A History of New Mexico

A History of New Mexico TEACHERS: A comprehensive Teacher/Student Guide is provided with each class set of this textbook. If you do not have the Guid...
Author: Abner Wade
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A History of New Mexico

TEACHERS: A comprehensive Teacher/Student Guide is provided with each class set of this textbook. If you do not have the Guide with your class set, please request one by writing on school letterhead to the publisher: University of New Mexico Press Customer Service / 1312 Basehart Rd. NE / MSC05 3185 / 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131-0001

C hapter One

i

New Mexico’s Topography



Taos

Las • Vegas



Gallup



Tucumcari

• Las Cruces

F o ur t h Re vi s e d Edi t i on

A History of New Mexico Calvin A. Roberts, Ph.D., and Susan A. Roberts, Ph.D. Illustration: Kathy Chilton Cartography: William L. Nelson

University of New Mexico Press /

Albuquerque

C hapter One

iii

©2010 by the University of New Mexico Press All rights reserved. Fourth revised edition of A History of New Mexico ©1986, ©1991, ©1998, and ©2004 Cover art: White Sands, photograph by James Orr, courtesy of New Mexico Department of Tourism; Petroglyphs, photograph by Mark Nohl, courtesy of New Mexico Department of Tourism Design and composition: Barbara Haines Printing and binding: R.R. Donnelley & Sons Text type: 12/16.6 Minion Display type: Saracen and Scala Sans

Contents



Features and Illustrations  ix

UNIT ONE

New Mexico Is Settled by Early People



and Remains the Home of Indian Cultures



Unit One Introduction  2

1 New Mexico: The Land 3 Location and Size 3 Land Surface 7 Surface and Ground Water 9 Plant and Animal Life 12 Chapter Review 16 2 3

New Mexico’s Early People 17

The Big-Game Hunters 18 The Desert Dwellers 23 The Mogollon Culture 24 The Anasazi Culture on the Rise 27 The Peak and Decline of the Anasazi Culture 30 Chapter Review 35 The Indians of New Mexico 36

The Pueblo Peoples 38 Pueblo Culture 43 The Arrival of the Navajos and the Apaches 49 The Navajos 51 The Apaches 55 Chapter Review 61

UNIT TWO  New Mexico Is Explored and Settled by Spaniards



Unit Two Introduction 64

4

Spanish Explorations 65

The Discovery of the New World 66 Spain’s Expansion into the Americas 69 Cabeza de Vaca’s Adventures 73 The Lure of Golden Cities 75 The Coronado Expedition 78 Chapter Review 83



5

The Final Exploration and the Early Spanish



Settlement of New Mexico 85



New Expeditions to the North 86 New Mexico’s First Spanish Settlement 91 Oñate’s New Mexico 95 A Royal Colony 98 Chapter Review 101

6 The Great Missionary Period and the Pueblo Revolt 102 The Mission Communities 103 New Mexico’s Government 107 The Crackdown on Pueblo Religion 111 The Pueblo Revolt 115 Chapter Review 119 UNIT THREE  New Mexico Is the Home of Hispanic Culture

Unit Three Introduction 122

7

New Mexico under Spanish Rule, 1692–1821 123

Vargas and the Reconquest 124 New Mexico in the 1700s 127 Indian Raids 132 Outside Threats to New Mexico 137 Chapter Review 141

8 Life in New Mexico’s Hispanic Communities 142 An Isolated Frontier 143 Land Ownership and Farming 146 Daily Living 151 A New Mexico Culture 155 Chapter Review 160 9 New Mexico under Mexican Rule 161 The Santa Fe Trade 162 The Fur Trade 166 Church, Government, and Revolt 169 The Armijo Government 172 Chapter Review 177 UNIT FOUR New Mexico Is a Territory of the United States

Unit Four Introduction 180

10 New Mexico Comes under United States Rule 181 The Mexican-American War 182 The 1847 Rebellion 185 A Peace Treaty, Land Grants, and New Borders 188 Forts, Stagecoaches, and Churches 192 Chapter Review 197

vi

co n t e n t s

11

Troubled Days in Territorial New Mexico 198

The Civil War in New Mexico 199 Reservation Indian Policy 203 The Last of the Indian Wars 206 The Lincoln County War 210 Chapter Review 217

12 The End of Isolation 218 Ranching and Mining 219 The Arrival of the Railroad 223 The Arrival of Newcomers 229 The New Mexico Rough Riders 232 Chapter Review 235 UNIT FIVE  New Mexico Is a State within the United States

Unit Five Introduction 238

13 New Mexico Becomes a State 239 An Invitation to Statehood 240 New Mexico and World Events 243 Changes in the 1920s 246 The Great Depression 250 Chapter Review 256 14 World War II and After 257 World War II 258 A Changing Economy 263 New Mexico’s Indian Peoples 270 Hispanic New Mexicans 273 Chapter Review 277 15 New Mexico Today 278 Growth and Changes 279 Modern Artists and Writers 283 Celebrations and Events 286 Today’s Issues 289 Chapter Review 293

Glossary 295 Acknowledgments 301 Credits 302 Index 303

co ntents

vii

Features and Illustrations

SPECIAL INTEREST FEATURES

New Mexico’s Natural Wonders 5 Scientific Methods of Dating 20 Water Control Systems and Roads at Chaco Canyon 32 A Mescalero Apache Girl Comes of Age 57 Improvements in Navigation 67 The Legend of Estevan 76 Pecos Pueblo 90 The Pueblo Governors’ Canes 108 A Mapmaker for New Mexico 135 The Carreta 149 Gertrudes Barceló 174 Camels in New Mexico 194 Comancheros: Traders on the Plains 207 “O, Fair New Mexico” 215 The Harvey Girls 225 Civilian Conservation Corps 252 Dr. Robert H. Goddard 261 Gallup: The Gateway to Points West 267 New Mexico’s Black Citizens 280 TIME LINES

Early People in New Mexico xii Spanish Exploration and Settlement 62 New Mexico Is the Home of Hispanic Culture 120 New Mexico Is a Territory of the United States 178 New Mexico Is a State within the United States 236

ix

CHARTS

The Six Life Zones in New Mexico 14 Prehistoric New Mexicans 22 Spanish Exploration of the Southwest, 1534-1594 87 MAPS

New Mexico’s Topography ii New Mexico’s Location 4 The Physical Features of New Mexico 6 Early Cultures in New Mexico 25 Native American Reservations and Pueblos Today 37 Pueblo Language Groups 39 Spanish Exploration and Colonization 68 Coronado’s Exploration, 1540-1542 80 New Mexico, 1598-1680 93 Spanish Villas in the 1700s 130 Nomadic Indian Groups in the 1700s 133 Spanish Settlements in the Middle Rio Grande Valley, 1779 136 The Chihuahua Trail and the Areas of Settlement about 1800 145 The Santa Fe Trail 163 New Mexico in the War with Mexico, 1846-1847 184 Land Gained from Mexico, 1848 189 New Mexico Territory, 1850-1862 191 Forts and Stagecoach Routes in New Mexico 193 The Civil War in New Mexico, 1861-1862 201 Early Mining in New Mexico 221 New Mexico’s Railroads in 1900 227 New Mexico Counties Today 263 New Mexico’s Parks and Monuments 268

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f e at ur e s a n d i llus tr ati ons