QUESTIONARY OF HUMAN ANATOMY for 2nd Year Dental Medicine Students of the English Language Programme at Medical University “Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov” – Varna (Academic Year 2016 – 2017) I. Osteology and arthrology 1. Osteology - general study of the bones. Shape and internal structure of the bones. The bone as an organ. 2. Bone development and growth. 3. Skull. Ontogenesis. Facial bones. 4. Maxilla and mandible. 5. Skull. Development. Cranial bones. 6. Cranial calvaria. Cranial base. Internal surface of the cranial base. Anterior cerebral fossa. 7. Internal surface of the cranial base. Middle cerebral fossa. Posterior cerebral fossa. 8. External surface of the cranial base – anterior, middle and posterior parts. 9. Lateral view of the skull – The temporal fossa, the infratemporal fossa, the pterygopalatine fossa. 10. Orbit. 11. Bony nasal cavity. 12. Syndesmology – general study of the joints. Types of joints - classification. Fibrous, cartilaginous and bony joints. 13. Synovial joints (diarthroses) – general anatomy, types of synovial joints. Structure and biomechanic of diarthroses. 14. Joints of the vertebral column. The vertebral column as a whole. 15. The craniovertebral joints. 16. Joints of the thoracic wall. The thoracic cage as a whole. 17. Joints of the skull bones. Temporomandibular joint. 18. Prenatal and postnatal development of the skull. 19. X-ray anatomy of the skull. Age peculiarities. 20. Joints of the pectoral girdle. Joints of the upper limb. 21. Joints and ligaments of the pelvic girdle. The pelvis as a whole. Joints of the lower limb. II. Myology 22. Skeletal muscle – structural organization; types of skeletal muscles. The muscle as an organ. Connective tissue formations of skeletal muscles and tendons. Internal and external mechanics of the skeletal muscles. 23. Muscles of facial expression. Innervation and blood supply. 24. Muscles of chewing. Blood supply and innervation. Fascia of the head. 25. Muscles of the back- superficial and deep. Blood supply and innervation. Fasciae of the back. 26. Superficial muscles of the neck. Blood supply and innervation. 27. Hyoid muscles of the neck. Blood supply and innervation. 28. Deep muscles of the neck. Blood supply and innervation. Cervical fascia. 29. Thoracic muscles: muscles of the pectoral girdle, muscles of the thoracic wall proper. Blood supply and innervation. Thoracic fasciae. Diaphragm.

30. Muscles of the abdominal wall – lateral, anterior and posterior. Fasciae of the abdominal wall. Blood supply and innervation. Inguinal canal. 31. Muscles of the shoulder and upper limb. Blood supply and innervation. 32. Muscles of the hip and lower limb. Blood supply and innervation.

III. Splanchnology 33. Internal organs. Basic structural plan of the internal organs. 34. Digestive system – common study. Structure of its organs. Ontogenesis. 35. Oral cavity – parts. Ontogenesis and anomalies of the face and oral cavity 36. Oral cavity – vestibule. Lips. Cheeks. Gums. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 37. Oral cavity proper. Soft and hard palate. Bony skeleton of the hard palate. Muscles of the soft palate. Oral mucosa. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 38. Tongue. Structure. Mucosa. Muscles. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. Ontogenesis. 39. Teeth – structure of the teeth. Characteristics of human dentition– external morphology and structure. 40. Tissue components of the tooth –origin and characteristics. 41. Supporting tissues of the teeth – periodontium. 42. Teeth – blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 43. Embryonic development of the teeth – odontogenesis,stages. Enamel organ. 44. Embryonic development of the teeth – amelogenesis. 45. Embryonic development of the teeth- dentinogenesis. 46. Embryonic development of the teeth- cementogenesis. 47. Eruption of the teeth. Mechanism. Theories. Disturbances in the eruption. 48. Deciduous dentition. Eruption of the deciduous teeth. 49. Permanent dentition - characteristic. Eruption of the deciduous and permanent teeth. 50. Dental arches – characteristics. Occlusion and articulation. Physiological types of occlusion. 51. Glands of the oral cavity- small salivary glands. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 52. Glands of the oral cavity – parotid gland. Topography. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 53. Glands of the oral cavity – submandibular gland. Topography. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 54. Glands of the oral cavity – sublingual gland. Topography. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 55. Fauces (the oropharyngeal isthmus). Palatine tonsil. Waldeyer’s ring. 56. Pharynx. Topography. Structure. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 57. Esophagus - topography, structure. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 58. Stomach - shape, parts, topography. Structure of the wall. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 59. Small intestine – duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Topography. Structure of the wall. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 60. Large intestine: cecum, vermiform appendix, colon, rectum Topography. Structure of the wall. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation.

61. Pancreas. Topography. Structural organization of the exocrine and endocrine parts. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 62. Liver – topography, external morphology. Liver lobes and segments. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 63. Liver. Internal morphology. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 64. Gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 65. Peritoneum – general data. Relationship to abdominal organs. Course of peritoneum in descending and transverse direction. 66. Peritoneal cavity: supracolic, infracolic and pelvic compartments; peritoneal formations; communications. 67. Respiratory system. General plan of structural organization. Ontogenesis. 68. Nose: external nose and nasal cavity. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 69. Paranasal sinuses. Ontogenesis. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 70. Larynx- cartilages, joints and muscles. Topography. Laryngeal cavity. Laryngeal mucosa. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 71. Trachea. Primary bronchi. Topography. Structure of the wall. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 72. Lungs. Shape, size, topography. Anatomofunctional units – lobes, segments, pulmonary lobules and acini. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 73. Pleurae-visceral and parietal. Pleural cavities. Borders of the parietal pleurae. 74. Urinary and reproductive systems. General principles of structural organization. Ontogenesis. 75. Kidney – shape, topography, supporting apparatus. Internal structure. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. Renal anomalies. 76. Excretory ducts of the kidney - minor calyces, major calyces, pelvis, ureter. Topography. Urinary bladder. Male and female urethra. Topography. Structure of the wall. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. Anomalies. 77. Testis. Epididymis. Topography. Microscopic structure. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 78. Ductus deferens. Seminal vesicle. Topography. Microscopic structure. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. Spermatic cord. Coverings of the testis. Scrotum. 79. Prostate. Bulbourethral glands. Penis. Topography. Microscopic structure. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 80. Ovary. Topography. Microscopic structure. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. Uterine tube. Topography. Microscopic structure. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 81. Uterus. Topography. Vagina. External genitalia. Topography. Microscopic structure. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 82. Mammary gland. Topography. Microscopic structure. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation.

IV. Endocrine system 83. Endocrine glands. General anatomical features. 84. Pituitary gland – general data. Adenohypophysis. Microscopic structure. Hypothalamopituitary system. Neurohypophysis. Microscopic structure. Interaction of the neurohypophysis and hypothalamus.

85. Pineal gland (epiphysis cerebri). Topography. Microscopic structure. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 86. Thyroid gland. Parathyroid glands. Topography. Microscopic structure. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 87. Adrenal glands. Topography. Microscopic structure. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. Paraganglia. 88. Gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine system. Microscopic structure.

V. Cardiovascular system. Lymphatic system

89. Heart – topography, external view, X - ray anatomy of the heart. 90. Chambers and valves of the heart. 91. Structure of the heart wall. Fibrous skeleton and septa of the heart. Impulse-conducting system. Innervation of the heart. 92. Blood and lymphatic vessels of the heart. Pericardium. Pericardial cavity. 93. Structural plan of the circulatory system. Arterial and venous parts of the circulatory system. Anastomoses - types. Collateral blood circulation. 94. Structure of the vessel wall. Structure of the arterial wall; structure of the venous wall and valves. Blood supply and innervation. 95. Microcirculatory bed: types, arterioles, capillaries, venules. Arteriovenous anastomoses. 96. Vessels of the pulmonary circuit. 97. Aorta – general view, regions and major branches: ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta. 98. Common carotid artery. External carotid artery – anterior and posterior branches. 99. External carotid artery – terminal branches: superficial temporal artery; maxillary artery- parts, course, objects of blood supplying. 100. Internal carotid artery. 101. Subclavian artery. 102. Axillary artery. Main arteries of the upper limb. 103. Branches of the thoracic aorta. 104. Branches of the abdominal aorta- parietal and visceral (paired and unpaired) 105. Common iliac artery. Internal iliac artery. 106. External iliac artery. Femoral artery. Arteries of the lower limb. 107. Superior vena cava system – veins of the head. 108. Superior vena cava system – veins of the neck. 109. Inferior vena cava system 110. Hepatic portal system. 111. Intersystemic venous anastomoses – cavacaval and portacaval anastomoses. 112. Bone marrow. Microscopic structure. Thymus. Topography. Microscopic structure. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 113. Lymphatic nodes. Microscopic structure. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 114. Spleen. Topography. Microscopic structure. Blood supply, lymph drainage and innervation. 115. Main lymphatic vessels 116. Lymphatic vessels and regional lymphatic nodes of the head. 117. Lymphatic vessels and regional lymphatic nodes of the neck.

118. Lymphatic vessels and regional lymphatic nodes of the thorax and upper limb. 119. Lymphatic vessels and regional lymphatic nodes of the abdomen. 120. Lymphatic vessels and regional lymphatic nodes of the pelvis and lower limb.

VI. Nervous system and sensory organs

121. Nervous system – general data. General organization of the nervous system. 122. Ontogenesis of the nervous system. 123. Spinal cord – external morphology and cytoarchitectonic of the spinal cord. 124. Spinal cord – white matter. 125. Spinal cord - meninges and blood supply. 126. Medulla oblongata. 127. Pons. 128. Mesencephalon (midbrain). 129. Cerebellum - divisions and nuclei. Internal morphology of the cerebellum: structure of the cerebellar cortex. White matter of cerebellum. Cerebellar pathways. Functions. 130. Diencephalon. Metathalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus. Hypothalamus. 131. Telencephalon: cerebral hemispheres - lobes, sulci, gyri. 132. Telencephalon - white matter. 133. Rhinencephalon. 134. Basal ganglia. 135. Limbic system. 136. Structural organization of cerebral cortex. Functional areas- localization of functions in the cranial cortex. Functional asymmetry of the brain. 137. Brain blood supply. Blood-cerebral barrier. 138. Lateral ventricles. Third and fourth ventricles. Cerebrospinal fluid. Blood-fluid barrier. 139. Sensory systems - system of superficial mechanical reception. 140. Ventrolateral system: pain, temperature. 141. Proprioceptive sensory system. 142. Trigeminal system. 143. Interoceptive sensory system. 144. Visual sensory system. 145. Auditory sensory system. 146. Vestibular sensory system. 147. Gustatory sensory system. 148. Olfactory sensory system. 149. Motor system - general data. Pyramidal motor system, corticonuclear and oculomotor systems. 150. Extrapyramidal system 151. Reticular formation. 152. Visceral nervous system – general organization. 153. Spinal nerves. Dorsal rami of spinal nerves. Cervical plexus. 154. Brachial plexus – formation. Nerves of the pectoral girdle. Nerves of the upper limb. 155. Ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves. 156. Lumbar plexus. 157. Sacral plexus.

158. Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens nerves (III, IV, VI) 159. Trigeminal nerve (V)– general features, formation, objects of innervation. 160. Ophthalmic nerve (V1). 161. Maxillary nerve (V2). 162. Mandibular nerve (V3). 163. Facial nerve (VII). 164. Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII). 165. Glossopharingeal nerve (IX). 166. Vagus nerve (X). 167. Accessory nerve (XI). Hypoglossal nerve (XII). 168. Sympathetic trunk- structure and parts. 169. Cervical part of the sympathetic trunk. 170. Thoracic, abdominal and pelvic parts of the sympathetic trunk. Prevertebral ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. 171. Parasympathetic nerves of spinal origin. 172. Visceral plexuses in the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity. 173. Visual apparatus – general data. Ontogenesis. Eyeball – external morphology. The external fibrous tunic. 174. The vascular tunic: the choroid, the ciliary body. Iris. Iridocorneal angle. 175. Internal tunic – the retina. Microscopic structure. 176. Vitreous body of the eyeball. Ocular refractive media. 177. Accessory visual apparatus. Muscles of the eyeball, lacrimal apparatus, eyelids, conjunctiva. 178. Auditory and vestibular apparatus. External ear. 179. Middle ear: tympanic cavity. Auditory tube. Tympanic membrane. Auditory ossicles. 180. Internal ear – osseous labyrinth and membranous labyrinth. Vestibular apparatus. 181. Spiral organ of Corti. Microscopic structure. 182. Olfactory organ. Gustatory organ. Microscopic structure. 183. Skin. Microscopic structure. Blood supply, innervation. Appendages of the skin. Microscopic structure

VII. Topographic anatomy 184. Fronto-parieto-occipital region. 185. Temporal region. Mastoid region. 186. Base of the skull – topographo-anatomical review. 187. Infratemporal region. Pterygopalatine fossa. 188. Lateral region of the face. 189. Parotideomasseteric region. 190. Orbital region. 191. Nasal region. Paranasal sinuses. Communications. 192. Oral region. 193. Fascia of the neck. Fascial compartments of the neck. 194. Anterior region of the neck. 195. Submandibular triangle. 196. Carotid triangle. 197. Sternocleidomastoid region.

198. Lateral region of the neck. Cervical viscera. 199. Subclavian region. Mammary region. 200. Axillary region. 201. Thoracic wall. Diaphragm. 202. Thoracic cavity. Mediastinum. 203. Anterior abdominal wall. Inguinal canal. 204. Superior and inferior compartment of the abdominal cavity. 205. Retroperitoneal space. 206. Peritoneal, subperitoneal, subcutaneous part of the pelvis. 207. Topographic anatomy of pelvic viscera. Vessels, nerves. 208. Posterior region of the neck. Scapular region. Subscapular region. Lumbar region. 209. Vertebral region. Vertebral canal – content. 210. Topographo - anatomical regions of upper limb, main neuro-vascular bundles. Superficial veins of the upper limb. 211. Topographo - anatomical regions of lower limb, main neuro-vascular bundles. Superficial veins of the lower limb.