Reverse Logo (for dark backgrounds)

The Mintrate® Advantage Proven Advantages with Proven Results Utilization of pasture, range, and harvested forages has long been an advantage of beef production. However, this advantage does have its limitation when it comes to optimizing cattle performance. In many cases, roughages do not provide the needed amounts of protein, energy, minerals, or vitamins needed to maximize cattle production and, likewise, economic returns. To compensate for the nutritional gaps, nutrient supplementation has become a key management tool. ADM Animal Nutrition’s Mintrate supplements are formulated to optimize cattle performance by targeting the nutrient requirements of the ruminant animal and rumen microbes. The Mintrate line of products provide protein, minerals, and vitamins to fill the nutritional gap between what forage supplies and what cattle need. Mintrate also provides unique nutritional components shown to have beneficial effects on growth, reproduction, forage conversion efficiency, and health. Cattle (along with other ruminants) have the unique ability to survive on an all-forage diet. Ruminants are distinctive in that microorganisms in the rumen can effectively digest forages, releasing nutrients that can be utilized by cattle. The drive to maximize cattle production has pushed nutrient requirements beyond what can be reasonably obtained from forage without special nutritional assistance. Research has discovered nutrients that are vital to enhance

Logos are © of ADM Alliance Nutrition, Inc., Quincy, IL 62305-3115 USA www.admani.com • 866-666-7626 For art questions: call Tracie Hall at 217-231-2239 or [email protected]

Pantone Color Swatches Black

186

60% Gray

Typeface/Font

Copperplate Bold

Building better performance for cattle on forage-based diets certain biological functions. Supplementation makes it possible to optimize performance but only when the supplementation protocol successfully targets the proper amounts, types, and ratios of vital nutrients lacking in forage. Minerals Minerals are essential for optimal rumen function and cattle performance. Mineral nutrition impacts growth, reproduction, milk production, and health. The mineral requirements for rumen microbes are different than those of the ruminant animal. Some trace minerals required by cattle can negatively impact certain populations of rumen microbes. In other cases, minerals needed in the rumen may actually interfere with some biological functions. The key is addressing specific mineral requirements for the rumen microbes and the ruminant animal with mineral sources that can be effectively utilized without depressing production. The end result is an animal that has the mineral supply to support genetic performance potential. Stress, regardless of source, increases the body’s need for minerals. Decreased intake is often the first indication of stress. Depressed forage intake decreases nutrient intake which occurs at the same time nutrient requirements increase. Depending on severity of stress, lower nutrient intake can depress biological functions that typically manifests as slower gains, poorer efficiency, compromised reproductive performance, lower milk production, and immune challenges. The drop in mineral intake can be countered by delivering a balanced trace mineral package in a concentrated form. Mintrate is formulated to deliver specific sources of minerals that are beneficial to rumen microbes and the ruminant animal (Figure One on page 2). Copper has long been known to be crucial for immune function. Unfortunately, it was unknown for a long time that copper from rumen soluble sources has a negative effect on the fiber-digesting rumen microbe population. While rumen microbes have a requirement for copper, the requirement is very low and can usually be satisfied by most forage sources. As the amount of rumen soluble copper increases in the diet, bacterial activity in the rumen can be adversely affected. When this occurs, forage digestion decreases due to the adverse effect of the copper on the rumen microbes. The result is a reduction in fiber digestion which could negatively impact cattle performance. The Mintrate solution is the use of a rumen by-pass source of copper. Also advantageous to cattle is rumen by-pass zinc which is also included in Mintrate. Delivering rumen by-pass copper and zinc to the lower gut is important for immune and other biological

Reverse Logo (for dark backgrounds)

functions. This supplementation strategy also eliminates oversupplementation of copper (or flooding the digestive system) in order to get a satisfactory amount into the intestines for absorption. Pantone Color Swatches Typeface/Font Of importance in ruminant nutrition is cobalt, which plays a key 60% Copperplate Bold Black 186 Gray starting in the rumen environment; hence, role in energy production the importance of using a rumen soluble form of cobalt in cattle supplements. Cobalt is required by rumen microbes to synthesize vitamin B12. In the rumen fermentation process vitamin B12 is required for production of the volatile fatty acid propionate. Of the three volatile fatty acids produced by rumen microbes, propionic acid is converted to usable energy most efficiently. In addition, vitamin B12 stimulates appetite and is involved in the production of glucose via its conversion from propionate in the liver. Glucose is the sole fuel source driving certain biological functions, specifically fetal growth and nervous system function. Cobalt also enhances rumen microbe activity, improving fiber digestibility. The Mintrate formulation incorporates rumen soluble cobalt to help achieve maximum rumen fermentation, resulting in more energy from consumed forage which leads to better performance (Table One). Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and sulfur are required in varying amounts by rumen microbes and the ruminant animal. Sodium and potassium are electrolytes that are involved in regulation of osmotic pressure which is not only critical in the rumen but also within the animal’s cellular structure. Osmotic pressure is utilized to transport nutrients within the body. Sulfur and phosphorus are involved in amino acid and protein synthesis, which in turn are important in DNA/RNA replication and are essential for rumen microbe reproduction and growth and body functions. Interaction between minerals can have negative consequences. Too much of one mineral just might actually create a deficiency of another mineral by tying-up the mineral, making it unavailable to the animal. Consequently, it’s not only the amounts, but the ratios of various minerals that also must be taken into account when formulating supplements. Sulfur, molybdenum, iron, and copper are the elements most susceptible to mineral interactions. Mintrate formulations take into account mineral interactions.

Logos are © of ADM Alliance Nutrition, Inc., Quincy, IL 62305-3115 USA www.admani.com • 866-666-7626 For art questions: call Tracie Hall at 217-231-2239 or [email protected]

TABLE ONE Kansas State Study Using

Proprietary Form of Cobalt (CoMax®*) Control

Proprietary Form of Cobalt

Overall Cow Body Weight Change, lb

52.6

62.3

Overall Body Condition Score Change (BCS Units)

0.07

0.37

Pregnancy to AI, %

49.0

57.6

Overall Pregnancy, %

89.5

92.7

Calf ADG – Late Season, lb

2.24

2.62

Adjusted Weaning Weight, lb

622

636

Overall Avg. Daily Mineral Intake, lb

0.32

0.34

Parameter

*A registered trademark of Ralco Animal Nutrition, Inc. Ralco Animal Nutrition, Inc.

Protein and Energy Two key nutrients that are often supplied by supplements are protein and energy. Proteins contain amino acids, the building blocks needed for growth and maintenance. Energy provides the fuel to move amino acids to needed sites within the body. Ensuring adequate protein and energy is not enough; maintaining the correct balance between protein and energy is also crucial. When the diet provides optimal amounts of energy and protein better performance can be achieved. However, just like trace minerals, the source and quality of protein can make a difference in performance. Like minerals, the amount of protein is not the only consideration, but source and type must also be considered. Protein is often grouped into two classifications for ruminant discussions: • Degradable protein • Metabolizable protein

Page 2

Reverse Logo (for dark backgrounds)

Both protein groups are needed and contribute to overall nutrition of the ruminant. Degradable protein is protein that is broken down and utilized by microbes in the rumen. Metabolizable protein is the undegradable feed protein and the microbial protein that passes into the lower digestive tract and is utilized by the animal. Microbial protein, which is the remnant of the microbial population that passes from the rumen into the lower gut, is often overlooked as a protein source. In most cow maintenance situations, a ruminant’s protein requirement can be met by microbial protein, which is very high in quality. The supply of microbial protein is reliant on the animal consuming sufficient energy and degradable protein to supply enough microbial protein to meet the animal’s need. Today’s production systems demand maximum performance, and it is often difficult for cattle, especially growing cattle, to consume enough forage to generate the quantity of microbial protein needed. When microbial protein supply is insufficient to meet the metabolizable protein need, supplemental protein is required. The other type of metabolizable protein is undegradable protein, more commonly known as by-pass protein. By-pass protein is the portion of the protein consumed by the animal that rumen microbes are not able to digest or break down. By-pass proteins pass through the rumen and are digested in the lower gut. Cattle use by-pass protein as a source of amino acids which become the building blocks for proteins involved in growth, reproduction, and biological functions. Type of dietary by-pass protein can intentionally be selected to provide targeted amounts of specific amino acids needed for optimal growth or performance. Rumen microbes do not have a protein requirement; rather they require ammonia-nitrogen and peptides which they obtain from degradable protein sources. Different protein sources are broken down at different rates based on their complexity. By carefully and intentionally selecting various degradable protein sources, a sustainable release of ammonia-nitrogen can be achieved (Figure Two). As degradable proteins are digested by rumen microbes, ammonia-nitrogen is released which supplies microbes need and increases their activity and population. The benefits to increasing the microbe population is a more rapid and extensive digestion of forage (Figure Three). This results in cattle being able to consume more forage. Improved and more rapid forage digestion results in availability of more energy and microbial protein, resulting in better performance. This effect is known as “positive associate effect.” Mintrate formulations encompass protein needs for the rumen microbes and the animal in order to optimize product protein composition. This enables maximum rumen function for optimal cattle performance and enhanced reproductive efficiency.

influence the development and subsequent performance of future generations. Performance can be influenced positively or negatively in the areas of growth, health, reproduction, and carcass quality. Color Swatches Typeface/Font The priority forPantone nutrients is for body maintenance. The next nutrient 60% Copperplate Bold Black with 186 Gray priority is growth reproductive needs being met last. However, once a dam conceives nutrient priority shifts. Once pregnant, nutrients are targeted to maintain pregnancy and fetal growth even at

Logos are © of ADM Alliance Nutrition, Inc., Quincy, IL 62305-3115 USA www.admani.com • 866-666-7626 For art questions: call Tracie Hall at 217-231-2239 or [email protected]

FIGURE TWO

Generational Nutrition Generational nutrition (GN) is the term coined to refer to how the nutrients supplied during pregnancy

Page 3

Reverse Logo (for dark backgrounds)

the expense of maintenance of dam body condition and any growth requirements, such as with heifers (abortion only occurs in extreme situations). Each trimester of gestation builds on the previous. In the first trimester, the focus is development; wherein cells begin to differentiate into tissue types. Functionality is the focus of the second trimester. The cells form tissues which become organs and form physiological systems. In the third trimester, it’s all about growth. Today, most producers already practice the concept of GN in the form of managing the cow herd more intensely during the third trimester. This stage receives a majority of the nutritional focus because of the intense fetal growth demands, as 70%-75% of fetal growth takes place during this time frame. These demands can deplete the dam’s nutrient stores if the diet does not provide ample nutrients. Insufficient nutrient intake can affect subsequent breeding success, calf growth, and health. Added to the importance of sufficient nutrient intake is the fact that the dam’s feed intake will decrease 15%-25% in the last 60 days of gestation and up to 35% in the last 21 days. This may compromise the dam’s ability to acquire needed nutrients. A more concentrated supplementation program can help ensure satisfactory nutrient intake. While intense fetal growth occurs during the last trimester, many important developments start in the first trimester. During the first trimester, the most rapid RNA/DNA replication of the animal’s life occurs, replicating from a single cell at conception to millions of cells in the first few hours. While cells are replicating, they are also beginning to differentiate into tissue that will form organs and physiological systems. In order to provide the fetus with amino acids, energy, minerals, and vitamins, a nutrient transportation system is needed – the placenta. Placental development should not be taken for granted as without it pregnancy cannot be supported. The fetus requires much nourishment during the first trimester when it is developing; while in the last half of gestation, its function is to support fetal growth through transfer of nutrients from the dam to the fetus. In particular, protein is needed for placental tissue synthesis along with specific amino acids to stimulate placental vascular growth. Maintaining the placenta becomes the focus in the last half of gestation. During this time, blood flow can increase by three to four times compared to the first half of gestation. If insufficient nourishment occurs, it can negatively affect the placenta, resulting in retarded fetal growth or organ deformation. The first trimester of gestation is often overlooked from a nutritional standpoint. However, it is during the first trimester (and second trimester depending on timing of weaning) that the cow is supporting three: • Herself • Nursing calf • Fetus Added to nutritional support needed for these three, is the fact that if the fetus is a female, the reproductive organs and lifetime supply of oocyts (egg cells) form 60-80 days after conception. The implications of first trimester nutrition are huge. If insufficient nutrients are supplied to the dam during this time; not only is the growth of the nursing calf impeded but also the potential reproductive efficiency and capacity of subsequent generations is jeopardized.

Organs that develop in the first trimester gain further functionality in the second trimester. Consider what happens if nutrient supply is restricted during the second trimester when the immune system Pantone Color Swatches Typeface/Font is gaining functionality. The immune system may be impaired. This 60% Copperplate Bold 186 Gray could result in Black reduced ability to fight off infections after birth, causing decreased performance. Multiple studies have demonstrated the impact of supplementation on the dam and subsequent treatment of progeny in the feedlot.* Table Two shows the effect of supplementation of the dam on treatment of calves in one study. As with other biological development, nutrition plays a critical role in carcass development and associated traits. It is known that the number of muscle cells does not change after the second trimester. This means at birth, the numbers of muscle cells are fixed. Also consider skeletal muscle ranks lower in the development order compared with other critical tissues, such as the heart, brain, and lungs. Adipose (fat) tissue starts to locate intramuscularly at this same time, which will influence quality grades. If a nutritional insult occurs prenatally, it can negatively influence carcass traits (Table Three on page 5) which will be evident at the packing plant and likewise be felt in the pocketbook of the cattle feeder. Generational Nutrition concepts applied in the second trimester also can have an effect on subsequent reproductive performance of heifers. In many cases, heifer calves exhibit higher weaning weights, achieve puberty earlier, and have improved pregnancy rates compared with those heifers whose dams were ineffectively supplemented (Table Four on page 5). Corah et al. (1975) showed heifers reached puberty 19 days sooner when their dams were appropriately supplemented.

Logos are © of ADM Alliance Nutrition, Inc., Quincy, IL 62305-3115 USA www.admani.com • 866-666-7626 For art questions: call Tracie Hall at 217-231-2239 or [email protected]

Stockers/Growers/Breeder Development The focus is on growth and efficiency for maximum performance for stockers, growers, and operations producing breeding stock. To attain fast, efficient growth, the nutritional platform needs to supply protein in types and amounts to support growth. As mentioned previously, protein supplementation to cattle on pasture will improve TABLE TWO Effect of Supplementation of the Dam

on Subsequent Treatment of Calves Winter Range

Crop Reside

No Suppl.

Suppl.

No Suppl.

Suppl.

% Treated from Birth to Weaning

17

17

19

20

% Treated from Weaning to Finish

12

0

11

3

Treatment

Source: Larson et al. (2009).

Page 4

Reverse Logo (for dark backgrounds)

forage digestion, leading to increased forage intake. The bottom line is more energy available for growth and development. Consequently, it is important to ensure that cattle on pasture/range Pantone Color Swatches Typeface/Font 60% supplemented with the appropriate types and Larson et al., Black are Copperplate Bold 186 Gray amounts of protein. 2009 Other nutritional components, such as minerals No and vitamins, should not be overlooked. MinerSuppl. Suppl. als and vitamins are critically important for cattle to achieve the most economical gains possible 805 822 from forages. Rumen soluble cobalt is especially 71 85 important for maximizing gains on forage. While minerals and vitamins are needed in very small 445 492 quantities compared to protein, they form the backbone of successful range programs. Minerals and vitamins are vital to digestion, immune function, development of muscle and bones, and are the precursors/catalysts in many biological systems and enzymatic functions. Mintrate formulations provide the necessary proteins, minerals, and vitamins to help ensure growing ruminants have the nutritional platform needed for fast, efficient, and economical gains while on pasture or range. For those operations that desire to increase gains and efficiency, Mintrate blocks are available with ionophores which improve the efficiency of rumen fermentation by promoting a specific microbial population more adept at producing propionic acid, the most energy efficient volatile fatty acid produced by rumen microbes. The result is more energy extracted from the diet and improved performance as confirmed by Kansas State research (Table Five).

TABLE THREE Effect of Dam Nutrient Supplementation Regime on

Offspring Carcass Performance Stalker et al., 2006

Hot Carcass Weight, lb % Choice Marbling Score

Logos are © of ADM Alliance Nutrition, Inc., Quincy, IL 62305-3115 USA www.admani.com • 866-666-7626

Stalker et al., 2007

For art questions: call Tracie Hall at 217-231-2239 or [email protected]

No Suppl.

Suppl.

No Suppl.

Suppl.

800

814

765

805

85

96

–

–

467

479

449

461

TABLE FOUR Effect of Dam Nutrient Supplementa-

tion on Heifer Offspring Performance Martin et al., 2007

Funston et al., 2010b

No Suppl.

Suppl.

No Suppl.

Suppl.

Weaning Wt., lb

456

467

492

511

Adj. 205-day Wt., lb

481

498

470

478

Age at Puberty, days

334

339

365

352

80

93

83

90

Treatment

% Bred

TABLE FIVE Effects of Feeding Ionophores on Stocker Cattle

Gains

Wt. Gain, lb/hd/day No. of Trials

Method

Intake, mg/hd/day

No Ionophore

With Ionophore

Rumensin®† 47 trials

Hand-fed

144

1.52

1.62

12 trials

Self-fed

88

1.37

1.52

9 trials

Hand-fed

193

1.64

1.81

3 trials

Self-fed

162

0.78

0.80

Bovatec®†

†

Not trademarks of ADM. Source: Bock et al., Stocker Cattle Management and Nutrition, Kansas State University, June 1991. Summary of 13 studies; references available upon request.

Conclusion To ensure sustainable and efficient cattle production, it is vital to meet nutrient needs of the rumen microbes and the animal. The most economical nutritional program is one that enables the ruminant to effectively utilize the nutrients available in forages while also supplying needed nutrients lacking in the forage. Proper supplementation can enable cattle to consume more forage and extract more energy from forages consumed, leading to better productivity. The nutritional plane of the brood cow herd also has long-term effects, effecting future generations, which makes nutritional support even more important. Mintrate products are formulated to complement forages and take into account the nutritional gaps between what cattle need and what forage provides, supply needed types and amounts of protein along with minerals sources that help drive efficient forage utilization and supply vital nutrients. The bottom line is more efficient production and performance at a lower investment. *Snowder et al., 2006; Mullinikset et al., 2008; and Larson et al., 2009.

www.admani.com • 866-666-7626 • [email protected] ADM Alliance Nutrition, Inc., Quincy, IL 62305

Design 1788-0215

Page 5