PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Barbara Heard, Atlantic Cape Community Ninth Edition College

Human Anatomy & Physiology

CHAPTER

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1

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Anatomy and Physiology •  Anatomy •  Describes the structures of the body •  Since 1600s •  What they are made of •  Where they are located

•  Physiology •  study of: •  Functions of anatomical structures

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Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology •  Anatomy •  Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) •  Surface anatomy: exterior features •  Regional anatomy: body areas •  Systemic anatomy: organ systems

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Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology •  Anatomy •  Microscopic anatomy (cells and molecules) •  Cytology: study of cells and their structures •  cyt- = cell •  Histology: study of tissues and their structures

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Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology •  Physiology •  Cell physiology: processes within and between cells •  Organ physiology: functions of specific organs •  Systemic physiology: functions of an organ system •  Pathological physiology: effects of diseases

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Figure 1.3a The body s organ systems and their major functions.

Hair Skin

Integumentary System © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education,

Nails

Figure 1.3b The body s organ systems and their major functions.

Bones

Joint

Skeletal System

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Figure 1.3c The body s organ systems and their major functions.

Skeletal muscles

(c) Muscular System © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education,

Figure 1.3d The body s organ systems and their major functions.

Brain

Spinal cord

Nervous System © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education,

Nerves

Figure 1.3e The body s organ systems and their major functions.

Pineal gland Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas

Testis Ovary

Endocrine System

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Figure 1.3f The body s organ systems and their major functions.

Heart

Blood vessels

Cardiovascular System

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Figure 1.3g The body s organ systems and their major functions.

Red bone marrow

Thymus Lymphatic vessels Thoracic duct

Spleen

Lymph nodes

Lymphatic System/Immunity

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Figure 1.3h The body s organ systems and their major functions.

Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx

Bronchus

Trachea Lung

Respiratory System

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Figure 1.3i The body s organ systems and their major functions.

Oral cavity Esophagus

Liver Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine

Digestive System © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education,

Rectum Anus

Figure 1.3j The body s organ systems and their major functions.

Kidney Ureter

Urinary bladder Urethra

Urinary System © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education,

Figure 1.3k–l The body s organ systems and their major functions.

Mammary glands (in breasts) Prostate gland Ovary

Penis Testis Scrotum

Ductus deferens

Uterus Vagina

Male Reproductive System

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Uterine tube

Female Reproductive System .

Four Principles of A&P •  Form dictates function (Complementarity) •  Hierarchy of Complexity •  Homeostasis •  Cell function drives life functions

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Four Principles of A&P •  Form dictates function (Complementarity) •  study parts  understand how they work

Left side

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Four Principles of A&P •  Form dictates function (Complementarity) •  study parts  understand how they work

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Four Principles of A&P •  Hierarchy of Complexity •  many levels of structural organization

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Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.

Atoms

Slide 1

Organelle Smooth muscle cell

Molecule

Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules.

Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Cardiovascular system Heart Blood vessels

Smooth muscle tissue

Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue

Epithelial tissue Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ system level Organismal level The human organism is made Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. up of many organ systems.

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Homeostasis •  Homeostasis •  All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment •  Normal range of operations for most systems

•  several parts involved:

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Homeostasis Parts •  Sensor •  Receptor: Receives the stimulus

•  Signal •  Action potential

•  Control center •  Processes the signal and sends instructions •  CNS

•  Effector •  Carries out instructions •  Muscle or gland © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Homeostasis Parts Sensor Receptor: Receives the stimulus

Signal Action potential

Control center Processes the signal and sends instructions CNS

Effector Carries out instructions Muscle or gland © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Negative and Positive Feedback •  Two ways to organize these parts •  Negative feedback loop •  Positive feedback loop

•  The Role of Negative Feedback •  effector negates the stimulus •  back into homeostasis •  Normal range achieved © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

RECEPTORS Temperature sensors in skin and hypothalamus

Normal temperature disturbed

Information affects CONTROL CENTER

STIMULUS: Body temperature rises

Range

HOMEOSTASIS Normal body temperature

RESPONSE: Increased heat loss, body temperature drops

Normal temperature restored

EFFECTORS • Sweat glands in skin increase secretion • Blood vessels in skin dilate

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Sends commands to

Body temperature (°C)

Thermoregulatory center in brain

Vessels Vessels dilate, constrict, sweating sweating increases decreases

37.2 37 36.7

Normal range

Time

Negative and Positive Feedback •  The Role of Positive Feedback •  Effector response increases change of the stimulus •  away from homeostasis •  Normal range is lost

•  Used to speed up processes

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Clotting accelerates Positive feedback loop

Chemicals

Chemicals

Damage Chemical release

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Chain reaction

As clotting happens, more chemicals released, more clotting

Blood clot

formation of clot