of Santa Fe on August 18, 1846 the Spanish archives, together with those of the Mexican sovereignty, were in the custody of Juan Bautista Vigil y Alarid, Secretary of Government to Manuel Armijo, the last of the Mexican governors . Vigil y Alarid officially turned over the Palace of the Governors to Kearny, since Armijo had fled, and on September 22 Donaciano Vigil, also a former secretary to Armijo, was appointed Secretary of the Territory by Kearny and took the documents into his custody . With the assassination of Governor Charles Bent In January, 1847 Vigil became acting governor until 1848, then continued as territorial secretary until 1851 . He also was "Recorder of Titles," and began the systematic registry of land grant titles and conveyances . With the creation of the office of Surveyor General in 1854, and the appointment of William Pelham as Surveyor General of New Mexico, some 1,715 land title documents were segregated from the other archives still housed in the governor's office at the Palace and placed in the custody of the Surveyor General . Many of these documents were listed by Ralph Emerson Twitchell in The Spanish Archives of New Mexico, Volume I ; others are in the land grant case files of the Surveyor General or the Court of Private Land Claims which was established in 1891 . These three sets of title records transferred to the State Records Center and Archives in 1972, were microfilmed by the University of New Mexico in 1955 . Official Spanish archives not relating to land remained in the custody of the governor or the secretary of the territory until 1903 . Several pleas were made by governors in the 1850's and 1860's for funds to classify, restore and protect the records . Many of them disappeared within the next fifty years through official carelessness and removal . Some found their way into private collections via documents scouts and autograph hunters . Governors and secretaries removed others, probably for their own perusal, and many of these also came into the possession of private depositories . Several of these documents have, however, been recovered by the State Records Center and Archives since 1967 . In 1891 the territorial legislature appropriated funds for the cataloging and translation of the Spanish archives, and Adolph F . Bandelier was given the contract by Governor L . Bradford Prince . Bandelier's notations appear on the margins of some of the

documents, but the location of even his index is unknown . With the construction of the new capitol in 1886, the archives were transferred to the secretary of the territory's office in that building . The capitol burned in 1892, but the Spanish and Mexican archives were rescued from the building by attorneyhistorian Ralph Emerson Twitchell . They were then sent back to the Palace of the Governors until a new capitol was completed in 1900, when they were moved to the secretary's vault in the new building . The Library of Congress soon requested Governor Miguel A . Otero and the New Mexico legislature to transfer them to Washington, and the legislature drafted an act to do so with the stipulation that they would be returned to New Mexico after they had been cleaned and restored . But the federal authorities refused to accept these stipulations, and on April 3 the Secretary of the Interior ordered Governor Otero to send them to the Library of Congress where they remained until 1924 . They were then returned to the state and placed in the custody of the Museum of New Mexico . In 1960 custody was transferred by Archivist of the United States, Dr . Wayne Grover, to the newly organized New Mexico State Records Center and Archives . Sometime before the transfer to Washington the Spanish archives were arranged in approximate chronological order, and a small numbered tab was pasted on the margin of the first page of each document, probably by Bandelier . While at the Library of Congress they were inventoried by Ralph Emerson Twitchell, who used the tab number as the basis for his listing in The Spanish Archives of New Mexico, Vol . II (1914) . However, t ere are gaps in the numbers listed by Twitchell, indicating that some of the archives were not transferred to the Library of Congress, and hence not listed by him . This was borne out by the discovery of several Spanish archives with the missing numbers, but not listed by Twitchell, among the miscellaneous uncalendared papers in the holdings of the Museum of New Mexico when all Museum archives, including private collections containing public records, were transferred to the State Records Center in 1960-1961 . Rolls 1-20 of this microfilm consist of the documents sent to the Library of Congress in 1903 and returned to New Mexico in 1924, except for the printed decrees of 1715-1816 . They are calendared in chronological order, identified briefly, and located by the proper frame number . Since Twitchell's listing has been known and used as a location guide for more than fifty years, the numbers used by Twitchell have been collated with this calendar and appear on the right margin opposite the appropriate frame number . Some documents were missed by Twitchell, and hence carry only the frame number . A few documents have disappeared from the collection since his guide was published, and no record of them appears in the microfilm

calendar . The decision to recalendar the documents was made since the Twitchell inventory was only roughly chronological and some errors in dating and description occurred . A simple calendar was thought to be more useful to researchers than Twitchell's annotations which included copious notes, partial translations and lengthy descriptions of related documents in other collections . However, The Spanish Archives of New Mexico, Vol . II still remains a valuable source of historicardata .' Official Spanish archives not listed in the Twitchell inventory, except for official orders and decrees, are calendared chronologically in Rolls 21 and 23 . Roll 21 contains several documents, especially from the period of the Pueblo Revolt, which bear the old tab number but which were not sent to Washington in 1903, official records in the State Records Center's special collections when the Spanish archives were initially filmed in 1967 and in the special collections of the Zimmerman Library of the University of New Mexico . Roll 23, which is released with this second printing, consists of the uncalendared archives located in the custody of the Bureau of Land Management in 1972 and not microfilmed by the University of New Mexico in 1955, as well as several important official records recovered by the State Records Center and Archives from institutions apd private sources since 1967 . The third category of documents consists of the official orders and decrees of the various administrative agencies of the Spanish government, both in Spain and Mexico, which were transmitted to the governor of New Mexico by the viceroy or the comandante general . The majority of them are printed . Most of those dating from 1715-1816 were sent to the Library of Congress in 1903, where they were mounted in two large volumes before being returned to New Mexico in 1924 . A few were noted by Twitchell ; most were not . Others were found in the various special collections . The orders and decrees are microfilmed chronologically by transmittal date in Roll 22 . Throughout the microfilm, documents which cover a period of time are listed under the earliest date with the inclusive dates noted . The original spellings have been retained and no attempt has been made to standardize them according to modern usage . While the archives of Spanish sovereignty reproduced in this microfilm constitute the total collection of Spanish public records still in New Mexico public custody, they are nevertheless incomplete and often fragmentary . The following depositories are rich in additional documentary materials for the colonial period : Archivo General de Indias, Seville ; Archivo General de la Naci6n, Mexico, especially the Provincias Internas, Inquisition and Historia sections ; Biblioteca Nacional

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-8-9 Mexico and the Propaganda Fide, Rome . Some official records of New Mexico are also located in several United States institutions and depositories, especially in the Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley, and the Huntington Library, San Marino, California . ROLL NOTES Roll 1 1621-1693 This roll includes the three documents of 1621, 1636 and 1664 which predate the Pueblo Revolt . Of far greater importance, however, are the journals and other records of events during the Revolt maintained at El Paso del Norte by Governors Otermfn, Reneros de Posada and Jironza Petrfz de Cruzate . No records survive for the years 1690-1691 . The roll terminates with events of the reoccupation of New Mexico by Governor Diego de Vargas in 1693 . Additional documents for these years are to be found in Miscellaneous Spanish Archives, Roll 21 . Roll 2 15T-1696 The documents in this roll consist primarily of the journals kept by Governor Diego de Vargas in crushing the Pueblo Indian Revolts of 1694 and 1696 . Roll 3 1697-1706 Records of these years cover events from the final months of Vargas' first term, through the administration of Pedro Rodriguez Cubevo, the return of Vargas with the title of Marquds de la Nava de Brazinas in 1703, to the middle of Francisco Cuervo y Vald6s' tenure . Actions of the cabildo of Santa Fe were important during this period . Judicial proceedings in a number of civil and criminal causes were recorded . Indian relations with the Plains tribes became increasingly evident . Roll 4 1707-1714 During the administrations of governors Cuervo y Vald6s, the ! , rquds de la Pefiuela and Juan Ignacio Flores Mogoll6n, increased military measures for protection against hostile Indian attack, especially by the Navajos, were apparent in official affairs . R!ports appeared from the Villa of Alburquerque, established i 1706 . R' 11 5

T 15-1722 Campaigns against the Hopi, as well as the Apaches and Navajos, were a primary concern of Acting Governor F61ix Martines who

succeeded Flores Mogoll6n in 1715 . Ute and Comanche problems faced Antonio . Valverde y Cossio, 1717-1722, as well as the threat of French intrusion into Spanish lands and alliance with the Pawnee . Many documents of this period were concerned with the protection of the civil rights of the Pueblo Indians . Roll 6 1723-1732 This roll covers the administration of Governor Juan Domingo de Bustamante through the first year of Gervasio Cruzat y G6ngora . Records of the residencies of Martines and Valverde y Cossio were important in 1723-1724 . Proceedings and suits against residents for violation of Pueblo Indian rights increased . Roll 7 1733-1740 Cruzat y G6ngora's administration continued to 1736, when he was superseded by Henrique de Olavide y Michelena who served until 1738 when he was replaced by Gaspar Domingo de Mendoza . Records of Cruzat y G6ngora's residencia in 1737 comprise a large portion of this roll . A proportionately large number of civil and criminal suits involving Spanish residents were filed . Roll 8 1 I-1755 This roll contains the records maintained from the Mendoza administration through that of Joachfn Codallos y Rab6l, 17431749, the first administration of Tom9s V€les Cachupin, 17491754, and into the first year of Francisco Antonio Marfn del Valle . Attempted conversion of the Navajo, and defense against Apaches and Comanches,accounted for a large amount of official record-keeping . Roll 9 =7-r766 The last years of Merin del Valle's administration are included in this roll, as well as those of interim governor Manuel de Portillo Urrisola, 1760-1762 and the second term of V61es Cachupin, which began in 1762 . Military records are important for 1756-1757 . Unfortunately, no records survive for 1758, 1759, 1762 and only one item for 1760 . Those for 1761 and 1763-1766 consisted chiefly of judicial cases . Roll 10 1767-1779 Records of Governor Pedro Fermin de Mendinueta, 1767-1778, were concerned primarily with local affairs until late in 1776, when the amount of correspondence and instructions increased notably with the appointment of Teodoro de Croix as Comandante General of the Provincias Internas . Juan Bautista de Anza's first year reflected the tightening of administration to improve frontier defense .



-10 Roll 11 1780-3787 Throughout Juan Bautista de Anza's term, military affairs continued to take precedence over civil matters in the instructions from Comandante Teodoro de Croix to August, 1783, and his successors Joseph Antonio Rengel and Jacobo Ugarte y Loyola . Documents of 1785-1786 indicated the policies of viceroy Bernardo de GAlvez who assumed greater viceregal control . Anza was replaced by Fernando de la Concha in August, 1787 . Roll 12 1786-3791 Documents in this roll cover the first half of Fernando de la Concha's term . Communications of the governor with Ugarte y Loyola and Comandante Pedro de Nava concerning defense against hostile Indians continued to be of major importance, although Viceroy Revilla Gigedo also took an active part in New Mexico official affairs . Of particular importance were the 1790 census reports . Roll 13 1792-3796 Governor Fernando Chac6n replaced Concha in 1794 . The number of viceregal documents materially declined with this date, which also coincided with the removal of Viceroy Revilla Gigedo . Proportionately more civil documents are recorded during these years . Much of the correspondence from Comandante Pedro de Nava consisted of the transmittal of orders and decrees, with some handwritten and a few printed decrees included . Roll 22 should also be checked for the appropriate orders and decrees for this and succeeding years . Roll 14 1797-1802 Most of the archives of these years consist of correspondence between Governor Chac6n and Comandante Pedro de Nava, with an absence of viceregal directives . Increased difficulties with both Navajos and Apaches are indicated after 1800 . Roll 15 1803-~05 Military communications between Governor Chac6n and Comandante Nemesio Salcedo were frequent due to the Navajo campaign and relations with the Comanches . Joachin Real Alencaster as acting governor replaced Chac6n in the spring of 1805 . Greater ecclesiastical jurisdiction began to be exercised by the Bishop of Durango . Various documents concerned the importation of Mexican weavers .

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Roll 16 r 1806-1809 Archives in this roll reflected the concern of Governors Real Alencaster, Alberto Maynez and Jose Manrrique, as well as Comandante Salcedo, with possible U .S . intrusion due to the Pike expedition and the alliance of the French with the plains Indians . By late 1808 information reached New Mexico of the overthrow of the Bourbons and the establishment of the Junta Central in Spain . Roll 17 1616-1814 In spite of the turmoil within the viceroyalty as a result of governmental changes in Spain and Mexico and the HidalgoMorelos revolution, a large portion of the documents of these years were concerned with such local matters as vaccination, civil and criminal cases and the usual problem of AngloAmerican intrusion and Indian defense . Orders, decrees and instructions were duly transmitted but many were obsolete by the time they reached Santa Fe . Roll 18 =5-3117 Administrative documents of Governors Alberto Maynez and Pedro Maria Allande contained a large number of service records of the presidial troops . The most lengthy record was the suit of Maria Ursula Chives against former New Mexico delegate to the Cortes, Pedro Bautista Pino . The increased absolutism of Ferdinand VII was reflected in the transmittal of communications from Mexico . Roll 19 1818-1819 Navajo campaigns again dominated affairs during the AllandeFacundo Melgares administrations, as well as matters involving the Pueblo Indians . A number of civil suits were filed during these years . Only a few communications from authorities within Mexico were recorded . Roll 20 1820-1821 This roll contains the records of the final years of Spanish sovereignty . Transmittal of orders, decrees and instructions increased notably, although many of them had already been superseded before they were received by Governor Melgares . The War of Independence officially ended with the Treaty of C6rdova, August 24, 1821, but documents covering the conflict continued to be filed in Santa Fe until the end of the year .

-1 2 Roll 21 MISCELLANEOUS SPANISH ARCHIVES OF NEW MEXICO The documents in this roll comprise the official archives which were not among those sent to the Library of Congress in 1903, returned to New Mexico in 1924 and listed by Twitchell in The Spanish Archives of New Mexico, Vol . II . The originals are to be found in the special collections of the Archives Division of the State Records Center and of the Zimmerman Library of the University of New Mexico . Each item is designated by the name of the following special collection in which the original is located : State Records Center Special Collections Miscellaneous Spanish Archives of New Mexico Martin Gardesky Collection Ralph Emerson Twitchell Papers Donaciano Vigil Papers Benjamin M . Read Papers L . Bradford Prince Papers Maria G . Durhn Papers Mrs . James Seligman Papers Lew . Wallace Papers Zimmerman Library, University of New Mexico L . Bradford Prince Papers D'Armand Papers University of New Mexico Miscellaneous The Ralph Emerson Twitchell Papers constitute the private collection of Mr . Twitchell, and are not to be confused with the Twitchell listing of the Spanish Archives of New Mexico . Separate donations of the papers of L . Bradford Prince exist both in the State Records Center and in the Zimmerman Library . Roll 22 ORDERS AND DECREES The c€dulas, orders and decrees are those official documents originating either in Spain or in Mexico which were transmitted to subordinate authorities throughout the Viceroyalty of New Spain . The majority were printed . Those of this roll include the orders and decrees which were segregated from the other archives at the Library of Congress and mounted in two large volumes, as well as others which remained in the files of The listorical Society of New Mexico at the Museum of New Mexico, and a few found in private collections . Most of the handwritten copies of orders and decrees, and a few printed ones, were not segregated in Washington and were inventoried by Twitchell . These are microfilmed in Rolls 1-20 . Although some of those 'hick had been bound were noted by Twitchell, these have been omitted from Rolls 1-20 and are microfilmed only in this roll . Pot a more coherent study of administration in New Mexico, the 3ocuments are arranged by date of publication of the last authority to whom they were sent, even though the publication 'ate may be much later than the datee of origin .

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Roll 23 I7TE-fll3 This roll contains the official Spanish archives recovered by the State Records Center and Archives since the publication of the microfilm edition in 1967 . Some were located in the holdings of the Santa Fe Office of the Bureau of Land Management when the documents described by Ralph Emerson Twitchell in Volume I of The Spanish Archives of New Mexico were transferred to the Records Center in 1972, together with-the records of the Surveyor General and the Court of Private Land Claims . These documents were not listed in either volume of the Twitchell guide and hence were not microfilmed by the University of New Mexico in 1955 . The othe . items were recovered by the Records Center from institutions and private sources . Among the more important records in this rolll are several from the administration of Governor Juan Ignacio Fl .ores Mogoll6n, including his residencia, early proceedings of the Cabildo of Santa Fe and additional returns from the 1790 census .