“Overview of the Latest European Trends with PEMS for Nonroad, Truck and Passenger Car Applications”

2013 PEMS Conference and Workshop April 11th, 2013 Riverside, CA

Karsten Mathies TÜV Hessen / Automotive

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

TÜV Hessen / Automotive Automotive Test Center (ATC) in Germany for Europe:

Technical Service for Type Approval Chassis Dynamometer advanced Heavy Duty Engine Test Bed Mobile/Portable Emission Measurement

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

European PEMS Programs Overview 2009 Truck

2010

2011

2012

582/2011/EC ISC

ISC Demo Pre Pilot

PM PEMS NRMM

Pilot Phase

Truck RDE

2

2014

2015

2016

2017

ISC Pilot Draft + Protocol

ISC Demo

ISC

Pilot

PN PEMS Light Duty RDE

2013

Pilot

RDE

Pilot

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

PEMS

Heavy Duty Vehicle Application

GAS & PM Sampling Probe

Generator Muffler

DPF

EFM

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

Experience with Truck: In Service Compliance • • • • • • •

100 80 60 40 20 0

For EURO 6 Truck Homologation: demonstration PEMS measurements since one year in Europe First real ISC campaings 18 month after first vehicle sale: to be expected for fall 2013 Then ISC tesing every two years until 5 years after production ends Test sample: > 3 vehicles Driving: in the order of city 47 mph Loading 50 % Drive: requirements in % time: but how to calculate?

50

Highway Rural

City

40

Acceleration

30

Deceleration

20

Cruise

10

Stop

0 4

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

PEMS onroad / Trip Variability

Heavy Duty Road courses have been developed: Typical driving is 3 hours with 180 km distance covered

Friday

Monday 2 Afternoon

Monday Morning

Tuesday

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

Truck: Routes and Driving Analysis 100

4

80 3 70

Speed [km/h]

60 50

2

40 30 1 20

Category [1=RURAL, 2=URBAN, 3=MOTORWAY]

90

10 0 0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

0 14000

Time [s]

„Coming Home“ 6

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

Driving Analysis: Definition of „short trips“ Vehicle speed [kph]

Short Trip Definition

Short Trip Number # 16.00

... what's between a vehicle start and a vehicle stop.

14.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00

Zero Speed tolerance

2.00

0.00 1

21

41

61

81 101 time [sec]

121

141

161

181

Shrot trips shorter than 5 seconds or with an average speed lower than 2kph are considered as vehicle stopped

7

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

TRUCK ISC Route Driving ALL DATA

LOW SPEED

MEDIUM SPEED

HIGH SPEED

Cumulative Frequency

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30%

20% 10% 0%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Speed [kph]

( 90% → ~29/44/55 mph ) 8

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

Truck: From ISC to RDE Long term Truck legislation is to change from ISC to Real driving emissions RDE as well:  „RDE“ meaning: engine emission determination by route driving with PEMS eventually for certification For this these items are under review:  All exclusions e.g.: cold start  DPF Regeneration will be considered  Light duty truck driving : discussion about city driving percentage  Vehicle issues: uncomplete vehicles, trailers  Program kicked off 2013 9

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

PM PEMS New 2013 JRC PM PEMS Appendix Proposal published



Proposal for performance, design and calibration requirements based on JRC scientific study  Combination instrument of a gravimetric module to sample particulate matter on 47 mm diameter filter media with a realtime particle instrument ( e.g.: micro soot sensor )  Proportional sample flow required, with heated sample line and min. 45 cm/sec filter face velocity  Pilot programme with truck PEMS campaigns later in 2013  Application with truck first, later for NRMM as well  More: over Internet search engine: „JRC Report, 60064, 64214 and 65948“

10

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

NRMM : PEMS ISC test conditions New procedure draft for NRMM PEMS: Wide variety of machines and operations: A new data evaluation method was estabished instead of more detailed testing requirements Use „good engineering practice“ for test Stage IV only Alignment with US for EU stage IV 11

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

real agricultural Applications / Emission Measurement Campaign from last year used for development of new method for data evaluation

Plowing

Time [s] 12

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

Definition of the working and non-working event Criterion: engine power is lower than 10% defines a non •



13

working event

Duration parameters:  D0: non-working events shorter than 2 Minutes are considered: „working“ and working events shorter than D0 are merged with surrounding non-working events longer than D1  D1: the first 2 Minutes of a non-working event are considered: „working“  D2: defines short and long non-working events shorter than 10 Minutes means short  D3: defines the excluded time after a long non-working event; 4 Minutes are excluded, or up to the time until the exhaust gas temperature reaches 250 deg C Remaining data evaluation is moving average window with 20% power threshold and 90% cumulative percentile

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

New data evaluation method

14

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

RDE Overview 

 

Passenger car skips ISC and moves directly to RDE Real Driving Emissions The RDE program moves at Factor 5+ speeds than all other programs PEMS driving test will be the instrument, with more progress than the random cycle apporach 15

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

Light Duty – RDE – General Safety FID Hydrocarbon Emission Measurement

 

Transport of FID Fuel as well (as any calibration gas)inside passenger compartment is a health and safety issue Therefore FID Hydrocarbon emission measurment made optional – no gas containers used during drive  Also THC not considered critical for future cars  For information purposes and special analysis we use NDIR Propane channel (being aware of the shortfalls)  Use a gas container cart for ease of campaign

PN PEMS

    

New program for scientific intrument evaluation kicked-off in 2013 Butanol usage in CPC counter a health and safety issue Alternate PN counting principle to be investigated PM istruments from Heavy-Duty Programs considered to be to large in volume and heavy in weight Alternate measuring principles with correlation to PN investigated as well

EFM Exhaust Flow Meter – Heated Sample line routing from outside to inside vehicle: still required, but health and safety concerns have to adressd with more intelligent solutions 16

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

RDE Testing Conditions For the Pilot Programm of RDE PEMS Testing Conditions were newly developed:  Total driving time: minimum 1 hour – maximum 2 hours => same as max. mearurement duration without PEMS Auto-Zero  City/Rural/Highway driving split : tbd  PEMS courses are being developed  TUEV Plan: run morning and afternoon test with a change of PEMS batterie set at mid day break  Test is round trip from TUEV test center and back  3 Data evaluation tools are selected for the passenger car RDE pilot program

17

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

RDE Driving Route Design for 2 hrs max Route design for city / rural / highway = 45 / 25 / 30 %

but discussion is to increase city portion

Duration [min]

Avg. Speed [mph]

Distanz [mi] 120

79 68 54 21 18.5

City 18

30

39

41

36

40

19.6

Rural

Highway TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

Total TÜV ®

RDE Data Evaluation : JRC EMROAD New data evalution tool for RDE:  MAW mowing average window reference value is now: distance ( instead of cycle work or CO2): e.g.: 6 miles  This allows producing a CO2 driving indicator result in known value [CO2 g/km]  Driving indicator is used to differentiate:  Soft driving Normal Driving  Normal driving WLTC: CO2 results from Results  Severe driving 4-phase test:  Extreme driving  Low Speed [LS] Compare

to WLTC

19

  

Mid Speed [MS] High Speed [HS] Extra High Speed [EHS]

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

RDE Data Evaluation: JRC Emroad 2

MAW CO2 Emissions [g/km]

FCO2-Indicator for Driving  Input 4 CO2 g/km values from WLTC Chassis dyno emission test result  Limit +-20% around WLTC values for „Normal driving“  Area borders constructed by tbd polynoms

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

MAW Average Speed [km/h] 20

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

RDE Data Evaluation: JRC Emroad Finally : Result is calulated as cumulative MAW Nox in [g/km] for LS, MS, HS, and EHS Phase  Or single result numbers : 90 % percentile

LS MS HS EHS Nox [g/km]

21

Cumulative Percentage

NOx Windows - Normal Driving 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Low Speed Medium Speed High Speed Ex.High Speed

NOx [g/km]

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

TNO Binning Tool Principle:  Use all PEMS emission data except cold start  Calculate all mass flow grams/sec NOx per bin and divide through all mass flow kilogramm/sec CO2 per bin



Personal first opinion: suited better for very low tailpipe emissions: only then results would be repeatable (agressive driving)



Almost independent of ECU Signals

22

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

TUG Graz RDE Data Evaluation Tool

10x1 Engine power map

Chassis dyno Road load setting & inertia class

REDES User Interface Command Section

Result Information

Settings

Result

File Information

Goal Pattern in use

Principle: • Denormalize engine power bins with chassis dyno road load data • Bin emission data in 10 power bins,  Calculate sum of ((average mass flow emission g/sec *weighing factor)/weighed speed  Advantage: result is one number : gram Nox/km like from chassis dyno test 23

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

Summery and Outlook   



PEMS measurments gained significant ground with substantial progress in all vehicle categories just in one year Test operation conditions & requirements specific to vehicle categories: all layout concepts can be seen, still further work will produce more progress Specific vehicle category data evaluation methods have developed to fit the specific vehicle operation The base has been set for particle emission instruments in Europe as well, PN and PM PEMS instruments are kicked-off

 

We are open for : Exchange PEMS experience and ideas We offer: help for Your PEMS projects



In summary, PEMS measurements will soon be the focal point for regulatory emission testing, and new engine development target setting. This shift we see as a big step forwards towards improving ais quality .

24

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®

TÜV Hessen / Automotive 2013 PEMS Conference and Workshop April 11th, 2013, Riverside, CA

Discussions are welcome Thank you for your attention

Contact: Dr. Christof Gietzelt [email protected] Karsten Mathies [email protected]

TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH

TÜV ®