34th WEDC International Conference 2009 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Sustainable Development and Multisectoral Approaches

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 18-22 May 2009 Volume 1 of 2 Editors: Rod Shaw

ISBN: 978-1-61738-292-5

Printed from e-media with permission by: Curran Associates, Inc. 57 Morehouse Lane Red Hook, NY 12571

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume 1 SESSION 1 THEME A: ECOSAN 1: APPROACHES 40,000 Eco-toilets in Ethiopia in 4 Years: What Makes it Work? (317)............................................................................ 1 Mayling Simpson-Hebert

Norms, Attitudes and Gender Perspectives in Ecological Sanitation (244)..................................................................... 23 Agnes Mugure

Waterless Urinals: A Proposal to Save Water and Urine Nutrient Recovery in Africa (234) ....................................... 38 Elisabeth Von Muench

A Novel Sanitation Model Based on EcoSan Philosophy (131) ........................................................................................ 84 Vinod Tare

THEME B: WATER SUPPLY STRATEGIES 1 Access to Safe and Year Round Functional Water: An Estimation of Coverage for Three Central Regions in Tanzania (280)................................................................................................................................................... 99 Alejandro Jimenez

Sustainability Factors for Water Points in Liberia (159) ............................................................................................... 120 L. Rudge

Sustainability Analysis of Water Supply Systems in Cochabamba, Bolivia (716)........................................................ 129 Saroj K. Sharma

The Sustainability of Water Supply Schemes in Mirab Abaya and Alaba Special Woreda, SNNPR, Ethiopia (279)..................................................................................................................................................................... 134 Martine Jeths

THEME C: SURFACE WATER RESOURCES Influence of Climatic Conditions on Cyanobacteria Blooms in a Tropical Water Supply River (Rio Das Velhas, Brazil) (83)..................................................................................................................................................... 155 Eduardo Von Sperling

Effect of Lake Basaka Expansion on the Sustainability of Matahara SE in the Awash River Basin, Ethiopia (296)..................................................................................................................................................................... 175 Megersa Olumana Dinka

Application of Integrated Water Resource Management for a Local Earthdam (Makhondvolwane) in Swaziland (217) .................................................................................................................................................................. 184 Nonhlanhla Zwane

Participatory IWRM Planning (Local) ............................................................................................................................ 207 K. Jembere

THEME D: COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT In the Cause of Improving Community Water Supply Management (323).................................................................. 215 Patrick Alubbe

Community-driven Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Programme Implementation (230)............................................. 229 Raphael N Nwozor

Adaptation of Existing Participatory Planning Tools for the Peri-urban and Rural Context in Africa (138) .................................................................................................................................................................................... 243 S. Jung

THEME E: MONITORING AND EVALUATION 1 Life Cycle Approach for Evaluating Sanitation Projects: Case Study: Biogas Latrine (272) ..................................... 251 Sarah Ocwieja

Making Use of Available Water and Sanitation Data Through Independent Monitoring Programmes (374) .................................................................................................................................................................................... 275 Yaw Asante Sarkodie

Coverage As a Misleading Development Goal: The Concept of Water-person-years (161) ........................................ 289 Andreas G. Koestler

Sustainability Tools for Monitoring and Evaluation (719)............................................................................................. 303 Sam Godfrey

SESSION 2 THEME A: ECOSAN 2: EXPERIENCE Modelling the Benefits of Urine Diversion for Resource Recovery: A Case Study of Arba Minch, Ethiopia (134)..................................................................................................................................................................... 308 Franziska Meinzinger

The Public Health Safety of Using Human Excreta from Urine-diverting Dehydration Toilet Vaults for Agriculture: The Philippine Experience (25) ............................................................................................................ 333 Gina Itchon

Experience with the Introduction of Dry, Urine-diverting Sanitation Systems in Ethiopia (Local) ........................... 341 M. Oldenburg

THEME B: WATER SUPPLY STRATEGIES 2 A Demand-driven Mult-iinput Area Development Approach to Water and Sanitation in Cabo Delgado, Mozambique (150) ............................................................................................................................................. 346 Ivone De Jesus Amaral

Incorporating Productive Use Into Water Systems in Urban Nigeria (224) ................................................................. 350 Joachim Ezeji Ibeziako

Multiple Uses of Rural Household Water Supplies for Livelihoods in Ethiopia (Local) ............................................. 359 A. Mekonen

Safe Drinking Water Status in the State of Bihar, India: Challenges Ahead (202)...................................................... 363 Daya Shanker Mishra

THEME E: MONITORING AND EVALUATION 2 Looking Forward and Backward: Implementing Global Mapping and Monitoring Tools: The Case of the Honduras (191) ............................................................................................................................................................ 369 Kate Fogelberg

Live Monitoring of Rural Drinking Water Schemes Using Mobile Phone Infrastructure. (126)................................ 377 Marius Andres Koestler

Using Cell Phones to Monitor and Evaluate Behaviour Change Through Community Health Clubs in South Africa (192).............................................................................................................................................................. 381 Jason Rosenfeld

SESSION 3 THEME A: HEALTH, HYGIENE AND SANITATION Mobilizing People for Improved Hygiene Practices Through Hand Washing Campaigns in Nigeria (200) .................................................................................................................................................................................... 406 Z. Olabisi Agberemi

Sanitation Challenges in Learning Institutions: The Case of Nakuru Municipality, Kenya (262) ............................. 421 Raphael Gacheiya

Monitoring Impacts of WAS Interventions: The Case of SHEWAB (281) ................................................................... 436 Richard B. Johnston

Sanitation and Health Challenges in Universities; A Status Report on Studies Conducted in Adama University, Ethiopia (Local).............................................................................................................................................. 460 W. A. Shewa

THEME B: RURAL WATER SUPPLY (SELF-SUPPLY) 1 Integrating a New Approach: the Example of Self-supply (293) ................................................................................... 466 Sally Sutton

Smart Tecs: New Options to Reduce Costs of Rural Water Supply (133) .................................................................... 478 Henk Holtslag

Assessing the Potential for Self-supply in Zambia (118)................................................................................................. 499 Malama Munkonge

THEME D: FINANCING 1 Microfinance for Water and Sanitation: A Case Study from Tiruchirappalli, India (208)......................................... 514 Andrew Barenberg

An Evaluation of a Household Credit Programme for Water and Sanitation in Urban Dhaka (183)........................ 536 Richard Thorsten

THEME E: CAPACITY BUILDING The Capacity Gap in the Water and Sanitation Sector (335)......................................................................................... 543 Sue Cavill

Implementing the PAWS Model of Capacity Building in Nigeria (228)........................................................................ 548 Nyananso Gabriel Ekanem

Implementing the PAWS Model of Capacity Building in South Africa (227)............................................................... 563 Amina Ismail

Hybrid Distance Water Learning in Ethiopia (338)........................................................................................................ 577 Jan Teun Visscher

A Trisector Programme of Capacity Building in Ethiopia: The PAWS Model (Local)............................................... 582 M. Jaleta

SESSION 4 THEME A: SCHOOL SANITATION AND HYGIENE 1 An Assessment of Sanitation and Hygiene in Primary Schools in Zambia (158).......................................................... 587 Peter Harvey

Teaching Ecological Sanitation in a School Environment in Zimbabwe (232) ............................................................. 608 A. Shangwa

UNICEF Toilet Solutions for Childfriendly Schools in Rwanda (199).......................................................................... 613 Luca Ginoulhiac

THEME B: RURAL WATER SUPPLY (SELF-SUPPLY) 2 Developing Low-cost Household Water Supply Options: The Potential of Self-supply in Ethiopia (Local)................................................................................................................................................................................. 627 P. S. Workneh

Self-supply in Mali: Early Steps Towards an Innovatory Approach (318)................................................................... 632 Nicolas Osbert

Achievements and Lessons Learned from the Uganda Self-supply Pilot Project 20062008 (300)............................... 646 Joel Kiwanuka

THEME C: WASTEWATER Characterization of Greywater from Urban and Peri-urban Areas of Nakuru Municipality, Kenya (247) .................................................................................................................................................................................... 650 James Messo Raude

Simplified Sewerage: An Appropriate Option for Rapid Coverage in Peri-urban Areas of India (226) ................... 671 Asit Nema, P. V. Tare

Design Approach of the Blantyre Wastewater Treatment Plant, Malawi, Using the Ed-wave Tool (321) .................................................................................................................................................................................... 676 Victor Chipofya

Urban and Wastewater Treatment in Addis Ababa in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia (95).............................................. 680 Daniel Van Rooijen

THEME D: FINANCING 2 Cost-effective Boreholes in Sub-Saharan Africa (87) ..................................................................................................... 686 Kerstin Danert, P. E. Bauman

Sustainable Financing for the Water and Sanitation Sector in Ethiopia (Local) ......................................................... 695 G. Haile

Challenges of Sustainable Financing of Sanitation in Nakuru Municipality, Kenya (295).......................................... 702 K. O. Ojwando

THEME E: KNOWLEDGE AND SANITATION Situational Analysis of the Sanitation and Hygiene Programme Implementation in Ethiopia (Local) ...................... 706 A. Haddis

Sustainable Sanitation Promotion in Nigeria: A Mix of Approaches (127) .................................................................. 714 Bioye Ogunjobi

SuSanA's Road Map Towards More Sustainable Sanitation Practices (299) ............................................................... 732 A. Panesar

SESSION 5 THEME A: SCHOOL SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2 Impact Assessment in Schools: Impact of WASH Provision in Teaching-learning Process: Benishangul Gumuz, Assosa Zone, Menge Woreda (Local)........................................................................................... 752 S. Tadesse

Integrated Water and Sanitation Life Skills Approaches: The Zambian Case Study (155)........................................ 757 Edwin Adenya

THEME B: URBAN WATER SUPPLY Urban Partnership Approaches: A WSUP Update (341) ............................................................................................... 772 Jane Bevan

Water Use Vs Socioeconomic Factors in Affluent Waterstressed Urban Areas (225) ................................................. 777 Abulbasher Shahalam

THEME C: WASTEWATER USE Tackling the Urban Waste and Food Crises Simultaneously and Sustainably: Examples from the Philippines and Burkina Faso (241) ................................................................................................................................. 782 P. Bracken

Urban Water Pollution and Irrigated Vegetable Farming in Addis Ababa (166) ........................................................ 790 G. Gebre

Assessment of Wastewater Quality for Use in Crop Production: Case Studies of Egerton University and Nakuru Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (345) ........................................................................................................ 796 V. N. Kimani

THEME D: PLANNING AND DECENTRALISATION Single Door Approach for Planning, Implementation and Operation of Rural WATSAN Projects in Nepal (148) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 802 Mohan Basnet

Volume 2 Multi-sectoral Decentralized Water and Sanitation Provision in Zambia: Rhetoric and Reality (124) ..................... 819 Nadia Al-Harithi

Decentralization of Formal Water Institutions in Yemen from an IWRM Perspective (277)..................................... 824 Christopher Lungu

THEME E: COMMUNICATION PLATFORMS Communication Within Multi-stakeholder Platforms in Water Resource Management: An Ethiopian Case Study (324) ................................................................................................................................................................ 839 Debora De Cosmi

Multisectoral Collaboration in Liberia: INGO WASH Consortium Lessons Learnt and Experiences Shared (347) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 844 Chantal Richey

NETSSAF – A Multidisciplinary Collaboration Towards Sustainable Sanitation in West Africa: Main Results (257) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 861 Papa Abdoulaye Fall

The Case for Citywide IEC Strategy for Addis Ababa’s Solid Waste Management System (Local).......................... 870 Tilahun Fekade

SESSION 6 THEME D: DEMAND MANAGEMENT Using Tariff Structures As a Demand Management Instrument: The Case of Kampala. (329) ................................. 875 Sam Kayaga

Water tariff rationalisation in Kerala Water Authority (258) ....................................................................................... 890 V. K. Girijavallabhan

SESSION 7 THEME A: RESOURCE-ORIENTED SANITATION Challenges and Opportunities of Resource-oriented Sanitation Toilets in Arba Minch, Ethiopia (Local)................................................................................................................................................................................. 905 K. Kassa

Operation and Maintenance Strategies for Resourceoriented Sanitation Systems in Nakuru, Kenya (213) .................................................................................................................................................................................... 909 Edward Muchiri

Integration of Resourceoriented Sanitation in Informal Settlements: The Case of Arusha Municipality (120) .................................................................................................................................................................................... 918 Joseph Paulo

Resource-oriented Toilets: A Sustainable Sanitation Option Adopted in Arba Minch, Ethiopia (Local).................. 933 W. A. Shewa

THEME B: WATER TREATMENT 1 Bank Filtration: A Sustainable Water Treatment Technology for Developing Countries (715)................................. 938 Saroj K. Sharma

User Acceptance: The Key to Evaluating SODIS and Other Methods for Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (162)....................................................................................................................................................... 943 Samuel Luzi

Continuous Flow Solar Disinfection System for a Rural Community in Kenya (198) ................................................. 958 Laurence Gill

THEME C: PEOPLE AND URBAN SANITATION The Linkage Between Settlement Profile and Choice of Sanitation System in Periurban Areas: A Case Study of Nakuru Municipality (214) ................................................................................................................................ 982 Yvonne. K Moseti

Shifting from Public Shared Toilets to Home Toilets in Urban Settlements: Implications of Household Demand in Kumasi, Ghana (275) ..................................................................................................................................... 998 Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng

Health Risks of Irrigation with Treated Urban Wastewater (152).............................................................................. 1021 Masudi Senzia

Understanding Sanitation Demand to Reach Targets of 100 Percent Coverage (157)............................................... 1026 Sandra Umbach

THEME D: PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION 1 Community-based Sanitation: Entrepreneurship in Mukuru and Korogocho Informal Settlements, Nairobi (203) .................................................................................................................................................................... 1050 Dyfed Aubrey

Sustainable Transfer of Manual Well Drilling Technology to the Private Sector: A Niger Case Study (113) .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1067 Jonathan Naugle

Sustainability of Private Sector in Municipal Solid Waste Collection: Is it Possible? (112)...................................... 1080 Salha M. Kassim

Supporting Private Entrepreneurs to Deliver Public Goods: Engaging Sanitation Entrepreneurs (328)................ 1105 David Schaub-Jones

THEME E: STAKEHOLDERS AND SANITATION Analysis of Stakeholders in the Sanitation Sector with the Example of Arba Minch, Ethiopia (249) ...................... 1124 Aleksandra Drewko

The Role of the Church in Improving Access to Sanitation (107)................................................................................ 1139 Frank Greaves

Pointed Gaps in the Provision, Quality, Patronage and Management of Toilet Facilities in Bawku East District (94)....................................................................................................................................................................... 1154 B. M. Tiimub

Improving Sanitation Through a Sanitation Centre: A Case Study of Chediya, Nigeria (201) ................................ 1160 Z. Olabisi Agberemi

SESSION 8 THEME A: CLTS 1 Community-led Total Sanitation: Triggering Sustainable Development in Zambia (98).......................................... 1174 Peter Harvey

Is it Possible to Have an Open Defecation Free Environment? Experience of RWSEP on WASH in Rural Settings of Amhara Region (local) ....................................................................................................................... 1189 Y. Adane

Potential Motivators Behind Household Sanitation Adoption: Results from a Study in Amhara, Ethiopia (353)................................................................................................................................................................... 1193 Orlando Hernandez

Community-led Total Sanitation – Promising Antecedent to Attain Fully Sanitized Villages in Ethiopia (Local) ............................................................................................................................................................... 1199 M. Kidanu

THEME B: WATER TREATMENT 2 Sustainable Use and Implementation of Bone Char As a Technology for Arsenic and Fluoride Removal (307) .................................................................................................................................................................. 1204 Laura Brunson

Operational Experiences of Small-scale Community Defluoridation Systems (local)................................................ 1219 B. Abaire

Household Water Treatment: Defluoridation of Drinking Water by Using Bone Char Technology in Ethiopia (local)................................................................................................................................................................. 1227 S. Esayas

The Development of Bone Char-based Filters for the Removal of Flouride from Drinking Water (189)................ 1232 Hillary Korir

THEME C: WATER AND DISEASE Cryptosporidium Contamination of Water in Africa: the Impact on Mortality Rates for Children with HIV/AIDS (316)....................................................................................................................................................... 1238 Tom Mahin

THEME D: PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION 2 Private Sector Involvement in Rural Water Supply: Case Studies from Uganda (160) ............................................ 1253 Lucrezia Koestler

Piloting Private Spare Parts: Supply Shops for Afridev Handpumps in Amhara to Scale (Local) .......................... 1267 A. D. S. Mihretie

Institutional Arrangements for Private Sector Involvement in Urban Solid Waste Collection: A Case Study of Five Cities in Ghana (233)................................................................................................................................ 1272 Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng

Franchising Principles for Improved Sustainability and Reliability of Water and Sanitation Services (170) .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1295 Kevin Wall

THEME E: KNOWLEDGE TOOLS AND SYSTEMS A Web-based Communication and Information System Tool for Water Management in Developing Countries (292)................................................................................................................................................................. 1336 Celine Dondeynaz

Enhancing Sector Data Management to Target the Water Poor (278) ....................................................................... 1341 Ricard Giné

Case Studies of Data Collection and Decision-making for Small Low-income Community Water Supply in Nepal (68) ........................................................................................................................................................ 1351 S. Tripathi

A Support Information System for Data Management During Project Implementation: Application in Tanzania (267) ................................................................................................................................................................. 1355 Jordi Pascual-Ferrer

SESSION 9 THEME A: CLTS 2 CLTS: Lessons Learnt from a Pilot Project in Timor Leste (146) .............................................................................. 1374 Evelyn Noy

An Integrated Approach to Total Sanitation in Gujarat (269) .................................................................................... 1394 Vinay Vyasa

Challenges and Strategies for Meeting the Sanitation MDG Target by 2015 (125) ................................................... 1400 Giveson Zulu

THEME B: WATER TREATMENT 3 Design Strategies and Preliminary Prototype for a Lowcost Arsenic Removal System for Rural Bangladesh (101).............................................................................................................................................................. 1416 Johanna Mathieu

Kanchan Arsenic Filter: Evaluation and Applicability to Cambodia (129)................................................................ 1440 Davin Uy

Water Safety Plan: A Commitment Towards Safe and Sustainable Water Supplies (111)....................................... 1456 Nargis Akter

Effectiveness of Different Household Water Treatment Approaches for People Living with HIV/AIDS in Africa (315) .................................................................................................................................................................. 1461 R. Peletz

THEME C: EMERGENCIES/POST-CONFLICT Dry Season Water Strategies in Myanmar After Cyclone Nargis (337)...................................................................... 1466 Richard Bauer

Innovative Rainwater Harvesting Techniques for Emergencies: Lessons from the Field (196)................................ 1480 Murray Burt

Integrating Sanitation and Environment Assessments for Use in Emergencies (264) ............................................... 1494 Victoria Hammond

Post-conflict Provision of Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Education: The Case of Southern Sudan (360)....................................................................................................................................................................... 1502 Michael Wood

THEME D: SECTOR REFORMS Community and Small Town Self-selection Process Under a Sector Reform Programme in Nigeria (216) .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1517 Yetunde Adegoke

Water and Sanitation Sector Reform in Nigeria (215).................................................................................................. 1533 Tameez Ahmad

THEME E: RESEARCH Linking Research and Policy in Water and Sanitation: Findings from the SPLASH ERANet (303)....................... 1541 Julie Fisher

Research Management in Water for Development Research (319)............................................................................. 1546 Frank Odhiambo

Research Dialogue Platforms and IWRM Institutional Reform Processes in the East African Sector (356) .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1562 Aard Hartveld

SESSION 10 THEME B: WATER TREATMENT 4 Evaluation of the Long Term Sustainability of Biosand Filters in Rural Ethiopia (223)........................................... 1567 Paul Earwaker

Evaluation Techniques for Household Water Treatment Projects: Biosand Filter Pilot Project in Lao PDR (86) ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1572 Betman Bhandari

Death by Heat: The Chulli Treatment System (339)..................................................................................................... 1578 Richard B. Johnston

THEME C: IWRM Sustainable Urban Water Management in Cape Town, South Africa: Is it a Pipe Dream? (173) ............................ 1592 Kirsty Carden

The Strategic Role of Water in Sustainable Economic Growth and Development: The Case of South Africa (185)....................................................................................................................................................................... 1615 G. Manase

THEME D: SUSTAINABLE SERVICES IDIP: An Effective Process That Improves Service Delivery (187) ............................................................................. 1633 Mark Bannister

Preliminary Assessment of Economic Sustainability of Water Supply Schemes in Rural Highlands of Oromia (Local)................................................................................................................................................................. 1637 F. Fulgoni

A National Infrastructure Maintenance Strategy for South Africa (91)..................................................................... 1643 Kevin Wall

POSTER PRESENATIONS Hydroponic Wastewater Treatment: Two Case Studies .............................................................................................. 1675 S. Anderson

Greywater Tower: The Arba Minch Town ROSA Project Experience ...................................................................... 1676 W. Ayele

Development of a Small-scale Biological Treatment Plant for Polluted River Water in Urban Environments, Nairobi, Kenya ....................................................................................................................................... 1677 H. Gottas

Using WASH As an Entry Point to Fight Poverty and Address HIV AIDS ............................................................... 1678 G. Manese

Biomedical Wastes Composition and Handling Practices Among Health Workers in Ibadan ................................. 1679 C. M. Ohajinwa

Urine Diverting Dry Toilets at Adama University, Ethiopia........................................................................................ 1680 M. Oldenburg

Growing Futures: Free Bee Water Tank ....................................................................................................................... 1681 D. Ssemwogerer Author Index