The role of natural gas in European fuel policy Natural Gas Vehicles. Fuelling Ireland’s transport future Thursday 17 November 2011. Dublin

Manuel Lage, Dr. Eng. General Manager

Dublin, 17th November 2011

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Advantages of bio natural gas •

Natural gas is an alternative fuel coming from natural wells. It is mainly methane (CH4)

•

Biogas is also a methane rich gas, produced by the fermentation of the biomass, it is then a renewable fuel.

•

Methane contents 25% H and 75% C, in weight

As a comparison, •

Petrol contents 13,5% H and 86,5% C

•

Diesel oil contents 13,5% H and 86,5% C

•

LPG contents 17,4% H and 82,6% C

Due to its molecular advantage, regulated exhaust emissions and CO2 are particularly favourable in the engines running on natural gas. Dublin, 17th November 2011

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CNG. Other Emissions Comparison Emissions IVECO CURSOR 8 CNG engine vs present and future Euro limits (Source: IVECO) 6,00 5,45

EURO 3 (2001)

5,00 5,00

EURO 4 (2006) EURO 5 (2009) 4,00 4,00

E.E.V.

Emission (Gr), g/kWh

4,00

IVECO

3,50 3,00 3,00

2,00 2,00 2,00 1,60

1,55

1,10 1,10 1,00

0,78 0,500,50 0,40

0,65

0,01

0,53 0,16 0,03 0,03 0,02 0,0022

0,008

0,00 CO

NMHC

CH4

NOX

PT

Exhaust pollutants

Dublin, 17th November 2011

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Noise emitted by a NG truck vs diesel 1

Vehicle #1: IVECO 240E25 6x2 RSU Vehicle #2: IVECO 240E26 6x2 RSU CNG (EEV)

Refuse collection chassis cab with body Vehicles laden and compacting Vehicles stationary 6

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Vehicle #1

Vehicle #2

dB(A)

7.0 m

5

Microphone height = 1.5 m

4

Dublin, 17th November 2011

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76 74 72 70 68 66 64 62 60

Ave 71 dB(A)

Ave 66 dB(A)

1

2

3

4

5

6

(position)

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Europe NGV map: 1.4 million NGVs vs 500,000 end of 2003

Iceland 240 LD 20 HD Norway 300 LD 250 HD

Ireland 3 LD

UK 20 LD 280 HD

Belgium 230 LD 10 HD

Portugal 50 LD 450 HD

Spain 610 LD 2440 HD

Sweden 33,600 LD 2,800 HD

Netherlands Germany 3,500 LD 92,100 LD 770 HD Luxembourg 2.800 HD

Finland 850 LD 120 HD

Estonia 60 LD 10 HDLatvia 300 L0 200 HD Poland Lithuania Belarus 1,500 LD 200 LD 5,500 LD 580 HD 30 HD

Russia 54,200 LD 31,800 HD

Ukraine 10,000 LD 190,000 HD

CZ Slovakia Lichtstein 2,720 LD 430 LD Moldova Austria 360 HD 70 LD 390 HD 5,000 LD 5,770 LD 30 HD France Hungary Bulgaria 140 HD Croatia 10,200 LD Switzerland 10 LD 61,500 LD Serbia 140 LD 3,300 HD 9,200 LD 80 HD 120 HD Italy 490 LD 60 HD 300 HD 757,800 LD 30 HD Macedonia 10 LD 3,500 HD 40 HD 200 LD 40 HD

Georgia 3,000 LD

Turkey 1,850 LD 1,490 HD

Armenia 70,000 LD 29,400 HD

Greece 520 HD 1,131,150 cars, 156,800 buses, 114,200 trucks and 3,700 other NGVs

Dublin, 17th November 2011

3990 filling stations

9.2 billion Nm3 (7.9 Mtoe) More than 70 % consumed in HD vehicles

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NGVs World Market growth. 1991 to 2020 Europe: 6% growth (end 2010 compared with 2009)

Source: www.ngvaeurope.eu Dublin, 17th November 2011

80.000

13 years, assuming 18% annual growth

2020 65 M NGVs (9% market share)

70.000 60.000 50.000 40.000 30.000 20.000

2001 1,7 M NGVs

2007 7 M NGVs

10.000 0 1. 99 1 1. 99 3 1. 99 5 1. 99 7 1. 99 9 2. 00 1 20 03 20 05 20 07 20 09 20 11 20 13 20 15 20 17 20 19 20 21 20 23 20 25

World: 65 M NGVs in 2020!

Worldwide NGVs (.000)

10 years 15% annual growth

6 years 26% annual growth

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CNG trucks & buses urban fleets The case of France and Spain

14000

Nº of cars equivalent: 138.000 12000

Running park

10000 8000

France Spain

6000 4000

Nº of cars equivalent: 59.000

2000 0 2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Years

Dublin, 17th November 2011

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The world NGV champions Total NGV in the world: 13.2 million PAKISTAN (in 10 years) Total CNG vehicles: 3,500,000 i.e. ~ 80 % of the running park.

BRAZIL Total CNG vehicles: 1,640,000 i.e. ~ 5.0 % of the running park.

Refuelling stations: 3,300

Refuelling stations: 1,780

IRAN (in 5 years) Total CNG vehicles: 2,070,000 i.e. ~ 13.0 % of the running park. Refuelling stations: 1,540

INDIA Total CNG vehicles: 1,100,000 i.e. ~ 8.0 % of the running park. Refuelling stations: 600

ARGENTINA Total CNG vehicles: 1,900,000 i.e. ~ 23.0 % of the running park. Refuelling stations: 1,880

ITALY Total CNG vehicles: 740,000 i.e. ~ 2.0 % of the running park. Public refuelling stations: >850 (as of June 2011)

Source: The GVR – Gas Vehicles Report (February 2011)

Dublin, 17th November 2011

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Well-to-Wheels balance of vehicle fuels

Source: German Energy Agency (DENA) Study 2010 Dublin, 17th November 2011

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Production costs per powertrain

Source: CAR Study Dublin, 17th November 2011

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Eurogas Roadmap for 2050

Final energy consumption - Transport 450

400 350

1400 Nat. Gas market share: • 9% market share for passenger cars 1200 • 33% for freight! 1000

300

Hydrogen

250

Biofuels 2nd generation Biofuels 1st generation

200 150 100 50 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Dublin, 17th November 2011

Biogas/biomethane

MTeq CO2

MToe

Electricity

800

600

Natural gas Oil products

400

Baseline

200

0 1990 19

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Oil replacement in trucks and buses US forecast

38% of the fuel used in US trucks and buses in 2035 will be natural gas!

Dublin, 17th November 2011

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CNG urban trucks and buses in Europe 70.000 urban buses give service in the main European cities 9.000 (13%) are CNG. (Italy, France, Germany, Spain, Sweden, Greece, Portugal, Netherlands)

20.000 garbage trucks in service in Europe 3.000 (15 %) are CNG. (France, Spain, Italy, Greece, Portugal)

Dublin, 17th November 2011

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Underfloor tanks save space

Many modern cars have CNG tanks installed underneath the floor, offering the same internal space for passengers and luggage than the petrol or diesel equivalents.

Dublin, 17th November 2011

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Vehicle types and fuel alternatives Vehicle type

Present fuel

LPG

Liquid bio fuels

Full electric

Hybrids (energy recuperation)

Bio-natural gas (CNG & LNG)

Three wheelers

Petrol

Yes (converted)

Yes (%)

No

No

Yes (CNG)

Cars

Petrol & diesel

Yes (converted)

Yes (%)

Yes (city cars)

Yes

Yes (CNG)

Vans & delivery trucks

Diesel

Yes in vans (converted)

Yes (%)

Yes (city use only)

Yes

Yes (CNG)

Heavy urban trucks

Diesel

No

Yes (%)

No

Yes

Yes (CNG)

Suburban & urban buses

Diesel

No

Yes (%)

Yes, small Yes (wired)

Yes

Yes (CNG/LNG)

Coaches

Diesel

No

Yes (%)

No

No

Yes (LNG)

Heavy on road trucks

Diesel

No

Yes (%)

No

No

Yes (LNG)

Heavy off road trucks

Diesel

No

Yes (%)

No

No

Yes (CNG/LNG)

Railway locomotives

Diesel & electric

?

Yes (%)

Yes (wired)

No

Yes (LNG)

Ships

Diesel

?

Yes (%)

No

No

Yes (LNG)

Dublin, 17th November 2011

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The bright future of NGV’s

The development of NGV’s in the medium term future, is following five main lines:

– – – – –

Dublin, 17th November 2011

Biogas Methane-Hydrogen mixtures CNG Hybrid Vehicles Dual Fuel Technology for heavy duties LNG for trucks and buses

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Biogas Another source of Natural Gas

• The raw biogas composition is variable depending upon different factors like garbage origin, humidity, temperature, etc., but it normally contains 50-55% of methane (CH4) and 40-42% of carbon dioxide (CO2). • The depuration of this gas means: • avoiding the emission of CO2 to the atmosphere • eliminating other pollutants like Cl2, F2, SH2 • the purified biogas will have a 90-95% methane content • In terms of use in vehicles, the advantages of natural gas are increased with a much better balance of total CO2 due to the renewable origin of biogas.

•Bioethanol and biodiesel are… Fuel from food •Biomethane is… Fuel from waste!

Dublin, 17th November 2011

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Biogas. Land production potential

Among different options of biofuels, biomethane presents the highest efficiency per hectare of land. A global European estimation shows a potential of: 2.750 TWh (9,9 EJ=238 Mtoe), made out of: 1.500 TWh (5,4 EJ=130 Mtoe) coming from crops, plus another 1.250TWh (4,5 EJ=1.108 Mtoe) coming from other sources: sewage, manure, landfills, etc. If we choose bioethanol instead of biogas we would loose the potential of the waste, sewages, etc (1.250TWh, 4,5EJ=108Mtoe) and we would also reduce the efficiency of the land by 47%. In other words we would obtain: 800TWh (2,9 EJ=70 Mtoe) instead of 2.750TWh (9,9 EJ=238 Mtoe). Dublin, 17th November 2011

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Methane/Hydrogen mixtures Methane/Hydrogen mixture (Hythane, Idrometano) offers a number of significant advantages as a bridge solution for a future hydrogen fuelled transport: • It can be used in existing NGV engines and vehicles with minor engine resetting • The inboard fuel storage uses the same type of tanks and fittings, with some specification changes in materials • The H2 content considered (up to 30%) does not alter the autonomy of the vehicles • There is an immediate impact as CO2 emission reduction • The use of compressed H2 in a “large” basis will push ahead the development of the hydrogen production and logistics

Two units IRISBUS with Cursor 8 engine 270 CV. Gas tanks: 8 x 155 litres. Dynetek Autonomy: 300-400 km

In service in the French city of Dunkerke, since July 2009 Dublin, 17th November 2011

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CNG Hybrid Urban buses

Castrosua TEMPUS CNG Hybrid. New urban bus presented in FIAA Madrid (November 2010) The municipality of Madrid has already passed orders for 23 CNG-Hybrid buses: • 13 Castrosua • 10 Tata Hispano.

Tata Starbus CNG Hybrid, to be produced in Europe by: Tata Hispano, Zaragoza, Spain. Dublin, 17th November 2011

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LNG trucks for long distance transport Diesel vs CNG & LNG. Autonomy equivalence

CNG 5 litre

1 litre Diesel oil

-162OC

LNG 1,8 litre

Two engine technologies are available for heavy engines: - Dedicated, using 100% natural gas - Dual fuel, using diesel injection for ignition and natural gas as the main fuel

LNG opened the way for the medium and long distance road transport Dublin, 17th November 2011

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LNG Terminals in Europe and in the world LNG terminals in Western Europe Liquefaction: 1 in Norway, above the Arctic Circle Finland is also building a liquefaction terminal to store the imported Russian gas, not consumed (Take or Pay)

Regasification: 16 in operation (Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, Italy United Kingdom, Greece, Turkey) 52 projects (Albania, Croatia, Cyprus, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Ukraine)

LNG terminals in the world: Liquefaction:

21 in operation 47 planned/being built

US is also building some liquefaction plants to export its new resources of unconventional gas (shale gas)

Regasification:

Dublin, 17th November 2011

62 in operation 127 planned/being built

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White Paper on transport 2011 (1) The Commission White Paper on transport published on 28th March 2011 aims at dramatically reducing Europe's dependence on imported oil and cut carbon emissions in transport by 60% by 2050… What fuels to include? All alternative fuels are viable options for the future fuel mix, high infrastructure investment needs would however only be required for electricity, hydrogen and methane. Special support measures for the build-up of the needed infrastructure are therefore only necessary for these fuel options. What transport modes should be covered? Special focus should be put on road transport and the establishment of sufficient alternative refuelling possibilities along major motorways, which would enable long distance travelling in LDVs and HDVs. There is only very limited alternative fuel options to Diesel (biodiesel/diesel mix and LNG) in heavy duty trucks. Dublin, 17th November 2011

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White Paper on transport 2011 (2)

What is in for Bio Natural Gas:

- Importance of CNG, LNG and biogas for medium and long distance road transport and the shipping sector (at least 40% cut in shipping emissions set as target). - Methane will also make an important contribution to achieve the predominant target to have no more conventionally fuelled cars in cities by 2050, in order to improve local air quality and reduce noise exposure. - Large fleets of urban buses, taxis and delivery vans are particularly suitable for the introduction of alternative propulsion systems and fuels, the paper says.

Dublin, 17th November 2011

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The LNG Blue Corridors proposal These initially proposed Blue Corridors will also develop with connection to other LNG distribution initiatives as: • Danube Inland Waters Blue Corridor, from Romania to Viena • AGRI (Azerbaijan-Georgia-RomaniaInterconnection) project to transport LNG from Azerbaijan to the EU through Georgia and Romania.

NGVA Europe is working in the preparation of a European Program to develop the concept of European LNG Blue Corridors The intention is to define at least three initial pan European routes with strategically placed LNG filling stations that would allow the heavy, long distance truck transport throughout Europe:

• Portugal-Spain to France, Netherlands, UK • Portugal-Spain to France, Germany, Denmark, Sweden • Mediterranean arch to Italy and Slovenia Dublin, 17th November 2011

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Conclusions • Natural gas (methane) is an excellent energy vector, with the lowest Carbon to Hydrogen ratio of all the hydrocarbons. Additionally natural gas is an alternative fuel, having a different origin from the traditional oil derived diesel, petrol and LPG • Natural gas is used in existing internal combustion engines, with minor additional investments, taking advantage of a well known and mature car & commercial vehicle technology. Dual Fuel technology offers the possibility of conversion for existing engines • The increasing production of biomethane, both from urban waste and from agricultural stuff is giving natural gas the new and valuable consideration of a renewable fuel

• Natural gas has been used so far as CNG mainly for urban applications. The availability of LNG will spread its use for medium and long distances road transport • Methane/Hydrogen mixtures, that could be used the existing NGVs will become the bridge to a potential hydrogen fuelled transport • NG vehicles are today the best and most economic alternative to oil derived fuels, also improving gaseous and acoustic emissions. Dublin, 17th November 2011

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[email protected] www.ngvaeurope.eu Dublin, 17th November 2011

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