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Recruiting Truck Drivers in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and Ireland Demand for Truck Drivers in Calgary Truck Drivers have been identified as a high-demand occupation in Calgary, based on the Calgary Labour Demand Forecast 2012.1 In 2010, there were over 10,500 truck drivers in the Calgary labour force. It is anticipated that demand for truck drivers in Calgary will increase to a total labour demand for 13,200 workers by 2020, an increase of nearly 3,000 workers. Employers will likely face difficulties recruiting qualified workers for both newly-created jobs and existing positions that become vacant. During the global economic slowdown of 20072009, 64 per cent of truck driver employers in Calgary recruited truck drivers for vacant positions and nearly two thirds of those who recruited (65 per cent) experienced hiring difficulties.2 The combination of growing demand and limited supply are likely to result in shortages of truck drivers in Calgary over the next decade. In order to meet the growing demand for truck drivers, Calgary employers may need to access labour markets outside of Calgary, including international labour markets, to meet a portion of their hiring needs. To facilitate targeted recruiting efforts, Calgary Economic Development (CED) has created this guide to identify the best cities and regions for recruiting workers in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and Ireland. Top cities and regions for recruiting are recommended based on the size of the occupational labour force and the likelihood that workers will migrate out of the area.3

Top Locations for Recruiting in Canada In addition to Calgary, there are four Canadian cities with more than 10,000 truck drivers in 2010: Toronto, Montréal, Vancouver and Edmonton. Average hourly pay for truck drivers is higher in Montreal and Edmonton than it is in Calgary, but wages are slightly lower in Toronto and Vancouver. Average hourly wages in Calgary were $22.61 per hour in 2011. Truck drivers in Toronto had average hourly wages of $18.89 per hour in 2010 and Toronto leads all cities for several migration indicators (see Table 1). The city has the second-highest percentage of workers under age 35, at 27 per cent, the highest percentage of workers who have made an

1

See Calgary Labour Demand Forecast 2012 See Alberta Wage and Salary Survey 2009 3 An out-migration probability index of workers is estimated based on a set of factors that are indicators of future migration. Factors include historical migration patterns, demographics of the occupational labour force, local economic conditions, median income, and the presence of foreign workers in the labour force. 2

1 Recruiting Truck Drivers in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and Ireland NOC 7411 Truck Drivers February 2012

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international or inter-provincial move in the past, at 10 per cent, and the highest percentage of immigrant truck drivers, at 12 per cent. Younger workers, immigrants and inter-provincial migrants have a higher-than-average probability of making long distance moves in the future. In Vancouver, where about 29 per cent of workers are under age 35 and 8 per cent have made international or inter-provincial moves in the past. Approximately 25 per cent of truck drivers in Edmonton are under age 35 and 10 per cent have made international or inter-provincial move in the past. For each CMA, an out-migration probability index score has been estimated that gives an indication of the likelihood that workers in a city will make a long-distance move out of that city. Several Ontario cities also have high out-migration probability index scores including Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo, Hamilton, St. Catharines – Niagara, and London and there are over 4,000 truck drivers in each of these markets. Information describing the labour force for truck drivers in the top-recommended Canadian cities is presented in Table 1. See Table 2 for additional wage information in the top recommended cities.

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Table 1 Recruiting Indicators for Truck Drivers in Canada, by CMA

Rank

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

Census Metro Area Toronto Montréal Vancouver Edmonton KitchenerCambridgeWaterloo Québec Hamilton Winnipeg St. Catharines - Niagara London

Employment 4 (2010)

Average Wage Per Hour

Emigration Probability Index

36,298 26,282 16,148 10,641

18.89 26.25 22.60 23.04

107 108 107 106

6,340 5,773 6,009 6,945

19.05 n.a. 19.00 19.20

108 108 108 105

Percent of Occupational Labour Force International or NonUnder Immigrants Inter-Provincial Permanent Age 35 to Canada Migrants Residents (2010) 2001-2006 5 (5 Year Period) (2006) 27% 10% 12% 1% 19% 3% 3% 1% 29% 8% 7% 1% 25% 10% 2% 1%

18% 23% 19% 19%

3% 1% 3% 6%

4% 0% 2% 3%

0% 0% 1% 1%

9 4,230 18.89 108 17% 3% 1% 0% 10 4,218 18.90 108 20% 2% 1% 0% Calgary 10,573 22.61 106 26% 12% 3% 1% *See footnote 3 for additional information about the Emigration Probability Index. Note: Data is measured for Census Metropolitan Areas unless otherwise noted. Figures for Calgary may differ from information presented earlier in this report describing labour demand for the Calgary Economic Region. Sources: Labour Force Survey, 2006 Census of Canada, RDA Global, Labour Market Information - HRSDC WorkingInCanada.gc.ca

Table 2 Wages for Truck Drivers in Canada, by CMA Recent Wage Range (CAD) Census Metro Area

Provincial Annual Wages 6 or Salary, 2005

Average Reference High Wage Median Average Wage Year Toronto 15.00 18.89 24.85 2010* 45,927 45,903 Montréal 16.50 26.25 32.00 2008 38,880 39,371 Vancouver 14.00 22.60 31.00 2011* 45,574 45,717 Edmonton 17.30 23.04 32.69 2011 47,786 50,225 Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo 15.75 19.05 24.43 2010 45,927 45,903 Québec n.a. n.a. n.a. 38,880 39,371 Hamilton 15.00 19.00 24.97 2010 45,927 45,903 Winnipeg 14.90 19.20 29.00 2009* 40,084 40,964 St. Catharines - Niagara 15.00 18.89 24.85 2010* 45,927 45,903 London 15.00 18.90 24.52 2010 45,927 45,903 Calgary 17.00 22.61 32.88 2011 49,327 50,102 Note: Data is measured for Census Metropolitan Areas unless otherwise noted. *Wage data reflects provincial average. Sources: 2006 Census, Labour Market Information - HRSDC WorkingInCanada.gc.ca Low Wage

4

Figures for employment in Calgary are for the Calgary Economic Region. Figures for other cities are for the census metropolitan area (CMA) 5 International and inter-provincial migration statistics are analyzed based on data collected in the 2001 and 2006 Census. The data required to analyze this migration pattern for the most recent 5 year period is not available at the time of this analysis. 6 Calgary median annual salary is calculated based on average hours worked per week and median hourly wage rate reported in the 2009 Alberta Wage and Salary Survey. The average annual salary is the actual figure from the survey. Annual figures for other cities in Table 2 are from HRSDC.

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Top Locations for Recruiting in the United States In the United States, there are three occupations that are closely aligned with NOC 7411 Truck Drivers. They are:   

SOC 53-3031: Driver/Sales Workers, SOC 53-3032: Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers, and SOC 53-3033: Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers.

There are over 2.6 million truck drivers in the US labour force. The two largest labour markets for truck drivers are Los Angeles (L.A.) and Chicago, both of which had high unemployment rates in September-November 2011 at 10.7 and 9.9 per cent respectively. Much of the transportation, warehousing and logistics activity in the greater L.A. area is centered in nearby Riverside-San Bernardino where unemployment is high at 12.5 per cent. L.A. has a truck driver labour force of nearly 83,000 truck drivers (plus an additional 32,800 truck drivers in RiversideSan Bernardino); Chicago has a labour force of 63,000 truck drivers and Dallas is home to approximately 59,000 truck drivers. Truck drivers in L.A. have an above-average score on an out-migration probability index (L. A. score=116 vs. US average score=114), based on analysis of data from the American Community Survey which measures worker characteristics and past migration trends. L.A. truck drivers are younger than the US average age for truck drivers, and L.A. has a relatively high percentage of non-US citizens among its truck driving population. (Non-US citizens and younger workers have a higher-than-average probability of making a long-distance move). Truck drivers who relocate to Calgary from L.A. could potentially earn 40 per cent more income. Average annual wages for truck drivers in L.A. were USD $35,617 in 2010, while truck drivers in Calgary earned incomes around CAD $50,000 per year in 2009.7 In addition, the L.A. area could potentially experience some declines in demand for truck drivers if shipping activity at the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach declines after the Panama Canal expansion is completed in 2014.8 Chicago has the second-largest truck driver labour force but truck drivers in the Chicago area have historically shown lower-than-average rates of out-migration. Dallas-Fort Worth, similar to L.A., scores high relative to other US cities in most migration indicators, although there are fewer non-US citizen workers, and relatively low unemployment. The top 10 cities listed in Table 3 are recommended for recruiting. See Table 4 for additional wage information in the top recommended cities. 7

See Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment Database and Alberta Wage and Salary Survey 2009. The expansion could potentially result a portion of freight related to trade with Asia being diverted away from Los Angeles/Long Beach to the US East Coast. 8

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Table 3 Out-Migration Indicators of Truck Drivers in Top 10 US Cities, 2010 Pct. of Pct. Of OutWorkers Mean Workers Migration Unemployment Rank Metro Area who are Age Under Probability Rate Non-US Age 35 Index* Citizens 1 Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA 82,980 32% 42 28% 116 10.7 2 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX 58,960 13% 43 28% 116 7.4 3 Chicago, IL 63,020 14% 44 28% 113 9.6 4 Houston-Brazoria, TX 46,310 19% 43 29% 117 7.6 5 Atlanta, GA 47,500 8% 44 25% 116 9.2 6 Phoenix, AZ 29,790 12% 44 28% 118 7.7 7 Washington, DC/MD/VA 33,530 15% 44 28% 115 5.4 8 Riverside-San Bernardino, CA 32,850 20% 43 28% 115 12.5 9 Boston, MA-NH 34,270 11% 45 25% 112 5.7 10 San Francisco-Oakland-Vallejo, CA 26,990 19% 44 27% 115 8.7 United States 2,618,670 8% 45 25% 114 8.2 *The Out-Migration Probability Index gives an indication of the number of workers in the target occupation in each metropolitan area that have made an interregional move in the past 5 years. The index also reflects factors that may affect worker migration, such as historical migration patterns, demographics of the occupational labour force, local economic conditions, median income, and the presence of foreign workers in the labour force. US Average Out-Migration Probability = 100 (for all US workers in all occupations). Number of Workers

Table 4 Wages of Truck Drivers in Top Ranked Cities for Recruiting in the United States, 2010 Mean Mean Median Salary by Quartile (USD) Hourly Annual Metropolitan Statistical Area Workers Lower Lower Upper Upper Wage** Salary** Median 10% 25% 25% 10% (USD) (USD) Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA 82,980 17.12 35,617 21,990 25,925 32,246 41,811 56,552 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX 58,960 17.31 36,012 22,224 26,751 33,934 42,372 54,842 Chicago, IL 63,020 19.52 40,593 23,983 29,420 37,358 50,549 62,682 Houston-Brazoria, TX 46,310 16.82 34,989 21,665 25,961 32,581 42,227 53,241 Atlanta, GA 47,500 17.49 36,368 22,112 26,679 33,955 44,100 55,942 Phoenix, AZ 29,790 17.94 37,313 23,165 28,374 35,523 44,777 55,695 Washington, DC/MD/VA 33,530 17.67 36,749 21,892 27,224 34,636 45,222 54,958 Riverside-San Bernardino, CA 32,850 18.55 38,586 24,105 28,738 35,713 46,314 58,498 Boston, MA-NH 34,270 18.36 38,182 23,425 27,893 36,246 46,742 56,912 San Francisco-Oakland-Vallejo, CA 26,990 18.87 39,255 24,558 28,794 35,428 49,119 60,783 United States 2,618,670 17.08 35,515 21,417 25,899 32,885 42,745 54,973 Calgary (in $ CAD) 10,573 $22.61 $50,102 n.a. **Source for Calgary wage and salary figures is the 2009 Alberta Wage and Salary Survey. Results are updated every 2 years. At the time of this analysis 2011 figures were not yet published. US Data Sources: Bureau of Labour Statistics Occupational Employment Database, American Community Survey, US Census 2010. Analysis by RDA Global.

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Top Locations for Recruiting in the United Kingdom and Ireland In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the occupation most closely related to truck drivers is: UK/IE SOC 8211 Heavy Goods Vehicle Drivers, or Drivers of Road Goods Vehicles In 2010, there were approximately 300,000 truck drivers in the UK labour force and approximately 34,000 truck drivers in the Irish Labour Force. Average annual income for truck drivers in the UK was about £25,000 in 2010 (approximately CAD $40,000). Annual wage data for Irish truck drivers could not be identified, but hourly minimum rates for workers in construction-related trades (including some types of truck drivers) indicates that hourly wages in Calgary are virtually equal to the minimums for a Grade B Construction Operative (the highest grade for truck drivers). See Table 5 for more detail about wage rates for constructionrelated trade workers in Ireland, and Table 7 for occupations in each class. In the UK, the top regions for recruiting are the North West Region (including Manchester, Liverpool, Preston, and Blackpool), the South East Region (including Greater London, Brighton, Oxford, Portsmouth, and Southampton), and the Eastern region (which also includes Greater London as well as Cambridge, Norwich, Peterborough, and Ipswich). The North West Region and Eastern Region each have a large labour force of truck drivers, with about 36,000 workers in each. The highest level of historical out-migration has been from the London Region and the South East Region,9 although the out-migration probability index scores of these areas are only slightly higher than other regions of the UK. London also has a high percentage of non-British citizens in the truck driver labour force (21 per cent). Foreign workers represent a growing share of people migrating out of the UK; as of 2010, non-British citizens represented 65 per cent of long-term migrants leaving the UK, up from 43 per cent in 2005.10 Unemployment in September-November 2011 was relatively high in the North West Region (8.9 per cent) and London (9.9 per cent) and has been near these levels since 2008. Truck drivers in these areas may experience difficulties related to high unemployment and may be more likely to consider relocation to Calgary. Truck drivers in Ireland have a high out-migration probability score relative to other occupations in Ireland (truck driver score = 108 vs. all workers score =100). Ireland had one of the highest levels of unemployment in the European Union in November, 2011 at 14.6 per cent. The ongoing recession in Ireland may push some truck drivers to seek work abroad. 9

Based on analysis of data from the British Quarterly Labour Force Survey Source: United Kingdom International Passenger Survey (IPS); Estimates of long-term international migration, rolling annual data to Q4 2010. 10

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Table 6 contains information on the size and characteristics of the UK labour force for truck drivers. Regional data is not available on the labour force in Ireland but a national recruiting strategy in Ireland can be effective, due to the small geographic size of the country. Recruiting in Ireland can be centered in either Dublin or Cork, the two largest cities. Foreign Credential Recognition When recruiting truck drivers in the UK and Ireland, Alberta employers may wish to consult the Government of Alberta’s Occupational Profiles for specific requirements that workers must meet in order to work in Alberta. Alberta’s Department of Human Services may also be of assistance in helping employers navigate the potential difficulties associated with recruiting workers from abroad. For more information, please visit their website at: http://www.albertacanada.com/immigration/working/occupations.aspx. Table 5 Approved Statutory Minimum Hourly Wage Rates for Construction-Related Workers in Ireland Class of Worker Craftsmen Apprentices

Construction Operatives

1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year Grade A Grade B Grade C Grade D

2006 Euro CAD €17.71 $24.37 5.90 8.12 8.86 12.19 13.28 18.28 15.94 21.94 17.18 23.65 16.12 22.19 15.58 21.44 14.17 19.50

2007 Euro CAD €18.15 $24.98 6.05 8.33 9.08 12.50 13.61 18.73 16.34 22.49 17.61 24.24 16.52 22.74 15.97 21.98 14.52 19.98

Calgary Hourly Wage (2011)

2008 Euro CAD €18.60 $25.60 6.20 8.53 9.30 12.80 13.95 19.20 16.74 23.04 18.04 24.83 16.93 23.30 16.37 22.53 14.88 20.48

2011 Euro CAD €17.21 $23.69 5.73 7.89 8.61 11.85 12.91 17.77 15.49 21.32 16.69 22.97 15.66 21.55 15.14 20.84 13.77 18.95 $22.61

Sources: Irish Labour Court, Statutory Minimum Rates of Pay: www.labourcourt.ie/labour/labour.nsf/LookupPageLink/HomeRatesOfPay; HRSDC. Average month-end annual 2011 exchange rate: €1=$1.3763 CAD.

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Table 6 Recruiting Indicators for Truck Drivers - UK and Ireland, 2010

Rank

Region/ Country

1

South East

2

North West

3

Eastern

4

West Midlands

5

South West

6

East Midlands

7

Yorkshire & Humberside

8

London

9

Scotland

Major Cities

Brighton, Oxford, Portsmouth, Southampton Manchester, Liverpool, Preston, Blackpool Greater London, Cambridge, Norwich, Peterborough, Ipswich Birmingham, Coventry Bristol, Bournemouth, Plymouth Nottingham-Derby, Leicester, Northampton Leeds, Sheffield, Bradford, Wakefield, Hull Greater London Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen Cardiff, Swansea

Number of Workers

Percentage of Workers who are NonNational Citizens

Percentage of Workers who are Non-EU Citizens

31,000

9%

36,200

Median Age*

Pct. Of Workers Under Age 35

OutMigration Probability Index**

Median Annual Income 2010 (GBP)

Median Annual Income 2010 (CAD)

Mean Annual Income 2010 (GBP)

Mean Annual Income 2010 (CAD)

0%

47

15%

104

£25,698

$40,882

£26,445

$42,071

3%

0%

46

10%

103

26,245

41,752

25,925

41,243

36,200

8%

1%

48

11%

103

26,525

42,198

26,578

42,282

34,500

4%

0%

47.5

10%

103

25,928

41,248

25,498

40,564

24,100

2%

0%

48

13%

103

24,349

38,736

23,994

38,171

32,800

5%

0%

46

8%

103

26,013

41,383

25,518

40,596

31,000

3%

0%

46

14%

103

25,212

40,109

25,598

40,723

10,300

21%

4%

47

16%

106

27,128

43,157

26,914

42,817

25,900

13%

0%

47

11%

102

24,487

38,956

24,751

39,376

10 Wales 12,100 11% 0% 45 17% 103 24,707 39,306 24,315 38,682 Total UK 300,000 7% 0% 47 12% 103 £25,582 $40,697 £25,449 $40,486 Total Ireland 34,100 8% n.a. 50 15% 108 See Table 5 Calgary 10,573 n.a. 26% n.a. $50,102 *British data source reports median age figures, while Irish and US data sources report mean age figures. ** Out-Migration index scores for the UK are not directly comparable with those of cities in the US or Ireland. Sources: Quarterly British Labour Force Survey, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (UK, 2010), Central Statistics Office Ireland (2010), European Social Survey, Analysis by RDA Global.

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Table 7 Construction-Related Occupations in Ireland, by Grade Craftsmen and Related Apprentices •Bricklayers, Stonelayers •Carpenters and Joiners •Floorlayers •Glaziers •Painters •Plasterers •Plumbers •Slaters and Tilers •Stonecutters •Woodcutting Machinists

Construction Operatives Grade A •Banksman •Concrete Pumps with Hydraulic Booms > 30 metres in length •Crawler Crane Operator •Dozers > 40 tonnes operating weight •Hydraulic Excavator > 50 tonnes operating weight •Mobile Crane Operator •Scaffolders with Advanced Scaffolding Card and four years' experience •Steel Fixers •Tower Crane Operator, including Self-Erecting Tower Crane Operator

Grade B •Articulated Dump Trucks > 30 tonnes carrying capacity •Bar Bender & Reinforcement Fixer (Ability to read drawings) •Bulldozer Operator •Concrete Pumps with Hydraulic Booms < 30 metres in length •Concrete Workers i.e. Concrete Finishers, Screeders, Guniters, and Grouters, Large •Batching mixing Concrete Batching Plants •Crushing Plants / Screening Plants •Directional Drill Rigs (for pipe laying) •Excavator Loaders •Heavy Duty Telescopic Fork-Lift Operator •Hydraulic Excavators > 20 tonnes operating weight •Kerb / Flagstone Layers •Motor Grader Operator •Motor Scraper Operator •Multi-Purpose Excavator / Loader Operator •Pipe Layers •Plant Operative, Concrete Pump Operator •Pneumatic / Hydraulic Crawler on Wheeled Drill Rigs •Remote Controlled Mini-Tower Cranes •Scaffolders with Basic Scaffolding Card •Telescopic Handlers •Truck Drive 9 – 16 tonne gross vehicle weight •Operatives attending Tradesmen paid on piecework / incentive schemes

Grade C •Articulated Dump Trucks < 30 tonnes carrying weight •Concrete Mixers •Concrete gang operatives not included in Grade B •Hoist and Fork-lift Operator •Hydraulic Excavators < 20 tonnes operating weight •Loading Shovels < 20 tonnes operating weight •Operating Pot Mixer •Operating Site Dumpers / Tractors / Power Rollers / Dump Trucks / Small Mixers, etc. •Pneumatic and Electric Hand Tools – Concrete Saws •Rollers – Dead Weight or Vibratory, Pedestrial or Ride-on •Site Dumpers •Soil / Landfill Compactors < 30 tonnes operating weight •Tractors •Truck and Van Drivers 1-9 tonne capacity •Trucks < 16 tonnes gross vehicle weight •Using Mechanical or Electrical tools, for example, Polisher / Hammers such as a Bush or Kango Hammers / Pneumatic Drills / Grinders / Stone or Concrete Saws and similar such equipment •Vans & Pick-Ups

Grade D – New Entrants Construction Operatives who are capable of carrying out basic general labouring requirements, including occasional operation of small plant items.

Sources: Irish Labour Court, Statutory Minimum Rates of Pay: www.labourcourt.ie/labour/labour.nsf/LookupPageLink/HomeRatesOfPay; Pages 28-29.

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