Interim Report The Study on Arterial Road Network Development Plan for Sulawesi Island and Feasibility Study on Priority Arterial Road Development for South Sulawesi Province

CHAPTER 9 9.1

June 2007

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE MASTER PLAN

Basic Approaches In an attempt to conduct an environmental evaluation of the Master Plan, a strategic environmental assessment (SEA) will be applied as a systematic process for comprehensively evaluating, at the earliest appropriate stage of the planning, a couple of alternative options for the overall road development program, thereby ensuring a full integration of the relevant biophysical, economic, and social aspects of the proposed Master Plan. In accordance with the SEA concept, environmental considerations will be sufficiently incorporated into the Master Plan. While a project-level environmental impact assessment (EIA) is implemented after specifying the detailed road development projects in the Master Plan, the SEA introduces early and strategic environmental considerations before the details on road alignments and their specifications are decided. In other words, the SEA method will allow the Government of Indonesia to focus on the environmental effects for the optimum selection of the Master Plan before specific road development projects are finalized. Thus, in comparison with a project-level EIA, the SEA can take into account a broader range of alternative proposals and mitigation measures in the procedures of formulating the Master Plan.

9.2

Scope of Work of the Strategic Environmental Assessment

9.2.1 Objective The main objective of the SEA is to conduct a comprehensive impact assessment of the Master Plan by using its methodology. It does not only deal with the negative environmental impacts of the engineering, economic, and environmental aspects of the Master Plan but also the positive ones. The typical SEA process begins with screening and scoping, and ends with the follow-up actions taken as a result of a SEA report. (1) Screening and Scoping Screening and scoping are conducted to ensure that all high priority issues relevant to the development decision are addressed. There is wide agreement that both direct and indirect effects should be examined and that cumulative impacts should be included in the strategic assessment. All stakeholders will be given an opportunity to participate in the scoping exercise. While a series of public consultations with stakeholders are held at critical milestones, public consultations during scoping are particularly important. (2) Identification of Impacts This stage of the SEA identifies and predicts possible environmental and social impacts of the proposed alternatives and evaluates the significance of these impacts. The strategic environmental assessment is concerned with both direct and indirect social and economic changes caused by the 9-1

Interim Report The Study on Arterial Road Network Development Plan for Sulawesi Island and Feasibility Study on Priority Arterial Road Development for South Sulawesi Province

June 2007

proposed Master Plan, because these changes may in turn lead to potential direct and indirect impacts on the environment. (3) Evaluation of Impacts The integration of environmental, social, and economic impacts must be part of the impact prediction and evaluation process in the strategic environmental assessment. The evaluation of these different impacts will be comprehensively implemented through the multicriteria analysis (MCA). (4) Mitigation and Monitoring The strategic environmental assessment should include measures to eliminate, reduce or offset negative environmental impacts. The term “mitigation” refers to the elimination, reduction or control of negative environmental impacts that might result from the implementation of the Master Plan. The strategy should include a plan for monitoring these environmental impacts so that mitigation measures can be effectively implemented. 9.2.2 Schedule In line with the schedule of the Master Plan study, the strategic environmental assessment will be conducted in six steps, to wit: (1) information collection, (2) identification of evaluation items, (3) impact assessment, (4) multicriteria analysis, (5) preparation of mitigation plan, and (6) preparation of a SEA Report. Table 9.2.1 Schedule of the Strategic Environmental Assessment 2006 12

2007 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

1

2008 2

Master Plan Study First Stage 　(1) Site Survey 　(2) Development concept of the alternative 　(3) Establishment of Road MP Second stage 　(4) Establishment of Implementation Plan SEA study (1) Information Collection (2) Identification of evaluation Items (3) Impact Assessment (4) Multi Criteria Analysis (5) Preparation of Mitigation Plan (6) Preparation of SEA Report Stakeholder Meeting

○3/6

○6/5

○

○

9.2.3 Stakeholder’s Meetings As an integral part of the SEA process, a series of stakeholder meetings will be held involving the representatives of stakeholders in order to disseminate relevant information on the proposed 9-2

3

Interim Report The Study on Arterial Road Network Development Plan for Sulawesi Island and Feasibility Study on Priority Arterial Road Development for South Sulawesi Province

June 2007

Master Plan, as well as eliciting responses on possible positive and negative impacts as perceived by the stakeholders. Results will be shared in the SEA process. The main objectives of the public consultation activities for the SEA process are: z

Enhance transparency in decision-making through the provision of information which will allow for the early identification and mitigation of impacts.

z

Promote a more comprehensive understanding of the baseline environmental information.

z

Provide stakeholders with relevant information on potential environmental effects at an early stage of the SEA process in order to avoid unnecessary controversies and delays in the decision-making process at latter stages due to public opposition arising from lack of understanding.

Various forms and opportunities for information disclosure will be provided in order to provide a form of guarantee for stakeholders on necessary information on the Master Plan as well as the envisioned negative impacts. The JICA Guidelines on Environmental Considerations require that, in environmental and social considerations studies in master planning, a series of stakeholder meetings has to be conducted at some key stages of the study, i.e. during the preparation of the draft of the scoping items, during the formulation of a rough outline of environmental and social considerations, and during the preparation of the draft final report. In accordance with the JICA guidelines, a series of stakeholder meetings will be continuously held during the course of the SEA process. While the first stakeholder meeting was held on 6th March 2007 in Makassar, the second one was held in 5th June 2007 in Manado, while third will be held in December 2007. The participants include officials from central government units such as BAPPENAS and Bina Marga, as well as local counterparts such as BAPPDA and BAPEDALDA of South Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, Gorontalo, Central Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, and Southeast Sulawesi. 9.2.4 Study Area The study area covers the overall road network in the whole of Sulawesi Island including the affected corridors alongside it. 9.2.5 Reference to the SEA Various efforts by the Government of Indonesia, as well as a series of technical assistance from the World Bank, have been made in the application of strategic environmental assessment to Indonesia’s environmental concerns. As reference, the government has come up with a publication titled: “Kajian Lingkungan Strategik” (Asisiten Deputi Urusan Koordinasi Kebijakan, Deputi Bidang Kebijakan dan Kelembagaan, Kementerian Lingkungan Hindup, Mei 2002). 9-3

Interim Report The Study on Arterial Road Network Development Plan for Sulawesi Island and Feasibility Study on Priority Arterial Road Development for South Sulawesi Province

June 2007

This Master Plan has been classified as “Category A” in the JICA guidelines, meaning it is a project that might have significant negative impacts on the environment and on the communities in the affected area. Consequently, public consultations in the Study are required to comply with the procedures stipulated in Clauses 3.2.3 of the guidelines. It is required by Clause 3.2.3.5 that, in accordance with the TOR, and in collaboration with the recipient governments, JICA should technically assist in the implementation of the IEE-level environmental and social considerations studies and analyze alternatives including a “without project” situation. Since the SEA process is a more in-depth analysis than IEE-level studies, the “Kajian Lingkungan Strategik” publication will be carefully considered based on the JICA guidelines.

9.3

Methodology

9.3.1 Information Collection Baseline studies will be carried out to collect relevant baseline information and to establish benchmarks for natural environmental parameters and attributes, including the socio-economic conditions in the affected area. This includes a description of the physical, biological, and socio-economic environments with reference to the project location and the proposed activities of the Master Plan. A wide range of positive and negative impacts will be identified with reference to the established benchmarks. The data and information will be collected from all the provinces. After the collection of relevant data and information, most of them will be converted into GIS data as much as possible, such as the following: a) Basic data: Topography, geology, and land use. b) Ecological data: Conservation areas, habitat of rare species, etc. c) Pollution data: Air pollution, water pollution, etc. d) Social data: Population, health, education, ethnic minorities, underpopulated areas, etc. e) Economic data: GDP, industrial production, etc. f) Planning data: Regional development plans, regional electrification plans, etc. g) Disasters: Floods, landslides, earthquake, volcanic eruptions, etc. Regarding the habitat of rare species, the data of some selected species will be collected. The species will be selected based on the availability of substantive information and data, their identification as indicators of important ecosystems, and issues on their extinction. These include the following: i)

Mammals: Babirusa, anoa (mountain and lowland), tarsiers (tangkasi), kusukusu, Sulawesi palm civet, Celebes black macaque, dugong, etc.

ii)

Birds: Maleo, matinan flycatcher, white-tipped monarch, taliabu masked-owl, nuri talaud 9-4

Interim Report The Study on Arterial Road Network Development Plan for Sulawesi Island and Feasibility Study on Priority Arterial Road Development for South Sulawesi Province

June 2007

(sampiri), Sulawesi red-knobbed hornbill (rangkong) etc. iii) Reptiles: Crocodile, snakes (Calamorhabdium, Rabdion, Cyclotyphlops), etc. iv)

Fishes: Coelacanth, nomorhamphus, oryzias halfbeaks, gobies, etc.

v)

Coral reefs: especially near coastal areas.

vi)

Butterfly: Ornithoptera, troides, papilio, etc.

vii) Plants: Mangroves, orchids, etc. Ethnic minority areas, as well as poor and sparsely populated areas should be the social environment study targets. As for the natural environment consideration, the targets should be the coastal zones in particular the mangrove stands, coral reefs, and other conservation areas.. Therefore, the JICA Study team proposed the implementation of an interview survey among ethnic minority groups, as well as residents of poor and sparsely populated areas, and the possible development

of

these

regions

in

each

province.

A

sustainable

development

and

environment-friendly program in Sulawesi Island will be made clear by grasping the people’s traditions, considerations, daily lives, desires, etc. In addition, since their areas are relatively rich in biodiversity, data on endangered fauna and flora could be collected at the same time. 9.3.2 Identification of Evaluation Items The details of the tentative primary evaluation items (i.e. engineering items), secondary items (economic and financial items), and tertiary items (environmental and social considerations items) are described below. Before implementing an in-depth impact assessment, specific evaluation items will be identified. Evaluation items will be utilized for both impact assessment and comparison of alternatives. Engineering Items 9 Consistency with the higher-level plan, other sectoral plans 9 Maturation of the plan 9 Population of the beneficiaries 9 Balance and effectiveness of the road network 9 Improvement of the access to public infrastructure 9 Coordination with traffic demand Economic and Financial Items 9 Improvement of effectiveness of transport system 9 Investment cost 9 Traffic benefits 9 Investment efficiency 9 Contributions to investment, production, and employment 9 Connection benefit to ports and physical distribution base Environmental Items

9-5

Interim Report The Study on Arterial Road Network Development Plan for Sulawesi Island and Feasibility Study on Priority Arterial Road Development for South Sulawesi Province

June 2007

Global Items 9 Greenhouse gas emissions 9 Acid rain 9 Energy consumption Local Items 9 Natural resources, forest resources 9 Air pollution 9 Water resources, pollution 9 Red Data Book (RDB) species, protected areas 9 Culture, education, and health 9 Accidents and disasters 9.3.3 Impact Assessment Impact assessment is a tool that identifies and assesses the potential environmental impacts of proposed alternatives, thereby assisting in the design of appropriate mitigation measures. Impact assessment will be implemented on both the following alternatives: (1) without improvement alternative, and (2) with improvement alternative. The methods of impact assessment will be selected from among the following: network analysis, trend analysis, and overlay mapping. The results of the impact assessment will be streamlined in the impact assessment matrix. (1) Network Analysis Network analysis is a method that identifies the main causes of adverse environmental impacts. The analysis starts with the selection of the most pressing environmental issues, which are written down. The direct causes of these issues are in turn identified and also written down; then they are connected with arrows. The analysis continues until it reaches the road construction stage. Figure 9.3.1 illustrates an example of the network analysis. Networks illustrate the cause and effect relationships, identifying the pathways of effects by using a series of networks or system diagrams from the Master Plan to the environment.

9-6

Interim Report The Study on Arterial Road Network Development Plan for Sulawesi Island and Feasibility Study on Priority Arterial Road Development for South Sulawesi Province

June 2007

Main Road Construction

Increasing Feeder Road

Increasing Population

Dividing Habitats

Decreasing

Decreasing

Habitats

Diversity of Species

Acceleration of Extinction

Figure 9.3.1 Example of a Network Analysis

(2) Trend Analysis An accurate trend analysis is one of the most important aspects of the strategic environmental assessment. In this context, it can be defined as an interpretation of the environmental pressures and changes in the state of the environment over a certain period of time. Trend analysis uses data sets and helps trace trends or patterns over time. Trends can be linear, exponential or cyclical. And these trends, whenever possible, should be analyzed over a correct temporal scale. The trend analysis presents the main linkages between environmental pressures and corresponding changes in the state of the environment. Trend extrapolation will play an important role in medium- to short-term forecasts when no major countertrends or breaking points are expected. Long-term trends can precisely be determined only through modeling. Not only spatial relationships but also historical relationships will be analyzed in the trend analysis.

9-7

Interim Report The Study on Arterial Road Network Development Plan for Sulawesi Island and Feasibility Study on Priority Arterial Road Development for South Sulawesi Province

June 2007

Natural Resources

Existing Roads

Figure 9.3.2 Example of a Trend Analysis (3) Overlay Mapping Overlay mapping and GIS (geographical information system) are methods for identifying the spatial distribution of impacts. Both methods involve the preparation of maps or layers of information which, when superimposed, enable the following: z

Provide a composite picture of a wide range of environments.

z

Present impacts caused by previous developments.

z

Illustrate potential impacts of future developments.

z

Map cumulative impacts.

While manual overlay mapping uses a series of transparent maps with different information showing on each layer, GIS allows the rapid construction of multilayered electronic maps and can be regarded as equivalent to overlay mapping. 9.3.4 Multicriteria Analysis The scope of the strategic environmental assessment is not limited to environmental effects alone. The method provides a number of potential links with the socio-economic assessment, recognizing the idea of the SEA’s interrelationships with socio-economic issues or sustainability concerns. The so-called multicriteria analysis (MCA), which is a typical evaluation method that 9-8

Interim Report The Study on Arterial Road Network Development Plan for Sulawesi Island and Feasibility Study on Priority Arterial Road Development for South Sulawesi Province

June 2007

judges priorities under different development alternatives, will be employed as a key methodology for the overall SEA assessment. Since a wide range of positive effects and negative impacts are included in the evaluation criteria in the MCA, the methodology allows evaluators to utilize more practical evaluation procedures. The MCA provides a comprehensive evaluation matrix with different weights for each evaluation item, thereby aiding in the selection of alternatives. More concretely, the MCA will be conducted through the following steps: (1) selection and streamlining of evaluation items, (2) fixing evaluation indices and rating evaluation scores, (3) calculating weights and total evaluation scores, and (4) formulation of an MCA matrix. (1) Selection and Streamlining of Evaluation Items The selected evaluation items will be streamlined in the form of a 3-level evaluation system composed of the following: (1) engineering items related to project conditions, (2) economic and financial evaluation items related to project benefits and efficiency, and (3) environmental and social condition items related to project effects and impacts. (2) Fixing Evaluation Indices and Rating Evaluation Scores A wide range of indicators which will explain quantitative and qualitative evaluations on the proposed alternatives will be fixed. Although it is desirable that evaluation indicators are quantifiable, indicators based on narrative descriptions of the evaluation items are also acceptable whenever there is difficulty in quantifying such indicators. In order to obtain clear-cut evaluation results for selecting optimum alternatives, all the evaluation items will be rated through the use of a 5-grade scoring system. (3) Calculation of Weights in the Total Evaluation Score To reflect the significance of evaluation, the weight of each evaluation item will be assumed, and the total evaluation score will be calculated taking these weights into account. Five-grade evaluation scores will be applied for the evaluation. (4) Formulation of the MCA Matrix To summarize the results of the evaluation, an MCA matrix, which includes the weights and the scores of each evaluation item, will be prepared. The alternatives will then be prioritized in accordance with the total evaluation score in the MCA matrix. Tables 9.3.1 and 9.3.2 show examples of an MCA table and evaluation criteria, respectively.

9-9

Interim Report The Study on Arterial Road Network Development Plan for Sulawesi Island and Feasibility Study on Priority Arterial Road Development for South Sulawesi Province

June 2007

Table 9.3.1 Example of an MCA Table Evaluation Item Engineering Items Consistency with the higher-level plan, other sectoral’ plan Maturation of the plan Population of the beneficiaries Balance and effectiveness of the road network Improvement of the access to public infrastructure Coordination with traffic demand Economic and Financial Items Improvement of effectiveness of transport system Investment cost Traffic benefit Investment efficiency Contributions to investment, production, and employment Connection benefit to ports and physical distribution base Environmental Items Global Items Greenhouse gas emission Acid rain Energy consumption Local Items Natural resources, forest resources Air pollution Water resources, pollution RDB species, protected areas Culture, education and health Accidents and disasters

Weight 30 5 5 5 5 5 5 40 10 10 5 5 5 5 30 10 3 3 4 15 3 2 2 3 3 2

Zero Option

Option 1

Table 9.3.2 Example of an Evaluation Criteria Table Evaluation Item

Grade 1

Grade 2

Grade 3

Engineering Items

Consistency with the higher-level plan. Maturation of the plan. Population of the beneficiaries. Balance and effectiveness of the road network. Improvement of the access to public infrastructures. Coordination with traffic demand. Economic and Financial Items Improvement of effectiveness of transport system. Investment costs. Traffic benefits. Investment efficiency. Contributions to investment, production, and employment. Connection benefit to ports and physical distribution bases. Environmental Items Global Items Greenhouse gas emission Acid rain Energy consumption Local Items Natural resources, forest resources Air pollution Water resources, pollution RDB species, protected areas Culture, education, and health Accidents and disasters

9-10

Low Low Relatively few Bad Low Low

Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle

High High Relatively many Good High High

Low Low Low Low Low Low

Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle

High High High High High High

Relatively big Relatively big High

Middle Middle Middle

Relatively small Relatively small Low

High Impact High Impact High Impact High Impact High Impact Decrease Risk

Middle Impact Middle Impact Middle Impact Middle Impact Middle Impact Middle

Low Impact Low Impact Low Impact Low Impact Low Impact Increase Risk

Interim Report The Study on Arterial Road Network Development Plan for Sulawesi Island and Feasibility Study on Priority Arterial Road Development for South Sulawesi Province

June 2007

9.3.5 Formulation of Mitigation Plans As a preventive tool on a wide range of impacts on the natural environment, mitigation measures will be formulated and incorporated into the SEA process in order to ensure that the environmental degradation set off by the Master Plan will be minimized. In accordance with the identified and assessed impacts,

a comprehensive mitigation plan will be prepared in a concrete way. Mitigation measures will be examined in accordance with avoidance, minimization, and compensation measures. The measures will include not only physical approaches but also system and legal approaches, which will be incorporated into an implementation plan for the Master Plan. 9.3.6 Preparation of the SEA Report The SEA report should include the following contents: a) A review of the environmental and sustainability objectives of the Master Plan and a set of criteria, targets, and indicators for evaluating the environmental and socio-economic effects of the Master Plan. b) A systematic identification, prediction, and evaluation of potential impacts including indirect and cumulative impacts. c) Recommendations on the selection of the optimum alternative and a description of suggested mitigation and monitoring measures. d) Clear delineation and explanation of the methodology by which its findings have been obtained including the results of a series of public consultations. The draft SEA report will be compiled and discussed at the final stakeholders’ meeting and will be revised to a final SEA report.

9.4

Progress of the Strategic Environmental Assessment

9.4.1 Preliminary Survey The following socio-economic and environmental information have been collected in a preliminary survey. (1) Statistics and Social Data Statistics and social data for each province were already collected. However, these data cover the regency (kabupaten) level only. As much as possible, the JICA Study Team will gather data down to the kecamatan level in the priority project areas.

9-11

Interim Report The Study on Arterial Road Network Development Plan for Sulawesi Island and Feasibility Study on Priority Arterial Road Development for South Sulawesi Province

Topology

Rainfall

Share of Households without Access to Health Facilities

Without Clean Water

River

Figure 9.4.1 Collected Social Data (1/2)

9-12

Poverty Rates

June 2007

Interim Report The Study on Arterial Road Network Development Plan for Sulawesi Island and Feasibility Study on Priority Arterial Road Development for South Sulawesi Province

Per-capita GRDP

Population

Rice Production

Figure 9.4.2 Collected Social Data (2/2)

Bunaken

Tomini

Makassar

Talo Gulf

Strait

Losolo

Bone Gulf

Tiworo

Pt. Sarana Karya

Kapoposang Takabonerate

Marine resources zone

Figure 9.4.3 Marine Resources Around Sulawesi Island

9-13

June 2007