Level 6 Week 12
Warm-Up: In Time • Discuss the following questions with some of your classmates.
• What do you think about not aging when you turn 25? What are some of the advantages and disadvantages? • How would life be different if time were our currency (money)?
Movie Clip: In Time Welcome to a world where time has become the ultimate currency. You stop aging at 25, but there's a catch: you will only live one more year, unless you can buy your way out of it. The rich "earn" decades at a time (remaining at age 25), while the rest beg, borrow or steal enough hours to make it through the day. When a man is falsely accused of murder, he is forced to go on the run with a beautiful hostage. Living minute to minute, the duo's love becomes a powerful tool in their war against the system.
Reading pg. 340 • Read the passage on pg. 340 • I’ll play the recording after a few minutes
Decrepit (adjective) • a person who is elderly and infirm (weak, frail)
Bandanna (noun) • a large handkerchief, typically having a colorful pattern, worn tied around the head or neck.
Weighed (verb) • assess the nature or importance of, esp. with a view to a decision or action; to consider
Elude (verb) • escape from (a danger, enemy, or pursuer), typically in a skillful or cunning way.
Floored (verb) • When driving, to push all the way down on the pedal to go fast
Oozing (verb) • (of a fluid) slowly trickle or seep out of something; flow in a very gradual way
Corneas (noun) • the transparent layer forming the front of the eye
Dawned on (expression) • to become apparent to someone; [for something] to be suddenly realized by someone.
Petty (adjective) • of little importance; trivial
A blow was struck (expression) • Progress was made
Vocabulary 1.
G
6.
B
2.
E
7.
I
3.
F
8.
H
4.
J
9.
D
5.
A
10. C
Comprehension 1.
Boot
2.
Bandits’
3.
Driver’s
4.
Coma
5.
Transplant
6.
Moved
7.
Mistake
8.
Trial
Clause vs. Phrase • What is the difference between a clause and a phrase?
• A clause is a group of words with at least one subject and one verb • A phrase is a group of words that is usually missing a subject or verb
Adverb Clause or Adverb Phrase? •
After he sped away
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After speeding away
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While we were touring
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While touring
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After we fixed the flat tire
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After fixing the flat tire
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After they did not eat all day
•
After not eating all day
Negative adverb phrases contain not or never before the participle.
Reducing adverb clauses to adverb phrases (time) • Step 1: Check to see if clause has form of Be • While they were driving, they were attacked by bandits.
• Step 2: Take out the subject pronoun and Be verb • Step 3: Check for comma. If original sentence has a comma, keep it. • While driving, they were attacked by bandits.
Be Careful • In order to reduce, the subject in the dependent and independent clauses must be the same. • Reg and Maggie drove while the children were sleeping. • Who are the subjects of the clauses? • Reg and Maggie / children
•
Can we reduce the clause?
• NO - Reg and Maggie drove while sleeping. – changes the meaning
Changing Adverb Clauses to Adverb Phrases (time) • Step 1: Check subordinating conjunction • Time: after, before, since, and while
• Step 2: Is there a Be verb? • After they visited Paestrum, the Greens drove south. • Step 3: Take out the subject pronoun and change verb to –ing form. • After visiting Paestrum, the Greens drove South.
Be Careful! • In order to change, the subject in the dependent and independent clauses must be the same. • After the bandits saw the Greens’ car, the Greens sped away. • What are the subjects of the clauses?
• The bandits / The greens – can you change to phrase? • After seeing the Greens’ car, the Greens sped away. – changes the meaning of the sentence.
You Try • Fill in the blanks by completing them as adverb clauses. Then change them to adverb phrases. 1. After ________________, we checked into our hotel. 2. While ______________, we made plans for the next day. 3. Before ______________, we had lunch in a restaurant. 4. After _______________, we went shopping. 5. Before ______________, we visited our relatives.
Verb Tense Shift • Verbs in the simple past or past perfect can have to possible changes in adverb phrases: • Option 1: Change verb to –ing form • Option 2: Use having + past participle • Don’t forget to take out the subject pronoun too.
• Example: After they opened/had opened the door, they saw the blood. • After opening the door, they saw the blood. • Having opened the door, they saw the blood.
When Upon/On •
When they realized what had happened, they pulled to the side of the road.
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Adverb clause or phrase? What’s the subordinating conjunction?
•
Upon realizing what had happened, they pulled to the side of the road.
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On realizing what had happened, they pulled to the side of the road.
•
Adverb clause or phrase? Same meaning as above sentence?
•
When in an adverb clause changes to upon or on in adverb phrase. You also change the verb to –ing form and take out subject pronoun.
You Try • When (adverb clause) Upon/On + ing (adverb phrase)
• Reduce the adverb clause with When to an adverb phrase with Upon/On • When he boarded the plane, he immediately fell asleep. • Upon boarding the plane, he immediately fell asleep. • On boarding the plane, he immediately, fell asleep.
Adverbial Phrases •
What do you notice about these adverb phrases?
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Having opened the door, they saw the blood.
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Sitting on the porch, I thought about my future.
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These are adverbial phrases because the subordinating conjunction has been deleted.
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Don’t omit subordinating conjunction in passive voice
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I worked two years before being accepted (passive voice) at the University.
Reducing adverb clauses to adverb phrases (reason) • Step 1: Check to see if adverb clause has because, since, or as.
• Step 2: If it has one of those, you must omit the subordinating conjunction. • Step 3: Then take out subject and change verb to – ing form. If the verb is already in –ing form, use it. 1. Clause: Because he wanted more money, he accepted the offer. 2. Phrase: Wanting more money, he accepted the offer.
Reducing adverb clauses to adverb phrases (reason) • If because, since or as + a form of be verb is in the adverb clause, it becomes being in adverbial phrase. • Again, take out the subordinating conjunction and the subject (pronoun). 2. Clause: Since they were satisfied, they decided to write a great review. 3. Phrase: Being satisfied, they decided to write a great review. 4. Clause: Because they were not satisfied, they decided to do something about it. 5. Phrase: Not being satisfied, they decided to do something about it.
Reducing adverb clauses to adverb phrases (reason) • If the verb in the adverb clause is in the present perfect or past perfect, it can be changed to having + past participle in the adverbial phrase. Example: 3. Clause: Because they have been to Europe, they know what to expect the next time they go back. 3.
Present Perfect – have been
4. Phrase: Having been to Europe, they know what to expect the next time they go back.
More examples • Clause: Because I had read the book before, I didn’t read it again. • Past perfect = had read
• Phrase: Having read the book before, I didn’t read it again.
You Try: Reduce the Clauses to Phrases 1.
2. 3.
If the clause begins begins with because, since, or as, change to adverbial phrase. Must omit subordinating conjunction. If Because, since or as + a form of be verb is in the adverb clause, it becomes Being in adverbial phrase. If the verb in the adverb clause is in the present perfect or past perfect, it can be changed to having + past participle in the adverbial phrase.
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Since the Greens were compassionate people, they chose to donate Nicholas’s organs.
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Because they had been affected by this tragedy, the Greens wanted to help other people.
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As he wasn’t willing to stop for the thieves, Mr. Green kept driving.
Answers •
Since the Greens were compassionate people, they chose to donate Nicholas’s organs.
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Being compassionate people, they chose to donate Nicholas’s organs.
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Because they had been affected by this tragedy, the Greens wanted to help other people.
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Having been affected by this tragedy, the Greens wanted to help other people.
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As he wasn’t willing to stop for the thieves, Mr. Green kept driving.
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Not willing to stop for the thieves, Mr. Green kept driving.
Adverbial Phrases with Passive Voice • Since I was given two options, I chose the harder of the two. (passive voice)
• Given two options, I chose the harder of the two. (adverbial phrase with past participle) • Is the meaning the same? • If the subordinating conjunction can be omitted without changing the meaning, you can delete the subject and any auxiliaries in the passive sentence.
Adverbial Phrases with Passive Voice •
Before I was told the nature of the problem, I had no idea what to do.
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Active or Passive voice?
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Told the nature of the problem, I had no idea what to do.
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Is the meaning the same?
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If deleting the subordinating conjunction causes a change in meaning, delete the subject and change the form of be to being.
•
Correct Phrase: Before being told the nature of the problem, had no idea what to do.
Exercise 1: Discover the Grammar pg. 346 • Underline the adverb phrase in each sentence. Circle the subordinating conjunction. 1. Upon opening the door, he saw blood. oozing from Nicholas’s head. 2. Nicholas lay in a coma for two days after being rushed to a hospital.
3. On returning to the United States, Nicholas’s parents received requests to tell their son’s story. 4. The criminals were placed on trial after being turned over to the police.
Exercise 1 •
Read the sentences. Is the second sentence a correct rewriting of the first? Circle Y (yes) or N (no). *Hint – make sure the meaning is the same in both sentences.
1.
N – Need adverb clause with After or else it changes the meaning.
2.
Y – meaning stays the same with or without adverb while
3.
Y – meaning stays the same with or without adverb because
4.
N – meaning is different, order of events changes, need adverb clause with Before or While
Exercise 1 5. N – meaning is different, order of events changed, need an adverb clause with After, Because, or Since 6. Y – When (adverb clause) Upon/on (adverb phrase) 7. Y – passive voice, can’t delete after so form adverb phrase by deleting the subject and changing Be to being. 8. Y – meaning stays the same with or without if.
Exercise 2: Adverb Clauses to Phrases • Circle the sentences in both clauses and connect the circles. If the subjects are the same, reduce or change the adverb clause to a phrase. If the subjects are different, write can’t be shortened.
2. Reg/he – Reg carefully considered the options before speeding away. 3. The criminals/Reg – can’t be shortened.
Exercise 2 4. Reg/he: 4.
Upon/on seeing a police car parked on the shoulder, he (Reg) pulled over to alert authorities. 5. Seeing a police car parked on the shoulder, he (Reg) pulled over to alert authorities.
5. Nicholas/Reg and Maggie – can’t be shortened 6. The criminals/they - Thinking the Greens had precious stones, the criminals fired shots that killed Nicholas.
Exercise 3: Clauses/Phrases pgs. 348-349 • Read the story on pg. 348 and then answer the questions on pg. 349.
2. No – different subjects 3. After (adverb of time) /Was taken (passive) - She came to the zoo last year after being taken from owners. 4. No – different subjects
Exercise 3 5. Yes – sentence most likely started with because or since, but was deleted. Be verb in original sentences becomes being in combined sentence. 6. On April 11, Champakali died while giving birth to a stillborn calf.
7. Damini stood still in her enclosure. She barely nibbled at the two tons of food in front of her.
Exercise 4: Adverb Phrases/Main Clauses pgs. 350-351 2. Noticing their interest in him, the boy offered them a guide book. 2.
Since the boy noticed their interest in him, he offered them a guide book.
3. They told the boy they couldn’t buy anything not having any money. 2.
They told the boy they couldn’t buy anything because they didn’t have any money.
4. Impressed by the boy’s responsibility, they decided to go back and buy a guidebook. 2.
Since they were impressed by the boy’s responsibility, they decided to go back and buy a guidebook.
Exercise 4 5.
Finding an exchange booth, they changed some money. 4. After they found an exchange booth, they changed some money.
6.
Having gotten some local money, they looked for the boy but couldn’t find him. 5. After they had gotten some local money, they looked for the boy but couldn’t find him.
7.
After being told where the boy might be, they found him. 5. After they were told where the boy might be, they found him.
8.
Upon finding the boy, they bought a map from him. 5. When they found the boy, they bought a map from him.
