Types of tourism Inbound

Outbound

Domestic

Types of travel Leisure

Business

Specialist

Principles of sustainable tourism Principle

Benefits

The importance of the travel and tourism sector to the UK economy Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Employment Economic Multiplier Effect Infrastructure Development

Industries in the travel and tourism sector Tour Operators Travel Agents Online Travel Services Passenger Transport Accommodation Visitor Attractions Arts and Entertainment Tourism Development and Promotion

Key organisations in the travel and tourism sector Trade and Professional Bodies Ancillary Organisations Product Comparison Providers

Types of organisation in the travel and tourism sector Private

Public

Voluntary

The interrelationships between travel and tourism organisations Common Ownership Commercial Partnerships Advantages and Disadvantages

The role of consumer technology Airports Visitor Attractions Accommodation Mobile Applications E-ticketing Websites

Multiple Choice This means you will be given a choice of answers and you pick the one you think is correct. Which of the following is an example of a public sector organisation? A. B. C. D.

A tour operator A charity that preserves historic houses A national tourist board A large airline

Short Answers

Long Answers

These questions will usually want a short answer that is worth 1 or 2 marks.

These questions will want a detailed answer and can be worth up to 8 marks.

Example 1 Budget hotels are a type of accommodation. State two products or services that are offered by a budget hotel.

The Drayton family are going to Paris for four days at half term. The family consists of parents and two teenage children. They will be staying with relatives when they get to Paris. They are travelling from their home in South London.

Example 2 Name two technological developments that have improved the visitor experience in historical houses.

Evaluate the different modes of transport that the Drayton family could use to get to Paris, giving advantages and disadvantages.

Types of Tourism Inbound = Tourists who travel to the UK from a different country. Outbound = Tourists who travel from the UK to another country. Domestic = Tourist who travel to a different destination in the UK. Examples

Inbound = A family from Canada travel to London to see the sights. Outbound = The Byrom family go to America on a family holiday. Domestic = Paul lives in St Helens and visits the Lake District for a weekend break. Types of Travel Leisure = Holidays, Visiting Friends and Relatives, (VFR) and shopping. Business = Travel connected to a job. Specialist = Travel associated with a specific purpose/target market. MICE Meetings = Business people meet up to discuss issues and projects face to face. Incentive = Travel is offered as a reward for good work or to persuade a customer to buy something. Conferences = Larger meetings that are held less often than meetings. They often take place in hotels and can be expensive for businesses. Events = These are activities such as awards evenings and product launches. They are held in venues and have food and entertainment. Specialist Adventure Health Education Cultural Heritage Dark Tourism Voluntary Work Conservation Eco - Tourism

Example The PE department take a trip to ‘Go Ape’ A group of friends spend the day at a Health Place The language department take a trip to study a language Mrs Byrom takes a trip to Stonehenge Mrs Kingston visits the concentration camps in Poland The Chaplains go to Lourdes to assist the parish Mr Ashworth goes on holiday to the seaside to help clean it up Back packers are shown ways in which to respect the area

Sustainable tourism meets the needs of tourists and local communities while protecting the natural, historical and cultural environment for the future.

Sustainable Tourism Principles 

Minimise negative environmental impacts on a destination.

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Create economic benefits, including future employment, for local people.

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Conserve local culture.

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Promote links and respect between tourists and local communities.

Eco tourism are resorts that have been developed in a sustainable way.

Sustainable Tourism Benefits 

Environmental protection e.g. Preservation of historical buildings

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Links with local community e.g. Locals may be offered cheaper rates to visit attraction/ events

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Reduced energy consumption e.g. Save on washing by re-using towels

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Reducing waste e.g. Recycling

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Cost savings e.g. Recycling materials, bulk Buying and using less energy

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Competitive edge and image e.g. Having a ‘green’ image

GDP stand for Gross Domestic Product Gross Domestic Product can be thought of as the value of a country’s economy . It measures the specific value of all goods and services over a specific time period (usually one year).

GDP is an important economic statistic. It tells us how the economy is doing. If the GDP goes up the economy is growing. If the GDP is negative the economy is falling. Travel and Tourism contributes to the GDP. It does this through Direct and Indirect contributions. Direct Contribution is money that is spent on travel and tourism products and services. Indirect Contribution is the re-spending of money earned from direct contributions

The travel and tourism sector is also important because it provides jobs. Some jobs are direct employment and others are indirect employment.

Direct Employment

Indirect Employment

Theses are jobs where employees are in direct contact with tourists and provide the tourism experience.

Theses are jobs in companies that supply the direct employment Companies.

Direct Employment Hotel staff Travel Agents Check in staff Pilots Attraction Staff

Indirect Employment Hotel Laundry Suppliers Aircraft Suppliers Food producers Media/publishing Suppliers Multiplier Effect

This is the additional revenue, income or employment created in an area as a result of spending on tourism. Indirect employment is a multiplier effect.

Infrastructure Development The UK tourism sector is growing. To continue to attract tourists the government must decide what infrastructure is needed to support this growth e.g. Do they make Heathrow bigger or build a new airport in London.

Industry

Tour Operators

Type

Main products & services

Domestic e.g. Shearings Holidays Inbound e.g. Thomson Holidays Outbound e.g. International Friends Multiples They are large chains with more than 50 branches e.g. Thomson,

Travel Agents

Independent Often family owned with only one or a couple of branches e.g.Global

Package holidays, accommodation, travel, excursions

Sales and booking service for packaged holidays, accommodation, flights, transfers and ground transport, tickets, excursions, insurance, car hire, foreign currency

Vacations in Abergele

Online Travel

Online They sell their products and services over the internet

Same as travel agents

Tour operators are companies that organise package holidays. They sell the holidays through travel agents or directly to the customer by telephone or online. Travel agents sell package holidays that are provided by the tour operators. Travel agents advise customers on the type of holiday and when it is available. Online travel services allow people o book holidays online. Most travel and tourism companies now have an online site and larger companies often provide a choice for the customer to either visit a shop or book online. Advice Sites These are online versions of travel guides or sites which give tourist information and reviews. e.g. Lonely Planets Guide and Tripadvisor.com

Consolidators These are companies that group together products or services from different companies and sell them. e.g. Booking.com, Holidayautos.com Flight-checker.com

Road Most domestic tourism uses road transport. Car and coach are both used. - Fuel is expensive * Can stop when want to - Can get stuck in traffic * Can take lots of luggage - Can take a long time * Not many toll roads - Driver has to concentrate * Can listen to own music - Difficult for inbound tourists Rail Network Rail owns UK railways but trains are run by Train Operating Companies. The government decide which trains can run in which area. There are 24 different train companies in the UK. New projects are being planned for high speed rail in the future. * Comfortable * Can get to most places by rail * Can sleep, read, work on way * High safety record * Food and drink often available

- Expensive - Fares can be confusing - Changes can be difficult

Air Air services are provided by a range of airlines. They offer domestic and international routes. Business men often use air travel in and from the UK. The Civil Aviation Authority regulates (controls) air travel. * Can get there quickly - Expensive * High safety record - Have to travel to and from airport - Security checks and restrictions * Can sleep, read, watch TV - Limited choice of travel times * Can shop on board Sea In the past this has been very important as the UK is an island. Ferry companies link the UK with places such as France, Belgium and Ireland. With developments in other transport sea transport has declined. Cruise ships also leave from the UK. * Fairly cheap * Can sleep, read, work on way * Can shop on board

- Slower than other forms of transport - Limited choice of travel times - Have to get to a port

Schedules airlines = The price of the ticket includes baggage allowance, food, drinks and entertainment e.g. Virgin Atlantic, British Airways Low cost scheduled airlines = The price of the ticket is low but you are charged for extras such as baggage e.g. Ryan Air, Easy Jet Chartered airlines = These operate for holiday schedules so are not as frequent.

Hotels Some are independent but many are part of a chain. They offer facilities to guests and can be luxury or budget. Guest House/ B&B These are often large houses that have been converted. These range from cheap B&Bs to boutique style. Apartments These are self-catering. Apartments can be found in towns/cities and on holiday complexes. Youth Hostels These are owned and run by the Youth Hostel Association (YHA). There are over 200 hostels. Camping This can be tradition or fully equipped. Campsites can offer a range of accommodation and facilities.

Non Serviced Accommodation This is accommodation that is just a room or apartment.

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Hilton Radisson Holiday Inn Premier Inn Travel Lodge

Mr and Mrs Smith Burleigh House

www.servicedapartments.co.uk

www.booking.com

www.hostelbookers.com www.youth-hostels.co.uk

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Haven National Trust campsites Wigwam Holidays Park Resorts

Serviced Accommodation This is accommodation that will include cleaning, changes of towels and sheets. It may also include food and hotel facilities such as a spa, gym and entertainment.

An attraction is where it is feasible to charge admission. This attraction must be a permanently established excursion destination. Some visitor attractions are free.

Natural Attractions These are mostly in rural or costal areas. - Beaches - Lakes and rivers - Caves - Mountains - Forests

Heritage Attractions These inform us about our history. They can be natural or built. - Tower of London - Westminster Abbey - St Paul’s Cathedral

Attractions that are free can still make money. They can get - Income from fees for special exhibits. - Incomes from donations on entry. - Sales from merchandise. - Sales in restaurants and cafes. - Hire of facilities. - Government funding. - Grants from the heritage Lottery Fund for special projects.

Purpose Built Attractions These are built specially for tourists. - Theme parks - Museums and galleries - Resorts such as Centre Parcs - Rides like the London Eye - Venues like 02 Arena, Wembley

Special Events These can be national, regional or local. They can be one off events. They can be annual events. They can be festivals.

Trade and Professional Bodies Their role is to represent the interest of their members. Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) They ensure that airlines, airports and National Air Traffic Service (NATS*) comply with aviation regulations. They manage Air Travel Operator’s Licensing (ATOL) Office of Rail Regulation (ORR) They make sure that Britain’s railways are meeting regulations. Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA) They represent travel agents and provide a code of conduct for them to follow. They deal with any complaints from customers that can not be resolved. Association of Independent Tour Operators (AITO) This is like ABTA but for independent tour operators. UK Inbound This represents companies who provide trips and holidays for inbound tourists to the UK. *NATS is the organisation that is responsible for air traffic control in the UK. Regulations are a set of rules or instructions that have to be followed.

Ancillary Organisations These are organisations that provide supporting services for tourists or travellers. Products that they sell include  Car Hire  Travel Insurance  Airport Services  Event Booking  Product Comparison Providers

Organisations in travel and tourism are funded in different ways and have different aims and objectives depending on the type of organisation that they are.

Private Organisations Private companies are owned by an individual or partners or by a group of people called shareholders. Aims and Objectives To make profits that can then be paid to shareholders or kept by the owners.

Profits Selling holidays, flights and travel and tourism products and services.

Examples Thomson Holidays, Easy Jet, Haven, Hilton

Public Organisations Public sector organisations are funded and usually run by the government. Aims and Objectives

Profits

To offer advice or promote the tourism sector

Selling merchandise, sales in restaurants/cafes.

Examples National Parks, Visit Britain, English Heritage

Voluntary Organisations Voluntary organisations are often charities. Aims and Objectives To influence government policy and customer thoughts.

Profits From merchandise, from donations, from grants.

Examples National Trust, YHA, Tourism Concern

Travel and tourism organisations often work together. This might be to share expertise and knowledge or to give customers a better service. The organisations sometimes share resources. This can help them to reduce their costs. Common Ownership Common ownership is when one company owns others. This can be vertical or horizontal integration.

Tour Operator Vertical Ownership

Airline

This is when a business buys/merges with another at a different level. e.g. Thomas Cook

Hotel

Horizontal Ownership

Travel

This is when a business buys/merges with another at the same level. e.g. Thomas Cook (They own other brands)

Airline

Airline

Airline

Commercial Partnerships Many visitor attractions have partnerships with transport companies. Both the attraction and transport company can benefit. Advantages Shared marketing and promotion Increased sales and income Provide good customer care Economies of scale Shared resources Wider customer base

Disadvantages Size of operation Less customer choice Loss of personalised customer care Inflexibility

Airports use technology for self-service check-in and security devices. Visitor attractions use technology for multimedia exhibits and to manage online bookings. Accommodation uses technology to manage bookings, for in-room entertainment and to communicate with customers. Mobile applications are used for communication, bookings and comparisons. Electronic and mobile ticketing are used for e-tickets and m-tickets. Websites are used for reviews, bookings and virtual tours.

Type/Place

Technology

Airport

Self Service Check - in

Airport

Security

Details Passengers can get their own boarding pass X ray machines for checking bags Body scanners to check people Biometric Passports (microchip) Interpretation allows all to access

Visitor Attractions

Multimedia

Audio guides allow for personalised experience

Accommodation

Online Bookings

Book tickets online before hand Book your accommodation on the internet and manage it yourself Welcomed with personal messages

Accommodation

Entertainment and Communication

Self check in on screens Wi-Fi Internet

Mobile Applications

Applications (Apps)

E - ticketing

Ticket purchasing

Websites

View online

Apps for all kinds of travel and tourism Buy tickets and have them emailed View, tour, book and review a range of travel and tourism organisations