CUBA INFRASTRUCTURE CHALLENGE 2015 Student Participation Form Team Name: Aguacero

University: University of Florida

Faculty Advisor: Fred Royce

Does the team want an Industry Advisor to be assigned by the Challenge Committee? Yes

No

If the team already has an Industry Advisor, please enter his/her name in the box below: Nelson Perez-Jacome

Team Members: #

First Name

Last Name

Degree/Major

Expected Graduation Date May 2016

[email protected]

E-mail address

1

Jose

Sera

Mechanical Engineering

2

Pedro

Perez

History

May 2016

[email protected]

3

Bradin

Li

Materials Engineering

May 2016

[email protected]

4

George

Cuni

Mechanical Engineering

May 2016

[email protected]

Team Leader Contact Information: Name

Jose Sera

Phone

305-484-3020

Address

16030 NW83rd Ave Miami Lakes, FL 33016

E-mail

[email protected]

Project Title: Ultra Water Treatment

Project Abstract (150 words max):

There is a need for greater access to clean drinking water throughout the island of Cuba. As a primary need to support healthy human life, this deficiency of clean water poses a definite challenge to Cuba’s infrastructure. The aim of this project is to address this challenge through a filtration and sterilization process to make the water clean, safe, and easily accessible to the public. Throughout this project, a solution to this infrastructure challenge will be addressed with regards to the specifics of the proposed water processing system, the financing, and the consequences that would accompany this solution on several fronts(ecological, health, economic, and socio-political). PLEASE E-MAIL THIS FORM TO 2014 CHALLENGE COMMITTEE CHAIRS: JOSE CUETO ([email protected]) OR CRISTINA ORTEGA ([email protected]) BY FRIDAY DECEMBER 7TH, 2012.

Team Aguacero Project Ultra Water

Summary of Contributions Jose Sera Wrote “Proposed Solution” and “Breakdown of Costs” sections. Aided in “Abstract” and “Conclusion” sections. Aided in research of subtopics. Aided in formatting. Organized meetings. Pedro Perez Wrote “Background” and “Social/Political Impacts” sections. Aided in research of subtopics. Aided in formatting. Braden Li Wrote “Breakdown of Process” and “Ecological Impacts” sections. Aided in research of subtopics George Cuni Wrote “Challenges Associated with Accessing Clean Water” and “Health Impacts” sections. Aided in “Abstract” and “Conclusion” sections. Aided in research of subtopics.

Special Thanks to Nelson Perez-Jacome (Mentor)

Ultra Water Treatment Jose R. Sera Jr., George Cuni, Braden Li, Pedro Perez Abstract There is a need for greater access to clean drinking water throughout the island of Cuba. As a primary need to support healthy human life, this deficiency of clean water poses a definite challenge to Cuba’s infrastructure. The aim of this project is to address this challenge through a filtration and sterilization process to make the water clean, safe, and easily accessible to the public. Throughout this paper a solution to this infrastructure challenge will be addressed with regards to the specifics of the proposed water processing system, the financing, and the consequences that would accompany this solution on several fronts(ecological, health, economic, and socio-political). Background After more than half a century of command economy totalitarian rule, Cuba fails to confront the ineffective distribution of water resources in a sanitary and efficient manner. Environmental, epidemiological, and systemic obsolescence factors are the greatest challenges to the availability of potable water. The politburo’s failed efforts to improve the quality and distribution of water have included joint efforts with foreign-own companies, as Aguas de Barcelona, to facilitate treatment. [1] Such efforts have yielded no results. The absence of water as a result in climatological fluctuations of rainfall, has left a portion of the population with a shortage of water for weeks in several provinces of the island. According to Daniella Arellano Acosta of the Cuban Academy of Sciences, one environmental problem is posed by “irregular spacial and temporal rain distribution, with long drought periods mainly in the Eastern region of the country.”[2] As a result, many have resorted to cisterns and unsafe containers for the storage of water. Consumption of this stanched water has led to an increase of water-borne parasitic and infectious disease. Furthermore, the island is home to the yellow fever causing mosquito (Aedes Aegypti), which takes shelter in uncovered recipients containing water and in

home cisterns, which are commonplace in many areas of Cuba.[3][4] In 2012, a cholera epidemic threatened the socio-political fabric which continues to link the communist regime and medical services. According to the Pan-American Health Organization, almost 700 Cubans were infected with the disease, which spread through contaminated water.[5] The cholera outbreak not only questions the state of Cuban medicine after fifty-five years of totalitarian regime, but also that of water distribution sources. In the nineteenth century, Dr. Carlos J. Finlay “supported English physician John Snow’s theory that cholera was transmitted by contaminated water.”[5] Modern scholars have noted that war, famine, and environmental disasters, are likely to increase the prospects of the spread of cholera, which Cuba had not seen since the Second War of Independence or La Guerra Chiquita (1880s). [5] Confronting the environmental, epidemiological, and infrastructural challenges, from the current methods of collection and distribution presents numerous threats. First, the water collecting and distribution facilities (aqueducts, pumping stations, plants), many of which date to the colonial period, are unable in many instances to capture the necessary amount of water in periods of low rainfall. Second, the use of 1522 chlorine plants throughout the island are incapable of eliminating water borne diseases as result of recontamination after leaving the plant.[2] The cholera outbreak of 2012 is the most recent example of such occurrence. Third, the obsolete collection and distribution facilities, as aqueducts (most of which were constructed before 1959) were not designed to provide water to the current population of the island which exceeds the 11 million. [2] The Cuban Academy of Sciences notes “that the 19% of the population (400, 000 inhabitants, approximately), in Havana City is supplied by an aqueduct constructed in 1893, foreseen for 200,000 inhabitants.”[2]

Challenges Associated with Accessing Clean Water The insufficient availability of clean water is a cause for concern among the Cuban people trying to acquire potable water. Because of where Cuba is located, its geography, and its insular character, the country is especially susceptible to the effects of climate change [6]. In recent years, lowered precipitation amounts have resulted in the storage of fresh water in surface water bodies to reach only 43.1% of the max capacity per year, an estimated 6.5 billion m3 [6]. However, low precipitations levels alone are not the source of all of Cuba’s water shortage issues. The lack of alternative water sources and waste water treatment, an obsolete water supplying system (55% of water supplied is lost due to leaks in pipes), and an increasing population and rapid urbanization all play a role [6]. According to reports, water availability per capita in Cuba reaches 1220 m3/year, which falls short of the 1500 m3/year established by the UN for satisfactory waters needs of the population [6]. Consequently, a major factor limiting the people of Cuba from accessing potable water is water scarcity. Proposed Solution To address the issue of widespread accessible clean drinking water in Cuba, it is proposed that a filtration, sterilization, and distribution system be set in place to provide the people of Cuba with clean, safe, drinking water. To accomplish this, it is preferable to begin with a pilot facility based in the Cotorro municipality of Havana providing service for up to 2.7 million people per day. This location was chosen because there is already an offline pumping station in Cotorro that can be repaired for use in this project. Based on the performance of the pilot facility, production would have to be scaled up by approximately 4 times to be capable of satisfying the needs of the entire island. Because the island’s current water distribution systems tend to be unreliable and contaminated in many areas throughout the island, it is preferable to employ a temporary means of distribution using 5 gallon water containers delivered to urban and suburban centers such as markets, schools, restaurants, and hotels for purchase by the end consumer. It is intended that this proposed solution serve the people of

Cuba until such a time that the current, degraded infrastructure is replaced or refurbished capable of reliable clean delivery of drinking water. Once this time does come, it is expected that the water plants would continue functioning as a bottled water company switching scope to see bottled water as a commodity rather than necessity essentially becoming a company similar to Zephyrhills in this second stage of existence. By creating greater access to clean drinking water, it is a goal of this project to increase the quality of life of the Cuban people through positive health, environmental, social, and political impacts. By providing reliable, clean drinking water this project would limit the transmission of waterborne illness, as one of the primary benefits. Additionally having a stable source of drinking water remedies some issues that tie into stabilizing political, social and economic impacts that citizens currently face in a number of places where access to clean water is unpredictable due to unreliable sources. Breakdown of Process As previously discussed, the initial step in the proposed water processing system is using a slow sand filtration. A slow sand filter is sometimes referred to as a “Biosand” filter. These names refer to filters that incorporate biological agents in the sand to filter water without the use of chemical agents. They operate without the use of electricity or petroleum fuel products and can be made from mostly recycled materials. For the purpose of this project the filter being discussed will consist of a slow sand filter in conjunction with UV lighting.

to 4 weeks a 5-10 cm thick biolayer forms on the top layer of the sand [9]. This biolayer is made of living organisms and exocellular polymers. These living organisms eat pathogens in the water caught in the biolayer, a process known as “biological flocculation” [9]. It is important to note that in order for the biolayer to properly function, water must not flow through the biolayer faster than the biological process occurring and that the biolayer must ALWAYS be submerged in oxygen rich water. Once the water passes through the biolayer it then flows through a layer of sand and gravel as seen in figure 1. The sand and gravel used must be washed and cleaned to assure no industrial chemicals are present. It is best to use sand and gravel that is NSF/ANSI 61 or AWWA 100 approved [9]. For the purpose of this project, the slow sand filter being implemented will have a three-foot layer of sand and about six inches of gravel. This allows a flow rate of 0.1 gallons (0.38 liters) per minute per square foot or less [8]. Exceeding this filtration rate will lead to the breakthrough of pathogens, thus the maximum filtration rate must not exceed 0.1 gallons per minute per square foot. Filters must also never be less than 18 feet in diameter to avoid the breakthrough of pathogens. Fig. 1: Diagram showing the different layers of a typical sand filter [7].

As seen in figure 1 the water first passes through a diffusion plate then through the biological layer called the “Schmutzdecke” or a biolayer on top of the fine sand. The “Schmutzdecke” is responsible for removing up to 99.99% of all bacteria, viruses, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and parasites though predation [8]. This layer is key to a successful slow sand filter for the reason that without this layer a slow sand filter will not properly filter waste water. Thus, leading to water-borne diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, and dysentery. In order to form this biolayer, the filter undergoes a “ripening” process. This “ripening” process first starts with allowing water to flow over the top layer of sand and flow slowly down to the bottom. The water then flows back up due to hydraulic pressure, through an output pipe to the level of the initial input water. After about 3

As for the size of the sand, it is important to note that fine sand filters better than coarse sand and offers more resistance to water flow. Thus, for this project the slow sand filter will be built using fine sand. The effective size for the sand lies between 0.35 mm and 0.15 mm with a uniformity coefficient of less than 2 [9]. The uniformity coefficient describes the granular uniformity of the sand in the filter. A lower coefficient indicates less space in between each individual grain of sand, while a higher coefficient indicates more space in between each individual grain. If there is too much space in between the grains of sand then the water will flow to fast and vice versa if there is less space. The smaller effective size sand should lie in the top 30 to 40 cm of the sand. The gravel on the bottom should be large enough to not pass through the holes in the drain pipes but small enough to prevent sand from seeping into the drain pipers.

After the water has passed through all of the filter layers, the water flows into the outlet pipe and out of the top of the filter as seen in Figure 1. The water coming out of the outlet pipe will then flow onto a sanitized ramp, where it will undergo UV light treatment to further purify the water. The UV lighting kills harmful microorganisms that the slow sand filter could not such as Giardia lamblia, E. Coli, and Salmonella. UV light works by damaging the DNA and RNA in microorganisms. When DNA and RNA absorb UV light, dimers are formed. These dimers cause faults in the transcription of information from DNA to RNA, which in turn results in disruption of microorganism replication [10]. Figure 2 below shows the necessary amount of radiation needed to neutralize any remaining biological contaminants. To be able to sterilize water at the same rate at which it is filtered, it would require that water running down a ramp or trough be exposed for twenty seconds to UV-C radiation, the type of radiation that damages DNA. To accomplish this, such a ramp would have to measure approximately 2.23 ft. wide by 1 foot of depth by 20 feet length such that the volume of this ramp would be the same as the volume of water output by the filter over the course of twenty seconds, ensuring that all of the water is exposed to the UV radiation for roughly twenty seconds. Hanging over this ramp, there would be 26 cylindrical 25 watt UV bulbs of .6 inch diameter across the width of the ramp, and of 5 ft. length aligned in four sets over the 20 ft. span of the ramp.

Fig. 2: UV Requirements to neutralize different biological contaminants [15].

After UV treatment, the water will continue to slide down the ramp into large tanks for temporary storage. The water is then dispersed into 5 gallon containers to be bottled. Because the water is being bottled on site with negligible storage times and is not sitting stagnantly, chemical treatment is not needed to prevent recontamination. Lastly, employees will load the bottled containers onto the delivery trucks. Loaded trucks will disperse the water to urban centers such as, schools, markets, libraries, hospitals, etc. daily. At the sites where fully filled containers are delivered, the delivery assistant will also collect the now emptied container that was delivered in the previous cycle. Containers will therefore be in constant rotation and there will be a limited need for repurchasing containers. Breakdown of Costs The proposed plan calls for a water treatment facility employing slow sand filtration and ultraviolet radiation to filter and sterilize water to clean drinking water quality. Using estimates and specifications from an American company called Blue Future Filters Inc., for their BFF1000 line of filters, it is conservatively

estimated that it would cost approximately $7.2 million USD to install a slow sand filtration system capable of producing 1.44 million gallons or approximately 5.45 million liters of filtered water per day [11]. To supply this plant with water it has been chosen that the plant be located at the same site as the offline water pumping station in Cotorro. It has been estimated previously in a presentation entitled, “Water and Wastewater Priorities and CostBenefit Considerations: A ‘Work In Progress’,” given to the Association for the Study of Cuban Economy (A.S.C.E.) that it would cost roughly $2.3 million USD to repair and functionalize this pumping location [12]. Once water has been pumped and filtered it goes through an ultraviolet sterilization process prior to bottling to neutralize any remaining biological contaminants. Taking into account twice the amount of bulbs necessary, 26 bulbs across the width of the ramp in four sections at approximately $50 USD each, and for the sake of having spares to replace twice a year, in addition to the fixtures necessary to power these bulbs, the UV radiation would amount to an initial cost of nearly $12,500 and $10,400 annually thereafter to replace the bulbs. Once the water is sterilized, it moves on to a temporary holding tank from which workers fill 5 gallon containers with the freshly treated water, sealing each container to avoid recontamination, and leaving each container ready for delivery. It is estimated that at maximum output, roughly 1 million containers could be filled on a daily basis facilitating the need for at least 5 times that many containers initially in stock so that he plant has ample storage for the treated water. The cost of these containers given by an estimate from an American company called, the Clack Corporation, would amount to approximately 24 million USD [13]. To handle the daily delivery of these containers to urban and rural communities, 20 Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD box trucks have been included in the budget amounting to approximately 644,000 USD [14]. To encourage higher wages in Cuba, the budget has allotted an average monthly salary of 100 USD for 105 workers ranging in fields including drivers, delivery assistants, bottling staff, maintenance workers, packing and shipping

staff, management personnel, engineering departments, and security amounting to a total for all workers on a yearly basis of 126,000 USD. Table I below shows the breakdown of costs for the project. TABLE I: Budget Breakdown Budget Item Repair Pump Station BFF1000 Filtration System UV Lighting

Cost USD

UV Fixtures

2080

Bottling

23900000

Description

2300000 7200000 10400

Yearly

Staff

126000

Yearly

Trucks

644100

Maintenance

3405658

Replaced every 10 years Based on 10% estimated replacement value of all assets

Total

$37588238

Ecological Impacts Slow sand filters are not only known for being relatively inexpensive compared to other water filtration methods, but also for their small environmental impact. Since these filtration systems rely heavily on sand they do not require the use of any type of water purifying chemicals such as chlorine. The sand can also be replaced with Active Filter Media or AFM. Active Filter Media is a water filtration media manufactured from recycled glass bottles. Unlike sand, AFM actively prevents bacteria from growing [16]. The fact that AFM is made from recycled glass bottles helps reduce the need for producing sand, resulting in a smaller carbon footprint. As for changing the sand, the sand may never need to be replaced; however, at some point after 10 years, it may be necessary to remove the sand and wash or replace it [8]. The only ecological harmful product is the sludge produced by the slow sand filter. The sludge forms when the biological layer has not been cleaned for a long time. To dispose of the sludge the filter is allowed to completely dry. Since the sludge in the filter is handled in a dry state there is virtually no possibility of polluting nearby water sources. The sludge is usually accepted by farmers as a useful dressing for their land, the mixture of sand and organic matter being

especially suitable for conditioning heavy clay soils [17].

Health Impacts The provision of potable water has widespread benefits to a community with regards to health and well-being. Water is required by the body to regulate temperature, lubricate joints, protect tissues, get rid of waste materials, and much more [18]. The correlation between one’s health and clean water is significant, largely because of the fact that our bodies are comprised mostly of water. Harmful bacteria such as E.Coli and Vibrio Cholerae can thrive in untreated water as illustrated in Figure 3. Particularly in Cuba, there is a history of Cholera breakouts. More recently, in 2012, Cuba’s Health ministry reported that a cholera outbreak infected 417, which resulted in three deaths. Furthermore, The Pan-American Health Organization reported there were 678 confirmed cases of cholera with three deaths from January 2013 through October 2013 [19]. Children are especially at risk to contract harmful bacteria and diseases from microbially polluted water because of their weaker immune systems. With clean drinking water being supplied to cities, citizens will reduce their exposure to contaminated waters that bring about disease. Water-related deaths can be reduced by 21% by simply providing clean water [20].

Fig. 3. Common bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can inhabit untreated waters [20]

In areas like Finca Pacheco, in Marianao, citizens have to trek to reservoirs for some of their water [21]. A young child has even

contracted meningococcemia from exposure to the microbially polluted water of the dam [21]. With our pilot water plant in place and a distribution network established, we can expect the citizens of areas like Finca Pacheco to enjoy healthier lifestyles. In short, with respect to health, the ramifications of providing potable water include reducing the number of waterrelated deaths and preventing outbreaks of waterborne illnesses. Economic Impacts The proposed water filtration system will consequently provide financial resources to entrepreneurs and provincial laborers, help “capacity-building technology” through its effects on infrastructure and technology transfer, and provide a direct contribution to statesponsored programs leading to GDP increase. With a suggested average salary of US$100/month, workers in water filtration plants will be guaranteed economic stability. This in turn, promotes a societal confidence in the economy leading to increase in personal expenditure and market growth. Noting, that the enactment of the project will be supported by a free market political economy, the range of positive economic effects are plentiful, including an increase in fair competition among enterprises, the creation of industries with parallel purposes, and an increase opportunity for laborers. Private contractors, a role truck drivers would serve in this cycle, will revitalize local economies by providing a direct flow of capital to the provincial level. More directly, water distribution and its use of public roads would lead to government funding of national infrastructure through the employment of diverse private contractors. Consequent to the privatization of national economic production, the government’s economic role would be greatly reduced at the risk of decrease in annual Growth Domestic Product (GDP), which is inherently formulated by taking into account government expenditure, among other factors. To balance such risks, the joint governmentalprivate enterprise provides government economic support, economic stability, and yields increase in GPD. Economic precedent to justify this project is supported by historical and contemporary examples, for instance Airbus SAS. [22] The European aerospace giant is the success story of a coalition initiative, which has

surpassed older competitors in production and economic growth. Social/Political Impacts United Nations General Assembly resolution 64/202, “explicitly recognized the human right to water and sanitation and acknowledged that clean drinking water and sanitation are essential to the realization of all human rights.”[23] In the future socio-political climate of the island, the domestic level-of-analysis’s interconnectivity must incorporate the citizenry and elected officials interdependence to secure democracy and civil society. Example: In 1945, Manuel Fernandez Supervielle ran for mayor of the city of Habana on the electoral promise of providing potable water to the citizens of the capital city. Unable to fulfill this promise and combined with the weight of public opinion, Supervielle took his own life. [24] Such examples of government accountability, ensures the maintenance of the democratic process and the legitimacy of the public servants. Political scientists like Samuel P. Huntington have found correlations between socio-economic development and the move towards or solidification of democratic institutions.[25]With several hundred high paying jobs being added to local economies, water treatment plants like the one being proposed will guarantee health, social, and political benefits. Moreover, it will provide social and economic incentives that would lead to more innovation in a free market society. Conclusion The inability of the Cuban government to readily supply the entirety of its population with potable water has been an issue for many years. Whether it is due to the water scarcity caused by poor precipitation levels or the outdated and inefficient piping system in place, the existing infrastructure challenge needs to be addressed. The proposed solution provides the people of Cuba with a reliable source of clean drinking water until the centralized water distribution infrastructure is either repaired or reworked entirely at which point the project takes on a secondary nature of selling bottled water as a commodity rather than as a necessity. The proposed solution aims to affect the Cuban people positively economically, sociopolitically, and especially with regards to health, while maintaining little to no ecological harm

and promoting sustainability; primarily, creating jobs and demands for technically skilled people, free-enterprise, an increased standard of living, and reduced outbreaks of bacterial disease.

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dogs-says-cdr-president/31816.html. Web [Accessed 6 Jan. 2015] [22]Reid, T.R. “The United States of Europe” Wheeler Pub., 2004. Print [23] United Nations General Assembly. United Nations. Resolution 64/202. http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/human_ri ght_to_water.shtml [24] The New York Times "Havana Mayor Ends Life by Shot; Moody Over Unkept Pledge to City" by R. Hart Phillips, May 5, 1947. [25] Huntington, Samuel. “The Third Wave.” University of Oklahoma Press. 1992. Print.