Water Resistance Testing of Building Envelope Components and Cladding Comparing 101/I.S.2/A440-08 to AAMA 502-08, AAMA 503-08 and Forensic Investigations per AAMA 511-08
Northeast Window and Door Association – Summer Meeting July 21, 2009 Presented By: Scott Warner, Executive Vice President Architectural Testing www.archtest.com
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Copyright Materials This presentation is protected by U.S. and International copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is prohibited. © Architectural Testing
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Learning Objectives Comparison of the 101/I.S.2/A440 laboratory test to the 502, 503 field test and the 511 forensic evaluation Determination of appropriate water test pressures, test durations and water applications via AAMA 101, 502,503, and 511 How to Specify Project Specific Quality Assurance Field Testing The proper use of AAMA 511 for Forensic Evaluations www.archtest.com
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Types of Water Resistance Tests “101” Lab Testing - performed on prototype specimen to determine and or validate product performance ratings “502” and “503” Field Testing - performed on “newly” installed products to verify installed performance of the production line product “511” Forensic Testing - performed on wall assemblies with known water control problems as a means to accurately identify suspect wall construction components and details
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“Prototype” LABORATORY TESTING for water penetration resistance
Utilizes ASTM E 547 and E 331 for test methodology Test is performed under controlled environmental conditions Prototype test sample is mounted perfectly plumb, level and square in a precise test buck opening
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Design Pressure Conversion to Water Test Pressure Conversion as per AAMA 101/I.S. 2/A440-08 15% DP for R, LC, CW 20% DP for AW The optional performance grade water test pressure is capped at 15 psf. Gateway Requirements Performance Class R LC CW AW
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Design Pressure 15.0 25.0 30.0 40.0
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Structural Test 22.5 37.5 45.0 60.0
Water Test 2.90 3.75 4.50 8.00
Testing at Maximum Rated WTP
1.23” H20
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6.4 psf (50 mph)
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Water Leakage is ….it depends on the definition of is ?
AAMA 502 states that Water Penetration attributable to the surrounding condition shall be defined as the presence of uncontrolled water which did not originate from the fenestration product or the joint b/w the product and the surrounding construction. Water penetration attributable to the fenestration product shall be defined as the penetration of uncontrolled water beyond a plane parallel to the innermost edges of the product.
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Water Leakage is ….it depends on the definition of is ?
AAMA 511 ( via ASTM E 2128) defines the following terms: incidental water water absorption water infiltration water leakage water penetration water permeation
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Water Leakage is ….it depends on the definition of is ?
Water Leakage – water that is uncontrolled, exceeds the resistance, retention or discharge capacity of the system, or causes subsequent damage or premature failure (ASTM E 2128-01)
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AAMA 502-08
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Evolution of the AAMA 502 Field Testing Standard: AAMA 502-90 – Original publication by AAMA AAMA 502-02 – Added reference to AAMA Accredited laboratory and first introduced the 1/3rd WTP reduction for water resistance testing of installed products AAMA 502-08 – Defined “newly” installed as prior to issuance of the occupancy permit not to exceed 6 months after installation of the product.
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ASTM documents referenced in AAMA 502:
ASTM E 783, Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Air Leakage through Installed Exterior Windows and Doors ASTM E 1105, Standard Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Installed Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls and Doors by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure Difference
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“502” Field Testing of windows and doors Intended for “newly” installed fenestration products Utilizes a temporary test chamber to create a positive pressure differential on the test area
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“502” Test Chamber Arrangement
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“502” Field Testing of newly installed windows and doors Requires Testing Agency to report and make adjustments for ambient conditions Test is performed on the entire fenestration product opening
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Determining the proper Field Water Test Pressure (WTP) The test pressure shall not be less than 91 Pa (1.9 psf) Tests shall be conducted at a static test pressure equal to 2/3rds of the tested and rated laboratory performance per AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S. 2/A440
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AAMA 502 Short Form Specification
1. Newly installed fenestration product(s) shall be field tested in accordance with AAMA 502, "Voluntary Specification for Field Testing of Newly Installed Fenestration Products."
2. Test three (unless otherwise specified) of the fenestration product specimens after the products have been completely installed for air leakage resistance and water penetration resistance as specified.
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AAMA 502 Short Form Specification
3. Air leakage resistance tests shall be conducted at a uniform static test pressure of ___ Pa (___ psf). The maximum allowable rate of air leakage shall not exceed L/s•m2 (___ cfm/ft2)
4. Water penetration resistance tests shall be conducted at a static test pressure of ___Pa (____ psf). No water penetration shall occur as defined in Section 4.3.4 of AAMA 502
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Noteworthy Changes in AAMA 502-08 1/3rd reduction to the laboratory rating of the WTP is the default Sill Dam test is removed from 502 and moved to the 511 document
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Additional Noteworthy Changes in AAMA 502-08
Method “A” Product only testing has been eliminated. 502-08 requires a pressure differential across the entire specimen (including sub frame receptor and/or panning) and the joint between the fenestration product and the wall. If the source of the water leakage cannot be determined, a forensic evaluation using the procedures outlined in AAMA 511 shall be performed
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AAMA 503-08
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Evolution of the AAMA 503 Field Testing Standard: Similar to the AAMA 502 document was originally published in 1992
AAMA 503-08 – Defined “newly” installed as prior to issuance of the occupancy permit not to exceed 6 months after installation of the product.
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AAMA 503-08
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Storefront Testing
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AAMA 503-08
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Curtain Wall Testing
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AAMA 503‐08
Storefronts Curtain Wall Sloped Glazing
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AAMA 503-08
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Sloped Glazing Testing
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AAMA 503‐08 Sloped Glazing
Storefronts Curtain Wall Sloped Glazing
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AAMA 511-08 Forensic Testing
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ASTM References in AAMA 511
ASTM E 2128, Standard Guide for Evaluating Water Leakage of Building Walls
This guide describes methods for determining and evaluating water leakage of exterior walls. A wall is considered a system including its exterior and interior finishes, fenestration, and structural components.
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“511” Forensic Evaluation Involves more than just testing – Requires pretest inspection and data gathering The purpose of 511 diagnostic testing is to recreate water leaks that are known to occur
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AAMA 511‐08 AAMA 511 follows AAMA 502 testing (if required) or is used in a water intrusion investigation
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AAMA 511-08-Objective “…The ultimate goal of 511 diagnostic testing is to recreate existing leakage behavior that occurs under in-service conditions.”
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AAMA 511-08: Seven Steps to completion Four Preliminary Steps prior to testing • • • •
Review of project documents Evaluation of design concept Determination of service history Inspection
Three Steps During and After Testing • Investigative Testing • Analysis • Report
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AAMA 511-08 1. Step #1: Review Project Documents • • • • • • • •
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Architectural drawings Structural drawings Shop drawings Installation instructions Contracts Purchase orders Specifications Warrantees
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AAMA 511-08 2. Step # 2: Evaluation of Design Concept • • • • • •
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Water management concept Critical details Test reports Flashing Sealants Weep Holes
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AAMA 511-08 3. Step # 3: Determination of Service History • • •
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Maintenance records Interview knowledgeable personnel Develop leak history
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AAMA 511-08 4. Step #4: Inspection • • • • •
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Interior observations Exterior observations Observe workmanship Observe product deficiency Develop a hypothesis for the source of the water intrusion
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Information required prior to 511 testing: Step #5: Determine most appropriate testing • • • • •
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Field Standards Laboratory Standards Prior Testing Weather Data Experience
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Testing above Rated Design Performance
1.92” H20
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10 psf (62 mph)
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AAMA 511: Steps During and After Testing 1. Step #5 continued: Investigate Testing •
Simulate the weather events that produced the reported water penetration. Determine number of leaks for a given period of time –
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Record exact dates if possible Obtain weather data from a nationally recognized weather data service Match the leak event records with weather data
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AAMA 511: Steps During/After Testing Investigate Testing (step #5 continued) •
Wind speed data coincident with rain events obtained from weather service data shall be used to approximate the actual wind driven rain pressure
•
If the calculated wind speed based on weather data is greater then 2/3rds of the rated water resistance (WTP) for the product it may be that the product was not the most appropriate product selection for the project.
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Using ASCE-7 to approximate wind driven rain pressures ASCE – 7 accounts for: • • • •
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Exposure Height above grade Basic wind speed (or weather data) Location of openings within façade
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ASCE 7 – Basic Wind Speeds
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AAMA 511: Steps During/After Testing AAMA 511 Investigate Testing (continued) •
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The objective of testing is to identify the leak paths through simulation of the weather events that produced the reported water penetration
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AAMA 511 Example Case Study 1 –Newark, NJ
A building in Newark, NJ has experienced consistent leaks for more than one year. Leak history of building shows that most significant leaks occurred twice during September of 2005
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AAMA 511 Example Case Study 1- Newark, NJ
Per ASCE/SEI 7‐05 the building is designated as a Class II, Exposure B, enclosed structure with a flat roof The mean roof height (h) of structure is 33 ft., and the height of the suspect opening (z) is 27 ft. above ground This window is 4 feet high by 4 feet wide with an effective wind area (A) of 16 ft2, and it is certified by the manufacturer and is labeled as a C 35 performance grade window
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AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S. 2/A440-05
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Weather Analysis The daily local weather data for Newark, NJ is analyzed for September of 2005. The forensic investigator reviews the recorded weather conditions noting: a. amount of precipitation and b. maximum wind speed for each day
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Climatological Data for Newark
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Weather Data Summary The maximum 5‐second gust wind speeds are recorded for every day in September in which measurable rainfall occurred
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Date
Rain Fall (in)
4‐Sep‐05 12‐Sep‐05 21‐Sep‐05
0.12 0.33 0.67
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Max Wind Speed (mph) 5‐Sec. Gust 16 11 52
Weather Data Analysis Since only two leak events are reported during September 2005, and the assumption is that the windiest days produced this leakage, only the two highest values are used to calculate the average wind 11 mph value is discarded and the average wind determined to be 34 mph, which can now be used in Eq.‐ 6‐15 of ASCE/SEI 7‐05 to establish a wind pressure of 2.1 psf
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Weather Data Analysis Since the specimen height is less than 60 feet above grade, this wind pressure is inserted into Eq.‐ 6‐22 of ASCE/SEI 7‐ 05 to calculate the maximum test pressure Result = 2.2 psf, which is less than 2/3rds of the certified and labeled rating for a C‐35 product. ( .667 x 5.25 = 3.5psf) This calculated WTP of 2.2 psf (using the local weather data) is the differential pressure used to evaluate the window opening in question
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Example Case Study 2 – Chicago Building It is reported that a building in the Chicago area has experienced a leak during a wind driven rain storm on September 21, 2005 Per SEI/ASCE 7‐05 the building is designated as a Class II, Exposure C, enclosed structure with a flat roof
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Example Case Study 2 – Chicago Building The mean roof height (h) of this structure is 60 feet, and the height of the suspect window (z) is 55 feet above the ground This component is 2 feet high by 2 feet wide with an effective wind area (A) of 4 ft2 and is classified as a C 35 window (Same as example 1 for window performance criteria)
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Climatological Data for Chicago
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Weather Data Summary Referring to tabulated local weather data from the Chicago area the investigator can determine and record the maximum 5‐second gust speeds on the date of the reported leak
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Date
Rain Fall (in)
Max Wind Speed (mph) 5‐Sec. Gust
21‐Sep‐05
0.67
52
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Weather Data Analysis 52 mph can now be used in Eq.‐ 6‐15 from SEI/ASCE 7‐05 to establish a wind pressure of 7.9 psf Since the specimen height is above 60 feet above grade, this wind pressure is inserted into Eq.‐ 6‐23 to calculate the maximum test pressure
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Weather Data Analysis Result = 8.4 psf, which is greater than 2/3rds of the laboratory water penetration resistance test pressure of 5.25 psf as prescribed for a C 35 product rating Since calculated differential air test pressure exceeds the rated performance value for the product, investigator shall first perform at least 1 test at 2/3rds of the product performance rating prior to testing at calculated pressure. Note: This example is indicative of a weather condition that exceeds the rated capacity of the installed product
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AAMA 511: Steps During and After Testing Optional Sill Dam Test: When testing identifies the source of leak is due to a defective fenestration product the optional sill dam test can be used. This test is not to be used as the sole criteria to determine whether or not the fenestration product is defective
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AAMA 511: Undefined Criteria Need to determine: – How to apply water – How long to run test – Whether or not to include differential pressure How much air pressure How to step or phase pressure
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Pressure Applications Which application best fulfills the objective of recreating the observed leakage condition?
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Water Application using AAMA 501.2
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Static –vs‐ Dynamic Differential Pressure
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Water Test Pressures Start with zero differential pressure then step up to the determined wind driven rain pressure
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Static –vs- Dynamic Differential Pressure
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Pressure Consequences How does differential pressure affect the test specimen?
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Duration of Testing (Competed wall)
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Window Isolation
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Isolation Testing: General Procedure Start testing at lower elevations and work higher Introduce one new element at a time into each new water test Use isolation to protect features from water spray Do not turn the water off at the first moment a leak appears Do not end non-leaking tests until you are confident the specimen is not contributing to leakage
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Isolation Water Testing
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Multiple Leaks
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Common Field Water Testing Problems No or limited leak history Leak reported as window leak when leak is actually from another source Owner does not want to remove finished wall construction No or limited access to concealed wall areas Inclement weather www.archtest.com
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Cannot see through the wall
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Brick Veneer Cavity Wall
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Cannot see through the wall
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Enhanced Observations using IR images
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AAMA 511: Step #6 Analysis The forensic investigator has the responsibility to make every attempt to ascertain the exact path of water intrusion Conclusions are formed in this step on the basis of the inspection and testing data collected in the previous steps. If conclusions cannot be fully supported by sound scientific principles then additional investigation is needed
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AAMA 511: Step #7 – Reporting •
All reports shall be self-contained documents; that is, the factual basis for the findings and conclusions are expressed in the document
•
Shall include justification for deviations from the methodology described in the standard
•
The reports shall not include any unsubstantiated opinions or conclusions.
•
If results are not conclusive the forensic investigator shall present options for obtaining conclusive results
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AAMA 511‐08, AAMA 503‐08 and AAMA 502‐08 are available on the AAMA website
www.aamanet.org email questions to:
[email protected]
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