WRI 322 Writing Fiction / 3 Credit Hours Richard Hill, Ph.D.

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Spring 2015 Page 1 Point Loma Nazarene University

Writimng F ction CLASS INFORMATION SHEET AND SYLLABUS You will receive an e-mail attachment of this syllabus; please save the e-mail in case you need to print out a new syllabus in the future.

Meeting Time and Place: Tuesdays & Thursdays. 11:00 - 12:15 in BAC 102 Professor: Richard (Rick) Hill / Home phone: 858-270-5227/ E-Mail: [email protected] Office: BAC 112/ Office Phone: 2670 /LJML Dept Phone: 2297 Open: WED: 1:30-2:30; TUES & THURS 4:30 – 5:30 By Appointment: MF 1:30-4:30. W 2:30-4:30 Other hours can also be arranged. Knock on the door with a question: Anytime

CLASS INFORMATION REQUIRED TEXTS: 1. Burroway, Janet. Writing Fiction: A Guide to Narrative Craft. 9th ed. New York: Pearson 2015. ISBN # 978-0-321-92316-5 2. A Fiction Reader for Fiction Writers (Course Reader, available in the bookstore) BRING BOTH BOOKS TO CLASS EVERY DAY

CRUCIAL EMAIL: You will receive important email announcements about this class, so all students are required to check their PLNU e-mail daily; twice daily is even better. REQUIRED SUPPLIES: 1. Portable stapler 2. Two double pocket folders (one for turning work in and one for storing evaluated work). Please get the kind of folder that is writable on the inside, so I can write notes to you on it. 3. Notebook or composition book with 8.5 x 11 paper. (Please bring all but the storage folder to class every day). 4. Toward the end of the semester, you’ll also need a 9X12 envelope, a business size envelope, and stamps to send one or more of your stories to a magazine seeking new fiction. PROSPECTUS: This course will provide basic instruction in craft, guided practice, constructive criticism, and a supportive milieu for beginning fiction writers. Talent can't be taught, but technique can be—just as craft can be sharpened through guided practice, and scope can be widened through exposure to accomplished writers. We’ll use the learn-by-doing technique; willingness to listen, write, rewrite, rewrite again, and try new approaches is essential. Somebody said, “It takes writing a million words to make a writer.” We’ll get a good start on the million in this class. Enthusiasm will take you far. OBJECTIVES: Class members will complete the course with an understanding of the elements of writing fiction and reading fiction from a writer’s perspective. We will write a number of prose pieces, including character sketches, short-short stories, and short fiction. By the end of the semester, each student will complete at least three stories in a form suitable for submission to literary magazines. OFFICIAL LJML COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES Students who complete WRI322 will be able to: 1. Craft descriptive and evocative language in the “show don’t tell” method 2. Create rounded characters or descriptions of people through a variety of points of view in fiction 3. Develop conflict/resolution, rising action, and dramatic tension in fiction 4. Employ basic poetry techniques, form and metre, as well as free verse 5. Format submissions to editors for each genre in a professional manner 6. Identify these craft techniques in the works of other writers.

WRI 322 Writing Fiction / 3 Credit Hours Richard Hill, Ph.D.

Spring 2015 Page 2 Point Loma Nazarene University

FIVE TAKEAWAYS FROM THIS COURSE: Besides many specific techniques, students will learn: 1. How to read like a writer (and thereby increase your enjoyment of reading and writing). 2. How to make a story interesting to readers: images, scenes, dialogue, rising action, etc. 3. How to send work for publication in a professional manner. 4. How to create a writing group and get the most out of it. 5. The Golden Writing Revelation: Creative Work Gets Better With Revision.

ACTIVITIES: Most outside work will be writing and reading fiction; most class time will be devoted to discussions and writing workshops. Other activities will include in-class writing exercises, class readings and occasional videos featuring professional writers discussing their craft. In-Class Writings: We’ll write for 10 minutes almost every session on a given topic. These writings are not supposed to be finished or even “good”--they’re raw material you may be able to use later. Don’t worry about punctuation, spelling, handwriting, or organization--as long as you can read it, it’s fine. On the other hand, the writings ARE NOT OPTIONAL. If you don’t “feel” like writing, write anyway, starting immediately upon the prompt. No one should be talking, doing other work, looking over returned papers, or staring into space for more than a few seconds during the writing period. Class Discussions are crucial to a workshop course and all students are expected to participate regularly. Agreeing with the professor is not encouraged unless it comes naturally. We are approaching fiction in general and workshop pieces in particular as writers rather than literary or social critics, so personal or political opinions should not dominate our discussions. As a writer in this course feel free to write what you want; as a reader, strive for editorial detachment, offering comments and constructive feedback from a writer’s point of view. CLASS POLICIES Reading and Writing Time and a quiet place that you can work on this course for at least six hours per week is a basic requirement. Students who want to earn an A or B are expected to complete all assigned readings (in the textbook, class reader, handouts, and peer worksheets) by the date due. Read with a pencil in hand and mark up your books and worksheets. Scheduling writing time every day usually works best. Attendance This is essentially a seminar / workshop course, so attendance is extremely important. Basically, students are allowed up to three absences without grade penalty and without having to explain the absences. But please carefully note the following policies. Perfect attendance (no absences of any kind) will raise your grade by one increment (A- to A, B+ to A-, etc). -PERFECT ATTENDANCE BONUS:

-Four absences before midterm or six absences total will trigger de-enrollment. If deenrollment is before midterm, there is no record. If de-enrollment is after the last day to drop, the grade will be F or WF. -More than three absences will lower your final total grade by one letter per absence. -After the second occurrence, late arrivals or early departures will count as half-absences. OTHER ATTENDANCE CONSIDERATIONS

“Excused” Absences: The only "excused" absences are those authorized by the Provost, usually for official school activities (sports, music, speech, etc.) Your coach or activity sponsor will notify the Provost if you are involved in an excusable activity; then the Provost's office will notify all your professors. Excessive “Excused” absences: If you know that you will be missing several classes for approved sports, music, or field trips, you should consider either taking another class that doesn’t conflict so heavily with your schedule or taking this course another semester when it doesn’t conflict so much. In any case, please notify me by the second day of class if you will be missing more than 3 classes for official school activities.

WRI 322 Writing Fiction / 3 Credit Hours Richard Hill, Ph.D.

Spring 2015 Page 3 Point Loma Nazarene University

Exceptions to the attendance policy: If you have a serious accident or illness, the attendance policy and assignment schedule will be modified, provided you notify me as soon as possible. Please also notify me immediately if you have a schedule conflict that may cause you to be late for class more than three times in the semester. Plagiarism, copying, and recycling I don’t imagine anyone will be copying short stories to pass them off as original, but just in case: PLNU has adopted a zero tolerance policy toward all forms of cheating. Here is the policy for the LJML department: All work must be written with no help beyond workshop suggestions from classmates. Copying words, phrases, and ideas from books or journals and failing to note quotes or attribute the material is plagiarism. Also do not recycle or revise writing you have previously written in (or are currently writing for) other courses. No fiction you have written before this class is eligible for assignment credit. Start fresh! WRITING ASSIGNMENTS An assignment sheet is attached, but the schedule may be altered as circumstances indicate---we want to be open to creative opportunities. I will announce any changes in the schedule; if you are absent, it is your responsibility to call or e-mail so I can keep you informed of alterations. If you become confused about assignments or due dates, see, call or e-mail me immediately. NOTE: If you wait until the date the assignment is due to express confusion about it, you have waited too long. Completion of Assignments My experience as a writer has taught me that (1) waiting for inspiration is usually a waste of time, (2) working under pressure often produces inspired work and (3) writers are not usually the best judges of whether their work is inspired. With those abc’s in mind it’s important to complete assignments as best you can and turn them in, no matter how awful the work seems to be turning out. In other words, “I did the assignment, but I didn’t turn it in because I didn’t like what I’d written” is like saying, “My dog ate my homework.” Using Folders: Hand in your work in your everyday double-pocket folder. Write your name is on both sides of the folder. Use post-its or other notes if you have specific items you’d like comments on or specific questions about your work you’d like answered. When you get your work back, take it out of your everyday folder and put it in your storage folder. Keep your storage folder in a safe place, and NEVER THROW ANYTHING AWAY UNTIL YOU GET THE FINAL GRADE FOR THE COURSE. If there is ever any question about grades or missing assignments, you’ll want to have everything available to show me. Dropped scores on reading sheets: To allow for absence, illness, total writer’s block, friends who need counseling, relatives in town, not reading the above instructions carefully, etc. etc., two missing or incomplete reading sheets can be missed, incomplete, or substandard without affecting your final grade. Please don’t ask for extensions or waivers once you’ve used your drops. How to get credit for a reading sheet, short story, or annotated worksheet if you miss the class in which the assignment is due: If you are absent, have a friend bring your assignment or otherwise get it to me by the beginning of class time for full credit. You may also e-mail assignments as an attachment, BUT to receive credit, you must bring a hard copy of the entire package by the next class day. Late short story assignments and annotated worksheets will not be accepted. Late printing caution: Assignments are due at the beginning of class. Always allow for long lines and jammed printers in the campus computer labs---don’t wait until a few minutes before class to print. Coming to class late because of printer trouble will count against your absence total and the dropped score provision will apply to your assignment. Do this instead: e-mail a copy of your assignment by class time on the due date. Then come to class on time and let me know you had late printing trouble. Unless you develop chronic printer trouble (i.e. using this method more than twice), you won’t be counted late.

WRI 322 Writing Fiction / 3 Credit Hours Richard Hill, Ph.D.

Spring 2015 Page 4 Point Loma Nazarene University

Grades for Writing Assignments I will give pithy written feedback on your short stories and exercises; if you would like additional feedback make a conference appointment and we can discuss your work at greater length. No letter grades will be given on assignments; you can consider each on an A if you follow all the guidelines. Rewrites are a fine way to show “willingness to work at the craft of writing” and as such, can raise your overall class grade. See the Evaluation section for complete instructions on how to get the final grade you want. WRITING MECHANICS: All work turned in should be prepared as if each piece were being submitted to those artistic and picky souls who publish fiction. Except for in-class assignments, no handwritten work will be accepted. The model at the end of this syllabus explains how to make a computer template for short-story formatting. Beginning with the first assignment, all work must be submitted in the professional format. Please always staple multiple pages, use dark print, leave ample margins, avoid hard-to-read fonts, spell-check, and proofread very carefully. When turning in revisions, staple the latest draft on top of previous drafts. Work that doesn’t meet the above guidelines will not be accepted for credit. READING SHEETS To avoid reading quizzes, reading sheets must be turned in for each assignment in the Writing Fiction text and for each assigned class reader story. The half-page, single-spaced reading sheets should be prepared as follows: 1. On the top of the sheet: write your name, the class (“Fiction Writing”) the date, and the chapter or stories covered. 2. On the rest of the sheet: type important points and usable techniques in the chapter or stories, with useful quotes or paraphrases. Please write your own comments; copied notes from classmates are subject to plagiarism penalties. The idea is to indicate that you’ve read the assignment and learned something from it without having to take those demeaning reading quizzes. EVALUATION Grades will be based on attendance, completion of assignments, class participation (including reading and commenting on workshop pieces), commitment to improvement, and demonstrated willingness to work at the craft of fiction. Grades will NOT be based on your innate talent or lack thereof, your subject matter, writing style, or whether or not you agree with me in class discussions and workshop sessions. I will use the following guidelines to determine final grades. Cases that do not fall exactly within the guidelines will receive pluses and minuses as appropriate: How to insure an A: Miss no more than one class session. Participate in every class you attend. Read and write comments on all worksheets before class. Take all assignments and due dates seriously and work hard (multiple drafts) on each one. Follow all the guidelines for writing time, deadlines and mechanics zealously. Schedule two conference sessions during the semester and get on as many worksheets as possible. Keep a running log of writings, attendance, conferences, workshops, and mailings. Submit to campus and/or outside publications. How to insure a B: Miss no more than two sessions. Participate often. Read and write comments on worksheets before class. Miss no more than one assignment. Revise often. Follow guidelines for writing time, deadlines and mechanics. Schedule at least one conference session and get on at least 2 worksheets. Keep a running log of writings, attendance, conferences, workshops, and mailings. Submit to campus publications. How to insure a C: Miss no more than three sessions. Participate regularly. Read worksheets before class starts. Miss no more than two assignments. Follow guidelines for mechanics and miss no more than three assignment deadlines. Complete final project and final. Get on at least one worksheet. How to insure a D or lower grade: Come late and/or unprepared for class regularly, miss more than five classes, miss several assignments or turn them in late, don’t participate much, and pay little or no attention to the syllabus and course guidelines.

WRI 322 Writing Fiction / 3 Credit Hours Richard Hill, Ph.D.

Spring 2015 Page 5 Point Loma Nazarene University

A NOTE ON LANGUAGE AND SUBJECT MATTER: You can write on whatever subject matter you want and use any language you want with no fear of shocking me; however, you should not read anything aloud in class or put on a worksheet or read in our public reading final that would offend those who avoid profanity. In case you need a general rule, try this: if it couldn’t be read on network TV during prime time, it will definitely be offensive to some people. If you have any doubt about whether an item is okay to read out loud or put on the worksheet, always ask me first. CONFERENCES Each student will schedule at least one conference with me before the 6th week of the semester. Scheduling more than one conference is encouraged; one-on-one discussions can speed progress dramatically. When you come to a conference, bring one or more of your writing projects in progress. Mark passages you want to discuss, and write out in advance any questions you want to ask. ACADEMIC ACCOMMODATIONS: All students are expected to meet the standards for this course as set by the instructor. However, students with learning disabilities or health situations who may need accommodations should discuss options with both the professor and the Academic Support Center during the first two days of class. Approved documentation should be on file in the ASC prior to the start of the semester; if so, the ASC will contact professors with suggested classroom needs and accommodations. You are encouraged to use all the support services available. CLASSROOM DEPORTMENT: There is no dress code for this course, and you certainly don’t have to check your personality at the door, but please turn off your cell phone ringer and refrain from all of the following disruptive and/or distracting actions: -Texting, email, Facebook, reading outside materials, doing work from other classes, doing homework for this class, or any personal writing while this class is in session. The only allowable uses of your pen, IPad, e-reader, or personal computer during class sessions is reading e-text pages under discussion if you bought your book that way. -Holding private conversations during class discussions, while the professor is talking, or while someone is asking a question. Whispering is also distracting. -Showing up late and/or without books or other materials. -Doing anything else that is obviously disruptive to other students or distracting to the professor. Other Deportment Guidelines Temporary departures: If you have to leave class temporarily to take a call, use the restroom, etc., you don’t need to ask permission. But do let me know before class begins if you’ll need to leave early and won’t be back. Health issues: If you have a chronic, acute, or temporary health issue that requires you to sit in a particular area or stand or lie down for part of class, wear sunglasses in class, take prescribed medicine, leave class often, etc., please let me know your situation in advance. THE FINAL EXAM (TUESDAY, MAY 5, 10:30 - 1) will be a public reading of work completed this semester. Missing the final exam will lower the final grade by one letter. A FINAL NOTE: The policies above are designed to make the evaluation part of this course easy to understand and allow the creative heart of the course to flourish. This class will be run on a cooperative basis, and I’m open to new ideas, writing exercises, and alternative assignments---let me know your interests and ideas. Your comments, criticism, and suggestions are always welcome.

WRI 322 Writing Fiction / 3 Credit Hours Richard Hill, Ph.D.

Spring 2015 Page 6 Point Loma Nazarene University

OFFICIAL POLICY STATEMENTS FROM PLNU ADMINISTRATION AND THE LJML DEPARTMENT WRITING PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES Students who complete the WRITING program will be able to: 1. Apply creative and advanced skills in various forms and genres of writing. 2. Demonstrate knowledge of the conventions and terminology of creative and advanced writing within literary and non-literary texts. 3. Demonstrate knowledge of major literary-theoretical perspectives and terminology. 4. Develop connections between the literature and language studied and the contemporary world. 5. Engage in writing and editorial processes through campus publications and external internships. Official Message from the Vice-Provost on course attendance and changes in registration: It is the student’s responsibility to maintain his/her class schedule. Should the need arise to drop this course (personal emergencies, poor performance, etc.), the student has the responsibility to follow through (provided the drop date meets the stated calendar deadline established by the university), not the instructor. Simply ceasing to attend this course or failing to follow through to arrange for a change of registration (drop/add) may easily result in a grade of F on the official transcript. OFFICIAL ACADEMIC ACCOMMODATIONS STATEMENT FROM THE UNIVERSITY “While all students are expected to meet the minimum academic standards for completion of this course as established by the instructor, students with disabilities may require academic accommodations. At Point Loma Nazarene University, students requesting academic accommodations must file documentation with the Disability Resource Center (DRC), located in the Bond Academic Center. Once the student files documentation, the Disability Resource Center will contact the student’s instructors and provide written recommendations for reasonable and appropriate accommodations to meet the individual learning needs of the student. This policy assists the University in its commitment to full compliance with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the Americans with Disabilities (ADA) Act of 1990, and ADA Amendments Act of 2008, all of which prohibit discrimination against students with disabilities and guarantee all qualified students equal access to and benefits of PLNU programs and activities. OFFICIAL PUBLIC DISCOURSE STATEMENT: “Much of the work we will do in this class is cooperative, by nature of the class discussions and general feedback given to written work and/projects; thus you should think of all your writing and speaking for and in class as public, not private, discourse. By continuing in this class, you acknowledge that your work will be viewed by others in the class.” Official FERPA Statement: “In compliance with federal law, neither PLNU student ID nor social security number should be used in publicly posted grades or returned sets of assignments without student written permission. This class will meet the federal requirements by (each faculty member choose one strategy to use: distributing all grades and papers individually; requesting and filing written student permission; or assigning each student a unique class ID number not identifiable on the alphabetic roster.). Also in compliance with FERPA, you will be the only person given information about your progress in this class unless you have designated others to receive it in the ‘Information Release’ section of the student portal. See ‘Policy Statements’ in the undergrad student catalog.”

WRI 322 Writing Fiction / 3 Credit Hours Richard Hill, Ph.D.

Spring 2015 Page 7 Point Loma Nazarene University

ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULE Additional assignments may be added and this schedule is subject to change Abbreviations: WF = Writing Fiction

CR= Course Reader

EX = Exercises at the end of WF chapters.

Note: Assigned exercises do not have to be what you consider your finest work; some will be “good”; some won’t. If you do the exercise, you get full credit, even if the finished product is less than what you and/or I had hoped for. All this of course to say that writer’s block is no excuse for not writing. Do your very best, but if all else fails, do as William Stafford suggests: write to your lowest expectations rather than writing nothing. TOPICS / ACTIVITES WEEK # WEEK 1 Class Intro; Syllabus; writing exercises; Group story Fiction basics: writing by numbers? Reading as a writer. Writing as process.

WEEK 2 How is a Writer’s Journal different from a regular person’s journal? Genres. Conflict, Crisis, Resolution. The check mark pattern. Plot and theme

WEEK 3 Details & description vs. clutter. Using rhythm, the right word, and format

WEEK 4 Characterization. Working from a character sheet. Significant details. Insignificant details.

WEEK 5 Intro to workshops: procedure, variations, etiquette. Workshop groups grouped. Pre-Workshop peer response.

WEEK 6

READ BY BEGINNING OF CLASS

ASSIGNMENTS DUE AT BEGINNING OF CLASS

NOTES and TIPS

DATES THUR 1/15

Syllabus, if you get your E-mail copy

A new short story (Assigned by email during the break)

Whether or not your fiction gets read by the public is whose responsibility?

TU 1/20

1. WF: CH 1 (1-19) 2. WF Appendix (341-342)

1. CH 1, EX 1, 2, or 3 (pick one) 2. CH 1 Reading sheet 3. Typed group story

THUR 1/22

1. WF CH 7 (230-251, plus “Mud” and “Everything That Rises Must Converge” on pp 259-274.

1. CH 7, pick any one EX

TU 1/27

1.WF CH 2 (21-43) 2. CR Gimpel the Fool

1. CH 2, EX 1 or 4 p 66 2. CH 2 Reading sheet

THUR 1/29

CR 1. To Build a Fire 2. The Necklace

CR STORIES: List 3 techniques (with examples) that you can use.

TU 2/3

1. WF CH 3 (67-83) CR Catbird Seat

1. CH 3, EX 2,3,4,or 5 2. CH 3 Reading sheet

THUR 2/5

1 WF CH 4 (116-138) 2. 3. CF Harrison Bergeron

CR STORIES: List 3 techniques (with examples) that you can use.

TU 2/10

1.CR: By His Bootstraps

2. CH 7 Reading sheet. For the two stories, List three tricks/techniques (with examples) that you can use.

Draft of short story : 3-5 pages This can be either a revision of your first day story or something new “Finished” short story I 3-5 pages

THUR 2/12

TU 2/17

WORKSHEET

ANNOTATED WORKSHEET

THUR 2/19

WF CH 5 (156-172) CF Ones who walk away from Omeleas

1. EX CH 5 Pick one from end of the chapter 2. CH 5 Reading sheet

TU 2/24

WF CH 6 (193-207

1. CH 6 EX Pick one from p 228-229 2. CH 6 Reading sheet

THUR 2/26

CR Haircut

WORKSHOP 1

WEEK 7 Time, setting, tone, “atmosphere.”

End-of-chapter WF exercises should usually run 1-2 pages .

CR STORIES: List 3 techniques (with examples) that you can use

NOTE: WF stories not included in the WF reading assignment pages are optional (but usually worth reading).

The Writer’s tattoo: Show, don’t tell.

On Thursday, bring two copies of your SS I final draft (the 2nd one is for workshop).

Read Worksheet stories twice; annotate the 2nd time. Put your name on the first page of the worksheet.

Atmosphere is not Story— but it helps.

WRI 322 Writing Fiction / 3 Credit Hours Richard Hill, Ph.D.

Spring 2015 Page 8 Point Loma Nazarene University

TOPICS / ACTIVITES WEEK #

DATES

READ BY BEGINNING OF CLASS

ASSIGNMENTS DUE AT BEGINNING OF CLASS

WEEK 8

TU 3/3

WF CH 8 (276-292)

CH 8 EX Pick one from pp 314-315. CH 8 Reading sheet

Point of View THUR 3/5

CR 1. Notorious Jumping Frog 187 2. Rose for Emily 23

SHORT STORY 2: From one of the exercises, 4-6 pages .

SPRING BREAK

3/9 – 3/13

SPRING BREAK

SPRING BREAK

WEEK 9

TU 3/17

WORKSHEET II

ANNOTATED WORKSHEET

WORKSHOP II

THUR 3/19

CR 1. Ransom of Red Chief

CR STORY: List 2 techniques (with examples) that you can use

WEEK 10

TU 3/24

WF CH 9

CH 9 EX Pick one revision exercise from 339-340. Write 1-2 pages 2. CH 9 Reading sheet

CR 1. The Lottery 61 2. Araby 69

CR STORIES: List 3 techniques (with examples) that you can use.

TU 3/31

The Shoddy Lands Find it online. Last seen at http://www.ele.uri.edu/faculty/vet ter/Other-stuff/The-ShoddyLands.pdf

Continue CH 9 EX revision you started, or start another revision exercise from 339-340.

THUR 4/2

No Class; Easter Break

No Class; Easter Break

TU 4/7

WF Appendix 342-350

Short story 3: 5-7 pages DRAFT (can be from the revision exercise)

THUR 4/9

CH 1. What We Talk About

Short story: 5-7 pages “Final” CR STORY: List 3 techniques (with examples) that you can use.

WEEK 13

TU 4/14

WORKSHEET III

ANNOTATED WORKSHEET Part 1

WORKSHOP III The submission package The Chapbook option

THUR 4/16

WORKSHEET III

REVISION THUR 3/26

WEEK 11 More on REVISION

WEEK 12 Publication Strategies Cover letters and mailings

Short Story IV: Short-short (500 words or less) DRAFT Short Short Story “Final”

TU 4/21

WEEK 15 Last Workshop Prep for Final

FINALS WEEK

FINAL EXAM

Bring an extra copy of your final draft of SS 2 for workshop

Keep Writing

Bring an extra copy of your final draft of SS III for workshop.

ANNOTATED WORKSHEET Part 2

WEEK 14 The Short-short story Working on your Option

NOTES and TIPS

THUR 4/23

TU 4/28

WORKSHEET IV

ANNOTATED WORKSHEET

THURS 4/30

WORKSHEET IV Mailings/Chapbook due

ANNOTATED WORKSHEET

Tu MAY 5 10:301:00

You will present your best work in a public reading

Read and practice your final exam presentation several times

Bring an extra copy of your final draft of SS III for workshop.

Keep Writing this summer

WRI 322 Writing Fiction / 3 Credit Hours Richard Hill, Ph.D.

Spring 2015 Page 9 Point Loma Nazarene University