Inner Space Learning Objectives: Investigate the properties of molecules, and discuss the use of models in science. GRADE LEVEL

2–8 SCIENCE TOPICS Atoms and Molecules Techniques PROCESS SKILLS Predicting Making Models Explaining GROUP SIZE 3–4

SNEAK PEAK inside … ACTIVITY Students completely fill cups with marbles or water. Then they discover that there is still room to add salt or sand between the marbles or water molecules.

STUDENT SUPPLIES

see next page for more supplies plastic cups marbles salt sand cafeteria trays, etc….

ADVANCE PREPARATION

see next page for more details Fill water containers. Prepare cups of marbles, sand, and salt. etc….

OPTIONAL EXTRAS DEMONSTRATION

Odors Aloft (p. A - 38)

EXTENSIONS

Inquiry Opportunity (p. A - 43) Density of Saltwater and Plain Water (p. A - 43)

TIME REQUIRED

Advance Preparation

Set Up

Activity

Clean Up

5 minutes

10 minutes

20 minutes

10 minutes

Inner Space Grades 2–8

A - 35

Chemistry in the K–8 Classroom 2007, OMSI

SUPPLIES Item

Amount Needed

plastic cups, 8-oz. or smaller

5 per group

water

1 cup per group

pop-top squeeze bottles (e.g., water or sport drink) 16 oz. or larger

1 per group

marbles (or other small, spherical objects)

1 cup per group

large jar or margarine tub, 2- to 4-cup capacity

1 per 2–3 groups

salt

½ cup per group

sand

½ cup per group

plastic spoons OR measuring teaspoons

2 per group

cafeteria trays

1 per group

coffee filters

several for class to share

strainer

1 or more for class to share

bowl

1 or more for class to share For Extension or Demonstration supplies, see the corresponding section.

ADVANCE PREPARATION Supplies Preparation Water: Fill pop-top squeeze bottles with about 1 cup of water. ‰ Label bottles with “water.” Marbles: ‰ Fill large jars or margarine tubs with marbles. ‰ If marbles are unavailable, buttons or large rounded rocks could work. ‰ Spherical objects are best since they leave the most empty space in the cup. Sand: ‰ Fill plastic cups with about ½ cup of sand. ‰ Label cups with “sand.” Salt: ‰ Fill plastic cups with about ½ cup of salt. ‰ Label cups with “salt.” ‰

Inner Space Grades 2–8

A - 36

Chemistry in the K–8 Classroom 2007, OMSI

Notes and Hints ‰ It does not matter whether you use plastic spoons or measuring spoons for this activity. However, to compare results between groups, it is important that all plastic spoons are the same size. ‰ Cafeteria trays help to contain spilled water in this activity.

SETUP For each group pop-top squeeze bottle with water ‰ ½ cup salt in a plastic cup ‰ ½ cup sand in a plastic cup ‰ 3 plastic cups ‰ 1–2 plastic spoons ‰ cafeteria tray ‰

At a central location (or with the teacher) sponges and towels for clean up ‰ large containers of marbles ‰ coffee filters, strainer, and large bowl or tub. ‰

INTRODUCING THE ACTIVITY

Let the students speculate before offering answers to any questions. The answers at right are provided for the teacher. Choose questions that are appropriate for your classroom.

Depending on the background knowledge of your students, you may wish to start with the demonstration and discuss the properties of molecules. What are the different states of matter? Sold, liquid, gas. How are molecules arranged in all of these states? In a solid, molecules are packed together in a regular way. They vibrate in place. In a liquid, molecules are close together, and they move and jostle one another constantly. In a gas, molecules are spread far apart and move at high speed. Notice that in all states of matter, the molecules of a substance stay together, but there are still spaces between molecules. In this activity, students will study this inner space between molecules.

Inner Space Grades 2–8

A - 37

Chemistry in the K–8 Classroom 2007, OMSI

For this activity, we will be filling a cup so that it is full of water. How shall we decide when the cup is “full”? Take suggestions from students. As a class, agree to a definition of what a “full” cup of water looks like. It may be level with the top of the cup, water added until it is bulging over, or somewhere in between. For this activity, we will be counting full spoonfuls of sand and salt. How shall we measure a “full” spoonful? Take suggestions from students. As a class, agree to a definition of what a “full” spoonful looks like. It may be leveled off using a pencil, or it may be as much as you can pile on, or somewhere in between. It is very important that the class agree to a definition of “full” for both the water in the cup and the sand and salt in the spoon. This assists in comparing results. Also, and perhaps more importantly, scientists have standard measures they use, and defining measures as a class is good scientific practice.

TEACHER DEMONSTRATION Odors Aloft As an introduction to the properties of molecules, prepare a balloon for students to observe using the sense of smell. This is a small part of the full activity Odors Aloft. Supplies ‰ 2–3 balloons ‰ peppermint extract (Note: Any extract will work, but peppermint seems to work best. It is a very recognizable smell and diffuses through the balloon very quickly.) ‰ straw (for inserting extract into balloon) How to Insert Extract (Figure 1) 1. Collect some peppermint extract (less than 1 tsp.) with a straw. Use your finger on the top of the straw to trap the liquid in the bottom. 2. Insert the straw into the mouth of the balloon. 3. Release the contents into the balloon. 4. Remove the straw. 5. Blow up the balloon and tie it closed. Be careful not to let the balloon deflate until it is tied closed.

Inner Space Grades 2–8

A - 38

Chemistry in the K–8 Classroom 2007, OMSI

Figure 1. Steps

to insert extract into a balloon.

Demonstration ‰ In front of the students, insert peppermint extract into a balloon. (See pictures and instructions above.) ‰ Inflate the balloon and tie it. ‰ Repeat with another 1 or 2 balloons. ‰ Discuss the following with the students: • Where is the peppermint extract? (It is inside the balloon.) • Is there a way for it to get out of the balloon? (No, the balloon holds it inside. Yes, there are small holes in the balloon surface that we can’t see.) • How could we find out if any peppermint extract is escaping? (We would be able to smell it!) ‰ Pass the balloons around the class and invite students to smell them. Students should be able to smell peppermint extract through the balloon. Explanation We smell odors when the molecules of a substance reach our nose. Even though the balloon is solid, the molecules in the peppermint extract were able to pass through the balloon to our nose. This is because when molecules are together to make a material, there is still space between the molecules that allow smaller molecules to pass through.

Inner Space Grades 2–8

A - 39

Chemistry in the K–8 Classroom 2007, OMSI

CLASSROOM ACTIVITY Have students follow the Scientific Procedure on page A - 45, working in groups of 3–4. Below are suggestions to help the teacher facilitate the activity.

NOTES This handout is on p. A - 45.

Running Suggestions ‰

‰

‰ ‰

Inner Space Grades 2–8

Students should record their observations as the procedure prompts them. If a question comes before a step, students should record their answer BEFORE doing the step. As described in Introducing the Activity, the class needs to decide what “full” means when filling their cups with water. Does full mean level on the top or bulging over so no more will fit? This activity will work both ways but works best if students choose full to mean bulging over. Students tend to fill their cups about the same amount when they all try to “overfill” them to bulging. Also, very full cups of water fill more quickly with salt and sand. Water will spill in this activity. Tell students to do their experiments on the cafeteria tray. Tell students to put their sand water and saltwater cups in a secure place before they add water. Adding so much water makes the cups impossible to move without spilling.

A - 40

Chemistry in the K–8 Classroom 2007, OMSI

Ongoing Assessment ‰ ‰

How do your results compare to your predictions? Do you think the same thing will happen if you repeat the experiment? Try it and see.

Safety and Disposal ‰

‰

Students should pour sand water through a coffee filter or paper towel and strainer to separate the sand. Once the sand is collected, it can be reused. Salt water can go down the sink.

Caution: Do not pour sand down the sink. It may clog the drain.

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION Ask for student observations and explanations. Let the students guide the discussion and present their hypotheses before discussing explanations. Choose questions that are appropriate for your classroom.

Did the experiment turn out as you predicted? Answers will vary. Most students will be surprised at how many spoonfuls of salt will fit into the a full cup of water. How many spoonfuls of sand were you able to add to your cup of water? How many spoonfuls of salt were you able to add? Collect information from the students. Where did the salt go? Why did more salt fit in the water than sand? Even though the cup appeared “full,” there was still space between the molecules of water. Both the salt and sand fit in between these spaces, but the salt fit better because it dissolved in the water. The salt molecules break up into parts, which fit easily into the spaces between the water molecules. The sand could not dissolve, so it could not fit as well into those spaces. For more information about how salt dissolves in water, see the Explanation section of Salting Out. If the marbles represented water molecules, where was the salt fitting? The salt fit between the water molecules, just like it would fit between the marbles.

Inner Space Grades 2–8

A - 41

Chemistry in the K–8 Classroom 2007, OMSI

Are marbles a good representation of molecules? Why or why not? Yes. Marbles fit together in certain patterns just like molecules fit together in certain patterns. There is space between marbles just like there is space between molecules. No. Marbles leave a lot of space between them and molecules don’t leave as much space. Marbles are spherical and not all molecules are spherical. Also, molecules move, and marbles don’t.

EXPLANATION By adding salt to an already full cup of water, students discovered that it is possible to fit salt molecules between the molecules of water. This inner space allowed an already full cup of water to fit more material. Properties of Matter All matter is made up of atoms. Atoms bond together to make molecules. Inside and between molecules and atoms are empty spaces. Molecules are farthest apart in a gas, but, even in a liquid state, molecules have plenty of space between them. Fitting into the Inner Space Table salt, also called sodium chloride (NaCl), is made up of equal parts of two small atoms called sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl). In water, the sodium and chlorine atoms separate from each other and become surrounded by water molecules. In this process, the salt dissolves in the water. The salt fills the spaces between the water molecules. This allows more matter to fit in the cup even though it is already full of water. This means that when we compare a full cup of water to a full cup of saltwater, the saltwater will have more matter in it, and it will weigh more. Because saltwater has more matter in the same volume when compared to plain water, saltwater is more dense than plain water. For a more detailed discussion of density, read the explanation section of Big Things Come in Little Packages. Sand, or silica (silicon dioxide), cannot break up to fit into the spaces between water molecules. Sand does not dissolve in water. For this reason, students cannot add as many spoonfuls of sand to their full water cups as they can add salt. Surface Tension of Water Water molecules have a strong attractive force to one another. This attractive force, known as surface tension, allows the water to bulge on the top of the cup before spilling over.

Inner Space Grades 2–8

A - 42

Chemistry in the K–8 Classroom 2007, OMSI

EXTENSIONS Extension A: Inquiry Opportunity Repeat the experiment and substitute different ingredients for the ones used in the main activity. ‰ Instead of water, try vinegar, rubbing alcohol, or vegetable oil ‰ Instead of salt, try sugar, Epsom salt, or powdered milk ‰ Try changing the temperature of the liquid used in the experiment CAUTION: Rubbing alcohol (70% isopropyl alcohol) is flammable and poisonous. Keep away from heat and open flames.

Extension B: Density of Saltwater and Plain Water Students measure and compare the densities of saltwater and plain water. Extra Supplies ‰ scale or balance ‰ measuring cups Extra Instructions ‰ Add salt to ½ cup of water and mix until no more salt will dissolve in the water. ‰ Measure ¼ cup of the saltwater and pour it into a plastic cup. ‰ Weigh the container with the salt water in it. Record the weight of the container with saltwater. ‰ Empty and dry the plastic cup. Save it for the next step. ‰ Measure ¼ cup of plain water and pour it in the plastic cup. ‰ Weigh the cup with the plain water in it. Record the weight of the container with plain water. ‰ Which weighs more, the cup with saltwater or the cup with plain water? Why? Explanation Even though both the saltwater and the plain water take up the same amount of space, the saltwater weighs more. This is because the saltwater has salt dissolved in the water, filling up some of the space between the water molecules. When two substances take up the same space, but have different weights, the one that weighs more is more dense. For a more detailed examination of the comparative densities of liquids, try the activity Density Rainbow.

Inner Space Grades 2–8

A - 43

Chemistry in the K–8 Classroom 2007, OMSI

CROSS-CURRICULAR CONNECTIONS BIOLOGY

Importance of Salt Discuss how saltwater is necessary for many living things. For example, human blood is about 1% salt, and the ocean environment is about 3.5% salt. If the salt content is too high, most living things cannot survive. That is why salt is used to preserve food and prevent growth of microorganisms on, e.g., bacon, pickles, etc.

PHYSICS

Surface Tension Discuss the surface tension that allowed the glass to fill “beyond full”—to bulge over the top of the glass.

RESOURCES Web – http://www.middleschoolscience.com/suface.htm The general website features many science lesson plans. This lesson plan (under Chemistry) explores the surface tension of water by counting how many drops of water will fit on a penny. The website address really does have “surface” misspelled.

VOCABULARY atoms:

a very, very small particle that makes up all matter

dense:

describes how tightly packed molecules are in a substance

dissolve:

when the molecules of a substance separate and become completely surrounded by the molecules of another substance

molecules:

a group of at least two atoms held together in a definite arrangement

silica:

silicon dioxide; forms the mineral quartz, which is the main ingredient in sand

surface tension:

an elastic-like force in liquids caused by the molecules at the surface being attracted to one another

Inner Space Grades 2–8

A - 44

Chemistry in the K–8 Classroom 2007, OMSI

Inner Space SCIENTIFIC PROCEDURE 1. Label three cups “marbles,” “saltwater,” and “sand water.” 2. Completely fill the cup labeled “marbles” with marbles. • How do you know the cup is full?

• Do you think you could add sand to this cup? Where would the sand

go if you added it?

3. Add sand to the cup full of marbles. • How many spoonfuls of sand can you add to the marbles?

• Where did the sand go?

4. Completely fill the cups labeled “saltwater” and “sand water” with water. • How do you know the cups are full?

• How are these cups full of water similar to the cup full of marbles?

5. In the next step, you will add sand to the “sand water” cup until the water overflows. • Predict: How many spoonfuls of sand do you think you can add?

6. Carefully add 1 spoonful of sand to the “sand water” cup. Count and add more spoonfuls of sand. • How many spoonfuls of sand could you add to the water?

• Where did the sand go?

7. In the next step, you will add salt to the “saltwater” cup until the water overflows. • Predict: How many spoonfuls of sand do you think you can add?

8. Now add one tablespoon of salt to the “saltwater” cup. Count and add more spoonfuls of salt. • How many spoonfuls of salt could you add to the water?

• Where did the salt go?

9. Clean up your area. • Follow your teacher’s directions.

SUPPLY WORKSHEET This worksheet is available online at www.omsi.edu/k8chemistry.

Inner Space Recommended group size: 3–4 Number of Students: Supplies

Number of Groups: Amount Needed

plastic cups, 8-oz. or smaller

5 per group

water pop-top squeeze bottles (e.g., water or sport drink) 16 oz. marbles (or other small, spherical objects) large jar or margarine tub, 2- to 4cup capacity salt

2 cups per group

sand plastic spoons OR measuring teaspoons cafeteria trays coffee filters, strainer, and bowl (or plastic tub)

½ cup per group

Supplies on Hand

Supplies Needed

1 per group 1 cup per group 1 per 2–3 groups ½ cup per group

2 per group 1 per group 1 set for class

Extension A alternate liquids: vinegar, alcohol, or vegetable oil alternate solids: sugar, Epsom salt, or powdered milk hot water or cold water

2 cups each liquid per group ½ cup each solid per group 2 cups each temperature per group

Extension B scale or balance

1 or more for class to share

measuring cups

1 set per group

Teacher Demonstration Odors Aloft balloons

2–3 per class

peppermint extract

2–3 tsp. per class

straw

1 per class

Inner Space Grades 2–8

A - 47

Teacher Resource Guide 2007, OMSI

Inner Space Grades 2–8

A - 48

Teacher Resource Guide 2007, OMSI