SERVICE GUIDE United Kingdom Ireland

My notepad My account: My account number: Sub-account number

Department

LANDAUER EUROPE Customer Service: 28 Bankside - Station Approach Kidlington Oxford OX5 1JE UNITED KINGDOM from Monday to Friday, from 8.30 to 17.00.

T: +44 (0) 1865 373008 E: [email protected] http://www.landauer.co.uk

Contents 1. Trust the worldwide leader in passive dosimetry 1.1 LANDAUER EUROPE, a LANDAUER Inc. company 1.2 Thinking outside the badge 1.3 Approved dosimetry services

2. Choose your dosimetry monitoring

2.1 Choosing appropriate dosemeters for your needs 2.2 What are our main advantages?

3. Welcome to LANDAUER EUROPE dosimetry service

3.1 LANDAUER EUROPE’s service overview 3.4 Using your dosemeters 3.2 Managing your account 3.5 Results and transmission 3.3 Your shipment 3.6 Record keeping

4. Know more about our dosemeters, reports and other products 4.1 Dosemeters 4.3 Additional services 4.2 Reports 4.4 Other products

5. Appendices

5.1 Technologies used by LANDAUER EUROPE 5.2 Regulations concerning the health and safety at work 5.3 Glossary

LANDAUER EUROPE, Thinking outside the badge

3 1.1 LANDAUER EUROPE, a LANDAUER Inc. company

LANDAUER EUROPE provides radiation dosimetry services to hospitals, medical and dental practices, universities, national laboratories, and other industries in which radiation poses a potential threat to employees. The service includes the manufacture of various types of radiation detectors (OSL, TLD and CR-39), the distribution and collection of dosemeters to and from clients, the analysis, reporting and record keeping of personal doses. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, LANDAUER EUROPE is one of the largest suppliers of passive dosimetry. More than 1.6 million people wear LANDAUER dosemeters worldwide – 130,000 in Europe.

1.2 Thinking outside the badge LANDAUER EUROPE offers a wide range of services to help our clients perform their dosimetry requirements including: •• a wide range of dosemeters approved in UK by HSE and in Ireland by RPII, •• HSE and RPII approved record keeping, •• an interactive network, myLDR, •• a rapid service in accordance with appropriate UK and Irish regulations and codes of practice. Our objective is to combine technologies and services to create the right monitoring programme for any exposure environment.

1.3 Approved dosimetry services In the UK LANDAUER EUROPE supplies HSE Approved Dosimetry Services (ADS) for whole body, extremity and skin dose assessment and record keeping under the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 (IRR99). In Ireland our services are approved by the RPII in pursuance of S.I. 125/2000. Copies of our certificates of approval and performance tests are available on demand. LANDAUER operates in compliance with the requirements of ISO 17025:2005 and the specific requirements needed to satisfy the various laboratory and testing accreditations to operate dosimetry services in a diverse range of countries. Our quality manual, procedures and instructions are regularly reviewed and updated. Copies of these documents are available on request. LANDAUER participates in national and international intercomparisons of dosimetry systems, as are from time to time arranged, to demonstrate the performance of our services. Reports of these intercomparisons are published in relevant scientific journals. Our results are available on demand.

1. Trust the worldwide leader in passive dosimetry

LANDAUER EUROPE is a subsidiary of LANDAUER Inc., the worldwide leader in passive dosimetry. The company ensures accurate and reliable personnel monitoring and precise dose measurements in any environment where there is potential exposure to ionising radiations.

4 2. Choose your dosimetry monitoring

2.1 Choosing appropriate dosemeters for your needs With over 50 years experience, LANDAUER EUROPE offers a comprehensive range of passive dosimetry services to help you comply with the Ionising Radiations Regulations. You should consult your Radiation Protection Adviser (RPA) to determine your exact requirements for personal dosimetry. A guide to the application of our services is given below: Type of radiation

Medical activities

Industrial and research activites Environnemental Protection

X rays, gamma, beta and electrons

Radiotherapy Radio-diagnostic Nuclear medicine Sterilisation Dentist Veterinary practice

Industrial radiography Non-destructive testing Nuclear industry Research laboratory

Neutrons

Accelerator applications

Oil and gas industry Research laboratory Non-destructive testing

5

Luxel+ OSL with Luxel+ Neutrak2 Rings Eye-D2, 3 or TLD Radtrak2, 3, 4 integrated Dots2,3 Neutrak1, 2

Individual monitoring Whole body (Chest or waist) Extremity (Finger) Extremity (Eye) Extremity (Collar / thyroid) Extremity (Wrist / ankle etc) Environmental monitoring Environmental measurements Radon monitoring

For neutron measurement a second badge is not necessary. Neutrak is included in the Luxel+ dosemeter for whole body or extremity measurement. 1

Not an HSE approved dosimetry service

2

Not an RPII approved service

3

Validated in the UK by the Health Protection Agency

4

Measurement of X-ray, gamma and beta

Measurement of X rays, gamma, beta and neutrons

Measurement of neutrons

Measurement of radon concentration

2. Choose your dosimetry monitoring

LANDAUER EUROPE provides a wide range of dosimetry services to enable a variety of dose measurements.

6 2. Choose your dosimetry monitoring

2.2 What are our main advantages? Proactive services •• Direct access to our Customer Service team, from 8.30 to 17.00 •• Management of participants by a secure website: LISN •• Spare dosemeters for increased flexibility, new participants, visitors and lost dosemeters •• All-inclusive pricing •• Delivery of dosemeters to a central department or multiple locations

Quickly available results •• On-demand emergency reading •• High exposure notification •• On-line services: myLDR •• Wide range of reports online

Easy to use dosemeters

A trusty technology, the OSL

•• Attractive design, ready-to-wear •• Single use dosemeter •• Easy to read visual identification: name, surname, department, placement icon and so on •• Personalised dosemeter label design with optional graphic formats for easy identification of departments, wear period etc

•• Technology used since 1998 by over 1.6 million participants throughout the world and more than 43,000 persons in the United Kingdom and Ireland •• Dosimetry services approved by HSE in UK and RPII in Ireland •• Re-analysable detectors, insensitive to heat and humidity •• Imaging system to aid investigation of doses

7 3.1 LANDAUER EUROPE’s service overview

LANDAUER EUROPE prepares and sends your badges

You contact LANDAUER EUROPE

The dose assessments are archived by LANDAUER EUROPE

You wear the dosemeters

You return your badges to LANDAUER EUROPE

LANDAUER EUROPE sends you a dose report LANDAUER EUROPE analyses the dosemeters

3. Welcome to LANDAUER EUROPE dosimetry service

Identification of dosimetry requirements

8 3. Welcome to LANDAUER EUROPE dosimetry service

3.2 Managing your account 3.2.1 Contact us Our Customer Service team is available from Monday to Friday, from 8.30 to 17.00 by: •• email: [email protected] •• phone: +44 (0) 1865 373008 •• post: LANDAUER EUROPE 28 Bankside - Station Approach Kidlington Oxford OX5 1JE United Kingdom Please always quote your LANDAUER account number and sub-account number, if applicable, on all correspondence with LANDAUER EUROPE. This helps us rapidly identify your account details.

3.2.2 Making change to your account a. How to make change On line with myLDR Our web based account management service enables you to make administrative changes to your account as well as view and print analysis reports from your own desk. As an authorised user you can: •• view and print over exposure notifications; •• browse your accounts and sub-accounts; •• add, delete and make changes to your participants and dosemeters; •• assign Spare dosemeters; •• review participant Dose History and print Analysis Reports; •• download raw data and Packing Lists via Data Exchange; •• identify late or lost non returned dosemeters; •• provide access to specific persons to view their dose reports (lDR). myLDR is offered at no charge to LANDAUER EUROPE customers as part of our service. You can easily register and obtain an ID and unique security password for access. For further information please consult with our customer service staff.

@

@@ @

New developments are continuously being made to increase our flexibility and reporting capabilities.

9

The myLDR login page asks whether you are a returning client, forgotten password or need to register. You need to register. This will take you to the second and final screen where you can input your details then ‘Submit’- an ID and Password will be sent to you. Once the login creation form is successfully submitted, the user ID and password are mailed to the account’s reporting email address to ensure security. Change form Changes can be e-mailed or posted to us using the LANDAUER EUROPE account change form available on our website with instructions to help you. If you make changes using anything other than the above forms, please ensure that all your account details are quoted. Account number, subaccount number, name and number of the relevant participants are all essential to process your request quickly and effectively. Please make any changes in a formal way, with an authorised signature. Changes with complete account details, i.e.: account number, subaccount number, name and number of the relevant participants quoted will be processed in priority. Please advise us of your name and direct dial telephone number so that we can call you back in case any clarification is required. Packing list Changes to your account can be made by using the packing list which you will receive with your delivery of dosemeters. There are instructions on the front and reverse of the list. If you have no changes to make, there is no need to return the packing list with your returned dosemeters.

Classified / Category A participants For ‘Classified Participant’ / ‘Category A’ changes, use the appropriate form. It is important that we have the following information: •• the person’s National Insurance Number (NIN) for UK participants and Personnal Public Service Number (PPSN) for Irish participants; •• their date of birth; •• the start date they become ‘Classified’ or ‘Category A’. If deleting a ‘Classified’ / ‘Category A’ participant, we need a ‘de-classification’ date, again in writing.

3. Welcome to LANDAUER EUROPE dosimetry service

To get access to your dose reports online firstly you need to go to www.myLDR.com. You will need to register for the service which is free of charge to UK and Irish account customers so have your account number ready.

10 3. Welcome to LANDAUER EUROPE dosimetry service

b. Deadline Changes should be made before the ‘cut-off’ date shown on your packing list. This allows us to ensure that any new dosemeters will arrive on time together with your regular delivery. The ‘cutoff’ date for changes for your next delivery appears at the bottom of your packing list. Unless otherwise stated, additions will be made for the next wear period due to be delivered. Once you have a LANDAUER account, there is normally an additional set-up charge for each participant you add. c. Spare dosemeters For a dosemeter requirement outside the routine issue, LANDAUER EUROPE recommends you order a number of spare dosemeters with each wear period. Spare dosemeters are badges issued to you without being assigned to a named participant. They can be used in any emergencies, for new workers or to replace lost dosemeters. Spare dosemeters can be assigned to a named participant by filling the LANDAUER EUROPE spare dosemeter assignment form available on our website or via myLDR. If this is done prior to returning the dosemeters to us, the measured exposure will be assigned to the record of the participant who wore the badge.

3.3 Your shipment 3.3.1 Content Your dosemeters arrive in boxes or envelopes together with a packing list, and at least one control dosemeter. You receive them approximately one week before the beginning of the next wear period. Personal identification, including account number, participant number, begin wear date and unique serial numbers are all printed on the reverse side of Luxel+ dosemeters and laser etched on to our TLD extremity rings. All routine shipments are sent to a central location or can be sent to multiple sites (subaccounts) at the same address or to different addresses. Sub-accounts within accounts are segregated on dosimetry reports, and the site name appears on the dosemeter.

3.3.2 The Control dosemeter Control dosemeters accompany each shipment to monitor the background radiation exposure of the dosemeters during transit and storage.

11

If you have any difficulty returning all of the dosemeters from the wear period in one shipment, LANDAUER EUROPE can supply extra controls with your account at no extra charge. Master control dosemeter We can supply master control dosemeter to replace multiple individual sub-accounts controls, if all of your dosemeters are sent out and stored at a single location. Sub-account control dosemeter If you store your dosemeters at different locations and have set up series for your account, we can supply control dosemeters to accompany each series. a. Identification of a control dosemeter •• Luxel+ control dosemeters are clearly labelled “CONTROL”. •• Ring control dosemeters are supplied in paper envelopes which are clearly labelled “CONTROL TLD”. •• Eye-DTM controls are supplied with Eye-DTM dosmeter

> Luxel+ Control

> Ring TLD Control

> Eye-DTM Control

b. Instructions for using control dosemeters •• Store control dosemeters away from radiation, together with dosemeters not being worn, in a radiation-free location, i.e. normal background. •• Controls must be returned with the dosemeters of the same wear period and from the same batch for which they were issued. If the wrong control is returned, the participant’s doses will be reported without any control subtraction. •• Do not use the control dosemeter for any other purpose. c. Background subtraction protocol A number of checks are applied to ensure that the control dosemeter(s) were issued, returned and assessed at the same time, and that the value of the background is reasonable. If appropriate controls have been returned, the dose assessed from each series control dosemeter is subtracted from the dose assessed for the participants for that series. If appropriate controls are not available a historical customer average control dose is determined using previous controls from the account / sub-account. In the event this is not possible an automatic control substraction of 0.06 mSv per month is substracted.

3. Welcome to LANDAUER EUROPE dosimetry service

The dose received by the control dosemeter is subtracted from the participants’ dosemeters. They should not be used for any other purpose.

12 3. Welcome to LANDAUER EUROPE dosimetry service

3.4 Using your dosemeters 3.4.1 Wearing and caring for your dosemeters a. How to wear your dosemeters It is important to: •• never wear a dosemeter assigned to another user and do not to allow others to wear your assigned dosemeter; •• avoid taking your dosemeter home; •• wear body dosemeters at the assigned place on your body; •• wear ring dosemeters on the assigned hand and inside gloves facing the direction of radiation, •• wear eye dosemeters as advised by your Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) / Radiation Protection Adviser (RPA). b. Caring for your dosemeter While our dosemeters are robust and withstand normal use, damage to dosemeters may prevent accurate dose assessment. So please take reasonable care of them. When not wearing the dosemeter, the participant should store it in a radiation free area, preferably in a designated location. This location should be out of direct sunlight and away from excessive heat or radioactive sources. LANDAUER can supply dosemeter boards, which can be mounted to aid the collection of returned dosemeters and the distribution of new dosemeters for your staff.

3.4.2 Returning your dosemeters a. How to proceed Approximately one week before the beginning of a new wear period you will receive a new shipment. Please store these in a radiation-free area until the new wear period. On the first day of this new period, exchange the dosemeters worn during the previous wear period for the fresh ones. Return the used dosemeters, together with their corresponding controls for the same wear period, in the LANDAUER return envelopes. Please keep all the grey Luxel+ dosemeter holders. They should be re-used for your new dosemeters.

13

Browse non-returned badges on myLDR.com - our interactive web based account management service. You can view dosemeters from your account that have not been received by LANDAUER EUROPE. b. Unused dosemeters If a dosemeter is not used for any reason, do not remove it from the cellophane wrappers, otherwise it will be analysed. Any dosemeter received back at LANDAUER EUROPE still in its cellophane wrapper will be reported as unused. c. Contaminated dosemeters Note that it is illegal to send radioactively or biologically contaminated material through the post. If you suspect your dosemeters may be contaminated you should consult your RPA or safety officer to decontaminate them. In the case of radioactively contaminated dosemeters please advise us that the dosemeters were contaminated, in case this affects the dose reported by the dosemeter. It is the employer’s responsibility to advise us of an ‘estimated’ dose to replace the reported dose. d. Lost and damaged dosemeters All dosemeters and holders remain the property of LANDAUER EUROPE. A dosemeter (including a control dosemeter) is considered lost if it is not returned within 60 days of the end of the wear period. At this point a lost dosemeter charge is applied. Should the dosemeter then be found and received at LANDAUER EUROPE for analysis then the lost dosemeter charge is offset by a late dosemeter credit being applied. If a dosemeter is not received by LANDAUER EUROPE within 90 days of the end of the wear period then the lost dosemeter charge will remain in place and is not refundable. If a dosemeter issued to a Classified / Category A person becomes lost or damaged, an investigation to estimate the actual dose received during the monitoring period is required. The results of the assessment, together with an estimated dose should be sent to LANDAUER EUROPE. Your estimate will be recorded as a special entry in the dose record. Dose records for Classified / Category A persons must be complete.

3. Welcome to LANDAUER EUROPE dosimetry service

Make sure that the correct controls are sent back with your participants’ dosemeters for correct background subtraction during analysis.

14 3. Welcome to LANDAUER EUROPE dosimetry service

3.4.3 Emergency processing Emergency processing is available for dosemeters of participants suspected of receiving overexposure. 1. Call our Customer Service at +44 (0) 1865 373008. Have the following available: •• Account number; •• Name and phone number of the person to be contacted with the dose reading(s); •• Number and types of dosemeters being returned; •• Means by which you are shipping the dosemeters; •• Source of exposure; •• Any other information you feel pertinent. 2. Send the dosemeters by express courier to the UK office with an enclosed note giving the name and phone number of the person to contact. If possible include a control dosemeter. LANDAUER EUROPE 28 Bankside - Station Approach Kidlington Oxford OX5 1JE UNITED KINGDOM 3. Mark the outside of the package: EMERGENCY PROCESSING. The irradiated dosemeter must be sent separately, if possible with an appropriate control. It should not be returned with other dosemeters. For shipments received by 16.00, LANDAUER will report the dose within three working days. For neutron dosemeters an extra day is required for processing and assessment.

3.5 Results and transmission 3.5.1 Dose assessment a. Process When the dosemeters arrive at LANDAUER EUROPE for processing, they are shipped the same day to our processing laboratory in Glenwood near Chicago, USA. There, they are immediately fed into our analysis system. They are logged into our computer system and an analytical work order (AWO) is assigned to them. This work order allows us to track each dosemeter through the system. All processing is performed by LANDAUER and has been approved by HSEin the UK and RPII in Ireland in accordance with our certificates of approval.

15 b. Analysis

c. Data review Once the analysis of the dosemeters is complete, LANDAUER reviews the data to verify the results for all separate dosemeter types.

3.5.2 Analysis and reporting Once the data review is complete a report is released showing the type and amount of radiation dose received by each participant. Reports cover each wear period and include: •• the doses assessed for the wear period, •• cumulative totals for quarter to-date, year-to date and lifetime dose; •• personal data and identification; •• explanatory information; •• other relevant data used in the management of a dosimetry program. In accordance with UK and Irish legislation, reports are issued within 14 days of receipt of the dosemeters at our UK office. High doses are notified immediately by e-mail. Whenever requesting information about a specific report, please always quote your account number, series code if applicable and the analytical work order number (AWO).

3.6 Record keeping LANDAUER provides an HSE and RPII approved record keeping service. This includes: •• providing appropriate dose reports; •• termination reports for participants ceasing employment with your company; •• record keeping for at least 50 years; •• summaries; •• transfer of records for UK classified workers to the Central Index of Dose Information (CIDI) and for Irish workers to the RPII; •• emergency reporting for high dose assessments.

3. Welcome to LANDAUER EUROPE dosimetry service

Each type of dosemeter is analysed in a different way according to the technology used. Specifically trained and experienced staff use bespoke equipment to process the dosemeters and analyse the detectors. Built-in quality controls and systems ensure the reliability of the equipment and dose assessments. They have the ability to re-examine and verify dose assessments.

16 4. Know more about our dosemeters, reports and other products

4.1 Dosemeters 4.1.1 Luxel+ a. Overview The Luxel®+ dosemeter measures radiation exposure due to x-ray, gamma and beta radiation with Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) technology. The OSL radiation detector inside the Luxel+ dosemeter is a thin strip of specially formulated aluminium oxide (Al2O3:C) crystalline material. During analysis, the Al2O3:C strip is stimulated with selected frequencies of light causing it to luminesce in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure and the intensity of stimulation light (see section 5.5.1). Front view

Back view

Standard Holder

Size

Width: 50 mm Height: 45 mm Thickness: 5 mm

OSL strip

multi-element filter pack

Plastic blister pack

Neutrak dosemeter (option) Paper pouch with participant identification

The OSL strip is sandwiched within a multi-element filter pack. The filter pack is equipped with an ‘Imaging’ component. The analysis of the ‘Imaging’ component can provide information to identify whether an exposed dosemeter was static or dynamic during irradiation. The filter pack and detector are heat sealed within a laminated, light-tight paper wrapper creating a fully sealed and self contained packet. This packet is sealed inside a tamper-proof plastic blister pack to limit the effects of mishandling, light leakage, or lost detection elements. Luxel+ is designed to include a Neutrak detector for neutron measurement, avoiding the need to wear an additional badge.

17 b. Specifications

Type of radiation

Energies detected

Minimum exposure range

Maximum exposure range

X-rays

5 keV to 6 MeV

0.01 mSv

10 Sv

Gamma

5 keV to 6 MeV

0.01 mSv

10 Sv

Beta

150 keV to 2.28 MeV

0.01 mSv

10 Sv

c. Advanced features Reanalysis of dosemeters OSL detectors can be stimulated numerous times to confirm the validity of a radiation dose measurement. A full reanalysis is automatically performed for every dosemeter with an assessed dose in excess of 5 mSv. Information about conditions during exposure with Imaging system The analysis of the Imaging component renders unique filter patterns that provide qualitative information about the conditions during exposure. Imaging to identify static, dynamic, or contamination conditions is automatically performed for all beta and low-energy photon measurements yielding a dose in excess of 5 mSv. Imaging capabilities are inconclusive at energies exceeding 150 keV. A static exposure image indicates the dosemeter was still with no movement at the time of exposure. This is verified by the distinct grid patterns in the filter pack imaging area. A static exposure implies that the dosemeter may not have been worn at the time of exposure, and an accidental exposure may have occurred. Imaging area

A dynamic exposure image indicates the dosemeter was moving at the time of exposure. This is verified by the blurred grid patterns in the filter pack imaging area. A dynamic exposure implies that the dosemeter was worn at the time > Dynamic Exposure of exposure, and the reported dose is valid.

> Static Exposure

Optional Feature: Reanalysis or imaging at doses less than 5 mSv can be requested. Imaging is not available for doses less than 0.5 mSv or for high energy photons.

4. Know more about our dosemeters, reports and other products

Energy and dose ranges

18 4. Know more about our dosemeters, reports and other products

d. design features Various combinations of graphic formats, background options, different colour-coding for departments, wear position icons are available. You can customise the label of the Luxel+ to meet your requirements for easy management of your dosemeters. Identification at-a-glance Wear date

Seasonal icon Dosemeter wear position icon

Participant number

Wearer’s name Account number

Wear position

Series name (department)

Dosemeter type

Bar code

Account name Frequency exchange color coding

Serial number

Neutron component (optional CR-39)

Identification of the wear period Each season can have its own unique icon. You can choose among six colours for identifying wear periods.

Snowflake

Hot Sun

Autumn Tree

Flower Petals

Maple Leaf

Green Leaf

You also have the option to either select your own sequence of colours or simply to use the standard defaults for the different wear periods. Graphic format option

Three different graphic formats are available for Luxel+ dosemeters.

> Side Bar

> Corner

The graphic formats change in colour with each exchange frequency. Background options You can use optional backgrounds to create a personalised look to your dosemeter. Choose between four options: no background (default), Dogs, Sky or Trees. Each graphic format can have any background.

> Cross

19 Color coding by sub-account

The generic choice will be used as the default.

Generic

Wear position icon Visual body icons identify the correct location to wear the dosemeter. Colour-coded icons are used for quick and easy placement when two badges are worn at the same time for instance. A written description is also included on the back of the dosemeter for verification. •• Participant monitoring

Chest

Collar

Waist

Fetal

Other zones are available, please ask for further details if required. •• Environmental monitoring Luxel+ dosemeters can be used as a fixed area dosemeter in specific locations to determine the radiation exposure at various locations in the radiation field. Area monitoring dosemeters can be used to ensure that adequate protection is provided from ionising radiation for both staff and members of the public.

4. Know more about our dosemeters, reports and other products

Sub-accounts (sites/departments) can be colour coded for easy identification. Six colours are available for coding your different departments. Each colour may be used as many times or not at all.

20 4. Know more about our dosemeters, reports and other products

In this case, the Luxel+ dosemeter is identified by the icon below: Area/environmental monitoring An area dosemeter on a work station may not eliminate the need to wear personal dosemeters. The assessment should be reviewed periodically and results recorded by the employer. The area dosemeter should not be worn. It must be left at the same place throughout its use. Holder When you receive your badge, you should discard the cellophane wrapper and the identity card, and snap the dosemeter into a holder. The standard holder has an alligator clip for secure fastening to clothing. In MRI units where metals are not permitted, an all-plastic clip is available. Area monitor holders can have Velcro® tabs with adhesive backing for easy surface placement. Other holders are available on request.

> Standard holder

> All-plastic clip

4.1.2 Ring a. Overview LANDAUER EUROPE’s Ring dosimetry service provides extremity radiation monitoring for workers required to manually manipulate or work in close proximity to radioactive materials and radiation producing equipment. LANDAUER EUROPE’s Ring measures exposure due to x-ray, beta, and gamma radiation using a Thermo Luminescent Dosemeter (TLD) (see section 5.1.2). Front view

Dismantled view

One TLD crystal per cover

Size Height: 12 mm Diameter: Size S: 16 mm Size M: 18 mm Size L: 20 mm Size XL: 22 mm Thickness on detector: 3 mm

The Ring uses a lithium fluoride chip with no binder as its detector. This chip is encapsulated inside an identification cover, ensuring its watertightness. It can be worn in dry or wet working conditions and cold sterilised without risk of damage to the detector, by hydrogen peroxide in 10% ethanol.

21 b. Specifications

Energy and dose ranges Type of radiation

Energies detected

Minimum exposure range

Maximum exposure range

X-rays

15 keV to 8 MeV

0.30 mSv

10 Sv

Gamma

15 keV to 8 MeV

0.30 mSv

10 Sv

Beta

> 150 keV

0.30 mSv

10 Sv

The results are provided in individual dose equivalent, Hp(0.07). c. Design features Permanent identification Participant’s Name Wear Date

Serial Number Size

Exchange frequency Account Number

Hand (left or right) Participant’s Number

Identification is permanently engraved by laser and cannot peel, smear, or wash off as with conventional labels. Information on the cover includes: account, participant, and serial numbers, worker’s name, wear date and exchange frequency, size, and on where (which hand / finger) the ring is to be worn. Easy identification of wear period The ring base colour changes (red, blue or black) each wear period to help identify wear dates. Ergonomic design with four sizes Our Rings easily slide and fit inside surgical gloves. They come in four sizes to comfortably fit any user: small, medium, large and extra large. A ring sizing card is available to determine the size of ring required. Ring identification can be personalised according to the wear zone, e.g.: right hand or/and left hand, or more precisely a finger. If you have a ring for each hand, the right hand Ring is identified R (right) and the left hand Ring L (left).

4. Know more about our dosemeters, reports and other products

LANDAUER EUROPE’s Ring dosemeter measures radiation exposure due to x-ray, beta, and gamma radiation. It is insensitive to neutron radiation.

22 4. Know more about our dosemeters, reports and other products

4.1.3 Eye-DTM a. Overview The Eye-DTM dosemeter is designed for measurement of eye dose with or without protection glasses. The dosmeter contains a LiF TLD chip encapsulated in a polyamid capsule. Front view

Open view

Size

Width: 17 mm Height: 70 mm Thickness: 9 mm

The dosemeter can be cold sterilised for use in clean environment. b. Specifications LANDAUER EUROPE’s Eye-DTM dosemeter measures radiation exposure due to x-ray, gamma radiation in the dose range from 0.1 mSv to 15 Sv. The results are provided in terms of Hp(3). d. design features The Eye-DTM dosemeter comes in the form of a bar. The detector is a TLD which is encapsulated into the hemisphere. Black elastic head-bands are available to attach the Eye-DTM. The serial number of the dosemeter is written on the side of the bar and the dosemeter is available in a variety of colours.

4.1.4 Neutrak a. Overview The Neutrak® detector is based on solid-state nuclear track detector technology. It comes in the form of a small piece of poly-allyl diglycol carbonate, commonly known as CR-39. This solidstate nuclear track detector measures exposure due to neutrons. It is not sensitive to x-ray, beta or gamma radiation. Neutrak uses a CR-39 manufactured to our own high specification for excellent energy detection (see section 5.1.3).

23 As inserted in a Luxel+ dosemeter

As inserted in a vinyl pouch

Size

Width: 9 mm Height: 19 mm Thickness: 2 mm

Neutrak is made up of a CR-39 detector inserted in polyethylene radiator. This radiator is laser engraved for permanent identification. It is wrapped in a label with a 2-D bar code for identification and tracking. Neutrak is sealed inside the Luxel+ dosemeter plastic blister pack in a one-piece design to include x-ray, gamma and beta radiation monitoring, or can be packaged specifically for neutron detection only. b. Specifications Our two types of Neutrak offer a wide range of energy measurements. Energy :

0,5 eV

40 keV

40 MeV

Neutrak 144 - J Neutrak 144 - T

Neutrak 144 – J Neutrak 144 - J is our standard for intermediate and fast neutron monitoring. This detector uses a polyethylene radiator for fast neutrons, recoil protons resulting from neutron interactions in the dosemeter produce damage tracks in the CR-39 detector. It is wrapped in a white label. This detector is particularly adapted to: Americium / Beryllium containing equipment such as a gamma densitometer, nuclear fuel production facilities. Energy and dose ranges Type of dosemeter Neutrak 144-J

Energies detected 40 keV to 40 MeV

Minimum exposure range 0.20 mSv

Maximum exposure range 250 mSv

4. Know more about our dosemeters, reports and other products

Front view

24 4. Know more about our dosemeters, reports and other products

Neutrak 144 – T Neutrak 144 – T is developed for fast, intermediate, and thermal neutrons. The left area of the chip uses a polyethylene radiator for fast neutrons. The right area uses a boron loaded Teflon® radiator that also records alpha particle produced by the interaction of thermal neutrons with the boron radiator. It is wrapped in a yellow label. Energy and dose ranges Type of dosemeter Neutrak 144-T

Energies detected Thermal to 40 MeV

Minimum exposure range

Maximum exposure range

0.20 mSv

250 mSv

4.1.5 Radon gas monitor According to UK regulations, employers must make a risk assesment of radon concentrations in their workplaces and, if necessary, make measurements of the radon concentration to ensure compliance with dose limits. Our laboratory use the alpha track method. Detector elements made of CR-39 plastic, as our Neutrak dosemeter, are put into cups made of anti-static plastic. Each detector has a unique number. Radon gas, mixed with the ambient air, diffuses into the cup. The decay of radon generates alpha particles which create-tracks in the film. When the exposed detectors returned to the laboratory, the films are etched. The tracks are then counted in an image scanner. Based on this value as well as background and calibration factors, an exposure is calculated. LANDAUER EUROPE proposes two types of detectors depending on applications. Radtrak Long term radon gas monitor

Rapidos Short term radon gas monitor

Detector application

Dwellings/workplaces and as dosemeter

Dwellings/workplaces

Measurement range (Bqm-3)

20-25 000 at 3 months

70-150 000 at 7 days

Measurement range (kBqhm-3)

0-25 000

0-25 000

Technical specifications

Diameter: Size

Thickness:

58 mm (63,5 with hanger) 20 mm (33 with clip)

Diameter: 58 mm (63,5 with hanger) Thickness: 40 mm (43 with clip)

25 A global solution for radon measurement

The measurements are analysed by LANDAUER NORDIC in Sweden, which is one of Europe’s top laboratories dealing with radon measurements in indoor air. To-date the laboratory has analysed more than 1,000,000 measurements in residential buildings and public premises in Europe. The laboratory is validated in the UK according to the validation scheme HPA-RPD-047, and is also ISO 17025 and ISO 14001 approved, as well as EMAS registered. The ISO 17025 accreditation is accepted in 18 European countries by the European Cooperation for Accreditation of Laboratories (EAL).

4.2 Reports 4.2.1 The standard dose report After read-out and assessment of dosemeters returned at the end of each wear period, a report is sent to the employer or their Radiation Protection Adviser (RPA). Reports are also available for download via myLDR. In the standard case, it comes as below: Date of receipt of dosemeters Wear period LANDAUER participant number Participant’s name Type of dosemeter worn Use/location Radiation type

For more information, please see the reverse side of the report.

4. Know more about our dosemeters, reports and other products

LANDAUER EUROPE’s service includes: • detectors packed in radon-safe plastic bags; • instructions for their use; • a return envelope; • processing and analysis of exposed detector; • confidential reporting of exposure results.

26 4. Know more about our dosemeters, reports and other products

4.2.1 A wide range of options available via myLDR a. Duplicate Copies Duplicate copies of dosimetry reports can be downloaded via myLDR or sent to the normal reporting address or to another address you designate. b. Sort Order The default sort order for the dosimetry report is by LANDAUER EUROPE participant number. Data within a report can also be sorted alphabetically by participant name. If you have series, the default sort is by series code and participant number, or you can elect to sort by series code and participant name. c. Suppressed Data on Reports For privacy and/or posting needs, you can request that we suppress on the original report the ID number, date of birth, and/or sex. On the second and remaining copies of a report, you can suppress the ID number and date of birth; or the name, sex, and date of birth; or the name. d. Zone Detail The accumulated dosemeter detail behind an assigned dose for the wear period can be printed on the dosimetry report through the year-to-date dose equivalent columns. e. Monitoring Period Page Break Your dosimetry reports can begin with a new page with each wear period date. f. Internal Dose LANDAUER can store the following internal dosimetry information when supplied by you: committed dose equivalent (CDE) organ, committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) total, intake quantity by radionuclide, mode of intake, and lung clearance class. Total CEDE is entered if calculated, or is calculated by LANDAUER. Participant records are updated to reflect the internal contribution to the total organ dose equivalent (TODE) and the total effective dose equivalent (TEDE). Confirmation reports printed the same day reflect data supplied to LANDAUER, whereas standard dosimetry reports generated by processing external dosemeters reflect the single maximally exposed organ, along with CEDE, TODE and TEDE. g. Special Dose Calculations Special calculations permit departure from LANDAUER’s standard dose assessment protocol in order to provide a more accurate estimation of radiation dose under special circumstances as determined by your RPA. Special calculations can be applied to an individual, a series, or to an entire account. h. Absentee Reporting A dosemeter, if not returned for the wear period, is noted as “absent” on the dosimetry report. This feature is triggered when 80% of the account’s dosemeters for the specific wear period are reported. A different percentage level can be requested.

27 4.3 Additional services

LANDAUER EUROPE recommends dosemeter boards to organise dosemeters and present new wear period dosemeters for exchange at a convenient central location. These tables are available in three sizes. Model

Size* H 36 cm x W 45 cm

Medium 30 badges - 3 shelves

H 45 cm x W 70 cm

Large 45 badges - 4 shelves

H 61 cm x W 70 cm

* Approximate dimensions

Small 14 badges - 3 shelves

4.3.2 Radiation passbooks For classified workers, LANDAUER EUROPE can supply radiation passbooks in accordance with the Outside Worker Regulations. Employers must ensure that their outside workers – i.e. classified persons who work in controlled areas designated by the employer – have valid and up-to-date radiation passbooks.

4.4 Other products 4.4.1 Readers a. The portable reader, microStar The microStar reader measures radiation exposure with aluminium oxide detectors (Al2O3:C) read out by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) technology. It is a portable and lightweight reader, adapted to personal monitoring dosemeters or nanoDots. The microStar reader can be used anywhere to make immediate and accurate radiation dose assessments, i.e.: for emergency response, area monitoring, clinical dose assessment, or any radiation measurement. As the reading is non-destructive, it allows dose verification and intermittent analysis while maintaining total dose accumulations. It uses a conventional electrical power source and no other connections. It is therefore a ‘plug-in and operate’ piece of equipment with low > nanoDots and microStar adaptator maintenance requirements (no heating, no gas).

4. Know more about our dosemeters, reports and other products

4.3.1 Badge boards

4. Know more about our dosemeters, reports and other products

28 The reader connects via a USB cable to an external computer that controls the setup, analysis and data recording. Calibration can be achieved using a set of calibration dosemeters. A diagnostic (80 kVp) set can be supplied on demand. The microStar reader includes operating, analysis and dose calculation algorithm software, laptop computer, carrying case, and a choice of InLight whole body dosemeters or nanoDots for single point measurements.

> InLight dosemeter

Dimension Weight

12 cm x 33 cm x 24 cm 16 kg 110 – 240 V, 1.5 amp, Electrical power source 50 – 60 Hz Energy Range (x-ray, gamma and beta) from 5 keV to 40 MeV Measurement scale from 0.05 mGy to 10 Gy b. Other readers LANDAUER EUROPE can provide InLight analysis equipment and dosemeters for customers who have their own on-site operations. Thus, you can choose LANDAUER EUROPE’s complete approved dosimetry service or have your own dosimetry service in-house, utilising InLight® readers on your site. Their advantages: •• no heating parameters to control; •• no gas required; •• reduced maintenance requirements; •• fast reader throughput; •• simple calibration process. Three models exist with flexible handling options: Manual reader

200 automatic reader

500 automatic reader

Desk-top model

Desk-top model

On floor model

13 sec red-out time

280 dosemeters /hour

280 dosemeters/hour

Manual loading of dosemeter

Upto 4 cassettes each holding 50 dosemeters

Upto 10 cassettes each holding 50 dosemeters

36 LED

36 LED

36 LED

29 4.4.2 Dots

Overview The TLD dot is for use in single point radiation assessments. It measures radiation exposure with a ThermoLuminescent Dosemeter (TLD), like the Ring (see section 5.1.2). Front view

Size

Dot: 4 x 4 mm Thickness: < 1 mm Package: 37 x 25 mm

The TLD dots use a Lithium Fluoride (LiF) chip with no binder as the detector. It is enclosed in a plastic pouch that protects against contamination. Dots are identified by a serial number written on a paper enclosed on the plastic pouch. This compact dosemeter could be used in difficult access places. The plastic pouch enables the TLD dots to be sterilised without compromising the integrity of the dosemeter. For instantaneous reading, we recommend the use of our portable reader microStar and nanoDots (OSL dots). Specifications Measurements Type of radiation

Energies detected

Minimum exposure range

Maximum exposure range

X-rays

15 keV to 8 MeV

0.30 mSv

10 Sv

Gamma

15 keV to 8 MeV

0.30 mSv

10 Sv

Beta

> 150 keV

0.30 mSv

10 Sv

The results are provided in individual dose equivalent, Hp(0.07).

4. Know more about our dosemeters, reports and other products

a. TLD dot

30 4. Know more about our dosemeters, reports and other products

b. nanoDot Overview The nanoDot® dosemeter is for use in single point radiation assessments. The nanoDot dosemeter measures radiation exposure with Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) technology. This dosemeter is designed to be read out using a microStar® reader. Each nanoDot is a dot of OSL material with a diameter of 4 mm. It is enclosed in a light-tight carrier, and is shipped enclosed in a plastic packet that protects against contamination. Carriers have unique serial numbers for identification and tracking. Close view in plastic packet

Open view

nanoDot in a microStar adaptor

Size

Width: 10 mm Height: 10 mm Thickness: 2 mm Package: 45x40 mm

The nanoDot is designed for the client with extensive data management capabilities who prefers to independently maintain data and issue exposure reports. This compact dosemeter can be used in awkward to access places. The plastic packet enables it to be sterilised without compromising the integrity of the dosemeter. With a microStar reader, the nanoDot gives an immediate measurement of the dose. For reading, the dosemeter is pulled out from its plastic pouch and clipped in a carrier. microStar permits an in situ analysis. Specifications Measurements Type of radiation

Energies detected

Minimum exposure range

Maximum exposure range

X-rays

from 5 keV to 40 MeV

0.05 mGy*

10 Gy

Gamma

from 5 keV to 40 MeV

0.05 mGy*

10 Gy

Beta

from 150 keV to 10 MeV 0.05 mGy*

10 Gy

* Results expressed in absorbed dose

31 c. Dosemeter features

4. Know more about our dosemeters, reports and other products

The OSL nanoDot is a detector which has several advantages: •• no angular dependence; •• radiotranslucent; •• non destructive read out •• no fade •• stable to read after 10 minutes following irradiation

32 5. Appendices

5.1 Technologies used by LANDAUER EUROPE 5.1.1 OSL Since 2000, LANDAUER have adopted the use of the OSL (Optically Stimulated Luminescence) technology for assessing personal dose. OSL has been developed using material manufactured by LANDAUER to its own specifications: aluminium oxide doped with carbon (Al2O3:C). a. Principle Within a number of materials, the electrons and holes produced during radiation exposure can become trapped at crystal defects. These remain stored until they are excited, or stimulated, from these traps giving rise to optical emission. The intensity of the optical emission is a function of the radiation exposure and the method/intensity of the stimulation. If the trapped charges are excited by thermal stimulation (thermoluminescence) then most of them are released and any record of the radiation exposure is lost. However, if the trapped charges are optically stimulated, only a small fraction of the trapped charge is released. The process is optimised by the frequency of the stimulating light, the characteristics of the photomultiplier used to detect the emitted light, and the material used as the OSL detector. During readout, only a small fraction of the trapped charges are released. Thus, much of the trapped charge is retained following stimulation and may be released in subsequent stimulations. This enables OSL dosemeters to be read out many times without significant lost of signal. b. Material used by LANDAUER: Al2O3:C As its detectors, LANDAUER use aluminium oxide doped with carbon (Al2O3:C). The aluminium oxide, Al2O3:C, used in our dosemeters is produced at the LANDAUER Crystal Growth Facility in Stillwater, USA. Al2O3:C (corundum or sapphire) is used primarily because of its high sensitivity > OSL strip to radiation, 40 – 60 times that of LiF (TLD-100). It has a principal emission peak at 410 – 420 nm (blue). It also has excellent properties for radiation dosimetry, including linear response up to 50 Gy. Al2O3:C powder is obtained by grinding crystals and sifting the powder to the desired size range. This powder is mixed with a polyester binder and coated onto a roll of polystyrene film. The aluminium oxide layer is approximately 0.2 mm thick sandwiched between polyester foils 0.03 mm thick (top) and 0.1 mm thick (bottom). Each reel of detector material received by LANDAUER is assessed for suitability by stringent quality assurance testing. The sensitivity of the material is printed on the top of the detector strip.

33 c. Advantages

Elimination of the heating process permits more possibilities for the design of dosemeters, including: •• powder coatings on clear film bases; •• simpler and more reliable analysis instrumentation; •• better control over the amount of luminescence emitted. The aluminium oxide is not affected by heat or moisture. More information is available at http://www.osldosimetry.com.

5.1.2 TLD TLD (Thermoluminescence detectors) are used in extremity rings, TLD dots and Eye-DTM dosemeters. a. Principle

> TLD dot

Like OSL, the thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) technology is based on the principle of detecting light emission following stimulation of the irradiated material. For TLD, the stimulation is achieved by heating the dosemeter.

Unlike OSL, in which very little of the trapped charge is stimulated, thermally stimulating the material empties most of the trapped charge. They cannot generally be re-read with accuracy. b. Material used by LANDAUER: LiF The material used by LANDAUER for this technology is lithium fluoride, LiF. c. Advantages The LiF detectors are small and relatively tissue equivalent. LANDAUER uses them for measurements of extremity doses (eg Ring dosemeters).

5.1.3 CR-39 CR-39 is widely used for personal neutron dosimetry. CR-39 is a solid state nuclear track detector (SSNTD). a. Principle

> CR-39 and radiator

The principle of measurement is based on counting the number tracks etched into the surface of a CR-39 detector after irradiation. These tracks are caused by, either recoil protons produced by the interaction of neutrons with the hydrogen atoms contained in a polyethylene radiator, or, alternatively, alpha particles produced from the 10B(n, α)7Li reaction in a boron loaded radiator.

5. Appendices

The combination of OSL and Al2O3:C has many advantages: •• high sensitivity, improving low dose precision and enabling thin layer dosemeters; •• possibility to re-analyse the dosemeters as very little of the signal is lost in each read.

34 5. Appendices

b. Material used by LANDAUER: CR-39 CR-39 is a polycarbonate plastic comprising: poly-allyl diglycol carbonate (PADC). Following irradiation, the material is etched in a bath of sodium hydroxide, for approximately 15 hours at 70°C, to enlarge the proton recoil or alpha tracks. The dose is then evaluated by counting the number of tracks. > Neutrons tracks in CR-39 c. Advantages LANDAUER uses CR-39 produced to our own specifications for our Neutrak dosemeters. It covers a broad range of energy: thermal, intermediate and fast neutrons. For the thermal neutrons, a layer of Teflon doped with boron is added to the dosemeter. CR-39 is insensitive to x-rays, beta and gamma.

5.2 Regulations concerning health and safety at work 5.2.1 The regulatory framework The Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 (IRR99) is the principal legislation covering radiation protection in the UK. In Ireland S.I. No 125/2000 Radiological Protection Act, 1991 (Ionising Radiation) order 2000, is the principal legislation concerning radiation protection. Both regulations implement the provisions of European directives (Euratom 90/641 and 96/29). These directives are based on the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The regulations impose duties on employers to protect their employees and other persons from ionising radiation arising from their operations with radioactive substances and other sources of ionising radiation. The IRR 99 and S.I. 125/2000 are broadly similar. Most of the quotations below are taken from the IRR99 with reference also to the relevant articles in S.I. 125/2000.

5.2.2 The enforcement of the Ionising Radiations Regulations (1999) / S.I. 125/2000 a. Principles Employer responsibilities «Every radiation employer shall, in relation to any work with ionising radiation that he undertakes, take all necessary steps to restrict so far as is reasonably practicable the extent to which his employees and other persons are exposed to ionising radiation.»

IRR99 – 8.(1) In Irish legislation it is the duty of the undertaking (as defined in Part 1 Article 2 (1)) to obtain a licence from the RPII and to maintain compliance with S.I. 125/2000.

35 Radiation protection adviser

«Employers shall consult one or more suitable radiation protection advisers for: 1. the implementation of requirements as to controlled and supervised areas; 2. the prior examination of plans for installations and the acceptance into service of new or modified sources of ionising radiation; 3. the regular calibration of equipment provided for monitoring levels of ionising radiation and the regular checking that such equipment is serviceable and correctly used; 4. the periodic examination and testing of devices and regular checking of systems of work provided to restrict exposure to ionising radiation.»

IRR99 – 13.(1) and Schedule 5 / S.I. 125/2000 - Article 19 Dose limitation «...every employer shall ensure that his employees and other persons (...) are not exposed to ionising radiation to an extent that (...) any dose limit is exceeded in any calendar year.» Effective dose Whole body

Equivalent dose Eye’s lens

Skin

Extremities

Employee

20 mSv

150 mSv

500 mSv

500 mSv

Trainee under 18 years hold

6 mSv

50 mSv

150 mSv

150 mSv

Women of reproductive capacity

The limit for the abdomen is 13 mSv in any consecutive period of 3 months

Pregnant woman

The limit is 1mSv during the remainder of the pregnancy

Breastfeeding woman

Restriction of exposure in accordance with IRR99 - 8.(5)

Other persons

1 mSv

15 mSv

50 mSv

50 mSv

IRR99 - 11.(1) and Schedule 4 / S.I. 125/2000 - Article 10 and Schedule 2 «Where an employer is able to demonstrate in respect of any employee that the dose limit is impracticable having regard to the nature of the work undertaken by that employee, the employer may in respect of that employee apply the dose limits for a five calendar years period.»

IRR99 – 11.(1)(2) / Not applicable in S.I. 125/2000 «Every employee shall (...) ensure an investigation is carried out forthwith when the effective dose of ionising radiation received by any of his employees for the first time in any calendar year exceeds 15 mSv...»

IRR99 – 8.(7)

5. Appendices

«...every radiation employer shall consult such suitable radiation protection advisers as are necessary for the purpose of advising the radiation employer as to the observance of these Regulations...»

36 5. Appendices

Designation of controlled and supervised areas •• Controlled area «Every employer shall designate as a controlled area any area under his control which has been identified by an assessment made by him as an area in which (a) it is necessary for any person who enters or works in the area to follow special procedures designed to restrict significant exposure to ionising radiation, (b) any person working in the area is likely to receive an effective dose greater than 6 mSv a year or an equivalent dose greater than three-tenths of any relevant dose limit...»

IRR99 – 16.(1) / S.I. 125/2000 - Article 16 (1) •• Supervised area «An employer shall designate as a supervised area any area under his control in which (a) it is necessary to keep the conditions of the area under review to determine whether the area should be designated as a controlled area; or (b) in which any person is likely to receive an effective dose greater than 1 mSv a year or an equivalent dose greater than one-tenth of any relevant dose limit...»

IRR99 – 16.(3) / S.I. 125/2000 - Article 16 (2) Designation of radiation protection supervisors «The radiation employer shall (a) appoint one or more suitable radiation protection supervisors for the purpose of securing compliance with these Regulations in respect of work carried out in any area made subject to local rules(...); and (b) set down in the local rules the names of such individuals so appointed.»

IRR99 – 17.(4) / Not defined in S.I. 125/2000 b. Work conditions and follow-up of workers on radiation exposed zone Designation of classified persons / Category A For the UK, «...the employer shall designate as classified persons those of his employees who are likely to receive an effective dose in excess of 6 mSv per year or an equivalent dose which exceeds three-tenths of any relevant dose limit and shall forthwith inform those employees that they have been so designated.»

IRR99 – 20.(1) For Ireland, the undertaking shall classify as a Category A worker an exposed worker who is liable to receive an effective dose greater than 6 mSv in a period of 12 months or an equivalent dose greater than three tenths of the dose limits for the lens of the eye, or, as the case may be, the skin, hands, forearms, feet and ankles specified in paragraph 1 of Schedule 2. The undertaking shall classify as a Category B worker, an exposed worker who is not classified as a Category A worker.

S.I. 125/2000 - Article 18

37

Information, instruction and training «Every employer shall ensure that those of his employees who work with ionising radiation are given appropriate training in the field of radiation protection and receive such information and instruction as is suitable and sufficient for them to know (i) the risks to health created by exposure to ionising radiation; (ii) the precautions which should be taken; and (iii) the importance of complying with the medical, technical and administrative requirements of these Regulations.» IRR99 – 14. / S.I. 125/2000 - Article 20 Outside workers «An employer who has designated an area as a controlled area shall, in relation to an outside worker, ensure that the outside worker is subject to arrangements for estimating the dose of ionising radiation he receives whilst in the controlled area...» IRR99 – 18.(4) / S.I. 125/2000 - Article 29 c. Prior risk assessment and area monitory Prior risk assessment «Before a radiation employer commences a new activity involving work with ionising radiation in respect of which no risk assessment has been made by him, he shall make a suitable and sufficient assessment of the risk to any employee and other person for the purpose of identifying the measures he needs to take to restrict the exposure of that employee or other person to ionising radiation.» IRR99 – 7.(1) / S.I. 125/2000 - Article 9 (2) Area monitoring «Every employer who designates an area as a controlled or supervised area shall take such steps as are necessary (otherwise than by use of assessed doses of individuals), having regard to the nature and extent of the risks resulting from exposure to ionising radiation, to ensure that levels of ionising radiation are adequately monitored for each such area and that working conditions in those areas are kept under review.» «The employer (...) shall provide suitable and sufficient equipment for carrying out the monitoring...» IRR99 – 19.(1)(2) / S.I. 125/2000 - Article 21

5. Appendices

Personal monitoring: selection of an Approved Dosimetry Service «...the employer shall make suitable arrangements with one or more approved dosimetry service for (a) the making of systematic assessments of such doses by the use of suitable individual measurement for appropriate periods...; and (b) the making and maintenance of dose records relating to each classified person.» IRR99 – 21.(2) «The employer shall provide the approved dosimetry service with such information concerning his employees as is necessary for the approved dosimetry service to comply with the arrangements made for the purposes of paragraph (2).» IRR99 – 21.(4)

38 5. Appendices

5.3 Glossary Absorbed dose The amount of energy absorbed per unit mass of material. The standard unit for absorbed dose is the gray (Gy). ALARA : “as low as reasonably achievable” Overarching principal in radiation protection which means employers should make every reasonable effort to maintain exposures to ionising radiations as low as possible. Alpha particle (α) A helium nucleus that has a mass number of 4 and an electrostatic charge of +2. It has low penetrating power and a short range, but it is highly ionising. Alpha particles are easily stopped by a sheet of paper. Area dosemeter Dosemeter used to assess the dose at particular locations within, for example controlled or supervised areas. Beta particle (β) Beta particles are electrons which are emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive element during radioactive decay. They are stopped by thin sheets of metal or plastic. Control dosemeter Passive dosemeter which monitors background radiation during the wear period, and for the duration of the transit to and from the client. Dosimetry The process of measuring radiation dose. Effective dose Is the quantity defined by ICRP to assess dose to people. It is obtained by multiplying the equivalent dose to various specified tissues and organs by a defined weighting factor and summing them. The unit for effective dose is the sievert (Sv). Equivalent dose Is the quantity obtained by multiplying the absorbed dose by a factor to allow for the relative effectiveness of the various types of ionising radiation. The unit for equivalent dose is the sievert (Sv). Fast neutron Neutrons produced, for example, in nuclear reactors and accelerators and having energies in excess of about 0.1 MeV.

39 Gamma radiation (γ)

Gray (Gy) It is the unit for the absorbed radiation dose. One gray is equivalent to an energy absorption of 1 J/kg. Health and Safety Executive (HSE) The HSE is the body responsible in the UK for the regulation and enforcement of workplace health and safety. The HSE’s roles are to: •• assist and encourage persons concerned with matters relevant to the HSWA (Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974); •• encourage research and publication; •• keep informed government departments, employers, employees, their respective representative organisations, and other persons on regulations and duties; •• propose regulations. Ionising radiations Any radiation capable of displacing electrons from atoms or molecules when it crosses or hits a substance. Irradiation Exposure of a living organism or a material substance to radiation. Neutron A basic constituent of the atomic nucleus with no charge. Passive dosimetry Dosimetry of ionising radiation using devices that are read out following exposure. Radiation protection A set of measures to protect humans and the environment against ionising radiations during their exploitation. Radiation Protection Adviser (RPA) Competent and experienced persons who are authorised to advise radiation employers on the safe and compliant use of ionising radiations .

5. Appendices

Electromagnetic radiation is emitted during the process of radioactive decay of radioactive elements. It has high penetrating power but it is not very ionising. Gamma radiations are stopped or shielded by dense materials, such as concrete or lead.

40 5. Appendices

Radiation Protection Institute of Ireland (RPII) The RPII is the body responsible for the regulation and enforcement of Radiological Protection legislation in Ireland. Thier role is to ensure that Irish people and the environment are adequately protected from the harmful effects of ionising radiation. They do this by providing advice to the public and the Government, by monitorin people’s exposure to radiation, by regulating and licensing all those who use radiation, by providing technical support to lreland’s plan to deal with radiation emergencies and by cooperating with similar bodies internationally. Radiation Protection Supervisors (RPS) An “on site” person responsible of radiation protection. Their principle task is to ensure that good practices are observed in order to keep radiation exposure as low as reasonably possible. Sievert (Sv) The international unit for effective dose and dose equivalent (see above definitions). Thermal neutron Neutrons which are in thermal equilibrium with their surroundings. Typically they have an energy distribution with an average of about 0.025 eV. X-ray Electromagnetic radiation produced by for example nuclear medicine and radiotherapy.

LANDAUER EUROPE Customer Service: 28 Bankside - Station Approach Kidlington Oxford OX5 1JE UNITED KINGDOM T: +44 (0) 1865 373008 E: [email protected] http://www.landauer.co.uk from Monday to Friday, from 8.30 to 17.00.

28 Bankside - Station Approach Kidlington Oxford OX5 1JE UNITED KINGDOM

FT - SGD - 001 Rev.D

LANDAUER EUROPE Limited - Registered in England and Wales N°. 4406575

T: +44 (0) 1865 373008 E: [email protected] http://www.landauer.co.uk