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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
PSU Autism Conference
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Behavioral Interventions for the Family Jose Martinez-Diaz, Ph.D., BCBA-D ABA Technologies, Inc. Penn State Autism Conference Presented on 8/4/2011
What is Applied Behavior Analysis? What does a Behavior Analyst Do? What is Behavior? Measuring Behavior and Graphing Antecedents and Consequences Functional Relations
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech
Outline
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
7. Behavioral Assessment 8. Behavior Change Procedures 9. More Case Scenarios
Part 1
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
3
Domains of Behavior Analysis
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
2
What Is Applied Behavior Analysis?
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech
Outline
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA is…
Design
Basic Research
Fundamental Principles
Translational Research
Conceptual Analysis
Fundamental Principles
Applied Research
Conceptual Analysis
Fundamental Principles
Professional Practice
Implementation, and Evaluation of Environmental modifications to Produce socially significant improvements in Human behavior.
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ABA Includes the Use of…
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Direct observation and Measurement of Behavior and Environmental events. The “Show Me” - Not the “Tell Me” Methods
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Sample of Functional Analysis
From Iwata et al. (1994). Toward a functional analysis of self-injury. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27, 197-209.
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Tech ABA Includes the… A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Empirical identification of Functional relations between Behavior and environmental factors: Functional assessment/analysis.
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Interventions Based on…
Principles of behavior Applied research Functional assessments & analyses, and Systematic evaluation of… Behavior change and Attainment of outcomes
Principles of Behavior
B.F. Skinner (1904-‐1990) : 1938 The Behavior of
Organisms 1953 Science and Human
Behavior Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies
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Basic & Applied Research
ABA Tech
CumulaKve Record
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech
Next 2 Slides
100 90
Control Demand Alone AUenKon
80 VOCALIZATIONS
% OF INTERVALS WITH BIZARRE
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Illustration of Functional Analysis and Systematic Treatment Evaluation
0
1
2
Baseline
100
3
DRA+EXT
4
5
6
Baseline
7
8
DRA+EXT
80 VOCALIZATIONS
% OF INTERVALS WITH
90 70
Appropriate
60 50 40 30
Bizarre
20 10 0
0
3
6
9
12
15
Sessions
18
21
24
27
30
BIZARRE VOCALIZATIONS
WITH VOCALIZATIONS
PERCENTAGE OF INTERVALS WITH
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech
100 80
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Social Attention
60 40 20 0
100 80 60
Attainment of Outcomes
Control Demand
Alone
3
6
9
12
15
Sessions
Baseline
18
The Story of “How to Get a Job” The Story of a “Lonely Young Man”
21
AT, CRT, DR, EXT Appropriate Vocalizations
Bizarre Vocalizations
40
Therapist A
20
PERCENTAGE OF INTERVALS
0 100 80 60 40
Therapist B
20 0
3
6
9
Sessions
12
15
18
21 Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Interventions Utilize
ABA Tech
Operants
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Environmental Context
Contextual factors Motivating operations Discriminative stimuli Reinforcement and Other consequences…
SD → R → SR+,R-
SD → R → SR+,R-
MO
MO
SD → R → SR+,RMO
SD → R → SR+,R-
MO
SD → R → SR+,R-
SD → R → SR+,R-
MO Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
To Help People
Develop new behavior Strengthen current behavior Weaken current behavior Emit behavior under specific environmental conditions Achieve significant outcomes
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
MO
Part 2
What Does a Behavior Analyst Do?
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
The Practice of ABA
The application of: Principles, methods, and procedures of The experimental analysis of behavior and Applied behavior analysis Including principles of operant and respondent learning To assess and improve Socially important human behaviors Copyright ABA Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Practice Includes
Applications of those principles, methods, and procedures to Design, implementation, evaluation of Intervention programs to change behavior of individuals and groups Consultation to individuals and organizations Copyright ABA Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Plan Revision
ABA Tech Design
Evaluate
Monitoring & EvaluaKon
Plan Development
Plan ImplementaKon
Behavior Analysts Work on:
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Assessment
Skill Deficits Performance Problems Problem Behavior (Excesses)
Training
Implement
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Behavior Analysts DO NOT:
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Where do we work?
Diagnose Do Psychological Testing (e.g. IQ and personality assessment) Do Long-Term Counseling Do Psychotherapy Do Cognitive Therapy Hypnotherapy
ABA services provided in Home School Work settings Other public places (e.g. stores) We assess and we treat in the reallife environment where the problems occur At times, we begin treatment in a controlled setting like a clinic
ABA Tech Applications of ABA
ABA Tech
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Clinical Behavior Analysis Educational Behavior Analysis Organizational Behavior Management / Systems Analysis Other Areas
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Clinical Behavior Analysis
Clinical behavior analysts work with clients who engage in Problem behavior and/or who have atypical Skill Deficits.
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Clinical Behavior Analysis
Clients usually have DSM IV Diagnosis Medical Diagnosis
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Clinical Specialty Areas
Developmental disabilities: Autism Spectrum Disorders Intellectual Disabilities Other Developmental Disabilities
ABA Tech
Developmental Disabilities Child “Mental Health” Adult “Mental Health” Traumatic Brain Injury Organic Disorders Medical Conditions
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Brain Disorders
Traumatic Brain Injury and Organic Brain Disorders… e.g., Alzheimer’s Dementia Epilepsy Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
Adult “Mental Health”
Schizophrenia and other Psychotic Disorders Bi-polar Disorder Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Substance Abuse
Copyright by J. Martinez-Diaz and ABA Technologies, Inc.
ABA Tech
Client Types
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Copyright by J. Martinez-Diaz and ABA Technologies, Inc.
ABA Tech Behavioral Medicine A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Behavioral Pediatrics, e.g., Night wetting Bedtime resistance Poor appetite
Compliance with medical protocols, e.g., Diabetes management
Health & Fitness. e.g., Exercise Eating habits Smoking cessation
Copyright by J. Martinez-Diaz and ABA Technologies, Inc.
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Educational Behavior Analysts
Develop instructional materials and techniques Used by teachers to Provide more effective instruction to students.
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Some of the instrucKonal technologies developed by behavior analysts include: Programmed InstrucKon Direct InstrucKon Precision Teaching Personalized Systems of InstrucKon
Copyright by J. Martinez-Diaz and ABA Technologies, Inc.
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Organizational Behavior Management / Systems Analysis
Staff performance ProducKvity Reducing absenteeism & turnover Behavior-‐based safety
Copyright by J. Martinez-Diaz and ABA Technologies, Inc.
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
If Providing ABA
We stay true to the 7 Dimensions of ABA: 1. Applied 2. Behavioral 3. Analytic 4. Conceptually Systematic 5. Technological 6. Effective 7. Generality of Behavior Change
Other Application Areas
Sports training (e.g., TAGteach) Environmental preservation and conservation Safety (Highway, Gun, etc.)
Copyright by J. Martinez-Diaz and ABA Technologies, Inc.
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech
Educational Behavior Analysis
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Part 3
What Is Behavior?
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
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ABA Tech
What is Behavior?
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Behavior
Watch me… What did I do?
Everything that a live organism does The interaction of the muscles and the glands of a live organism with the environment Must pass the “What am I doing” test Must pass the “Dead Person’s” test
ABA Tech
ABA Tech
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Examples of Behavior
Washing one’s hands Catching a baseball Asking for juice Buttoning one’s shirt Eating a banana Making popcorn Stopping before crossing a street
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Examples of Behavior
Yelling Eating cigarette butts Slapping one’s own face Hand-flapping Lining up toys Breaking a toy Pinching another person’s arm Biting another person’s nose
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Examples of Behavior
Doing sit-ups Taking out the trash Playing the piano Adding two digits Asking for a break Refusing desert when offered Saying “cat” upon seeing one
ABA Tech
Non-Examples of Behavior
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Having a positive attitude Having poor impulse control Being stubborn Being non-compliant Being aggressive Expecting to get a reward Processing an instruction
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ASR Time
Is this an example of behavior? Yes = Open Hand No = Closed Fist
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Is this an example of behavior?
7) Making self-disparaging remarks 8) Displaying one’s social skills 9) Asking for directions 10) Self-stimming 11) Failing to respond to the teacher’s request to get up from the floor.
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Topography
The form of a response “What does it look like?” The force or intensity of a response
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Is this an example of behavior?
1) Opening the door 2) Saying what one ate for breakfast 3) Biting one’s own hand 4) Being oppositional 5) Handing toy back when asked 6) Having a low self-concept
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Response
A response is a single instance of behavior. Face-slapping behavior Each face-lap is one response
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Examples of Topography
What does a tantrum look like? Jose the Chicken Man
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Function
The effect of a response on the environment
ABA Tech Response Class A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
General Functions
Socially-Mediated Positive Reinforcement Socially-Mediated Negative Reinforcement Automatic (Non-Social) Positive Reinforcement Automatic (Non-Social) Negative Reinforcement
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Topography or Function Examples
(Functional) Response Class
The Bell and the Hotel
Responses which have same or very similar effects on the environment are members of the same (functional) response class Usually different in topography
The Story of Bob & the “Hunk or Cheese” Dennis & His Parents
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ASR Time
Is this an example of topographic or functional response class? Open Hand = Topographical RC Closed Fist = Functional RC
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
4) Topographical or Functional RC?
I say “Water” and I get water. I point to water and I get water. I write “Water” and I get water. I sign “Water” and I get water. I give someone a picture of a glass of water and I get water. I grab my own neck and I get water.
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ASR Time
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Topographical or Functional RC?
Is this an example of topographic or functional response class? Open Hand = Topographical RC Closed Fist = Functional RC
I see a glass of water ; I say “Water”; teacher says “Good labeling”. I say “Water” and a server gives me water. Teacher asks “What is H2O”? I say “Water”; teacher says “That’s right”. I see the written word “water”; I say “Water”; teacher says “Good reading”.
ABA Tech
ABA Tech
Response Class Hierarchy
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Relative frequency or time allocation of members of the same (functional) response class From high to low
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Response Chains
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Part 4
Measuring Behavior and Graphing
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
A sequence of responses which occurs in a specific order Each response produces a stimulus change… Last response maintains the chain… e.g., getting a soda
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Dimensions of Behavior
We don’t measure behavior We measure specific dimensions of behavior AKA, dimensional quantities
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Dimensional Quantities
Duration: Time between start & end of a response (R) Latency: Time between an event & R Interresponse Time (IRT): Time between 2 Rs Count: Number of Rs Rate: Count/Time Celeration: or in rate across time Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ASR Time
Example of which dimensional quantity? 1 = Duration 2 = Latency 3 = IRT 4 = Rate 5 = Celeration
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ASR
The son takes 1 minute and 20 seconds washing the first dish before it is clean and ready to put in a cabinet. This is an example of __________
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ASR
A mother asks her son to wash the dishes. He begins washing the dishes 10 minutes and 30 seconds after being asked. This is an example of __________
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ASR
After completing the first dish, the son waits 2 minutes and 5 seconds before he begins washing the second dish. The time between washing the first dish and starting to wash the next dish is an example of _________
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ABA Tech
ASR
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Tech
ASR
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
The son washed 30 dishes. This is an example of_________
The son washed 30 dishes in one two hours. This is an example of __________
ABA Tech
ABA Tech
ASR
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
The son washed 30 dishes in 2 hours on Monday, 30 dishes in 1.75 hours on Tuesday, 30 dishes in 1.5 hour on Wednesday, and 30 dishes in 1 hour on Thursday. Thus his rate doubled in four days! This is an example of __________
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Other Ways to Measure
Trials to Criterion Percent Occurrence Partial Interval Recording Whole Interval Recording Momentary Time Sampling PLACHECK
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Graphing
If you do not graph your data daily on an ongoing basis (e.g., after each session, daily, or weekly), you are NOT doing behavior analysis! For low frequency problem behavior or for maintenance data, then graphing less frequently (e.g., monthly) is OK Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Dangers of Straying from the 7 Dimensions
The Case of the Agency, the Boy with Autism, His SelfInjurious Behavior, the Many Hours of In-Home Services, the Data, and the Graphs Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
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ABA Tech
Incorrect Graph
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Tech
Correct Graph
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
5 1000 900 4
700 Number of SIBs Per Hour
Total Number of SIBs Per Month
800
600
3
500 400
2
300 200
1 100 0 Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May Consecutive Jun. Jul. Months Aug. Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan. 0 Jan.
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Types of Graphs
Equal-interval (simple) line graphs Logarithmic graphs (e.g., Standard Celeration Chart) Cumulative records Bar graphs
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun. Jul. Months Aug. Consecutive
ABA Tech
50
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Sample Line Graphs
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Mean Responses per Day
ABA Tech
Feb.
Current Treatment
New Treatment
40
30
20
10
0 0
5
10
15
20
Weeks Copyright ABA Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies
82
Sample Standard Chart
Copyright ABA Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Sample Cumulative Record
Part 5
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Sample Bar Graphs
Pace, G. M., Ivancic, M. T., Edwards, G. L., Iwata, B. A., & Page, T. J. (1985). Assessment of sKmulus preference and reinforcer value with 86 profoundly retarded individuals. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18, 249-‐255.
Copyright ABA Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved
ABA Tech
ABA Tech
ABA Tech
Operants
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Environmental Context SD → R → SR+,R-
Antecedents and Consequences
SD → R → SR+,R-
MO
MO
SD →
R→ MO
SR+,RSD → R → SR+,R-
MO
SD → R → SR+,R-
SD → R → SR+,R-
MO Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
Antecedents
Elicitors DiscriminaKve SKmuli MoKvaKng OperaKons
Consequences (Postcedents) Reinforcement Punishment ExKncKon
Social
Non-‐Social
Verbal or Non-‐Verbal
Outside or Within Skin
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
MO
Effects of Antecedents on Behavior
Evoke = Behavior likely to occur under present (current) conditions Abate = Behavior NOT likely to occur under present (current) conditions Examples: Request, ice cream, & screaming
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
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ABA Tech
Types of Antecedents
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Strengthen = Increase future frequency of behavior that has been followed by a consequence Weaken = Decrease future frequency of behavior that has been followed… Examples: Request, ice cream, & screaming
Elicitors Discriminative stimuli Motivating operations
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
Types of Consequences
ABA Tech
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ASR
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Consequences… 1. Evoke or abate behavior 2. Strengthen or weaken behavior 3. Result in discrimination in the absence of antecedents 4. Usually have immediate effects which may be seen at a moment in time Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ASR
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Antecedents… 1. Evoke or abate behavior 2. Strengthen or weaken behavior 3. Result in differentiation 4. Usually have delayed effects
Reinforcement Punishment Extinction
ABA Tech
Effects of Consequences on Behavior
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Part 6
FuncKonal RelaKons
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Example #1 of FuncKonal RelaKon
Behavior: Asking for cookie or screaming Consequence which strengthens behavior: Getting one or more cookies Antecedents which evoke behavior: (1) Several hours without eating food and (2) being at a grocery store
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Behavior: Asking for cookie or screaming Consequence which weakens behavior: Not getting a cookie Antecedents which abate behavior: (1) Having just eaten a big box of cookies and (2) being all alone in a pool
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ASR
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Example #1 of FuncKonal RelaKon
ABA Tech
Asking for cookie and screaming are members of a: Open Hand: Functional response class Closed Fist: Topographical response class
Operants: Reinforcement
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Environmental Context SD → R → SR+,RR EOfor S
S→ R → EXT R EOfor S
SD → R → SR+,RR AOfor S
S→ R → EXT R AOfor S
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Availability or Value Available SD
Valuable EO for SR Not Valuable AO for SR
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Not Available SΔ
Available SD Valuable EO for SR Not Valuable AO for SR
Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies, Inc.
ASR – Most Likely? Not Available SΔ
#1 Grocery Store Food Deprived
#2 Alone in Pool Food Deprived
#3 Grocery Store Just Ate…
#4 Alone in Pool Just Ate
Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies, Inc.
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ASR – Least Likely? Available SD
Valuable EO for SR Not Valuable AO for SR
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Not Available SΔ
#1 Grocery Store Food Deprived
#2 Alone in Pool Food Deprived
#3 Grocery Store Just Ate…
#4 Alone in Pool Just Ate
Available SD Valuable EO for SR Not Valuable AO for SR
Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies, Inc.
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Behavior: Pulling hair or scratching Consequence which strengthens behavior: Person moves far away and terminates demand Antecedents which evoke behavior: (1) Requests to brush teeth, etc. and (2) close physical proximity of other and (3) being in a bathroom
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
3
Example #2 of FuncKonal RelaKon
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ASR
Pulling hair or scratching are members of a: Open Hand: Functional response class Closed Fist: Topographical response class
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
2
Behavior: Pulling hair or scratching Consequence which weakens behavior: Prompt sequence to comply Antecedents which abate behavior: (1) No requests or requests to eat, (2) Others at least 6 feet away, and (3) Being in the dining room
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Not Available SΔ
Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies, Inc.
Example #2 of FuncKonal RelaKon
ABA Tech
How about #2 & #3
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Part 7
Behavioral Assessment
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Overview of Behavioral Assessment
Assessment is ongoing… Reliance on direct observation of behavior and environmental events Reliance on measurement Observe in natural environment At times necessary to observe in clinic Use multiple methods…
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Indirect methods (interviews & P&P) Direct descriptive methods Systematic manipulations
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Types of Assessments
Skill assessments Preference assessments Functional assessments Functional analysis
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Sample Skill Acquisition Procedures
Differential reinforcement Shaping Prompting and fading Chaining Discrete trials Incidental teaching Modeling Behavioral Skills Training (Coaching) Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
Part 8
Behavior Change Procedures
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech
General Methods
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Differential Reinforcement
Differential reinforcement consists of two operations: reinforcement and extinction (NOT reinforcing).
Copyright 1992 Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Differential Reinforcement
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
If differential reinforcement consists of reinforcing some responses and not reinforcing other responses, differential reinforcement leads to differentiation.
Copyright 1992 Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Copyright 1992 Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
116
Discrimination
S1 – R1 – SR (reinforce) S2 – R1 – Ext (not reinforce) This is an S-R-S contingency. It leads to discrimination. [Note: Different stimuli]
Copyright 1992 Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
117
ABA Tech
ASR
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
What occurs if differential reinforcement consists of reinforcing one behavior and placing another behavior on extinction? 1. Differentiation 2. Discrimination 3. Induction 4. Stimulus Generalization Copyright 1992 Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
This is an R-S contingency. It leads to differentiation. [Note: Different responses]
ABA Tech
If differential reinforcement consists of reinforcing a response when certain stimuli are present and not reinforcing the same response when those stimuli are not present, differential reinforcement leads to discrimination. Copyright 1992 Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
R1 – SR (reinforce) R2 – Ext (not reinforce)
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Differential Reinforcement
Differentiation
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ASR
What occurs if differential reinforcement consists of reinforcing one behavior in the presence of a stimulus and placing the same behavior on extinction in the absence of that stimulus? 1. Differentiation 2. Discrimination 3. Induction 4. Stimulus Generalization Copyright 1992 Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Tech
ASR
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Mom reinforces saying “Mama” when Jim sees her, but dad does not reinforce saying “Mama” when Jim sees him. This should result in: 1. Differentiation 2. Discrimination 3. Induction 4. Stimulus Generalization
Copyright 1992 Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Shaping
Copyright 1992 Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
As responses naturally vary in topography from time to time, you carefully observe and when the student emits a response which is closer in topography to the target behavior than the one you have been reinforcing,…
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In shaping across topographies, one selects an initial approximation to the target behavior that already is occurring. Then, you reinforce that approximation when it occurs.
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Shaping
Copyright 1992 Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
Copyright 1992 Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
ABA Tech
Shaping involves the differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a target behavior. Shaping leads to differentiation and is used to establish a novel topography or dimension of a behavior.
Copyright 1992 Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
Mom reinforces saying “Mama” when Jim sees her, but does not reinforce saying “Dada” when Jim sees her. This should result in: 1. Differentiation 2. Discrimination 3. Induction 4. Stimulus Generalization
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Shaping
ASR
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Shaping
… you reinforce this closer approximation and no longer reinforce the earlier approximation until the new approximation occurs at a high rate.
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Tech
Shaping
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
This process is repeated until you reach the target behavior. Shaping may also be done within topographies.
Copyright 1992 Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
The Story of Mark and the candy. Is this an example of shaping? 1. Yes 2. No
S1 – R1 – SR (reinforce) S2 – R1 – Ext (not reinforce) Prompting and fading typically used in combination with differential reinforcement to teach discriminations
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
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Prompting & Fading
Prompts are supplementary antecedent stimuli used to evoke a correct response in the presence of an EO and/or SD that will eventually control the behavior. Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
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Response Prompts
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
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Types of Response Prompts
Verbal Gestural Modeling Tactual or Physical Physical or Manual Guidance
Response prompts operate directly on the response.
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Copyright 1992 Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
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Differential Reinforcement & Teaching Discriminations
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ASR
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132 Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Stimulus Prompts
Stimulus prompts operate directly on the antecedent task stimuli to cue a correct response in conjunction with the critical SD.
Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
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Fading
Fading is a technique used to gradually transfer stimulus control from prompts to naturally occurring EO’s and/or discriminative stimuli. Specific procedures for transferring stimulus control include:
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Example of Teaching VB
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Stimulus Prompts
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Is this an example of prompting? 1 = Yes --- or --- 2 = No 13. The Story of Josh & the mud 14. The Story of Brandon & his I-pod 15. The Story of Jose and his soup 16. The Story of Pat & her worksheet
ABA Tech
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Position cue Movement cue Redundancy of antecedent stimuli
ASRs
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ABA Tech
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
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Example of Teaching VB
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Example of Teaching VB
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Fading Response Prompts
Most-to-least prompts (fading out) Least-to-most prompts (fading in) Time delay (constant or progressive) Graduated guidance
Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Graduated Guidance
Involves hand-over-hand
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ASRs
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
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ABA Tech
Chaining
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Chaining is one procedure which may be used to teach a chain.
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Chaining
Other chaining procedures used: Forward Chaining Total Task Chaining AKA Total task presentation
Usually, backwards chaining is used.
Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
ABA Tech
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What type of fading is this? 1 = Most-to-least 2 = Least-to-most 3 = Time delay 4 = Graduated guidance 27. The Story of Juan 28. The Story of Carol 29. The Story of Gwen 30. The Story of Ted
assistance and the combined use of physical prompting and fading, resulting in a systematic gradual reduction in the intensity of the physical prompting.
Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
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Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
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ABA Tech
ABA Tech
ASRs
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Discrete trial instruction is a teaching format comprised of a series of three-term instructional trials. Each trial consisting of:
What type of chaining is this? 1 = Backward 2 = Forward 3 = Total task 4 = None of the above 37. The Story of Michael 38. The Story of Dalmaine 39. The Story of Chad 40. The Story of Melissa Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Discrete Trial Instruction
Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Instructional Antecedent
“Match”
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Matches
“Correct”
Correctly
Give token
Discrete Trial Instruction
Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Consequence
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(3) a teacher-provided consequence (reinforcement of correct responses, prompting, or error-correction) for the learner’s response.
ABA Tech
Response
= Time
ABA Tech
147
Discrete Trials
Wait Time and Response Latency
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(1) an antecedent stimulus (a question, instruction, object) that sets the occasion for the learner’s response, (2) a response by the learner, and….
ABA Tech
Discrete Trial Instruction
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Discrete Trial Instruction
Many consecutive trials are presented. Trials are repeated or alternated (interspersed).
Immediately!
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Discrete Trial Instruction
Interspersing instructional trials with mastered items or tasks in between acquisition trials improves effectiveness of discrete trial instruction.
Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
ABA Tech
Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
ABA Tech
Discrete Trial Instruction
Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
ABA Tech
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DTI
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
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Discrete trial instruction should be conducted with materials and reinforcers that are present in the learner’s everyday environments where the targeted skills are to be used.
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Procedures for transferring stimulus control from contrived materials and response prompts used in discrete trial instruction to naturally occurring antecedents should be an integral component of the teaching plan. Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
DTI
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Using short intervals between trials (i.e., inter-trial interval) improves the effectiveness and efficiency of discrete trial instruction.
ABA Tech
The proper use of response prompts improves the effectiveness and efficiency of discrete trial instruction.
DTI
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
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DTI
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Tech
Strategies for ensuring that skills taught in the discrete trial format are expected and reinforced in natural settings / situations should be an integral component of the teaching plan. Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Discrete Trial Instruction
Data are collected on correct vs. incorrect responses vs. no response. Also, level of prompting is recorded.
Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
ABA Tech
Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
1. 2. 3. 4.
Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
1. Reinforce correct response 2. Say “no” to incorrect response (differential social disapproval) 3. Prompt correct response 4. Error correction for incorrect response
ASR
Teacher-provided consequence Antecedent stimulus Learner-provided consequence Learner response
ABA Tech
Which is NOT an appropriate teacher-provided consequence?
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Which of the following is NOT a component included in an instructional trial?
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ASR
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Discrete Trial Instruction
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Generalization to untaught items/tasks should be assessed by presenting trials consisting of untaught items/ tasks.
ABA Tech
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
There is disagreement on when and how much data to collect, with some collecting data on every trial, and others collecting data only on the first trial of the session.
DTI
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Tech
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ASR
What is one way to increase the effectiveness of DTI? 1. Use punishment for correction 2. Use long intervals between trials 3. Intersperse acquisition trials with mastered items
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Tech
ASR
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Which of the following increases effectiveness of DTI 1. Massed trials of one skill over entire teaching session 2. Short inter-trial periods 3. Allowing the learner moderate breaks between each trial Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
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ASR
Procedures for transferring stimulus control to the natural environment should be phased in later, after intensive discrete trial instruction is successfully completed: 1. True 2. False
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ABA Tech Incidental Teaching
ASR
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
How should generalization to untaught items be assessed? 1. Observe behavior in the natural environment 2. Present trials with untaught items 3. Interview a parent or caregiver Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
1. Correct vs. incorrect responses 2. Correct vs. incorrect vs. no response 3. Correct vs. incorrect vs. no response, & level of prompting
ABA Tech
1. Mainly use specialized, highly efficient teaching materials that are specific to the teaching setting 2. Mainly use materials found in the learner’s everyday environment
ABA Tech
Which of the following type of data can best inform your treatment decisions?
Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
To improve the effectiveness of DTI, the teacher should:
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ASR
ASR
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AKA “naturalistic teaching” Consists of instructional trials which 1. are initiated by learner-initiated responses to naturally occurring activities and materials, and 2. end with delivery of naturallyoccurring consequences as reinforcement. Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Tech Incidental Teaching
Basic Steps
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Create an environment rich w/ activities and materials that are motivating to the learner. When child initiates an interaction about an object or activity, reinforce the child’s initial response with attention and model a more elaborate or appropriate form of behavior. Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Modeling
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ABA Tech
Modeling
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
The learner watches another person (called the model) perform the target behavior and obtain “reinforcement” for doing so (this is key). The effectiveness of modeling may be increased by combining it with other procedures, such as instructions, prompting, rehearsal, and feedback. Copyright 1992 by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz & ABA Technologies
ABA Tech
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is a procedure that uses an individual’s imitative repertoire to train new behaviors or to evoke desirable behaviors occurring at a rate which is too low.
Behavior analyst’s or trainer’s ability to create and take advantage of existing motivating operations.
ABA Tech
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Variable influencing effectiveness of Incidental Teaching
Copyright 1992 by Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies
Reinforce the child’s more appropriate response or approximation of the target behavior by providing access to the object or activity.
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ASR
When modeling is utilized, the learner’s imitative repertoire is an important variable. 1. True 2. False
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ABA Tech
ABA Tech
ASR
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
During modeling, the learner watches the model perform the target behavior, but delivery of reinforcement to the model is optional. 1. True 2. False
Copyright 1992 by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz & ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Copyright 1992 by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz & ABA Technologies
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
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Coaching
Combines the following components: Instructions Modeling Rehearsal (Behavioral Rehearsal) Feedback (Performance Feedback) “Homework” Assignments (Practice)
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Sample Performance Management Procedures
Schedules of reinforcement Manipulating motivating operations Response effort manipulations High-P procedure Performance feedback Token economies / incentive systems Contingency contracting Group contingencies Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
1. True 2. False
ABA Tech
This is my name for this procedure. Referred to as behavioral skills training
ABA Tech
Modeling is effective as its own procedure and is less effective when combined with other procedures.
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Coaching
Copyright 1992 by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz & ABA Technologies
ASR
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
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Reinforcement Schedules
Find optimal schedule for current level Take into account schedule patterns Gradually thin schedule
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ASR - Motivating Operations
When is it more likely that your child will ask for apple juice? 1 = When he just ate salty pretzels 2 = When he just drank a bottle of juice When is it more likely that your child will wash a bowl? 1 = Clean bowl and no ice cream 2 = All bowls dirty and gallon of ice cream
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
The story of the boy we taught to mand for many kinds of items but the mom required that he say “I want X please.” The story of David and his singing
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
High-P procedure
Make a few High-P demands and reinforce each Make a Low-P demand immediately after Person more likely to comply!
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Other PM Procedures
Token Economies Other Incentive Systems Contingency contracting Group contingencies
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Performance Feedback
Specify performance Monitor performance Frequent Immediate Specific / Descriptive
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ABA Tech
Response Effort Manipulations
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Sample Behavior Reduction Procedures
Extinction Differential reinforcement Time-based schedules (“NCR”) Manipulating motivating operations Response effort manipulations Functional communication training
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Extinction
First, identify what is maintaining the problem behavior Then, consistently withhold reinforcement when the problem behavior occurs
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
If attention: Simply ignore / May attend to other person or get busy, but… If tangibles: Simply withhold / Maybe give to other, but… If escape from demand / Continue presenting demand (be careful) If automatic, more complicated
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Cautionary Note
Many problems with extinction Extinction burst Danger of shaping worse problem Bx Very difficult to be consistent! Must combine with other procedures such as DRA
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Time-Based Schedules
Presenting a preferred stimulus on a time-contingent basis regardless of behavior For example, giving attention every 2 minutes, regardless of behavior Breaks the contingent relation between reinforcement & problem Bx May function as an abolishing operation Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
Differential Reinforcement
DRA - Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior DRI - Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior DRO - Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech
Examples of Extinction
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
2 Related Procedures
Response Effort Manipulations Manipulating Motivating Operations Example of procedure that combines both: Stimulus Fading In
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Stimulus Fading
Stimulus fading is a procedure that, like shaping, produces gradual changes in behavior. In shaping, the antecedent stimulus remains the same, while the response progressively becomes more differentiated. In stimulus fading, the antecedent stimulus changes gradually, while the response stays the same. (Paraphrase from CH&H)
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Effects of Stimulus Fading on Problem Behavior when used as part of a plan: Stimulus fading functions as an abolishing operation and abates problem behavior. Stimulus fading also evokes appropriate behavior, which may then be reinforced.
Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies, Inc.
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Stimulus Fading
Stimulus Fading in Tx of Problem Bx Maintained by Attention Gradual change in the type, frequency, or duration of attention Introduce a salient stimulus that indicates the increased availability of attention and then fade to natural social cues
Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies, Inc.
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Stimulus Fading
Stimulus Fading in Tx of Problem Bx Maintained by Automatic Reinforcement Biological—sensory, masking and neurotransmitter effects Restraint/blocker fading Medication titration Drug substitute fading Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies, Inc.
Stimulus Fading
Stimulus Fading in Tx of Problem Bx Maintained by Access to Materials &/or Activities Gradual change in the type, frequency, or duration of materials-activities.
Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies, Inc.
ABA Tech
Stimulus Fading
Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies, Inc.
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Stimulus Fading
Stimulus Fading in Tx of Problem Bx maintained by Termination of Task Demands Gradually increase task difficulty, duration, or number. Begin at a level that does not evoke problem Bx. Then, gradually and systematically increase difficulty as the child demonstrates success at each difficulty level Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies, Inc.
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Stimulus Fading
Stimulus Fading in Tx of Problem Bx Maintained by Termination of Task Demands (continued) Intersperse preferred tasks. Tasks that a child prefers to perform can be interspersed among less preferred or more difficult task items. This also increases positive reinforcement for task engagement and functions as an abolishing operation for negative reinforcement.
ABA Tech
Interspersing preferred tasks among more difficult tasks is an example of what kind of function-based treatment procedure 1. Differential reinforcement 2. Stimulus fading 3. Extinction 4. Time contingent schedules
Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies, Inc.
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ASR
A gradual change in the type, frequency or duration of task demands is an example of what type of function-based treatment? 1. Differential reinforcement 2. Stimulus fading 3. Stimulus shaping 4. Matching to sample
Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies, Inc.
ABA Tech
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
ASR
Stimulus fading abates problem behavior maintained by escape/avoidance of task demands. This procedure functions as a(n): 1 = Discriminative stimulus 2 = Establishing operation 3 = Abolishing operation 4 = Negative punishment
Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies, Inc.
ASR
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Signaling the pending onset of an unpleasant event with verbal cues or timers is an example of what kind of function-based treatment procedure? 1. Time-contingent schedules 2. Stimulus fading 3. Stimulus fading plus extinction 4. Extinction
Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies, Inc.
ABA Tech
ASR
A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Copyright by Jose MarKnez-‐Diaz ABA Technologies, Inc.
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Last but Not Least
Functional Communication Training (FCT)
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ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Part 9
More Case Scenarios
Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
ABA Tech A B A Te c h n o l o g i e s , I n c .
Case Scenarios
In case I did not tell you these stories: The Story of Danica The Story or Mark & the Noisy Kids The Story of Bob & the Flickering Lights The Story of Darren & the Goon Squad The Story of Michael & the Oranges The Story of Josh & the Trashed Trailer Copyright by Jose Martinez-Diaz ABA Technologies
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