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SECTION
1
Standards-Based Instruction
Standards-at-a-Glance • History-Social Science In this section, students will examine how the Industrial Revolution brought about massive change and will understand the contributions of key figures of the time. • Analysis Skills HR2 Students identify bias and prejudice in historical interpretations. • English-Language Arts Writing 2.3
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WITNESS HISTORY
AUDIO
The Steelmaking Process By the 1880s, steel had replaced steam as the great symbol of the Industrial Revolution. In huge steel mills, visitors watched with awe as tons of molten metal were poured into giant mixers: night the scene is indescribably wild and “ Atbeautiful. The flashing fireworks, the terrific gusts of heat, the gaping, glowing mouth of the giant chest, the quivering light from the liquid iron, the roar of a near-by converter . . . combine to produce an effect on the mind that no words can translate. —J. H. Bridge, History of the Carnegie Steel Company
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Painting of a nineteenthcentury steel mill
Focus Question How did science, technology, and big business promote industrial growth?
The Industrial Revolution Spreads Prepare to Read Build Background Knowledge
L3
Ask students to recall the first phase of the Industrial Revolution during the mid-1700s. Based on their previous reading, ask them to predict what would happen in the second phase of the Industrial Revolution.
Set a Purpose ■
L3
WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection
aloud or play the audio. AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, The Steelmaking Process Ask What is the main idea of Bridge’s quote? (The process of turning molten metal into steel is an amazing process to watch.) How does the painting reinforce this idea? (The steel mill is portrayed as huge and awe-inspiring.) ■
Focus Point out the Section Focus Question and write it on the board. Tell students to refer to this question as they read. (Answer appears with Section 1 Assessment answers).
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Preview Have students preview the Section Standards and the list of Terms, People, and Places.
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Reading Skills Have students use the Reading Strategy: Identify Supporting Details worksheet. Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 26
196 Life in the Industrial Age
Standards Preview H-SS 10.3.2 Examine how scientific and technological changes and new forms of energy brought about massive social, economic, and cultural change (e.g., the inventions and discoveries of James Watt, Eli Whitney, Henry Bessemer, Louis Pasteur, Thomas Edison).
Terms, People, and Places Henry Bessemer Alfred Nobel Michael Faraday dynamo Thomas Edison interchangeable parts
assembly line Orville and Wilbur Wright Guglielmo Marconi stock corporation cartel
Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas Fill in a chart like this one with the major developments of the Industrial Revolution. The Second Industrial Revolution New Powers • •
Industry/Business • •
Transportation/ Communication • •
The first phase of industrialization had largely been forged from iron, powered by steam engines, and driven by the British textile industry. By the mid-1800s, the Industrial Revolution entered a second phase. New industrial powers emerged. Factories powered by electricity used innovative processes to turn out new products. Changes in business organization contributed to the rise of giant companies. As the twentieth century dawned, this second Industrial Revolution transformed the economies of the Western world.
New Industrial Powers Emerge During the early Industrial Revolution, Britain stood alone as the world’s industrial giant. To protect its head start, Britain tried to enforce strict rules against exporting inventions. For a while, the rules worked. Then, in 1807, British mechanic William Cockerill opened factories in Belgium to manufacture spinning and weaving machines. Belgium became the first European nation after Britain to industrialize. By the mid-1800s, other nations had joined the race, and several newcomers were challenging Britain’s industrial supremacy.
Nations Race to Industrialize How were other nations able to catch up with Britain so quickly? First, nations such as Germany, France, and the United States had more abundant supplies of coal, iron, and other resources than did Britain. Also, they had the advantage of being able to follow Britain’s lead. Like Belgium,
Vocabulary Builder Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use word from this section. Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 25; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3 High-Use Word dominate, p. 198
Definition and Sample Sentence v. to rule or control by power or influence The leader of the group dominated the discussion and barely let anyone else speak.
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For: Audio guided tour Web Code: mzp-2111
Centers of Industry, 1871
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An increase in manufacturing created a demand for workers. Children began running machines and mining coal (right).
Primary Source in from everything that is pleasant, “ Shut with no chance to learn . . . grinding their little lives away in this dusty room, they are no more than the wire screens that separate the great lumps of coal from the small. They had no games; when their day’s work is done, they are too tired for that. They know nothing but the difference between slate and coal. —“The Labor Standard,” 1877
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Quick Activity Draw students’ attention to the map on this page. Point out that Great Britain had the most major industrial cities. Ask students why they think Great Britain became an important center of industry. Have students access Web Code mzp-2111 to take the Geography Interactive Audio Guided Tour and then answer the map skills questions in the text.
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Teach Ask How did Belgium, Germany, France, and the United States industrialize? (They had abundant supplies of natural resources, and they were able to borrow the ideas and technology of the British.) How did industrialization affect these nations? (The factory system allowed more people to buy cheaper goods than ever before; industrialization bolstered the economy by creating jobs; industrialized Western nations grew in power.)
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Introduce: Vocabulary Builder Have students read the Vocabulary Builder term and definition. Ask them to predict how the theme expressed by the word dominate would be key to understanding how the industrialized Western nations would influence the rest of the world.
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GERMANY
Dresden Frankfurt
BELG.
L3
Instruct
Berlin
Ruhr
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New Industrial Powers Emerge H-SS 10.3.2
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Have students read this section using the Structured Read Aloud strategy (TE, p. T21). As they read, have students fill in the chart showing the major developments of the second Industrial Revolution. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 46
Map Skills Deposits of raw materials such as iron and coal were essential to a nation’s industrial success. 1. Locate (a) Belgium (b) Germany (c) Saar (d) Ruhr 2. Region Which American city probably grew because of its location near coal fields? 3. Draw Inferences Why would you expect Lyon, France, to become a major industrial city?
Solutions for All Learners L4 Advanced Readers
L4 Gifted and Talented
To maintain its economic supremacy and combat industrial espionage, Britain enacted a law that forbade inventors and workers in key industries from emigrating. Have students debate the measures that a country should take today to protect such industries
as computers, microelectronics, and defense technology. Some of the specific issues students might touch upon in their debate include patent rights, freedom of speech, freedom of movement, and national security.
Answers Map Skills 1. Review locations with students. 2. Pittsburgh 3. It was located near both coal fields and iron ore deposits. Chapter 6 Section 1 197
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latecomers often borrowed British experts or technology. The first American textile factory was built in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, with plans smuggled out of Britain. American inventor Robert Fulton powered his steamboat with one of James Watt’s steam engines. Two countries in particular—Germany and the United States—thrust their way to industrial leadership. Germany united into a powerful nation in 1871. Within a few decades, it became Europe’s leading industrial power. Across the Atlantic, the United States advanced even more rapidly, especially after the Civil War. By 1900, the United States was manufacturing about 30 percent of the world’s industrial goods, surpassing Britain as the leading industrial nation.
Independent Practice Have students fill in the Outline Map Europe About 1870. Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 32
Monitor Progress Circulate to make sure students are filling in their Outline Maps accurately. Administer the Geography Quiz. Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 33
Vocabulary Builder dominate—(DAHM uh nayt) v. to rule or control by power or influence
Uneven Development Other nations industrialized more slowly, particularly those in eastern and southern Europe. These nations often lacked natural resources or the capital to invest in industry. Although Russia did have resources, social and political conditions slowed its economic development. Only in the late 1800s, more than 100 years after Britain, did Russia lumber toward industrialization. In East Asia, however, Japan offered a remarkable success story. Although Japan lacked many basic resources, it industrialized rapidly after 1868 because of a political revolution that made modernization a priority. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand also built thriving industries during this time.
Millions of metric tons
Steel Production, 1880–1910 30 25 20 15
10 5 Graph0 Skills 1890was the 1900 By the 1880 late 1800s, steel major
1910
Year tools, such material used in manufacturing Germany as theUnited sheepStates shears (above). The graphGreat Britain shows the amount of steel produced by the Graph SkillsGermany, By the late was the United States, and1800s, Greatsteel Britain. major material used in which manufacturing tools, Between 1890 and 1910, nation had thesuch greatest in steel production? as theincrease sheep shears (above). The graph Theshows smallest? the amount of steel produced by the United States, Germany, and Great Britain. Between 1890 and 1910, which nation had the greatest increase in steel production? The smallest? SOURCES: European Historical Statistics, 1750–1970; Historical Statistics of the United States
Effects of Industrialization Like Britain, the new industrial nations underwent social changes, such as rapid urbanization. Men, women, and children worked long hours in difficult and dangerous conditions. As you will read, by 1900, these conditions had begun to improve in many industrialized nations. The factory system produced huge quantities of new goods at lower prices than ever before. In time, ordinary workers were buying goods that in earlier days only the wealthy could afford. The demand for goods created jobs, as did the building of cities, railroads, and factories. Politics changed, too, as leaders had to meet the demands of an industrial society. Globally, industrial nations competed fiercely, altering patterns of world trade. Because of their technological and economic advantage, the Western powers came to dominate the world more than ever before. Standards Check What factors led to the industrialization of other nations after Britain? H-SS 10.3.2
Technology Sparks Industrial Growth
During the early Industrial Revolution, inventions such as the steam engine were generally the work of gifted tinkerers. They experimented with simple machines to make them better. By the 1880s, the pace of change quickened as companies hired professional chemists and engineers to create new products and machinery. The union of science, technology, and industry spurred economic growth.
Steel Production and the Bessemer Process American inventor William Kelly and British engineer Henry Bessemer independently developed a new process for making steel from iron. In 1856, Bessemer
Link to Literature
Answers Graph Skills United States; Great Britain Other nations had abundant supplies of natural resources and were able to use the ideas and technology that Britain had developed.
198 Life in the Industrial Age
Science Fiction The dizzying rate of invention in the late 1800s inspired imaginative novelists like France’s Jules Verne and England’s H.G. Wells to pioneer a new literary form—science fiction. In his 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon, Verne created one of the earliest pictures of space travel. He correctly predicted that space travelers would experience weightlessness.
Today, in print or on film, science fiction remains one of the most popular forms of entertainment. Inspired by modern advances in physics and computer technology, creators of television shows and movies, including Star Trek, Star Wars, and Men in Black, developed scripts that moved far beyond the visions of Verne’s day.
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patented this process. Steel was lighter, harder, and more durable than iron, so it could be produced very cheaply. Steel quickly became the major material used in tools, bridges, and railroads. As steel production soared, industrialized countries measured their success in steel output. In 1880, for example, the average German steel mill produced less than 5 million metric tons of steel a year. By 1910, that figure reached nearly 15 million metric tons.
Technology Sparks Industrial Growth H-SS 10.3.2
Instruct
Innovations in Chemistry Chemists created hundreds of new prod-
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Introduce: Key Terms Ask students to find the term assembly line (in blue) in the text and explain its meaning. Tell students that in assembly lines individual workers perform one specialized task repeatedly in making the final product. Ask Why would specializing in specific tasks be more efficient than having a worker build an entire product from start to finish? (It is more efficient for workers to be in charge of one task than to require them to master every task that needs to be done, particularly in producing complex products such as automobiles.)
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Teach Ask What power source replaced steam as the main source of industrial power? (electricity) Why was electricity important to industrialization? (Electricity transformed the pace of growth during the Industrial Revolution because cities could be lit up at night and factories could run after dark. It was the power source for the machines and assembly lines that mass-produced goods, making more products faster and cheaper than ever before.)
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Quick Activity Display Color Transparency 37: Technology: Blessing or Curse? Use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion on modern technology. Color Transparencies, 37
ucts, from medicines such as aspirin to perfumes and soaps. Newly developed chemical fertilizers played a key role in increasing food production. In 1866, the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel invented dynamite, an explosive much safer than others used at the time. It was widely used in construction and, to Nobel’s dismay, in warfare. Dynamite earned Nobel a huge fortune, which he willed to fund the famous Nobel prizes that are still awarded today.
Electric Power Replaces Steam In the late 1800s, a new power source—electricity—replaced steam as the dominant source of industrial power. Scientists like Benjamin Franklin had tinkered with electricity a century earlier. The Italian scientist Alessandro Volta developed the first battery around 1800. Later, the English chemist Michael Faraday created the first simple electric motor and the first dynamo, a machine that generates electricity. Today, all electrical generators and transformers work on the principle of Faraday’s dynamo. In the 1870s, the American inventor Thomas Edison made the first electric light bulb. Soon, Edison’s “incandescent lamps” illuminated whole cities. The pace of city life quickened, and factories could continue to operate after dark. By the 1890s, cables carried electrical power from dynamos to factories. New Methods of Production The basic features of the factory system remained the same during the 1800s. Factories still used large numbers of workers and power-driven machines to mass-produce goods. To improve efficiency, however, manufacturers designed products with interchangeable parts, identical components that could be used in place of one another. Interchangeable parts simplified both the assembly and repair of products. By the early 1900s, manufacturers had introduced another new method of production, the assembly line. Workers on an assembly line add parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station to the next. A different person performs each task along the assembly line. This division of labor in an assembly line, like interchangeable parts, made production faster and cheaper, lowering the price of goods. Although dividing labor into separate tasks proved to be more efficient, it took much of the joy out of the work itself. Standards Check What was the dynamo’s impact on the Industrial Revolution? H-SS 10.3.2
L3
Independent Practice Link to Literature To help students Electricity Lights Up Cities This early dynamo (above) generated enough electricity to power lights in factories. Electricity changed life outdoors as well. Judging from this print, how did electricity make life easier for people in the city?
understand the labor conditions in the factories, have them read the selection from Charles Dickens’ Hard Times and complete the worksheet. Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 29
Monitor Progress Solutions for All Learners L1 Special Needs
L2 Less Proficient Readers
Ask students to list the inventions from the past 100 years that have had the biggest impact on their daily lives. (Sample: television, computer, Internet) Then ask them to use the headings and visuals and point out the most important inventions of the Industrial Age and how these inventions affected people’s lives.
L2 English Language Learners
Use the following resources to help students acquire basic skills. Adapted Reading and Note Taking Study Guide ■ Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 46 ■ Adapted Section Summary, p. 47
As students fill in their charts, circulate to make sure they understand the major developments in the second Industrial Revolution. For a completed version of the chart, see Note Taking Transparencies, 20
Answers Caption They could travel at night. The dynamo generated electricity that powered the machines. Chapter 6 Section 1 199
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INFOGRAPHIC
Transportation and Communication Advances H-SS 10.3.2
L3
Instruct ■
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Introduce Have students read how Marconi transmitted a transatlantic radio message in 1901. Use the Idea Wave strategy (TE, p. T22) and ask How is radio used today? Why is it important? (entertainment, news, emergency broadcasts, weather warnings, communication)
T
he Bessemer process prepared the way for the use of steel in building construction. Before steel, frameworks consisted of heavy iron. Steel provided a much lighter framework and enabled the construction of taller buildings. The first skyscrapers were between 10 and 20 stories high. They were built in the United States in the 1880s to house large corporations. Elevators made it practical for buildings to have more than five or six stories.
Teach Ask What did Nikolaus Otto invent? (a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine) What effect did his invention have on the Industrial Revolution? (Because it powers automobiles, threshers, reapers, and airplanes, it had a huge impact on transportation, farm production, and the economies of industrialized Western nations that produced these products.) Quick Activity Display Color Transparency 35: Inventors and Inventions. Use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion on the new technologies of the industrial age. Color Transparencies, 35
Independent Practice
Transportation and Communication Advances
Typewriters enabled workers to type information faster than they could write it by hand.
Offices could be illuminated with electric lights both night and day.
Telephones allowed workers to send and receive messages faster than the telegraph.
Have students examine the Infographic, The Modern Office. Then ask them to write a paragraph on how advances in transportation and communication created massive change in business offices in the late 1800s.
Monitor Progress Ask students to reread the introductory paragraph under the red heading Transportation and Communication Advances. Then ask them to explain the importance of the growth of railroads to industry.
Thinking Critically 1. Draw Inferences Why did industrialization create a need for skyscrapers? 2. Synthesize Information What invention do you think had the most impact on offices? Explain. H-SS 10.3.2
Automobiles and subway systems permitted rapid transit to and from cities. ILLUSTRATION NOT TO SCALE
During the Industrial Revolution, transportation and communications were transformed by technology. Steamships replaced sailing ships, and railroad building took off. In Europe and North America, rail lines connected inland cities and seaports, mining regions and industrial centers. In the United States, a transcontinental railroad provided rail service from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In the same way, Russians built the Trans-Siberian Railroad, linking Moscow in European Russia to Vladivostok on the Pacific. Railroad tunnels and bridges crossed the Alps in Europe and the Andes in South America. Passengers and goods rode on rails in India, China, Egypt, and South Africa.
The Automobile Age Begins The transportation revolution took a new turn when a German engineer, Nikolaus Otto, invented a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine. In 1886, Karl Benz received a patent for the first automobile, which had three wheels. A year later, Gottlieb Daimler (DYM lur) introduced the first four-wheeled automobile. People laughed at the “horseless carriages,” but they quickly transformed transportation. The French nosed out the Germans as early automakers. Then the American Henry Ford started making models that reached the breathtaking speed of 25 miles per hour. In the early 1900s, Ford began using the assembly line to mass-produce cars, making the United States a leader in the automobile industry. Airplanes Take Flight The internal combustion engine powered more than cars. Motorized threshers and reapers boosted farm production. Even more dramatically, the internal combustion engine made possible sustained, pilotcontrolled flight. In 1903, American bicycle makers Orville and Wilbur Wright designed and flew a flimsy airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Although their flying machine stayed aloft for only a few seconds, it ushered in the air age. Soon, daredevil pilots were flying airplanes across the English Channel and over the Alps. Commercial passenger travel, however, would not begin until the 1920s. Rapid Communication A revolution in communications also made the world smaller. An American inventor, Samuel F. B. Morse, developed
Connect to Our World Answers Thinking Critically 1. As corporations expanded, they needed more office space. 2. Sample: Telephones would have had the greatest impact on offices because they would have enabled faster communication and therefore faster production.
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Connections to Today Ever since the telegraph was invented in the mid-nineteenth century, people in business have been grumbling about the everincreasing speed of business and communications. “The businessmen of the present day must be continually on the jump,” said a New York merchant in 1868. “He must use the telegraph.” New communica-
tion technologies, such as the telephone and then the fax machine, quickly became indispensable to business. With the advent of cell phones, personal handheld devices, and wireless Internet, people could conduct business from practically anywhere. Some relished the flexibility, while others resented that they could no longer leave work at the office.
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In 1901, Guglielmo Marconi (left) was in Newfoundland to receive the first overseas radio transmission from his assistant in England. Did Marconi’s prediction come true? Explain.
Business Takes a New Direction H-SS 10.3.5 Instruct ■
Introduce Ask students to read the paragraph under the red heading Business Takes a New Direction. Ask What is “big business”? (a large-scale business that is run by entrepreneurs who finance, manufacture, and distribute goods). Ask students to list what they know about big business today.
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Teach Ask How did company owners get the capital needed to run businesses? (They sold stock and formed giant corporations.) Why was there a move toward monopolies? (Business leaders who dominated entire industries could squeeze out competing companies and charge any price for a product or service.) What are the benefits of regulating monopolies? (Regulations would allow for competition, better pricing, and fair business practices.)
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Quick Activity Display Color Transparency 36: Features of a Monopoly. Use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion on the widespread concern about the harmful effects of monopolies in the late 1800s. Color Transparencies, 36
Primary Source before mid-day I placed “ Shortly the single earphone to my ear and
the telegraph, which could send coded messages over wires by means of electricity. His first telegraph line went into service between Washington, D.C. and Baltimore, in 1844. By the 1860s, an undersea cable was relaying messages between Europe and North America. This trans-Atlantic cable was an amazing engineering accomplishment for its day. Communication soon became even faster. In 1876, the Scottish-born American inventor Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone. By the 1890s, the Italian pioneer Guglielmo Marconi had invented the radio. In 1901, Marconi received a radio message, using Morse code, sent from Britain to Canada. Radio would become a cornerstone of today’s global communications network.
started listening. . . . I heard, faintly but distinctly, pip-pippip. . . . I now felt for the first time absolutely certain that the day would come when mankind would be able to send messages without wires not only across the Atlantic, but between the farthermost ends of the earth.
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Standards Check How did technological advances in transportation and communications affect the Industrial Revolution? H-SS 10.3.2
Business Takes a New Direction By the late 1800s, what we call “big business” came to dominate industry. Big business refers to an establishment that is run by entrepreneurs who finance, manufacture, and distribute goods. As time passed, some big businesses came to control entire industries.
Rise of Big Business New technologies required the investment of large amounts of money, or capital. To get the needed capital, owners sold stock, or shares in their companies, to investors. Each stockholder became owner of a tiny part of a company. Large-scale companies, such as steel foundries, needed so much capital that they sold hundreds of thousands of shares. These businesses formed giant corporations, businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock. With large amounts of capital, corporations could expand into many areas. Move Toward Monopolies Powerful business leaders created monopolies and trusts, huge corporate structures that controlled entire industries or areas of the economy. In Germany, Alfred Krupp inherited a steelmaking business from his father. He bought up coal and iron mines as well as ore deposits—supply lines or raw materials that fed the steel business. Later, he and his son acquired plants that made tools, railroad cars, and weapons. In the United States, John D. Rockefeller built Standard Oil Company into an empire. By gaining control of oil wells, oil refineries, and oil pipelines, he dominated the American petroleum industry.
L3
Independent Practice Divide students into pairs. Ask them to explain the following terms to their partner: big business, monopoly, regulation.
Monitor Progress Check Reading and Note Taking Study Guide entries for student understanding of the major developments of the second Industrial Revolution.
Answers Link to Economics Cartels The success of a cartel lasts only as long as its members agree on prices, production, and markets. History has shown that this kind of discipline is hard to maintain over time. One of the most famous cartels today is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which was first organized in 1960. In the 1970s, OPEC increased oil prices dramatically, first in 1973 and again in 1979.
By the 1980s, however, world demand for oil failed to meet OPEC expectations. The oil cartel was then torn by disputes among those who wanted to reduce production in order to raise prices and those who wanted to increase production in order to maintain their earnings. Since that time, OPEC has seen its influence and share of the oil market decline.
P R I M A RY S O U R C E Yes, advances in communication such as cellular phone and email have made worldwide communication almost instantaneous.
Advances in transportation and communication changed the way that people lived. People could travel faster and farther by steamship, railroad, car, and airplanes. They could also communicate nationally and internationally by telegraph, telephone, and radio. Chapter 6 Section 1 201
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Assess and Reteach Assess Progress ■ ■
L3
Analyzing Political Cartoons
Have students complete the Section Assessment. Administer the Section Quiz. Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 21
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To further assess student understanding, use Progress Monitoring Transparencies, 20
One View of Big Business To some critics, the growth of monopolies had a dangerous effect on society. This 1899 American cartoon shows a monopoly as an octopus-like monster. Do you think this cartoonist favored or opposed government regulation of business? Explain. Analysis Skills: HR2
Reteach If students need more instruction, have them read the section summary. L3 Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 47
In their pursuit of profit, ruthless business leaders destroyed competing companies. With the competition gone, they were free to raise prices. Sometimes, a group of corporations would join forces and form a cartel, an association to fix prices, set production quotas, or control markets. In Germany, a single cartel fixed prices for 170 coal mines.
L1 L2 Adapted Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 47
Spanish Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 47
Extend
Move Toward Regulation The rise of big business and the creation of such great wealth sparked a stormy debate. Some people saw the Krupps and Rockefellers as “captains of industry” and praised their vision and skills. They pointed out that capitalists invested their wealth in worldwide ventures, such as railroad building, that employed thousands of workers and added to the general prosperity. To others, the aggressive magnates were “robber barons.” Destroying competition, critics argued, damaged the free-enterprise system, or laissez-faire economy. Reformers called for laws to prevent monopolies and regulate large corporations. Despite questionable business practices, big business found support from many government leaders. By the early 1900s, some governments did move against monopolies. However, the political and economic power of business leaders often hindered efforts at regulation.
L2
L4
Conduct the Unit 2 simulation, Monopolies: Is the Law Being Broken? Teaching Resources, Unit 2, pp. 123–126
Answers Analyzing Political Cartoons favored; big business is a monster. Some believed that they created economic benefits, while others thought they made their fortunes by stealing.
Standard H-SS 10.3.2 H-SS 10.3.5 E-LA W 2.3
Assessment 2, 3, 4 2, 5, 6 Quick Write
Section 1 Assessment 1. Sentences should reflect an understanding of each term, person, or place listed at the beginning of the section. 2. New technology, inventions, power sources, production methods, and business practices all led to widespread industrialization. 3. A British mechanic opened a factory in Belgium in 1807. Other countries acquired British technology and created new technologies.
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1
Terms, People, and Places 1. For each term, person, or place listed at the beginning of the section, write a sentence explaining its significance.
2. Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas Use your completed chart to answer the Focus Question: How did science, technology, and big business promote industrial growth?
Standards Check Why were big business leaders “captains of industry” to some, but “robber barons” to others? H-SS 10.3.5
Standards Monitoring Online
For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice Web Code: mza-2111
Comprehension and Critical Thinking 3. Summarize How did the Industrial Revolution spread in the 1800s? 4. Draw Conclusions How did technology help industry expand? 5. Recognize Cause and Effect How did the need for capital lead to new business organizations and methods? 6. Predict How might government change as a result of industrialization?
4. Scientists developed new products and technologies, such as a process for producing steel, dynamite, and the dynamo for generating electricity. 5. To raise needed capital, large companies became corporations and sold shares of the business to investors. 6. Sample: As business leaders gain power and influence on politics, government may begin to favor big business or grow corrupt.
● Writing About History Quick Write: Define a Problem Choose one topic from this section that you could use to write a problem-and-solution essay. For example, you could write about the impact of powerful monopolies. Make a list of details, facts, and examples that define the problems that monopolies pose to a free market.
● Writing About History Responses should present information that clearly defines a problem, such as the problems monopolies pose to a free market.
For additional assessment, have students access Standards Monitoring Online at Web Code mza-2111.
