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PROBLEMS OF PARKING ON SELECTED STREETS IN PRAGUE Jan Petrů1, Václav Škvain2 Summary: The paper deals with problems of parallel parking in selected localities of the capitol Prague. There are described the conflict situations on three streets with parking lanes and also with cycling lanes or a tramway lane. The article also presents evaluation of frequency of conflict situations in the monitored localities defining the conflict indicators (almost-accident rate). It further points at hidden factors that cannot be deduced from the project or analysis of the traffic accident rate. Key words: Road Transport, Parking, Conflict Situation, Videoanalysis.

INTRODUCTION Number of vehicles together with vans rises permanently every year. The roads are burdened with still bigger traffic volume. This facts cause increasing need for parking places. Due to building density and deficiency of parcels for building of parking areas the parking places are more often built along roads (parallel parking). This way of parking brings a lot of conflicts which has impact on traffic flow continuity and traffic safety. It is especially parked vehicles which can stick out into traffic lane, drivers entering into road for getting out or getting in the vehicle or individual parked vehicles which influence traffic flow continuity and in some cases also traffic safety. The parallel parking can also cause problems of entries/exits of urban public transport vehicles to stop lanes; this also has an impact on position of the vehicle at the platform edge (1). A vehicle parking by this lane influences the traffic safety in the stop lane section (2) (3). Within the urban environment, it is very important to harmonise the type of road and its traffic importance and type of buildings (4). This method has a major impact on consolidation of transport operations on the given road as well as on reduction of number of potential conflict situations (5) and (6) This paper points out these problems using video-analysis of conflict situations by methodology which is described in (7).

1. SELECTION OF LOCALITIES OF PARALLEL PARKING FOR VIDEO ANALYSIS Under the terms of the research project (4) there was made road traffic survey on selected localities of Prague - Náchodská Street (8 sections), Sokolovská Street 1

Ing. Jan Petrů, VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Department of Civil Engineering, Ludvíka Podéště 1875/17, 708 33 Ostrava – Poruba, Tel.: + 420596 991336, E-mail: [email protected] 2 Ing. Václav Škvain, VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Department of Civil Engineering, Ludvíka Podéště 1875/17, 708 33 Ostrava – Poruba, Tel.: + 420596 991981

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(5 sectiions), Legerrova Street (3 sectionns), Sokolsk ká Street (1 section) aand Českom moravská Street (22 sections).

Sourcee: Authors

F Fig. 1 - Onee of points for f video annalysis of co onflict situattions of para rallel parkin ng

2. VID DEOANA ALYSIS OF F CONFL LICT SITU UATIONS IN MONIITORED LO OCALITIE ES Thhe conflicct situation ns recordeed in thee monitoreed localitiies are described d by a claassification symbol. Th his symbol consists off a number, i.e. particiipant to the conflict situationn (2 – vehiccle, 4 - ped destrian x veehicle, 6 - vehicle v x vehicle), a leetter (type of o origin of the conflict), and anoth her numbeer, which indicates seriousnesss of the situation (class 1 – the loweest degree – infringemeent of regulations witho out involvinng other roaad users; w; class 3 - the highesst degree – sudden class 2 – wrongdooing and viiolation of traffic flow braking or abrupt tuurning to av void a collission). (7) D Description of o conflict situations reecorded in th he monitoreed localitiess  2b2 A public p tran nsport vehiicle pulling g out into o the oppoosite lane due to a paarked passen nger vehiclee  4j2 Opeening door in nto the roadd area  4ch22,3 Pedeestrians crossing the rooad  6v2,,3 A caar turning frrom the paraallel parking into the th hrough lanee  6z2 A caar turning to o the paralleel parking from fr the thro ough lane Vehhicles turnin ng to oppositte direction n  6o2,,3  2c2 Parkking in the cycling c lanee Passsing a badly y parked vehhicle via a trram lane  6k2  6r2 Reversing mano oeuvre of a delivery veehicle into th he intersecttion Thhe conflicct rate (kR) represennts the raate of daanger in tthe given section in numbber of confllict situation ns per hour (PKS) divid ded by hourrly traffic inntensity (I) (number of vehiccles/hour). Thhe recordedd conflict situations s inn the monittored localities were pput into a summary s table T Tab 1, whhich presen nts frequenncy of con nflict situaations in th the given locality. The Tabble shows that t the big ggest probleems represeent pedestriians crossinng the road d - 4ch2,

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despite of the nearby pedestrian crossing, and sudden opening of vehicle doors and the driver entering the road – 4j2. Among the dangerous situations, there also belong sudden turning from parallel parking into the through lane - 6v2 and vehicles turning to opposite direction. At Českomoravská street, there were recorded vehicles parking in the cycling lane 2c2. This situation disturbs flow of passenger vehicles and turning of cyclists in the through lane, but it also causes unexpected opening of door into the road and movement of the driver in the traffic lane - 4j2. Due to a badly parked vehicle close to a pedestrian crossing at Sokolská street, there were recorded 1070 cars passing this badly parked vehicle via the tram lane – 6k2. Tab. 1 – Frequency of conflict situations in monitored localities defining the conflict rate kR Localities Conflict situation PKS [KS/h] kR [KS/100 veh] Náchodská Street 1631 vph

Total of Sokolovská Street 1258 vph Total of Sokolská Street 1338 vph Total of Českomoravská Street 921 vph

2b2 4j2 4ch2 4ch3 6v2 6v3 6z2 6o2 6o3 4j2 6v2 6r2 4j2 6z2 6k2 4j2 4ch2 4ch3 6v2 6z2 2c2

Total of

9 26 7 5 7 5 3 4 1 67 5 2 1 8 3 1 1 5 14 15 3 1 1 6 40

0.55 1.59 0.43 0.31 0.43 0.31 0.18 0.25 0.06 4.11 0.40 0.16 0.08 0.64 0.22 0.07 0.07 0.37 1.52 1.63 0.33 0.11 0.11 0.65 4.34 Source: Authors

3. MONITORED LOCALITY PRAGUE – HORNÍ POČERNICE In Horní Počernice there is selected road II/611 (Náchodská Street) for observation of conflicts situation caused by parking along the road. The parallel parking is situated along both sides of this road in total length of 2.0 km. On this road there are also stop lanes next to the parallel parking.

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Sourcee: mapy.cz

Fig. 2 - Selectedd locality in Horní Počeernice D During the road r traffic survey theere were reecorded thee followingg conflict situations in this loocality at 8 points.

3.1 In nappropriiate vehiclee stoppingg near stop p lane V Vehicles ofteen stop in front fr of or bbehind the stop s lane. Itt noticeablyy influencess driving of busess into the sttop lane, its position neear usable platform p edg ge when passsenger has to entry on roadd during getting on/off bus. And cconsequently y bus exitin ng into the tthrough lan ne is also influencced. Bus oft ften drives into i the oppposite lane and it restriicts vehiclees going in opposite direction. This situuation is sho own in Fig. 33. This phen nomenon iss worse in ar articulated bus b when the cuttiing of this vehicle v was almost 1.155 m.

Sourcee: Authors

F Fig. 3 - Parkked vehicle influencingg position and a exit of bus b from stoop lane (2b2 2)

3.2 R Restriction of traffic flow conttinuity by drives of parked veehicles in parallel p paarking plaace Thhe other sittuations aree caused byy pedestrian ns. They are especiallyy drivers of parked vehicless. Driver affter parking g manoeuvrre must open the door during geetting out and a then entry innto traffic laane. Open door sticks oout into nex xt traffic lane. Then thee driver goes around vehicle walking on o the trafffic lane. Thhis situation n arises alsso during eexiting the parallel

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parking place. Vehhicles in th he next trafffic lane aree restricted and the drriver of thee parked vehicle is also endaangered (Fig g. 4).

Sourcee: Authors

ossing driverrs (pedestriaans) (4j2 an nd 4ch2) Fig. 4 - Open doorr during gettting in/out vvehicle; cro Common pheenomenon is also crosssing acrosss the road to t or from the parked vehicle. Drivers rarely use the nearby y pedestriann crossing. In these caases the vehhicles are restricted r again annd the driveer (pedestriaan) himself is also endaangered – seee Fig. 4 annd 5.

Sourcee: Authors

Figg. 5 - Driver of van is bbraking befo fore crossing g driver (4chh3)

3.3 R Restriction of vehiclees in throu ugh lane du uring reveersing intoo parallel parking p pllace D Drivers whicch are parkin ng into paraallel parking g can restricct or decelerrate vehiclees behind them. T This situatiion arises in the thrrough lane while thee driver loooks for sp pace for parking of his vehhicle. Howev ver, the connsiderable restriction r of o vehicles in the throu ugh lane arises dduring parkking manoeuvre into pparallel parrking place by reversiing. In these cases the driver stops in the th hrough lanee and rev verse into parking pllace. Therre could also be situations in which the driver ssuddenly sto ops near sp pace for paarking of a vehicle. Anotherr situation arises wheen drivers try to passs this vehicle or stoop close beehind it. Driver of the parrking vehiccle cannot enter into this place by reverssing. The observed o

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manoeuuvre is show wn in Fig. 6 and it takkes 35 seco onds from stopping off the vehiclle in the traffic laane to furthher movement of vehiclles in the through lane.

Sourcee: Authors

Fig. F 6 - Park rking by rev versing (6z2)

3.4 U Unexpected d exits from m the paraallel parkiing place Prroblematic and also potentiallyy dangerou us situations arise dduring uneexpected exit of parked vehhicles from the parallell parking place. p If a car c stands hhidden behin nd other vehicless in parallell parking pllace and it ggives a turn n indicator, this signal may not be visible for otheer drivers. The driverr drives intto the throu ugh lane in n the spacee between vehicles, v but this manoeuvree is unexpeccted by the drivers goiing behind him. h This m manoeuvre is i shown in Fig. 7. In this case the drriver of thee exiting vehicle did not use thee turning in ndicator. n order to av void traffic aaccident. Vehiclee in the throuugh lane haad to brake ssuddenly in

Sourcee: Authors

Fig. 7 - Unexpected U exits from parallel p park king place and danger d for veehicles in th hrough lanee (6v3)

3.5 U U-turn man noeuvre du uring exit parallel parking p pla ace A Another danggerous situaation is the U-turn man noeuvre of vehicles v onn road during exit of the parallel parkinng place. In I these caases the driivers in traaffic lanes (especially y drivers in the oppposite trafffic lane) do o not expectt a U-turn manoeuvre m th hrough the rroad – see Fig. F 8.

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Sourcee: Authors

F Fig. 8 - U-tuurn manoeu uvre of vehiccles during exit of paraallel parkingg place (6o3 3)

3.6 Percentage of conflict situation ns in Náchodská streeet F Fig. 9 show ws percentaage of connflict situatiions record ded in the m monitored locality. At Nááchodská street s theree mostly appear 4j2 4j – opeening doorrs into th he road (total off 1.59 KS/100 veh.), 2b b2 – a publiic transportt vehicle pulling out int nto the oppo osite lane due to a parked paassenger vehicle (0.55 KS/100 veeh.), 4ch2 – pedestrianns crossing the road (0.43 K KS/100veh.)) and 6v2 – turningg from thee parallel parking p to the throu ugh lane (0.43 K KS/100 veh.)). 6o2;; 4; 6%

66o3; 1; 2%

6 6z2; 3; 5%

2B2; 9; 13%

6v3; 5; 7%

6v2; 7; 1 10%

4ch3;; 5; 8%

4j2;; 26; 39%

4ch2; 7; 10 0%

Sourcee: Authors

Fig. 9 Tottal of confliict situation ns in Náchod dská street

ONITORE ED LOCAL LITY PRA AGUE – ČESKOMO Č ORAVSK KÁ STREE ET 4. MO Českomoravsská Street is the next sselected loccality. It is an urban rooad with tw wo traffic lanes inn each direction and a dividing d traam strip. Cy ycling lanes are along ttraffic laness of both

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directions. The paarallel parkiing is situat ated behind the cycling g lane in leength circaa 0.5 km betweenn Freyova Street S and Lisabonská S Street.

Soource: Authorss, mapy.cz

Fig. 10 - Selected loocality in Čeeskomoravsská Street

4.1 R Restriction of traffic flow contiinuity in cycling lane A As already mentioned m in n the previoous locality,, driver musst open the door and enter into the roadd after parkiing manoeu uvre during getting out. In this casse the open door sticks out into the neigghbouring cycling c lan ne. Driver oof the parkeed vehicle is separatedd from the through lane annd the doorr does not stick out iinto this laane. Howev ver, in thiss place, theere arise dangeroous situationns for cyclists who do not have manoeuvre m place p for avverting this situation or they must go intto the throu ugh lane or stop. This problem alsso arises in the case off vehicle which ddoes not parrk adequately near the curb and sticks out into the cyclinng lane by rear part of the vvehicle. Vehhicle from Fig. 11 is parrking outsid de the marked parallel pparking plaace.

Sourcee: Authors

Fig. 11 - Open dooor into the cycling lane and vehiclee sticking ou ut into this lane by its rear r part (4j2) D During the measuring m we w have alsoo discovered d that stopp ping of a veehicle in thee cycling lane is a common phenomeno on. There iss a conflict situation not n only durring driving g around the vehiicle by a cyyclist, but allso by moveement of drivers (pedesstrians) in th the next trafffic lane. This prroblem wass described d in the pprevious mo onitored lo ocality. Wee have to mention that drrivers of these t vehiccles usuallly stop in the cycliing lane eeven in th he case,

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when thhere are plaaces availab ble in the pparallel park king placess. Vehicles from Fig. 12 were standingg in these pllaces for mo ore than 20 minutes.

Sourcee: Authors

Fig. 12 - Parked vvehicles in cycling c lanee (2c2) Open door of this parkeed vehicle ssticks out in nto the nextt traffic lanee. In this caase there O w were described above. Drivers mov ving on thee road aree shown arise siituations which in Fig. 113.

Sourcee: Authors

o the road close to vehicles sticking out intoo cyclist lane (4j2) Fig. 13 - Movingg of drivers on Drivers parkking into the t parallell parking use u cyclistt lane to sstop their vehicles D manoeuvre by b reversing g – see Fig. 14. In these cases the traffic in thhe through lane isn’t and to m influencced so muchh. Also the cyclists c are influenced during this manoeuvree.

Sourcee: Authors

F Fig. 14 - Vehhicle stoppiing in cyclinng lane and reversing in nto parallell parking lan ne

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4.2 Percentage of conflict situation ns in Česko omoravská á street Fiig. 15 show ws percentaage of connflict situatiions record ded in the m monitored locality. At Českkomoravskáá street, th he conflict situations are mainly 4ch2 – ppedestrians crossing the roaad (total of 1.63 KS/100 veeh.), 4j2 – opening g the dooor into th he road (total oof 1.52 KS/100 K veeh.) and pprimarily 2c2 – paarking in the cyclin ng lane (total off 0.65 KS/100 veh.). 2c2; 6; 15 5% 6z2; 1 1; 3% 4j2; 14; 35%

6v2; 1; 3% % 4ch3; 3; 7%

4ch2; 1 15; 37% Sourcee: Authors

F 15 Totall of conflictt situations in Českomo Fig. oravská streeet

5. MO ONITORE ED LOCAL LITY PRA AGUE – ČESKOMO Č ORAVSK KÁ STREE ET Sookolovská Street S is roaad with one traffic lanee for each diirection andd with divid ding tram strip. On traffic lannes in both directions there are parallel park king places. On the streeet there are builldings of civil c facilitiies (shops, restaurantss, theatres, galleries, ooffices, meetro stop Vysočannská and also a lot of automated a teeller machin nes).

Sourcee: mapy.cz

Fig. 16 6 - Selectedd locality in Sokolovskáá Street

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D Due to only one traffic lane there is delaying g of vehiclees during pparking man noeuvres into thee parallel paarking placee. The dividding tram strip is elevated and durring these siituations it makess passing off vehicles im mpossible.

Sourcee: Authors

Fig. 17 - Parkin ng manoeuvvre into park king lane by y reversing ((6z2) Close to resttaurants, shops and othher building gs of civil facilities thhere are often cases when thhe delivery vehicle v cannot stop onn the paralleel parking an nd supply thhese buildin ngs from its rear ppart. Such vehicles v usu ually park oon the pavem ment. Thus parked vehhicle makes walking of pedeestrians andd disabled persons im mpossible. Traffic T safeety is also endangered d during exiting of this vehiicle. Fig. 18 8 shows a ddelivery veh hicle exiting by reversinng into intersection. This veehicle restriicts drivers on major rroad, but also a on min nor road as the driverss do not expect tthis manoeuuvre.

Sourcee: Authors

Fig. 188 - Supplyin ng vehicle exxiting by reeversing into o intersectioon (6r2) D During obserrvation on monitored m llocalities we recorded a common phenomeno on when drivers park alongg the road or the paarallel parkiing place for f the shoort period of time. Drivers in the throough lane must m pass thhis vehicle via v the tram m lane – seee Fig. 19. There T are dangeroous situationns when a driver d passiing the vehiicle does no ot notice the he approachiing tram (especiaally in the case of biggeer traffic voolume in thee traffic lanee).

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Sourcee: Authors

Fig. 19 - Passing parrked vehiclees via tram lane l (6k2)

5.1 Percentage of conflict situation ns in Sokollská and Sokolovská S á streets Fiig. 20 show ws percentaage of connflict situations record ded in the monitored locality at Sokoolská and Sokolovská S street. At S otentially Sokolovskáá street, theere was reccorded a po dangeroous situationn 6r2 - rev versing mannoeuvre of a delivery vehicle innto the intersection. The primary probllematic situ uation at Sookolská streeet was 6k2 2 – passingg of a badly y parked vehicless via tram lane, l where the mentiooned 1070 vehicles v paassed a vehiicle parked close to the pedeestrian crossing via thee tram lane.

Sourcee: Authors

c situuations in Sokolská and d Sokolovskká streets Fig. 20 – Graph of conflict

6. TIM ME OF PA ARKING MANOEU M UVRE D During the road r trafficc survey annd video an nalysis of conflict sittuations theere were recordedd times off delay du uring the pparking maanoeuvres. Fig. 18 sshows the average times of parking of o vehicles according to the typee of manoeu uvre into thhe parallel parking. The graaph demonsstrates that the t most apppropriate manoeuvre m is the forwaard driving without influencce of the paarked vehiclles, when thhe driver off the parkin ng vehicle ccan use one or more free paarallel parkking placees. The m most inapprropriate manoeuvre is situation n when the drivver of the parking vehiicle must usse reversing g for parkin ng manoeuvvre into thee parallel parking place. In suuch case theere is markeed delay of flow of veh hicles in the through lan ne.

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Average time of maneuver [s]

30 0

28

25 5 20 0 15 5 10

9

10 0 6 5

4

0 forward driving nfluence without in of parked vehicles

forrward driving in nfluenced by parked vehicles

drivingg by reversing

exitting without exiting influ uenced influe ence of parkedd by parked vehicles vehicles

Tyype of parkingg maneuver Sourcee: Authors

F 21 - Typ Fig. pe of parkinng manoeuv vre and its average a timees

CONC CLUSION Thhe paper deescribes pro oblems whiich recordeed during ro oad traffic survey on selected localitiees in Praguee. These aree not only pparking prob blems of thee capitol, buut the samee conflict situationns can be obbserved in a lot of citiees with this type of park king. It is importaant to realiize that theese conflictt situations are causedd partly by y wrong behavioour of driverrs or other road r users, and partly by inapprop priately loccated parkin ng places or their sizes. D Due to the increasing i traffic voluume on roaads and pro oblems witth building of new p placces are builtt along thro ough lanes – the so callled parallel parking. parking areas, the parking on to this The papper deals wiith conflict situations oon this type of parking places to drraw attentio during ddesign of neew parking places and to report on n possible dangerous d ssituations which can arise duuring their use. u The artiicle further points at hiidden factorrs that cannnot be deducced from the project or analyysis of the traffic t acciddent rate. Monitoring M of the confl flict situation ns is not currentlly used durring plannin ng of new projects or o reconstru uctions, eveen though the t used analysiss (7) could be b well used d for enhanccement of road r traffic safety. s

ACKN NOWLEDG GEMENT TS Thhis article was w made th hanks to a ggrant of the Ministry of Educationn, Youth an nd Sports of the Czech Reppublic to su upport creaative activiity accordin ng to indiccator F wh hich was allocateed to VSB-T TU Ostrava (3).

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REFERENCES (1) ZEMAN, K., KRAMNÝ, J., PETRŮ, J. Omezení dopravy na křižovatkách a přestupních uzlech při průjezdu vozidel MHD. In: IX. International Scientific Conference FCE TUKE, Košice 2012, ISBN 978-80-553-0905-7 (2) ZEMAN, K., PETRŮ, J., KRAMNÝ, J. Bezpečnost na zastávkách MHD, In: RDIT 2012, ISBN 978-80-248-2829-9. (3) KŘIVDA, V. et all. Vliv podélného parkování na bezpečnost a kapacitu pozemní komunikace v mezikřižovatkovém úseku. Project supported from benefit s of Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic to support of creative activity according to indicator F which was allocated to VSB-TU Ostrava. Ostrava: VSB-TU Ostrava, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2012. (4) MAHDALOVÁ, I. Umísťování odstavných a parkovacích stání v souvislosti se změnou stavby. In 2. konference Střešní nástavby a vestavby. Ostrava: SEKURKON Ostrava, 2008, s. 148 - 155. ISBN 978-80-86604-39-8. (5) LEDVINOVÁ, M. Dopravní význam a kapacita pozemních komunikací. Perner´s Contacts, 2008, vol. 3, no. 4, s. 68 - 73. ISSN: 1801-674X. (6) MAHDALOVÁ, I. Úsporné typy místních komunikací v obytné zástavbě. In Silniční obzor. Praha: Česká silniční společnost, 2007, roč. 68., č. 10, s. 280 - 285. ISSN 0322-7154. (7) KŘIVDA, Vladislav. Video-Analysis of Conflict Situations on Selected Roundabouts in the Czech Republic. Communications. Žilina: University of Žilina, 2011, roč. 13, č. 3, s. 77-82. ISSN 1335-4205.

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