Rochester Institute of Technology
RIT Scholar Works Theses
Thesis/Dissertation Collections
5-1-1993
Prepress selection of typeface styles and sizes for gravure printing Eric Henty
Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Henty, Eric, "Prepress selection of typeface styles and sizes for gravure printing" (1993). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from
This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Thesis/Dissertation Collections at RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact
[email protected].
School of Plinting Management and Sciences Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester, New York
Certificate of Approval
Master's Thesis
This is to certify that the Master's Thesis of
EllC Henty With a major in Graphic Arts Publishing has been approved by the Thesis Committee as satisfactory for the thesis requirement for the Master of Science degree at the convocation of
Thesis Committee:
Archie Provan Thesis Advisor
Marie Freckleton Graduate Program Coordinator
George H. Ryan Director or Designate
Prepress Selection
of
Typeface Styles
and
Sizes for Gravure
by Eric H.
A thesis
Henty
in partial fulfillment of the for the degree of Master of Science in the School of Printing Management and Sciences in the College of Imaging Arts and Sciences of the Rochester Institute of Technology submitted
requirements
May
1993
Thesis Advisor: Archie Provan
Printing
Permission to Reproduce Thesis
Permission to
reproduce this
Thesis is denied without prior written be reached at the following address:
who can
Eric H.
Henty
87 Wilmington St. Rochester, NY 14620
consent of the author
Acknowledgements
This
project would not
have been
without the contributions of the
possible
following people:
Project Advisors
Archie Provan, Project Advisor, RIT Professor, Typography Marie Freckleton, Student Advisor, RIT Assistant Professor, Design Miles Southworth, Director, RIT School of Printing Management and Sciences Eberhard Braun, Project Technical Advisor, Areata Graphics, Buffalo, NY David Dombrowski, Technical Associate in Printing, RTT Charles Layne, Project Statistics Advisor, RIT Adjunct Professor, Statistical Inference Special
Walter Home, former Professor, Gravure Printing, RIT School Management and Sciences who was consulted extensively in this project
recognition to
Printing
Funding Special
recognition to the
and
Greg
Assistance
Gravure Education Foundation for granting make this
study
a
fellowship
award
possible
Cheryl Kasunich, Director of the Gravure Education Foundation, Gravure Association of America Tyszka, Vice President, Technical Services, Gravure Association of America Jim Tubay, R.R. Donnelley & Sons, Standards Committee Chairman, Gravure Association of America
Special
recognition to
Areata
Graphics, Buffalo, NY, for their technical
Steve Schonour,
Engraving Department, Areata Graphics Birke, Greg Engraving Department, Areata Graphics
in
of
assistance
to
Table
List
of
Tables
List
of
Figures
of
Contents
v
vi
Abstract
vii
Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Delimitations of the Study 1.2 Limitations of the Study Endnotes for Chapter 1
3 3 5
Chapter 2: Hypothesis
6
Chapter 3:
7 7 7
3.1 3.2
Methodology Study Design Study Format &
1
Rationale
Chapter 4: The Results 4.1 Analysis of Typeface Sample Review by the Gravure Association of America's Panel of Five Expert Judges 4.2 Visual Observation of Test Patterns and Typeface Samples 4.3 Measurements of Test Patterns and Typeface Samples 4.4 Discussion
14 15 18
Chapter 5:
20
Summary
and
Conlusions
Chapter 6: Suggestions for Further
Study
12 12
25
Bibliography
29
Appendices
31
IV
List
Tables
of
Table A
Appendix
Results of Gravure Association of Typeface Samples
of
America Panel Review A
B
Line Widths
C
Average Increase in Line Width Basic Production Stages
of
Average Increase in Line Width Basic Production Stages
of
D
E
F
at
Stages
of
Production
B
Line Patterns in Three
C Circle Patterns in Three D
Measurements of Narrowest Character Widths of Lower Acceptable Type Sizes and One Type Size Below Cutoff Point
E
Projected Results of Panel Review of Typeface Samples Including Type Sizes Two and Three
F
List
Figures
of
Figure
Appendix
A 1.1 Graphic Illustration
of
Table A Lower Acceptable Type Size Limits
-
Part 1
A
A 1.2 Graphic Illustration
of
Table A Lower Acceptable Type Size Limits
-
Part 2
A
A1.3 Graphic Illustration
of
Table A Lower Acceptable Type Size Limits
Part 3
A
A 1.4 Distribution
of
Lower Acceptable Type Size Limits
A1.5 Comparison of Normal vs. Italic Styles Actual GAA Panel Review Preferences
-
A
( 60-0 )
A
( 60-0 )
-
Cl.l Graphic Illustration of Table C Average Increases in Line Width Setting in Thousands of an Inch -
by Engraving.
Fl.l Graphic Illustration
of
Table F Lower Acceptable Type Size Limits
F1.2 Graphic Illustration
of
Table F Lower Acceptable Type Size Limits
F1.3 Graphic Illustration
of
Table F Lower Acceptable Type Size Limits
F1.4 Graphic Illustration
of
Table F Lower Acceptable Type Size Limits
F1.5 Comparison of Normal vs. Italic Styles Projected Results if Panel Review Included Type Sizes Two Typeface
All
-
-
-
-
.
.
C
Part 1
F
Part 2
F
Part 3
F
Part 4
F F
and
Three Points
Engraving Settings
F
All Typefaces
F
F1.6 Average Type Size
by
F1.7 Average Type Size
by Engraving Setting
-
-
VI
-
Abstract
The hypothesis prepress, "user used
of this
study
it is
supposes that
possible to
for
method of type selection
today.The experimental methods chosen for this
suggestions made
Institute
of
a more accurate
gravure
printing than the
project were
based
system
on the
by the Gravure Association of America, the professors at Rochester
Technology,
and the technical staff at
purpose of these methods was to gather technical process generates type
printing
design
friendly"
Areata Graphics, Buffalo, NY. The
information
images. More specifically, this
about
how the
gravure
investigating the
meant
effects of the gravure screen on type.
To
accomplish
typefaces, styles, engraving
this, line
and circle patterns of various widths and a
and sizes were printed
settings most
used
commonly
were measured and analyzed,
by
gravure at
for
both visually
printing
acceptablility
or
professionals through the
unacceptability for
publication printing.
The
printed samples
The
and with magnification equipment.
Gravure Association
gravure reproduction.
The
panel review
of
by five
America for their
results of the panel
review were subjected to statistical analysis and correlations were of
of
Areata Graphics in four different
typeface samples of different styles and sizes were subjected to a gravure
variety
drawn to the
results
the visual observation and measurement of the samples.
The
results of this
are suitable used
for
study
gravure
suggest that a wider range of
printing than those identified
today. The existing guidelines discourage the
typefaces and typeface styles
by the system
use of several
of
type selection
typefaces and
typeface styles that registered favorable responses from the Gravure Association
America's
panel review
in this
study.
serifs and thick and thin strokes, and
printing
was
found to be
Statistical that of
only
statistically
traditionally
Gravure Association
four engraving
settings tested
significant responses.
a typeface characterized
thought as unsuitable
acceptable at seven point size
analysis of the
one of the
Garamond Light,
of
by fine
gravure
type.
America's
panel review revealed
( 60-0 ), registered
In engraving setting
vii
for
of
a
60-0, it was
high
percentage
possible to
determine the
cutoff point
between
acceptable and unacceptable type sizes
the nineteen typeface styles tested. The majority of typeface styles
lower
acceptable type size
styles registered of the same
limits
at seven and eight point size type.
higher lower limits,
at
least
one type size
typeface. This can be attributed to the distortion
the gravure screen referred to as
"jaggies"
It
high
in the line
or oblique
line image
caused
more pronounced of
by
in italic
the
statistically
GAA
findings for only
significant
panel review recorded a
one
engraving
setting.
The
judges'
responses appeared to
smaller type sizes.
finer
follow the
would
Statistical tests
have found them
recorded one
settings.
hundred
The finer
were run on
unacceptable
percent
recommended that the
decide
The
in
all
four engraving
size preferences which can
of smaller type sizes of
responses
results of these tests
findings for
lower type
finer rendering
engraving
the type sample review, the judges
significant
Gravure Association
conclusion of the
a more accurate
printing than the
in these
settings.
America examine these findings
results show that
it is
or type size
a
very
from type
be It is
and
This study
not possible to predict the
explores the
way to
Two
may be
large
using
a
The
typeface, type
a tool to measure typefaces
number of
models of practical or
tools to develop. One method
typefaces, styles,
and sizes
methods of type
involves measuring
the other using computer software programs.
vm
of
gravure printing.
"user-friendly"
useful
books,
eliminate a
possibility
of a particular
suitability
possible to
type selection for gravure
measuring typefaces for suitability for
effective
sample
system of
prepress,
by mechanical means alone. However,
consideration.
measurement
study is that the hypothesis is true. It is
"user-friendly"
system used today.
mechanical means of
may be
favorable
gravure printing.
statistically
all the
on their significance.
The primary
design
for
for
the original experimental data assuming
included in
screen settings recorded
attributed to the sharper and
same pattern
screen settings recorded more
that if type sizes two and three had been
from
The italic
and circle patterns supports this conclusion.
settings except that the
style,
found to have
were
visual observation
appeared unusual that the statistical analysis of the
percentage of
GAA
The
sixteen of
than the normal style
of the
be
and observed to
and oblique styles as compared to normal styles. "jaggies"
higher
for
type
Chapter 1
Introduction
The
puipose of this
"user
study is to determine
being
used
in the
The latest book
gravure
printed
categories, "Good Gravure as good
sizes
The correct
Types"
and
typefaces, sizes,
and styles
clear what
The Gravure Association
is
printing than the
of
recommended typefaces
for selecting italic
versions
reproduction.1
are considered
in type for
body text sizes.
typefaces.2
not
for
be
the
The
suitable
in
body text sizes.
"Poor Gravure Types", but there
versions are acceptable or not
These
are
poor
recommendations are
for
display type.
selection are
America guidelines
may
two
"Poor Gravure Types". Thirty-eight typefaces
recommended as
not all recommended
classified as
gravure
Body text sizes refer to type below size fourteen type.
higher
point and
problems still encountered
but
for
accurate
by the Gravure Association of America classifies type into
and normal weights.
fourteen
completely
some
selection
develop a more
typefaces recommended for gravure reproduction, twenty-one as
body text sizes
not
possible to
industry today.
typefaces not recommended for gravure
Type
it is
typeface and typeface style
method of
system
listed
whether
friendly"
acceptable.3
primarily limited to
With the
lowest
established guidelines
point size
for
suggest six point type
guidelines
do
six point type.
it is
good gravure types.
may be
suitable
for
not establish which of the
There
Most light versions
are no clear criterion
of
typefaces are
are no specific guidelines
There
selection of
for
are no recommendations
which
for
light
screen size or
angles.
It is known that the "monoweight"
optimum
typefaces that
problems are characterized serifs.4
typefaces
have
for
gravure reproduction
strokes of uniform weight.
in
body text sizes
Typefaces that may
are
cause
by thick and thin strokes or lightweight typefaces with fine
In many circumstances,
professionals
in the
gravure
industry find these guidelines
sufficient.
However,
less than ideal
and at
problems still result
in the
closely
with
Cheryl Kasunich, Director
of the
the study. In the early stages of the project,
Donnelley & Sons, Chairman Committee for his input into
and
of the
used
of
and
have
and
that
worked
Greg
relied on their guidance throughout
Greg Tyszka contacted Jim Tubay of R.R.
This
of
America's Standards
of
was
developing a
at
R.I.T.
discuss
and
is
gravure
screened.
gravure cylinder that release
ink
shaped cells.
used to engrave cylinders with a of the
engraving
printing for
in
process
with
continuity
The type image is
designers,
inch. The
In
the
of
This is
equivalent
a
line
work and
methods with the prospect of
information
5
impression. In gravure, the
of
The
is determined
screen size refers
by the
angles of the
engraving, a helio-klishograph is size and angles are set at the of
60-0 is commonly
to a 150 line screen
guidelines of type selection are
was to gather technical
because the
type
type."
time
setting
not scientific experimentation.
of
readability
by engraving cells in a
Screen
For example,
the effects of the
research of
gravure places mechanical
screen angle
stylus.
design.
created
electromechanical
diamond
process.
gravure.
thirty degrees. Current
experienced
and
in depth
about the project's
refers to the pattern of cells engraved on the cylinder.
individual diamond
publication
length their ideas
onto the paper at the
to the number of rows of cells per
beginning
Mr. Tubay, Walter Home, former
meet with
It interferes
"screen tends to break up the uniformity
"screen"
practical
directors in the Gravure Industry.
conduct more
the reproduction of type.
All type in
at
images. The screening
gravure screen on type on
be
Technology professor in gravure, and David Dombrowski, Technical
decided that it was important to
limitations
means that guidelines need to
and type
1992 1 had the opportunity to
Associate in printing
study
Gravure Education Foundation
the project. He suggested that the study include
by designers, art directors,
Rochester Institute
of
improvement I have
and
Gravure Association
method of type selection.
easily
term
1992, 1 found
of
friendly"
In March
It
America in January
of
already been targeted for further study
Tyszka, Vice President of Technical Services,
"user
body text size type that is
times unacceptable.
When I contacted the Gravure Association type selection had
reproduction of
based
One
of
used
in
with a screen angle
on the recommendations of
the
primary
about the gravure screen
using
objectives of this
scientific research
improving current methods of type selection.
Technical York. Steve Areata
in many
of the
engraving department
be
used
for
of this project was to assist the
for gravure. A
the gravure
products; selection
Gravure Education Foundation
industry in the following manner: 1)
Improve the
appearance of
2) Aide design departments by saving time in making especially newly introduced typeface
work on a
standards.
contemporary issue in
most current
technology. As
fundamental
considerations of
to gain experience
1) Study
pertains
of
My
the
printing
a student
the
only to
:
benefit
printed
about type
project was
to
industry which involved the application of the
and
design. This
the printing
am
interested in the
project also satisfied
my desire
industry.
the
scope of
gravure publication
2) Electromechanical engraving
final
type
3) Progress toward
in conducting this
in Graphic Arts Publishing, I
typography
Study (
decisions
and typeface styles; and,
academic goal
directly with
working
1.1 Delimitations
who granted
friendly"
more accurate and practical method of type selection might
development of type
at
analysis.
fellowship to explore the possibility of improving methods of "user
selection
New
stages of production and arranged a press ran to test sample
and circle patterns to
The intent
the
by the staff at Areata Graphics in Buffalo,
Schonour, Greg Birke and Eberhard Braun
were consulted
fonts, line,
me a
assistance was provided
project
)
printing
helio-klishograph
3) Optical input to helio-klishograph 1.2 Limitations
of
the
Study
1) Limited number of test patterns of
limited
resources
( financial,
2) Limited time period 3) Study limited to
and typeface samples
technical assistance, press
to conduct
)
solid typefaces
"legibility"
in this study
5)
The term
of
the type image. To avoid any
to review type samples
refers to the perception of the physical appearance
misinterpretation of
testing, the Gravure Association "acceptable"
type samples were
time
testing
4) Limited number of experts ( five )
experimental
included in the study because
or
"not
of
the term
America
"legibility"
panel of
in conducting
judges
was asked
if
acceptable"
6) The hypothesis states that a prototype selection
of a
may be developed. Time limitations
model of type selection
7) Limitations based
"user
friendly"
system of
prevent the
development
typeface
of a time tested
being developed.
on specific conditions chosen
for the
study:
Test Patterns,
Typefaces, Electromechanical Engraving, Optical Input, Press Conditions, Paper,
Ink
Endnotes for Chapter 1
^Gravure and
Education Foundation, Gravure Association
Technology (Rochester:
2Ibid., 3Ibid., 4Ibid., 5Ibid.,
382. 382. 382. 382.
1991
), 382.
of
America, Gravure Process
Chapter 2
Hypothesis
It is
possible to
styles and sizes
develop a more accurate prepress for
gravure reproduction than
a new time tested system of type selection
is
"user
friendly"
is presently
a prototype or suggested model to
being used.
selecting type
To actually
outside the scope of this project.
this goal is limited to the methods proposed in this study.
making
system of
be
used.
However,
the study
develop
Therefore
may involve
Chapter 3
Methodology
3.1
Design
Study
This study has two The first selected
components
component
is
designed to test the
effect of the gravure screen on type.
a subjective evaluation of type samples
by a panel of five judges
by the Gravure Association of America. The second component is the observation In the Results
and measurement of test patterns and typeface test samples.
Conclusion
sections
both
components will
be
examined and correlations
of
the
Study and
between the two
discussed.
3.2
Study
Format & Rationale
The format for the study is
1)
Design
of
test
images
outlined
and
below.
fonts to be
used
in the study
2) Image assembly 3)
Electromechanical engraving
4)
Press
5)
Design
run of test sample evaluation
6) Test sample evaluation Gravure Association of America -
7)
Statistical
review of experimental results
8) Observations
and measurements of test patterns and typeface samples
Further description
1)
Design
of test
of each
images
step follows:
and
fonts
used
in the study
Test Patterns
Line Pattern:
4
sets of
10 lines
degrees; line
arranged at
widths range
increments
7
4 different
from
.05
orientations:
points
to
.5
0, 45, 90, 135
points
in
.05
point
Circle Pattern: 12 .6
Typefaces:
circles points
1/4"
1
in
.05
19 styles, 4-9
diameter; line widths range from
points to
increments
point
points
.05
-
San Serif, Serif, Script, Light, Bold, Italic:
Courier, Courier Oblique, New Century Schoolbook, New Century Schoolbook Italic, Optima, Optima Oblique, Garamond Light,
Garamond Light Italic, Zapf Chancery, Helvetica Bold, Helvetica Bold Oblique, Times Roman, Times Roman Italic, Palatino, Palatino Italic, Helvetica Regular, Helvetica Oblique, Helvetica
Light, Helvetica Light Oblique
Line Screen / Angle: All lines, circles,
1) 60-0 ( 30 degree
2)
60-4
/
and
fonts,
4 different settings
engraved at
150 line
screen
/
( 45 degree screen / equivalent to 220 line
screen
/ fine
screen
equivalent to
compressed cell cell
format
3) 70-0 ( 30 degree screen / equivalent to 175 line screen / compressed
4)
70-4
( 45 degree
screen
/ equivalent to 250 line
screen
/ fine
cell
format
)
format
)
)
cell
format
)
Rationale: The
purpose of the
closely the
lines
were suggested
be
by Jim Tubay
arranged at
degrees because the is
The
line
and
45 degree
Walter Home. Eberhard Braun,
and
135 degree
"jaggies"
"stepping"
or
The
angles, from 0 to 360 degrees. The
angles as well as
circle test patterns
styles.
nineteen
of
different typeface
commonly
The
These test
are
patterns
engraver at
Areata
0 degrees
and
90
by the gravure screen
tests line reproduction at all
is to isolate
line image
at what
line
satisfactorily.
It
by gravure experts that at some point in the reduction of line widths that
the line image would start to break
variety
caused
these patterns
widths and angles are gravure cells unable to reproduce a
The
examine more
study, recommended that the line
in line images
rationale of
is to
building blocks of type images
and technical advisor of the
most noticeable at these angles.
was predicted
widths
widths arranged and connected at various angles.
Graphics in Buffalo, NY patterns
and circle patterns of various
effect of the gravure screen on type.
different
of
line
used
up.
styles
typefaces
included in the study
including
are representational of a
serif, san serif, script,
purpose of the typeface selection was not
light,
and
italic
to test a wide variety of typefaces
developing a booklet of typefaces
with exclusive puipose of
for
gravure printing.
The
a sufficient number of
Mr. Braun publication
performed
has
puipose of the typefaces
fonts to study the
recommended that
included in the study
was
to include
effects of the gravure screen on type.
four different engraving
printing be included in the study to
in line
and styles as a reference
compare
settings
how the
and type reproduction at each of the settings.
a unique pattern of engraved cells with a
distinct line
commonly
used
in
gravure screen
Each engraving setting
screen
and screen
ruling
angle.
2)
Image
Assembly
Input into the helio-klishograph
study
at
Rochester Institute
of
a) Macintosh Computer
b)
Line
and
c) Type
d)
Circle
generated
Film
2400 dots
per
produced at
Buffalo NY
were generated
by
the author of the
Technology facilities using the following equipment:
IIx
patterns generated
in Quark Express
used
Electromechanical
Films
The films
in Adobe Illustrator
software
software
Kodak Imagelight HNU
-
e) Imagesetter
3)
-
was optical.
to produce type
on
film: Agfa 9600,
resolution
inch
Engraving
Rochester Institute
and prepared
a) Bromides
image
for
were made
b) Helio-klishograph
of
Technology
were
taken to
Areata Graphics,
engraving:
from the films in Areata Graphics
K-201
-
engraved a
full
size cylinder
pre-press
from
division
optical
bromides
4)
Press Run
Conducted
on
full-size
gravure publication press at
Areata Graphics.
a) Press: Reader's Digest 210
b)
Press Conditions:
Running Press;
c) Paper: Champion 35 lb.
Press Speed: 1800 ft.
coated stock
d) Ink: Group #6 Black Ink for publication printing
per minute
reading
of
10
5) Design of Typeface Test Sample Evaluation The test
was set
as
up
follows:
1) Individual cards were made up with one
type sample of one type size
2) The cards contained no visibly identifying information
that could
be
recognized
by
the subject, but cards were coded so that the font and point size could be identified for
later gathering
data.
of test
3) Subjects were asked to
sort the cards
into two
piles
one pile
for typeface
samples
that were acceptable for gravure printing and another pile for typeface samples that were not acceptable for gravure printing cards
( See Appendix H for examples of typeface
sample
).
6) Typeface Sample Evaluation The Gravure Association of whom elected to
copy
of the
engraving
submitted type samples to a panel of six
for
cards.
judges, five
See Appendix H for
reviewed all nineteen typefaces at point sizes
a total of
456
cards.
The judges
who reviewed
4-9
points at all
1) Al Hegedus, Ringier America Jim Tubay, R.R.
Donnelley
Gravure Association
of
& Sons, Standards Committee,
America
3) Gregory Tyszka, Vice President, Gravure Association
4) Gustavo Vergara,
of
Technical Services,
America
Reader's Digest
5) Roy Zucca, Young & Rubicam 7) Statistical Review
of
Experimental Results
Charles Layne, Adjunct Professor
Technology is following
the study's advisor
of
Statistical Inference
in the
at
a)
chi squared
b)
statistical
c)
chi squared
"Goodness
Fit"
of
probability that M
"For
of
( 5
Independence"
Rochester Institute
of
statistical analysis of experimental results.
statistical tests were applied to the experimental alpha
level
.10,
viewers agree
(
alpha
level
data:
df=5
)
( M=l-5 )
.10,
df=15 )
four
the type sample cards
were:
2)
a
that were sent to each panel member with a stack of typeface
Each judge
settings
America
participate, to review the typeface sample
instructions
sample cards.
of
The
1 1
8) Observations
and measurements of test patterns and typeface samples
1) Visual assessment with the unaided eye 2) Visual
assessment with magnification:
5x glass, 30x Micronta glass, 200x Videomet
12
Chapter 4
The Results
4.1 Analysis
America Panel Analysis alpha
Typeface Sample Review
of
.10,
df=5,
following
applying the chi squared
"For
that M of
five
A,
the
Appendices. Five printing
4-9
points of
of
sizes
Table A Typeface
for
"Results
of the
have
size
acceptable
limit
review of the typeface was used
to
on
the y-axis.
(
intersection
are acceptable
indicated. The
establish cutoff points
slightly less
than
It is
ninety five
ninety five
notable
percent.
percent
Fit"
of
456 typeface
be
of
alpha
level
samples
four engraving
[ point settings:
either acceptable or
America Panel Review
that some
oblique typeface styles
in
All
a
type size limit
gravure printing.
other
). All
Four
listed
of
of
format.
as column
significant
for
a specific
body text sizes
the type size entries
( from M
of
5
viewers
acceptable and unacceptable type sizes. cutoff point
is
accurate
is
type size entries listed as cutoff points are
( from M of 5 viewers
agree; chi squared
df=5 ).
inconsistency in the judges responses is registered in italic all
four
above
inconsistency in the judges
test of probability
between
worksheet
statistically
of row and column
was some
in
settings are
box indicate
probability that the
probability .10,
Engraving
acceptable
statistical
entries with an asterisk the
"Goodness
for
a
Asterisks indicate there
For the type
accurate at
in
entry indicates the lower
an asterisk mark.
agree)
Gravure Association
of a point size
typeface and engraving setting
lower
A1.1-A1.5 in Appendix
sample cards at each of
type sample was judged to
4-22
rows
headings B, C, D, E. Entries
the
professionals reviewed
df=15, probability
.10,
records the results of the typeface sample review
listed in
finding. A point
level
alpha
Fit"
of
gravure printing.
entitled
are
Independence"
19 typefaces (114 type
Samples"
Typefaces
of
"Goodness
statistical tests: chi squared
( M=l-5 ); See Table A and Figures
viewers agree
60-0, 60-4, 70-0, 70-4) ]. Each unacceptable
the Gravure Association
Five Expert Judges
of
consisted of
level
by
cases.
See Figures A1.1-A1.4
entitled
"Graphic
or
13
Illustration
Limits"
Table A Lower Acceptable Type Size
of
for
illustration
graphic
of
Table A.
For the boxes judges'
responses
( typeface vs. engraving setting ) indicate
entry is that the judges register a
design
no significant preference.
be discussed
as will
blank,
statistical analysis of the
A logical but false
analysis of a
blank
responses to the particular typeface were so variable as not to
finding. The blank
significant
statistically
that are
more
entries are
directly related to the study
fully in the Discussion section found in
Section 4.4
of
60-4, 70-0,
and
Chapter 4.
Analysis
lower
of the
acceptable typesize
70-4 is limited because less than settings register a significant columns
data in
C, D,
entries of
columns
lower
C, D,
finding. In engraving are
acceptable type size
and
E is
equal
8
of
comparisons
between engraving
significant
In
lower
level
A
of
Table
.10,
The
df=15 ),
when applied
1) The
points
2) The the
A. These
range of
(
lower
statistical
are as
data to
4/19
significant
Several
make
any
60-0
significant
test chi squared "For to the experimental
settings and preference
A, engraving setting 60-0
acceptable type size entries. column
and
70-4, in
observed that each of the entries
not enough
settings.
difference between engraving
column
found in
9
alpha
19 typefaces, 7/19,
and
to or lower than the lower point size limits in the
engraving setting, however there is
(
60-4, 70-0,
settings
limits. It can be
( column A )
Independence"
settings
fifty percent of the typefaces reviewed in each of these
E respectively, there
and
limits in engraving
records
16 be
observations can
for
of
data, finds
point size.
19
or
84 %
significant
made about these entries
follows:
acceptable
type size
limits is from 6
points
( Times Roman )
to
Garamond Light Italic ).
distribution
highest type
of typefaces with a significant
size are as
entry
at this
setting from the lowest to
follows:
6 points( Times Roman ); 7
points
( Courier, Garamond Light,
Helvetica Bold,
Times Roman Italic, Palatino, Helvetica Oblique, Helvetica Light Oblique ), 8 points
no
(
Courier Oblique, New
Helvetica Bold
Light Italic
),
Century
Schoolbook
Italic, Optima Oblique,
Oblique, Palatino Italic, Helvetica Light ), 9
all unacceptable type sizes
4-9
points
points
( Garamond
( Zapf Chancery ).
14
Refer to Figure A1.4 for
Type Size Limits
illustration. As
-
60-0", ( y
can
be
acceptable type size
3)
A
be
pattern can
a
seen
limit
bar
entitled, "Distribution
chart
axis: number of
typefaces;
from the chart, the majority 7
of
observed
8
and
of
Lower Acceptable
) for graphic
x axis: point size
have
of typefaces
a
points.
in five
the six lower type size limits
of
of
italic
typeface styles compared to the same typeface of normal style. All but one or oblique styles
have
than the normal style. the pattern
is
a
lower
Styles
acceptable type size
at
a
line
chart entitled,
"Comparison
Preferences"
for
that the italic or oblique styles are at least one
normal style of
the same typeface
4) The average lower
83%
of
acceptable type size
6.1 for 60-4, 6.7 for 70-0,
compared to
Table A ). These in engraving
least
or oblique
of
one point size
the
italic
higher
are exceptions where
reversed.
( 60-0 ) Actual GAA Panel Review
chart shows
limit
Helvetica Light and Helvetica Light Oblique
Refer to Figure A 1.5 for -
lower
averages cannot
60-4, 70-0,
settings
4.2 Visual Observation
of
be
the time
Normal
graphic
point size
in the 60-0
vs.
Italic
illustration. This higher than the
setting.
limits for engraving setting 60-0 is 7.1
and
6.8 for 70-4
compared
and
of
because
( located
of the
lack
in Row 23, of sufficient entries
70-4.
Test Patterns
and
Typeface Samples
1) General Observations a)
Engraving
appearance
b) There
)
60-0
settings
to
70-0
and
of
60-4 have
more contrast
to the
paper
break up
of
line images in the line
degree The
of
and
line
Line Patterns
patterns
135 degree
"jaggies"
70-0 settings,
described in the
least
gravure
angles as compared to
are most pronounced at the and
darker in
and circle test patterns.
"jaggies"
Distortion
(
70-4.
was no complete
2) Observations
and
pronounced at the
industry
0 degree
and
60-0 setting, less 70-4 engraving
as
is
greater at
90 degree angles, pronounced at
setting.
45
as predicted.
the 60-4 and
15
Distortion under
30x
line
of the
appears to
is
patterns
present at
observed
pronounced at the
60-0 setting, less
pronounced at the
70-4 engraving
settings compared to the
3) Observations
of
"Jaggies"
appear
70-0 setting
4) Observations
in the
and
of
b)
and
70-4
least
is
pronounced at the
) in
sequence
is
and
orientation
to
0, 45,
or
be
of
of
in 60-0
and
60-4
in the
same
pronounced at
fashion
as
the 60-4
setting.
to lesser contrast
( darkest to lightest in
greater
in
in
visual appearance
to the eye. This
in the 60-0 engraving setting, less in the 60-4 setting.
The
"fuzziness"
of
italic
or oblique
normal styles.
and
Typeface Samples
Line Patterns
line
( vertical
( K. Walter, Munchen )
widths were taken of each
on the page
converted to thousands of an
taking
All
Magnification 200x
line in the
). Measurements
135 degrees because the 90 degree
purpose of
60-0 setting, less
of type
Test Patterns
orientation of typefaces on a page.
The
settings
engraving
70-4
least in the 70-4
Measurement Tool: Videomet 11 of
wider
least
from 60-0 to 60-4 to 70-0 to 70-4
"fuzziness"
observed to
4.3 Measurements
Measurements
greater
more pronounced than
1) Measurements
is
and
Typefaces
70-0 settings,
styles
70-0 settings,
and
width
most
settings.
most pronounced at the
appear as a
and
Overall line
60-4
"waviness"
"jaggies"
same pattern as the
pronounced at the
circle test patterns verses
"Jaggies"
phenomena
follows the
setting.
a) Contrast: Type images have appearance
and when viewed
Circle Patterns
in the Line Patterns and
70-0
90 degrees
and
narrow and widen and appears to the eye as a
alternately
"waviness"
in the line. The
0 degrees
were
set of
10 lines
taken at this
orientation more
at a
90 degree
orientation as opposed
closely
actual measurements were taken
resembles the stem
in
microns and
inch.
these measurements was twofold:
1) To monitor how the width of the line image varied at different stages of production. There
were three
basic
stages of production as
follows: a) The
"original"
16 line
width
defined
line
width
to
paper
2) To
.5
by Adobe Illustrator software,
line width ); b) line image
in four different engraving
compare the
line
Table B in Appendix B
widths
(
point sizes
c) final line image
film;
on
in
measurements
.05
printed on
settings.
in the four different engraving
line in the
records the width of the
settings.
It is
production sequence.
worth
noting the following: a) There
was no complete
points
.05
b) The
the
difference in the line
film for
ten
lines
difference for all
average
engraving
.006
all
( 70-4 ).
settings
Table
Basic Production
was
see
Appendix C
.002
ten
line
follows:
.008
and
)
record and
in line
increase is
The
the
in
widths tested.
summary
of
recorded
Production
to the line
second stage of
line
( 60-0 ),
width
(60-4 ),
.007
of
.007
(
in
paper
70-0
),
Line Patterns in Three of
Table C
difference in line
width
each of
the engraving settings. It
in Adobe Illustrator, the
column
line image
E
and
is the
measured
average
is
in the
worth
in points,
was recorded on
-
Inch"
of an
average
each of
and
by Engraving Setting in Thousands
illustrate the
in
measurements of
The
line
was no complete narrowest
line
for the
noting
gained on
film. The total
increase in line
width
patterns.
break up
The of
results were similar
the
width measured
in line
widths
for
same purpose and with the same
all
circular
60
12
in Table D, "Average Increase in Line Width Stages"
from film to
stage of production.
the average increase
patterns worth
)
Circle Patterns
line patterns. There
line
is
of
the
measurements of circle patterns were taken
procedure used
width measured
software
Figure Cl.l, "Graphic Illustration
width when
recorded
from the first to last
2) Measurements
(
( from the first to
C, "Average Increase in Line Width
Stages"
width measurements
the average average
inch
line
film.
on
"original"
from the
lines in
three basic stages of production for that the
narrowest
microns or
width
Average Increases in Line Width
(
line images, the
).
production
c) The
of
in Adobe Illustrator, 62
average
width on
break up
( see Appendix
noting is that the
slightly less than the line
line image
at
circles of
in the
the
increases in line
line
patterns.
any
on
microns or
of the
film. The
production sequence
Circle Patterns in Three Basic
D ). The only difference between the line
average
widths of
to those found in
widths
in the
and circle
circle patterns
is
17
3) Measurement
of
Typefaces
Measurement Tool: Videomet 11 Measurements lower
were taken
( K. Walter, Munchen ) 200x
from film
acceptable type size
limit and
of the narrowest character width of each typeface at the of
the type size just below the lower acceptable limit. In
other words, the narrowest character widths of each typeface were measured on either side of
the cut off point between acceptable and unacceptable type sizes as determined
Gravure Association
of
America
engraving setting 60-0, the
panel review.
( in this case the width of the lower case type size
taking
a particular
) is 130 microns.
and
width
of
"i"
is
related to the
measured
acceptability
Narrowest Character Widths
One Type Size Below Cutoff
measurements.
On this chart, for each
are two measurement entries set off
). The first
/
(
For the type
or
points.
below this,
size
1 16
7
microns.
The
variable
unacceptability
of
typeface sample size.
Table E, "Measurements
follows:
acceptable type size of
these measurements was to gather more information to see if the
typeface's narrowest character
Sizes
lower
6 points, found to be unacceptable, the lower case
purpose of of a
For example, for the Courier typeface in
narrowest width of the "i"
by the
character width of the
lower
second measurement to the
Point"
right
of
typeface
by parenthesis
acceptable
the
Lower Acceptable Type
( see Appendix E )
significant
measurement
of
and
entry
divided
to the left of the
type size
limit
slash mark
of
is the
records these
( filled box ), there
by a slash mark as
slash mark
the typeface
is the
narrowest
in Column A. The
narrowest character width of the
type size just below the lower acceptable limit. For example, the entry for Courier in
engraving setting 60-0 is "7/6pts (130/116)".
The
following observations can be made from Table E:
a) The
narrowest character widths of all
limits in
microns are
located in Row
typefaces of the
25; Row 27
lower
acceptable type size
records the same values converted
to ten thousands of an inch.
b) The range of narrowest character widths in microns for
all typefaces are
type sizes
located in Row
just below the lower
29;
the range
acceptable
limits
of
lower
acceptable
type sizes
of narrowest character widths of
are
located in Row 32.
18 c) From this
data, it can be
there is not a direct relationship between the
seen that
variable of narrowest character width of a particular type and size and whether acceptable or unacceptable
for
gravure printing.
narrowest character width of all
Garamond Light 7
was
to
be
From this
d)
data, it can be
acceptable type size
4.4
recording
limits found in this study microns and
72
Helvetica Bold
6
at
80
are
microns
points was
limit found
(
)
lower
) for
(
) for setting 60-4,
(
microns
74
microns
for setting 70-4.
with no
preferences.
In
fact,
engraving settings,
found type
findings. In
might
possibly
and
3
making the
would
that the
have been found to be evidence
raised
and
70-4,
the
the question of
statistical
all
four
judges whether
the
findings between the
two and three points.
findings
)
If it is
would
Panel Review
Appendix F
)
in
worksheet
engraving setting
)
following was true:
4
point
by
all
"Type
assumed
were
found
of printed samples of
(
alpha
level
sizes of point size
unacceptable given
unacceptable
typefaces
in
by
all
point sizes of
type sizes two and three are unacceptable, the
Typeface Samples
findings
are recorded
Including
format. In this chart,
record significant
Fit"
of
five judges for every typeface
type, 83%
be very different. These of
for "Goodness
that type sizes two and three are
five judges ( See Appendix I for examples
of
This
their
virtually identical in
60-4, 70-0,
test was run
unacceptable
all the type samples reviewed at
Results
settings
point sizes.
chi squared
assumption
There is strong
statistical
not appear to
settings.
reviewed."
in
findings did
by the judges was
for the difference in
account
To test this hypothesis, the
)
in engraving lower
statistical
by the judges in the raw data recording
the pattern of responses
except that
most
looking at the data recorded in this chart, there are
type size entries. These
samples acceptable at
study design
df=5
in Table A that the 60-0 engraving setting had the
reflect the pattern of responses
accurately
engraving
noted
significant
many blank boxes
that
microns.
acceptable type size
Discussion
entries
2
lower
at the
stated that the narrowest character widths of
) for setting 70-0,
In the Section 4. 1 it was
.10,
For example, in setting 60-0, the
microns.
engraving setting 60-0, 74
(
80
points at
332
unacceptable at
19 typefaces
it is
of
all
Type Sizes Two
boxes
lower
in Table F, "Projected Three"
and
( the intersection
acceptable
type size
of
( see
typeface and
limits. Compare
19
this to Table A where 42 of the 76 boxes are
blank. Figures F1.1-F1.4
illustrating the findings shown in Table F entitled,
graphically
be
charts of
several observations
made:
a) Compared to the findings
have
Table A, two
of
setting registering *7
recording
a
lower limit
60-0 setting
pts.
),
and
Helvetica of
average
F in the far
Normal and
lower
right
be
pts.
pts.
vs.
)
), Optima ( 5
and
hand
findings
for
a
line
graph
See Figure F1.6
that Helvetica
bottom
Figure F1.7 "Average Type Size format. It
can
be
seen
5.8,
and
of
of
at
5.6.
,
this
and
and
New
Optima Oblique pts.
). See Figure F1.5,
illustrating
are recorded
"Average Type Size data in
a
bar
graph.
average at
of all
typefaces
Table F in Row 23
by Engraving Setting at
this relationship.
in Table
by Typeface
-
From this
5 points, followed
points, etc.
from Figure F1.7 that the
70-4
)
in the
( 6 pts. )
Schoolbook
has the lowest
limit is highest in engraving setting 60-0 at
pts.
normal styles
limits for each typeface
for the recording
observed
higher than
Italic Styles Projected Results if Panel Review Included
Points"
column.
are recorded at the
60-4
are
or oblique type style versions
Helvetica Oblique (7
d) The average lower acceptable type size limits
by
actual experimental
Centuiy
by Optima and Helvetica Light Oblique at 5.3
setting
These
Helvetica Bold in the 70-4
italic
of
one point size
acceptable type size
Settings"
can
(8
(5
Three
Engraving
graph, it
least
in Table A
in Table F in New
Schoolbook Italic
Type Sizes Two
All
of at
also appears
"Comparison
c) The
limits
acceptable type size
inconsistency has already been noted in four Italic
This
predominant pattern observed
Century
lower
in Table A.
recorded
(8
points.
points and
typeface styles in the 60-0 setting in the
or oblique
The
additional
indicating some inconsistency in the judges responses.
an asterisk
Courier in the 60-4 setting registering *7
b)
bar
"Graphic Illustration
Table F Lower Acceptable Type Size Limits". In examining Table F, can
are
-
average
and
All
for each engraving
graphically illustrated in Typefaces"
lower
in bar
chart
acceptable type size
7.1, followed by 70-0
at
5.9, followed
Chapter 5
Summary
The Discussion
the results of the
what
if type
and
an analysis of
Gravure Association
for
gravure printing.
will pertain
only to the
For
the project's experimental design and
panel review of
included in the
sizes of two and three points were
unacceptable
study
4.4 included
section
Conclusions
and
purposes of
type samples
would
review and assumed to
accuracy, the
be
conclusion section of
results of the actual panel review that are recorded
Figures Al. 1-1.5. Reference to
have been
this
in Table A
projected experimental results given the assumption
type sizes two and three points are unacceptable are included in the section, Suggestions for
Further Study.
The primary prepress
than
conclusion of
"user
system of
is presently
study is that it is
this
friendly"
selecting type
being used. However, "user
developing more accurate develop a time tested In
section
Association engraving
4.1
of
of
settings
methods.
be
used.
Chapter 4 The Results,
and
70-4 to
findings
of
more
refer
fully,
a
is
make
But in engraving setting 60-0, 84%
primarily
As
The
of
include
in the hypothesis, to actually
outside the scope of this project.
were
any strong
Gravure
too few significant
conclusions about
findings in
those
the typefaces reviewed had significant
Therefore,
acceptable type size entries.
be limitations in
conclusion section will also
stated
found there
settings.
lower
gravure reproduction
a statistical analysis of the
sample review
60-4, 70-0,
for
a more accurate
this study reveals that there may
system of type selection
America type
develop
styles and sizes
friendly"
suggested models of type selection to
possible to
the
discussion in this
section will
to the findings for engraving setting 60-0. Before stating the conclusions
summary
of
the
most
important
points
from Chapter 4
or
the analysis
section
follow:
1)
In the 60-0 engraving setting the majority acceptable
type size
( See Table A,
limits
at
7
and
Figures Al. 1-1.4
8
of typefaces were
points
)
20
type sizes.
found to have lower
21
2) The italic
found to be
or oblique styles were
is
more pronounced than
preference
3) The 4)
typefaces, the
for larger type
average
The
lower
in
"jaggies"
tested and that
normal styles.
italic
sizes of
between
by
study that
could
found to be 7.1
findings in 60-0
it is
point type.
limits
was
of the typefaces
80
microns
acceptable or unacceptable
is
gravure professionals
be easily
predicted that there would
have been
findings, but this study
review with a minimum of
engraving setting 60-0, it selection.
Since there is
width and
acceptability
not a
for
shows
to be
using
for
width of
gravure
producing
an essential part of
any
new
establish
that a
valid results.
future
panel
In fact, for
system of
type
variable of narrowest character
type and size for gravure in setting
in predicting
cutoff points
It could have been
scientific research methods
a valid method
possible to use a mechanical method alone
a panel review of
establishing
among judges to
direct relationship between the
of a particular
is that
gravure printing.
enough agreement
five judges is
appears
overlooked
a successful method of
acceptable and unacceptable type sizes
significant
was
( See Table E ).
valid conclusion of this
type samples
judges'
the variable of narrowest character
a particular typeface and size and whether
A
visual
27 ).
5) There is not a direct relationship between
printing
help explain the
acceptable type size
significant and
This may
limit
lower
), ( See Table E, Row 25
(
the
or oblique styles.
acceptable type size
had statistically
higher than the
size
fuzzy appearance of italic or oblique styles
or
naixowest character width of
least one type
( See Table A, Figure A 1.5 ). From
normal style of the same typeface
observation of
at
which
60-0, it is
type sizes will
be
not
acceptable. judges'
In the
panel
decision
review, there are
making.
It is
which variables are
to effect the
not
variables other
in the
realm of
accounting for the
legibility
of type
character width
this study to make
judges'
in general,
characters, and openness of counters.
than
influencing the
any definite
decisions. However,
are overall type
design,
conclusions about
other variables
known
size of x-height of type
22
Though it is
not possible to use a mechanical method alone
acceptability, it is possible that the narrowest character
in this study
sizes of typefaces tested
for any typeface in
body
text sizes
found
narrowest character width
Once
type.
( this would be 80
was
microns
the type could
be the
a panel review would
Several
true for
display type sizes as well ). ) in Garamond Light at 7
(
categorized as acceptable
step to
"user
methods that are
is
be
next
minimum character widths of
friendly"
could
any typeface in the
gravure printing.
or
slightly wider,
type character. If the character width
be found to be
acceptable.
If a
is
a
film
could wider
be
be developed
prepress area.
a mechanical means of measurement
microns or
perform the
for
evaluate the cutoff point
evaluating type for engraving setting 60-0,
used
establish a minimum character width
between
The
point
in
However,
acceptable and
type sizes.
unacceptable
80
the lower acceptable type
width of
a typeface or typeface style met the criterion of minimum character width
body text sizes,
to explore
be used to
could
in predicting type
as ways to measure
The first
involving film and
suggested model
a printer's glass.
with a positive or negative
For
line image
of
placed over the narrowest portion of a
than the minimum, then the typeface would
normal printer's glass of
5x
magnification
is
not sufficient to
measurement, hand held magnifiers to 30x are readily available and could be
for this
purpose.
The
one used
in this study
was a
Micronta 30x
available at
Radio
Shack for ten dollars.
It is important to take into minimum character width widths of
type
is
consideration at what
measured.
images increase
example, for setting
60-0,
be developed, it
measurement will
The would
most
be
before
the average increase of the line images
made
must
would give
from typeface
was
.008
be decided,
inches. For
at what point
of the production sequence to
to making
investing time
this study show that the
used
the
character
For
from the film
stage
an accurate standard measurement
in the
production sequence
the
applied.
ideal step
prior
displays.This
be
results of
production sequence
at successive stages of the production sequence.
to the same line images on paper, tool to
The
step in the
and
films, from
either
apply the
type sample
books
minimum character width or
from
computer page
the advantage of easily evaluating typefaces for acceptability
if the money in making films. However,
sample
measurements were
books, it would have to be established that character widths
of
23 in
a typeface
a sample
book
are the same as the character widths that would
film. If for example, it is found that there is it
be important to take this into
would
in making
required
The
on computer
typeface to
be
account
such small measurements
second suggested model
typefaces
some margin of error
into any
programs
could
the
of
of
produced on
between the two stages,
the high degree of accuracy that is
in thousands
of an
inch.
measure minimum character widths of prospective
displays. This
measured
Fontographer. These
is to
because
be
be easily
font design
have the capability
accomplished
by importing the
programs such as
of
Font Studio
taking very fine
or
measurements.
Of
the two suggested models, measurements taken at the computer stage of production would
be
more accurate.
A large assembled
number of representative typefaces of
into
a reference
booklet
or
the minimum character widths could
how to gauge
be listed
as typefaces to avoid.
in the
The
case that measurements would
if measurements
results of this
may be
Association
be
suggest
for
gravure
America
guidelines
very strongly that
list these
as
"user
identify. This styles.
friendly"
in
explain
type
a software
display.
a wider range of typefaces and
printing in setting 60-0 than the
two typefaces and their oblique / italic guidelines
with a
be
not meet
Procedures that
taken with a printer's glass, or
made on the computer
study
acceptable
of
are to
be
be included
classifications could
Typefaces that do
a software program.
evaluate unlisted or new typefaces could
program
styles
into
different typeface
statement
is
present
supported
The Gravure Association
"Poor Gravure Types", but in this study the
Gravure
by the findings of
of
America
panel review
found
body text sizes of these acceptable. Most notable are the findings for Garamond Light and Garamond Light Italic, a typeface characterized by fine serifs and thick and thin strokes. Garamond Light
was
found to have
Garamond Light Italic Gravure Association this study point type
The
a
lower
at nine point type.
of
America
acceptable
type size
Helvetica Light is the
guidelines suggest
avoiding,
limit
other
but
at seven points,
typeface the present
was
found
acceptable
in
( Helvetica Light at seven point type, Helvetica Light Oblique at eight ).
present
Gravure Association
of
America
as good gravure types are acceptable at a
guidelines state most
lower limit
of six point
type.
typefaces considered
The findings
of this
24 study for setting 60-0 vary from these recommendations
majority
of
typefaces
oblique styles. oblique styles
The
(
the cutoff point
of normal style at seven points and eight or nine points
visual observation
that
also more noticeable at
normal styles and appears as
gravure screen accounts oblique type styles.
with
"jaggies"
for the
of
for italic
in italic
45 degrees than 90 degrees in the line
"fuzziness"
judges'
are more pronounced
for the or
and
patterns
)
than
the type image is evidence that the effects of the
preferences of higher type size
limits for italic
or
Chapter 6
Suggestions for Further
It is
recommended that the
Gravure Association
the experimental design used
in this study
sizes two and three as unacceptable
then the
Standards Committee in the Discussion
as outlined
the
4.4
found to be
Association
a) The
of
America
are as
pattern observed
limit
at
least
b) Comparison are not
based
size
The
limits
per
size
a
limit
of
8
italic /
to the
acceptable
as valid
Figures Fl. 1-1.7. If as
information
should
be
sizes two and three can
decided
be
ruled as
by the Gravure
70-4
registers
is
of at
having
also observed
conclusion
limit
type styles
that
least
italic
one
settings
but
is
a
in three
lower more
and oblique styles
type size higher than
possible.
distribution
60-4
70-0
lower
acceptable type
60-0 setting has
an average
are close to each other at
the lowest at 5.6 points.
25
comparisons
of significant type size entries.
reveals that the and
These
on statistical calculations of
point size average of
engraving setting settings
oblique
).
points
and range and
7.1 points,
points respectively, and
additional
normal styles
more weight
lower
of
engraving setting,
typeface,
and
judge these type sizes
by other means
on chi squared statistical analysis
average point size per
lower type
be drawn if type
four different engraving
average point size per
be reached,
fit.
higher than
the majority at
of the
conclusion can
follows:
This lends
(
normal styles
possible to rule out point
illustrated in Table F
in the 60-0 setting
in the 60-0 setting have
review
information in this study
not possible to
unacceptable
one point size
typeface pairs.
it is
If this
the additional
and
see
they
that can
additional conclusions
unacceptable or are
whether
conducting further testing, then the
considered with whatever weight
The
decide
and
can consider
section
America Standards Committee
gravure printing.
Standards Committee decides that it is
unacceptable without
5.9
for
of
Study
5.8
and
26 The other
choices of the judges are quite
three settings. In addition to
the majority of lower type size
70-4,
limits is
likely to
The
and
be the
70-4
with
for
same
7
and
differences in
four engraving
normal and
italic
observation of "jaggies"
called
is
line
greater at
"jaggies"
were more pronounced
"jaggies"
observation of
of the type
gravure screen settings
The
helps
60-4, 70-0,
in the italic /
preferences. width
account
and
for
all
setting 60-0 sizes the
70-4
line
four engraving at
.008",
finer line
60-4
type characters especially and
less
settings.
70-0
in the
not observed
in
The lower limits
are
the
explain
America
panel review.
by the gravure screen
caused
looking
the
samples of
0 degree
90 degree
and
The
at the sample typefaces.
are more pronounced
and
least in the 70-4
in the
In the
setting.
visual
appears as stated earlier as a
distortion
of
lower type
caused
size
by the
limits for
to setting 60-0.
The
information
line image greatest
in
increase in line
and
individual
settings
preference
for
that
helps
account
on paper, there was an
and, 70-4 at
at
counters of
presence of
oblique styles
"jaggies"
by settings 60-4, 70-0,
the lack of difference in type size settings.
line
of
possible that this physical
printed
"jaggies"
finer line
the
the
samples also reveals
and
rendered
of
for the differences in the judges
From film to
points.
oblique styles compared to the normal styles.
70-0 settings,
compared
italic /
dimensions between the
typefaces, this distortion
the
is
6
and
and
and circle patterns, and typefaces also
was observed when
image. It is veiy
measurement of
judges'
in
and
of
60-4, 70-0,
settings.
angle compared to the
And in comparing the four engraving settings, 60-0 setting, less in the 60-4
in these
in the Gravure Association
45 degree
the
5
at type sizes of
information that helps
line patterns, the distortion
angles, the same phenomena that
"fuzziness"
styles
the physical appearance and
preferences
settings
frequency of occurrence.
settings that provides additional
differences in the
For
point type.
compared to normal styles
the same
judges'
points, the distribution of
in engraving setting 60-0
observation and measurement of the
records
8
lower limits is
lower limits
acceptable
60-4, 70-0,
settings
In the
of
at
also true that the pattern observed
recording higher
more
having a higher average at 7.1
the distribution of the majority
It is
different for engraving setting 60-0 than for the
.006
70-4
smaller
creates a sharper
60-4, 70-0,
normal vs.
increase in line
width was recorded
inches. In
characters.
The
and
italic /
for the
for
type
image
of the
combination of a
70-4 may
account
oblique styles
for
in these
27 The
minimum character widths
in creating
considered
prospective typefaces settings as
engraving
70-0 ( 74 microns;
In the
a more accurate prepress
for
gravure printing.
lowest type
the
ability to
.003
),
least
engraving
The
to type
It
be
should
typeface, the
a
friendly"
widths on
and
text sizes
( in
film, but the
unknown whether
higher than 9
the 4
9
-
acceptable type size
in
settings
limit is 9
limits for
setting
smaller
in the
different
material
type sizes compared
lowest type
Zapf Chancery
reviews this
script
)
prepress
pleasing
5.3
area, it may be
be
applied
results.
recorded significant
4-9
points
that meet the
for
but
for engraving
minimum character
gravure printing.
acceptable at
It is
body text sizes
70-0. In engraving setting 70-4 the lower
recommended
data,
typefaces
at
sizes
typeface that in these three settings
unacceptable
It is
Optima
settings that can
settings with more
and
by
four
that requires the use of small type
have been found
60-0, 60-4,
in
in Table F in Column F.
an example of a
would
records
And setting 60-0
5 points, followed
several
Printed
found
70-4
of
acceptable type size averages of all
average at
point type.
America Standards Committee acceptable type size
images in
point type sizes tested
panel review
),
similar performances
point sizes.
type sample review of type sizes
Zapf Chancery
points
screen
70-0 have
tools to measure typefaces
70-0. This is
four
microns;
monoweight typefaces recorded the
settings.
all
).
and
acceptable type
finer engraving
findings for the
in Table E for
), 60-4 ( 74
images in lower
noted that the script typeface of
60-0, 60-4,
body
60-4
measuring device that has
printed at the
be
unacceptable
have
of
be
settings could
device for eliminating
are recorded
microns;
observing lower
for different engraving
settings
These
other type size averages are recorded
design
sizes could
Settings
Helvetica had the lowest
In creating "user possible to
( 72
in producing
well
settings per
as expected.
"user
engraving
friendly"
engraving settings, the finer
size preferences.
to the other three settings. In
points.
70-4
and
produce acceptable type
performs the
of the
follows: 60-0 ( 80 microns;
overall comparison of
the
found for each
and
that the
decide to
for engraving
Gravure Association
either establish
settings
at ten or twelve point type or recommend to avoid script typefaces
lower
60-0, 60-4,
in these
of
and
settings.
70-0
28 The
overall assessment of this
study is that
substantial progress was made toward
furthering the knowledge of the effects of gravure screen on type with the potentially positive contribution of and
"user
friendly"
establishing
for the
gravure
new guidelines of type selection that are more accurate
industry. The findings
of this
study
to new studies to establish guidelines of type selection for reverse type.
can also
be
applied
Bibliography
29
Bibliography
Blumen, G. Elementary Statistics. Dubuque: William C. Brown, 1992. Gravure Education Foundation, Gravure Association of America. Gravure Process and Technology. Rochester: Gravure Association of America, 1991. Gravure Technical Association. Art and Copy Preparation for Gravure. Gravure Advertising Council, 1983.
30
Appendices
31
Appendix A
Results
of
Gravure Association
of
America Panel Review
of
Typeface Samples
Table A
A 1
B
Table A Experimental Results
of
C
GAA Panel Review
of
E
D
TvDeface SamDles
2 3
60-0
4
Courier
5
Courier Oblique
6
New
7
New
8
Optima
9
Optima Oblique
Century School Century School
60-4
70-4
70-0
7 8
7
Book Book It.
10 Garamond Light
11
Garamond Light Italic
12
Zapf
1 3
Helvetica Bold
14
Helvetica Bold Oblique
15
Times Roman
Chancery
6
*8
6
7
*8 7
7
*9
6
all unacceptable
8
6 9
4-9pts.
7 *8 6
6
16 Times Roman Italic
7
6
17
Palatino
7
6
18
Palatino Italic
8
19
Helvetica
20
Helvetica Oblique
7
21
Helvetica Light
8
22
Helvetica Light Oblique
23
Average Typesize
6
6
6
6
6
6.1
6.7
6.8
7
7.1
Figure A1.1
Figure A1.1 Graphic Illustration
of
Table A
-
Part 1
Lower Acceptable Type Size Limits 8 7 60-0
6 5
Point Size 4
No
Entry
3
I
2 1 0 CD
CO
g-
3
o
O
3
O 3 O O
O
O m
E Q.
CD
O
CO
0)
o
o
05
co
0-
X
I
CO
Q.
CD
>a CD
I
Figure A1.5
Figure A1.5 Comparison
of
Normal
vs.
Italic Styles
-
(
60-0
Actual GAA Panel Review Preferences 9
6 Normal
5
Point Size 4
-ID-
3
2 1 0
o
O
c
CO o
o
V
E
CD
CO i_
CO
C3
J>
CD
I
32 o
CD
CO
c
o
CO
CD
o
I
_
a. -i
Italic/Obi.
Appendix B
Line Widths
at
Stages
B
of
Production
Table B
A
B
1
C
Table B Line Widths
at
Staqes
of
D
E
G
F
Production
2 3
"original"
4
(width
5
in Adobe Illustrator in Adobe Illustrator in points) converted to 0.000")
6
of
"original"
line
(width
of
2nd
line
on
3rd
stage
(width
of
stage
(width
of
line
on printed
page)
line
film in 0.000")
60-0
60-4
70-4
70-0
7 8
0.05
0.001
0.002
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.008
9
0.1
0.001
0.003
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.008
10
0.15
0.002
0.004
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.01
1 1
0.2
0.003
0.004
0.013
0.012
0.012
0.011
12
0.25
0.003
0.005
0.014
0.012
0.013
0.011
13
0.3
0.004
0.006
0.015
0.013
0.014
0.012
14
0.35
0.005
0.007
0.015
0.014
0.014
0.012
15
0.4
0.005
0.008
0.015
0.014
0.014
0.012
16
0.45
0.006
0.008
0.016
0.014
0.014
0.013
17
0.5
0.007
0.009
0.017
0.015
0.015
0.013
Appendix C
Average Increase in Line Width
of
Line Patterns in Three Basic Production Stages
C
Table C
A 1
B
E
C
Table C Average Increase in Line Width
of
Line Patterns in Three Basic Production Staaes
2 3
"original"
4
(software
+
line)
Average increase from
"original"
+
to film
Average increase from film to
printed
Total
=
average
increase in line
line
width
5 6
60-0 x line width
0.002
0.008
0.01
7
60-4
x
line
width
0.002
0.007
0.009
8
70-0
x
line
width
0.002
0.007
0.009
9
70-4
x
line
width
0.002
0.006
0.008
Figure C1.1
Figure C1.1 Graphic Illustration
of
Table C
by Engraving Setting
-
Average Increases in Line Width
in Thousands
Inch
of an
0.01 0.009 0.008 Average increase
0.007
+
0.006
0.005 film-
0.004 0.002 0 I3
i
^*i
o
1
JZ
CD
-?;
^
en
CD 0-
CD
CD
CD
X
X
-8
4
Figure F1.5
Figure F1.5 Comparison Projected Results
Point Size
of
Including
Normal
vs.
Italic Styles
Type Sizes Two
and
-
normal weight
Three
italic/obl
3
o
O
1;
B % CD c
Z
* .
E 4'
Q.
o
1
O
1? -1
CD
CD
CD
X
m
5
0.
CD
I
? CD
I
Figure F1.6
Figure F1.6 Average Type Size
by
Typeface
-
All
Engraving
Settings
Point Size 8
> o
3
o
-i
-
>
>
>
CD
CD
CD
XII
s o
Figure F1.7
Figure F1.7 Average Type Size
by Engraving Setting
-
All Typefaces
5.6
60-0
60-4
70-0
70-4
Appendix G
Press Sheets
of
Line
and
G
Circle Patterns
All
.05
measurements
.25
.15
.35
in fractions
of a point.
Created in Illustrator 6/5/92
o Ol
.45
oi
ro
co co en 4^-
en
-4 .1
.5
.2
.3
45 degrees
45 degrees
All
measurements in
fractions of a point. Created in Illustrator 6/5/92
O .05
.25
.15
.35
.45
-
en
ro TO en UJ
en *>
V tn
Oi
-4 .1
.2
-5
.3
45 degrees
45 degrees
I
.05
.25
.45
All
pt.
pt.
pt
measurements
.1
pt.
.30
.15
pt.
.50
.35
pt.
in fractions
pt.
of a point.
.2pt
pt.
.55
pt.
Created in Illustrator 6/5/92.
.40
.60
pt.
pt
o I o
.05
.25
.45
All
pt.
pt.
pt
measurements
.1
pt.
.30
.15
pt.
.50
.35
pt.
in fractions
pt.
of a point.
.2pt
pt.
.55
pt.
Created in Illustrator 6/5/92.
.40
.60
pt.
pt
Appendix H
Instructions
and
Examples
of
Type Sample Cards used in the Gravure Association America Panel Review
of
H
GAA November
1992
,
Dear __,
The
have just received is part of an experimental study Rochester of Technology graduate student Eric Henty Institute by Gravure Fellowship from the Gravure Association of America.
packet of materials you
conducted under a
The general purpose of the study is to improve the print quality typeface styles for gravure reproduction. We
are
critical eye quality.
your participation as an advertiser
asking in
determining
In short,
we are
what
the consumer
soliciting
because
you
of
typefaces and
have the most in print will have valid
will accept or reject
your expertise so
the project
results.
Your time is
valuable.
should take
approximately
We
The
is designed to be half hour.
experiment one
clear and simple and
that you go through the experiment in the next 2-3 days and return the to the Gravure Association of America immediately. A summary of the project results will be sent to you automatically at the project's completion. ask
packet
Enclosed
you will
materials
to
Thank
you
return
for
find
an instruction sheet, type samples, and packaging the samples to the Gravure Association of America.
your
help
to improve type quality for gravure
Sincerely,
Eric
Henty
and
GAA
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
0123456789.,;:? ! HI
,*
i
X
s
^2 x
3 '
h +
5*
fir q
11 V
;
II
A
ff O
O55 SS
I
3^
lAsa^l-f IV a>i: a S
*
2
o a.
c^
*o
5-
A
B to
o cr
18
Hi
;-o
2
Q!S
>,*
8-
1=9
CD
il
ails
F5
1
f5 >*
R
