MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY September 2015, Vol. 15, No. 4 Content 498 – 502 Effect of Surface Roughness on the Fatigue Life of Laser Additive Manufactured Ti6Al4V Alloy Adrián Bača, Radomila Konečná, Gianni Nicoletto, Ludvík Kunz

502 – 508 Nanoadditives SiO2 and TiO2 in Process Fluids Totka Bakalova, Petr Louda, Lukáš Voleský, Karolína Borůvková, Lucie Svobodová

509 – 515 The Overview of Intermetallic Phases Presented in Nickel Base Superalloys after Precipitation Hardening Juraj Belan, Lenka Kuchariková, Eva Tillová, Milan Uhríčik

515 – 520 Phase Segregation during Processing of Semi-Solid Slurry by Rheocasting Method SEED Barbora Bryksí Stunová, Vlastimil Bryksí

520 – 526 Influence of Adhesive Bonded Surface Treatment of Alloy Alcu4mg and Increased Environmental Temperature on Adhesive Bond Strength Jan Cidlina, Miroslav Müller

526 – 530 Influence of Homogenization Annealing on Internal Damping Depending on the Vibration Amplitude Measured on Specimens AZ31 and AZ91 Zuzana Dresslerová, Peter Palček, Milan Uhríčik

530 – 534 Morphological Classification of Nonferrous Wear Particles in Engine Oil Using Pherrographical Method Vladimír Hönig

534 – 541 Fractal Geometry Used for Evaluation of Corrosion Resistance of Fe-14Al-6Cr Wt. % against Molten Glass Adam Hotar, Vlastimil Hotar

541 – 546 Surface Roughness Optimization in Milling Aluminium Alloy by Using the Taguchi´s Design of Experiment Julia Hricova, Natasa Naprstkova

546 – 553 Root Cause Analysis for Identifying Defects in the Process of Cylinder Head Castings from Aluminium Alloy Daniela Kalincová , Miroslava Ťavodová, Helena Čierna

553 – 557 Structure of Al-targets Used for PVD Coating in Jewellery Pavel Kejzlar, Zuzana Andrsova, Martin Švec

557 – 562 Ultrasonic Testing of Non-ferrous Materials in the Foundry Industry Radoslav Konar, Marek Patek, Andrej Zrak

562 – 567 Preparation and Properties of Composite Materials with Magnesium Matrix and Hydroxyapatite Reinforcement Jiri Kubasek, Dalibor Vojtěch, Drahomir Dvorsky

567 – 571 The Effect of Casting Technology on Fe Intermetallic Phases in Al-Si Cast Alloys Lenka Kuchariková, Eva Tillová, Juraj Belan, Milan Uhríčik

571 – 575 Abrasive Machining of Ti6Al4V Alloy Radek Lattner, František Holešovský, Tomáš Karel, Michal Lattner

576 – 581 Influence of Surface Refinement on Microstructure of Al-Si Cast Alloys Processed by Welding Method Tomasz Lipiński

581 – 587 Modification of Al-11% Si Alloy with Cl – Based Modifier Tomasz Lipiński

587 – 591 Parameters Affected Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Al-Brasses Tatiana Liptáková, Martin Lovíšek, Branislav Hadzima

591 – 596 Simulation Calculations of Solidification and Cooling of Copper Alloy Casts Jiří Machuta, Iva Nová

596 – 600 Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High-Strength Nanocrystalline Metals Ivo Marek, Dalibor Vojtěch, Alena Michalcová, Tomáš František Kubatík

Advisory Board

Prof. hab. Dr. Stanislav Adamczak, MSc. Politechnika Kielce, Poland Prof. Dana Bolibruchová, MSc. PhD. UZ in Zilina, Slovakia Prof. Milan Brožek, MSc., Ph.D. CULS in Prague, Czech Prof. Dr. M. Numan Durakbasa Vienna University of Technology, Austria Prof. Dr. František Holešovský, MSc. president, JEPU in Usti n. Labem Prof. Jiří Hrubý, MSc., Ph.D. VSB TU in Ostrava Prof. Karel Jandečka, MSc., Ph.D. UWB in Pilsen, Czech Prof. h. c. Stanislaw Legutko, MSc., Sc.D. Politechnika Poznańska, Poland Prof. Karel Kocman, MSc., Sc.D. TBU in Zlin, Czech Prof. Pavel Kovac, MSc., Ph.D. University of Novi Sad, Serbia Prof. Dr. János Kundrák, MSc., Sc.D. University of Miskolc, Hungary Prof. Ivan Kuric, MSc., Ph.D. UZ in Zilina, Slovakia Prof. Jan Mádl, MSc., Ph.D. CTU in Prague, Czech Prof. Ioan D. Marinescu, Ph.D. University of Toledo, USA Prof. Iva Nová, MSc., Ph.D. TU in Liberec, Czech Prof. Dr. Hitoshi Ohmori, MSc. RIKEN, Japan Prof. Ing. Ľubomír Šooš, PhD. SUT in Bratislava, Slovakia Prof. Dr. Dalibor Vojtěch, MSc. ICHT in Prague, Czech Col. Assoc. Prof. Milan Chalupa, Ph.D. FMT, University of Defence, Czech Assoc. Prof. Jan Jersák, MSc., Ph.D. TU in Liberec, Czech Assoc. Prof. Daniela Kalincova, MSc., PhD. TU in Zvolen, Slovakia Assoc. Prof. Štefan Michna, MSc., PhD. JEPU in Usti n. Labem, Czech Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ivan Mrkvica, MSc. VSB TU in Ostrava, Czech Assoc. Prof. Pavel Novák, MSc., Ph.D. ICHT in Prague, Czech Assoc. Prof. Iveta Vaskova, MSc., PhD. FM, TU in Kosice, Slovakia Dr. Michael N. Morgan John Moores University, Great Britain Dr. Thomas Pearce UWE Bristol, Great Britain

Editor-in-chief Assoc. Prof. Martin Novak, Eng. MSc., Ph.D. Editorial Office Address J. E. Purkyne University in Usti nad Labem FVTM, Campus UJEP, Building H Pasteurova 3334/7, 400 01 Usti nad Labem Czech Republic Tel.: +420 475 285 534 e-mail: [email protected] Print PrintPoint Ltd, Prague Publisher J. E. Purkyne University in Usti n. Labem Pasteurova 1, 400 96 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic VAT: CZ44555601 Published 6 p. a., 300 pcs. published in September 2015, 258 pages

Permission: MK CR E 20470 ISSN 1213–2489 indexed on: http://www.scopus.com

MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY September 2015, Vol. 15, No. 4 Content 601 – 604 Influence of Chemical Etching on Surface Micro-Geometry of Titanium Implants Anton Martikan, Jozef Struharnansky, Dana Stancekova, Andrej Czan, Michal Hatala

604 – 610 Effect of Different Modifiers and Heat Treatment on Structure, Hardness and Microhardness of AlSi7Mg0.3 Alloy Michal Martinovský, Jan Mádl

610 – 614 Microstructures of Iron Aluminides Processed by Additive Layer Manufacturing and Spark Plasma Sintering Alena Michalcová, Martin Palm, Lucia Senčeková, Gesa Rolink, Andreas Weisheit, Tomas Frantisek Kubatík

614 – 620 Research of the Cause Cracking Hot-Rolled Block Made of AlMg5 Alloys Stefan Michna, Jaromir Cais, Lenka Michnova

620 – 624 Research the Causes of Surface Stains after Eloxal Coating for the Profile from the AlMgSi Alloy Using Substructural Analysis Stefan Michna, Natasa Naprstkova, Dorota Klimecka-Tatar

624 – 628 Mechanical Properties of Polymeric Composite Based on Aluminium Microparticles Miroslav Müller, Jan Cidlina, Karolína Dědičová, Alena Krofová

629 – 633 Research on Surface Treatment of Alloy Alcu4mg Adhesive Bonded with Structural Single-Component Epoxy Adhesives Miroslav Müller

634 – 638 Modifications AlSi9CuMnNi Alloy by Antimony and Heat Treatment and Their Influence on the Resulting Structure Natasa Naprstkova, Radek Cervinka, Sylvia Kusmierczak, Jaromir Cais

638 – 644 Increasing the Quality of the Production Steering Wheel Castings Using Simulation Calculations of Solidification Iva Nová, Jiří Machuta, Josef Horáček

644 – 647 New Composite Materials Based on NiTi Pavel Novák, Eva Kristianová, Milan Valalik, Clarisse Darme, Pavel Salvetr

647 – 652 Hardness of the High Pressure Die Castings from Alloy AlSi9Cu3 in dependence on the Subsequent Processing Technology Iva Novakova, Jan Štverák, Jaromir Moravec

653 – 656 Microwaves as a Humidity Measurement Device for Casted Moulds Jan Novotný, Petr Majrich

656 – 660 Biodegradation Properties of Elektron 21 Magnesium Alloy Coated by Octacalcium Phosphate Miroslav Omasta, Branislav Hadzima

660 – 664 Application of Dielectric Properties of Dental Material in Non-Destructive Testing Mária Pápežová, Dagmar Faktrová

664 – 670 Analysis of Wear Particles Morphology of Machine Parts Based on Aluminium Zdeněk Aleš, Martin Pexa, Jindřich Pavlů, Marián Kučera, Jakub Čedík

670 – 674 Impact of Viscosity of Motor Oil on the Wear of Plain Bearings Martin Pexa, Zdeněk Aleš, Jindřich Pavlů, Jakub Čedík

674 – 678 Defects in High Pressure Die Casting Process Radka Podprocká, Jozef Malik, Dana Bolibruchová

679 – 684 Grain refinement in Al-Mn-Fe-Si alloys by severe plastic deformation Michaela Šlapáková Poková, Miroslav Cieslar, Mariia Zimina

684 – 689 Friction and Wear Behaviors of Al/Epoxy Composites during Reciprocating Sliding Tests Alessandro Ruggiero, Petr Valášek, Massimiliano Merola

689 – 694 Ni-Ti Alloys Produced by Powder Metallurgy Pavel Salvetr, Pavel Novák, Hynek Moravec

694 – 698 Quasi static tests of adhesive bonds of alloy AlCu4Mg Vladimír Šleger, Miroslav Müller

699 – 704 Identification of Drilling of Biocompatible Materials Based on Titanium Dana Stancekova, Jan Semcer, Anna Rudawska, Robert Cep

705 – 710 The Influence of Heat-Treatment on the Phase Composition and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Fe3Al – Type Alloy with Niobium Addition Martin Švec, Pavel Kejzlar

MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY September 2015, Vol. 15, No. 4 Content 710 – 714 Influence of Cutting Fluid on Abrasive – Free Ultrasonic Finishing of Aluminium Alloy Jaroslava Svobodová, Pavel Kraus, Miroslav Müller, Anatolii Lebedev, Alexander Yurov, Pavel Lebedev

714 – 720 Influence of Chemical Pre-treatments Nanotechnology Based Applied to the Al Sheet on the Roughness and Morphology of the Surface Jaroslava Svobodová, Pavel Kraus

720 – 727 Impact Properties of Self-Hardening Aluminium Alloy (Alzn10si8mg) at Elevated Temperatures Eva Tillová, Mária Chalupová, Lenka Hurtalová, Juraj Belan

727 – 732 Change of Internal Friction on Magnesium Alloy Depending on the Temperature and the Use of Mathematical Methods in the Evaluation of This Property Milan Uhríčik, Andrea Soviarová, Zuzana Dresslerová, Peter Palček, Lenka Kuchariková, Juraj Belan

732 – 736 Al Microparticles Interaction with Epoxy Resin – Cohesion and Adhesion to Steel and Aluminum Petr Valášek

737 – 739 Hydrogen Removal from Liquid Metal Iveta Vasková, J. Jančok, M. Hrubovčáková, M.Conev

739 – 743 The Effect of Zirconium and Carbon Addition on Thermal Expansion of Fe3Al-Based Iron Aluminides Věra Vodičková, Pavel Hanus

743 – 748 Microstructural Analysis of Nickel Influence in Alsi10mgmn Alloy with Increased Iron Level Maria Zihalova, Dana Bolibruchova, Jaromir Cais

748 – 752 Influence of Chemical Composition in Steel on Laser Cutting Stability Andrej Zrak, Radoslav Koňár, Peter Jankejech

SEPTEMBER 2015, Vol. 15, No. 4 – INTERNATIONAL REVIEWERS AND EDITORS LIST Technology and Assembly Frantisek Holesovsky Jiri Hruby Josef Chladil Stanislav Legutko Miroslav Muller Natasa Naprstkova Martin Novak Dana Stancekova Karol Vasilko

Material Engineering and Design Milan Brozek Ivan Lukac Stefan Michna Ivan Mrkvica Iva Nova Pavel Novak Augustin Sladek Eva Tillova Dalibor Vojtech

New web portal of Manufacturing Technology Article Administration. More information on home page of the journal.

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September 2015, Vol. 15, No. 4

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Effect of Surface Roughness on the Fatigue Life of Laser Additive Manufactured Ti6Al4V Alloy Adrián Bača1, Radomila Konečná1, Gianni Nicoletto2, Ludvík Kunz3 1 University of Žilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Material Engineering, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2 University of Parma, Department of Industrial Engineering, Parco Area della Scienze 181/A, 43124 Parma, Italy. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Institute of Physics of Materials, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Žižkova 22, 616 62 Brno, Czech Republic, E-mail: [email protected] Direct Metal Laser Sintering enables production of fully dense metal parts with comparable or higher tensile properties as compared to the conventionally produced parts. However, for a more widespread use of this additive manufacturing technique, material data should be obtained and evaluated with respect to the influencing manufacturing factors. In the case of Ti6Al4V alloy, the fatigue performance can be highly susceptible to the process related issues, such as build direction, porosity and surface condition. This study was undertaken to examine the fatigue life of Ti6Al4V specimens manufactured by Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) technique and to investigate the influence of the surface state on the fatigue life. A high degree of anisotropy in the fatigue performance associated with the specimen build orientation was determined. Keywords: Ti6Al4V, Direct Metal Laser Sintering, additive manufacturing, fatigue life, surface roughness

Acknowledgements The company BEAM-IT Srl, Fornovo (PR) Italy is gratefully acknowledged for providing the specimens. The research was supported by the project Slovak VEGA grant No. 1/0685/2015 and the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract No. SK-CZ-2013-0047.

References BRACKETT, D., ASHCROFT, I., HAGUE, R. (2011). Topology optimization for additive manufacturing, Proceedings of the 24th Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium (SFF11), pp. 6-8. VAYRE, B., VIGNAT, F., VILLENEUVE, F. (2012). Designing for additive manufacturing, Procedia CIRP, vol. 3, pp. 632–637. REEVES, P. (2008) Supply Chain Q2, Volume 2, Issue 4, pp. 32-336. NOVAKOVA-MARCINCINOVA, L., NOVAK-MARCINCIN, J., TOROK, J., BARNA, J., (2013), Selected Experimental Tests of Materials Used in Rapid Prototyping Area. Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 220-226, ISSN 1213-2489. DUTTA, B., FROES, F. H. (2014). Additive manufacturing of titanium alloys, Advanced Materials & Processes. SIMONELLI, M., TSE, Y. Y., TUCK, C. (2012). Further understanding of Ti-6Al-4V selective laser melting using texture analysis, Proceedings of 2012 SFF Symposium, Austin, TX. REEVES, P. (2009). Additive Manufacturing-A supply chain wide response to economic uncertainty and environmental sustainability. Econolyst Limited, the Silversmiths, Crown Yard, Wirksworth, Derbyshire. NICOLETTO, G., KONEČNÁ, R., KUNZ, L., BAČA, A. (2015) Tensile and Fatigue Behavior of Ti6Al4V Produced by Selective Laser Melting, Procs. 4th International Conference of Engineering against Failure (ICEAF IV), Skiathos, Greece, ISBN: 978-96088104-5-7. CHAN, K.S., KOIKE, M., MASON, L.R., OKABE, T. (2013) Fatigue Life of Titanium Alloys Fabricated by Additive Layer Manufacturing Techniques for Dental Implants, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Volume 44, Issue 2, pp 1010-1022. BRANDL, E., PALM, F., MICHAILOV, V., VIEHWEGER, B., LEYENS, C. (2011) Mechanical properties of additive manufactured titanium (Ti–6Al–4V) blocks deposited by a solid-state laser and wire, Materials & Design, Volume 32, Issue 10, December 2011, pp. 4665–4675. EDWARDS, P., RAMULU, M. (2014) Fatigue performance evaluation of selective laser melted Ti–6Al–4V, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 598, pp. 327–337.

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Nanoadditives SiO2 and TiO2 in Process Fluids Totka Bakalova1, Petr Louda1, 2, Lukáš Voleský1, Karolína Borůvková1, Lucie Svobodová1 1 Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Material Science, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected] Productivity growth in the machining industry is associated with a reduction in the cost of cleaning and recycling contaminated process fluids. The proper use of process fluids or lubricants can bring a significant reduction in friction and the amount of wear, thereby leading to a reduction in power consumption. The use of nanolubricants in modern technologies is a major advancement. Nanolubricant is a new system composed of nanometer-sized particles dispersed in a base lubricant. The use of nanoadditives in the form of nanoparticles is highly efficient due to their high chemical and biological activity. The doping of lubricants with nanoparticles is one of the ways to solve problems with the removal of bacteria, whereby improving the biological, chemical and technological stability of process fluids. In the article, we monitor the effects of doping process fluids with nanoparticles of silica (SiO2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) on the friction coefficient of friction pairs of Si3N4 balls against steel 16MnCr5, EN 10084-94 and Si3N4 balls against aluminium AlCu4BiPb balls. Keywords: nanoadditives, tribology, wear, friction pair, process fluid

Acknowledgement The paper was supported in part by the OPR&DI project “Innovative products and environmental technologies”, registration number CZ.1.05/3.1.00/14.0306. The results of this project LO1201 were obtained through the financial support of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports in the framework of the targeted support of the “National Programme for Sustainability I” and the OPR&DI project “Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation” registration number CZ.1.05/2.1.00/01.0005.

References SIDJANIN, L., KOVAC, P. (1997). Fracture mechanisms in chip formation processes. Mater Sci Technol 13:439– 444. LIEWA, W. Y. H., HUTCHINGS, I. M., WILLIAMS, J. A. (1999). The interaction between tool material, environment, and process conditions in the machining of aluminium alloys. An International Journal Machining Science and Technology 3(2):273–286. BUMBÁLEK, B. (2003). Integrita povrchu a její význam pro posouzení vhodnosti dané plochy pro její funkci, Vysoké učení technické v Brně, ISBN: 80-214-2436-2, Brno. MACHADO, A.R., WALLBANK, J. (1997). The effect of extremely low lubricant volumes in machining. Wear 210:76–82. SAYUTI, M., AHMED, A. D., SARHAN, A. A. D., HAMDI, M. (2013). An investigation of optimum SiO2 nanolubrication parameters in end milling of aerospace Al6061-T6 alloy. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 67:833–849 DOI 10.1007/s00170-012-4527-z. SAYUTI, M., SARHAN, A.A.D., TOMOHISA T., HAMDI, M., YOSHIO S., (2013c). Cutting force reduction and surface quality improvement in machining of aerospace duralumin AL-2017-T4 using carbon onion nanolubrication system. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Tech 65 (9-12), 1493-1500. SHAJI, S., RADHAKRISHNAN, V., (2003). Application of solid lubricants in grinding: investigations on graphite sandwiched grinding wheels. Mach. Sci. Technol. 7, 137-155. KLOCKE, F., EISENBLÄTTER, G., (1997). Dry cutting. CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol. 46, 519- 526. PENG, D.X., KANG, Y., HWANG, R.M., SHYR, S.S., CHANG, Y.P. (2009). Tribological properties of diamond and SiO2 nanoparticles added in paraffin. Tribol. Int. 42, 911-917. MURSHED, S.M.S., LEONG, K.C., YANG, C., (2009). A combined model for the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Appl. Therm. Eng. 29, 2477-2483.

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NIKKAM, N., SALEEMI, M., TOPRAK, M. S., MUHAMMED, S. Li, M., HAGHIGHI, E. B., KHODABANDEH, R., PALM, B. (2011). Novel nanofluids based on mesoporous silica for enhanced heat transfer. J Nanopart Res. 13:6201–6206 DOI 10.1007/s11051-011-0404-1. NAKAMURA, T., TANAKA, S., HAYAKAWA, K., FUKAI, Y., (2000). A study of the lubrication behavior of solid lubricants in the upsetting process. J. Tribol. 122, 803-808. SIA, S. Y., BASSYONY, E. Z., AHMED A. D. S. (2014). Development of SiO2 nanolubrication system to be used in sliding bearings, Manuf Technol 71:1277–1284. CHEN, J.. (2010). Tribology properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene, nanotitanium dioxide, and nano-silicon dioxide as additives in mixed oil based titanium complex grease. Tribol Lett 38:217–224. SARHAN, A. A. D., SAYUTI, M., HAMDI, M.. (2012). Reduction of power and lubricant oil consumption in milling process using a new SiO2 nanolubrication system. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. doi:10.1007/s00170-0123940-7 SAYUTI, M. A., SARHAN, A. D., SALEM, F. (2013). Novel uses of SiO2 nano-lubrication system in hard turning process of hardened steel AISI4140 for less tool wear, surface roughness and oil consumption. ScienceDirect: Journal of Cleaner Production. p. 1-12. HOLMEG, K., MATTHEWS, A. (1998). Coating tribology – properties, techniques and applications in surface engineering, Elsevier, Amsterdam. BURAKOWKI, T., WIERZCHON, T. (1999). Surface engineering of metals, CRC Press LLC, ISNB 0–8493– 8225–4, New York. ROCO, M.C., (1999). Nanoparticles and nanotechnology research. J. Nanoparticle Res. 1(1), 1–6. XIANG, L., GAO, C., WANG Y., PANA, Z., HU, D. (2014). Tribological and tribochemical properties of magnetite nanoflakes as additives in oil lubricants, Particuology Vol. 17, December 2014, p. 136–144, ISSN: 16742001, Longhua. DEBNATH, S., REDDY M. M., YI, Q. S. (2014). Environmental friendly cutting fluids and cooling techniques in machining, Journal of Cleaner Production 83, p. 33-47, ISSN: 0959-6526. CHAN, C. Y., LEE, W. B., WANG, H.. (2013). Enhancement of surface finish using water-miscible nano-cutting fluid in ultra-precision turning, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 73, p. 62–70, ISSN: 0890-6955. BAKALOVA, T., LOUDA, P., VOLESKÝ, L., and KŘIKLAVOVÁ, L. (2014). The impact of natural nanoadditive on the tribological and chemical properties of process fluids. In: Proceedings: 8th International Conference on Tribology, 30thOct.-1stNov.2014. Ploesti: Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti Publishing House, p. 143-148. ISBN 978-973-719-570-8, Sinaia, Romania.

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The Overview of Intermetallic Phases Presented in Nickel Base Superalloys afterPrecipitation Hardening Juraj Belan, Lenka Kuchariková, Eva Tillová, Milan Uhríčik Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Žilina. Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina. Slovakia. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. The nickel base superalloys are progressive group of materials designed especially for application where others materials does not fit with its mechanical properties (such aluminium or copper alloys) or corrosion resistance at high temperature nor heat-temperature properties (such iron or steel). Their unique properties comes from solid solution gamma, where after precipitation hardening a various phases - γ′ (gamma prime), γ′′ (gamma double prime), δ (delta), different types of carbides (MC, M23C6, M6C, and M7C3) with various degree of coherency to matrix are presented. Article gives a brief description of such phases with its affect to mechanical properties. Keywords: Ni-based superalloys, gamma prime phase, gamma double prime phase, delta phase, metallography evaluation, SEM observation

Acknowledgements This work has been supported by Scientific Grant Agency of Ministry of Education of Slovak republic No1/0533/15, No 044ŽU-4/2014 and project EU ITMS 26110230117.

References GLENNY, R., J., E. (1974). High Temperature Materials in Gas Turbines. p. 258. Elsevier, Amsterdam. DONACHIE, M. J., DONACHIE, S. J. (2002). Superalloys – A technical guide, 2nd ed. ASM International, USA. DURAND-CHARE, M. (1997). The Microstructure of Superalloys. Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam. CHANDLER, H. et al. (2006). Heat Treater's Guide, Practices and Procedures for Nonferrous Alloys, ASM International, USA. DAVIS, J. R. (2000). ASM Specialty Handbook: Nickel, Cobalt, and Their Alloys, 1st edition, ASM International, Ohio. RITZERT, F., et al. (1998). The Effect of Alloying on Topologically Close Packed Phase Instability in Advanced Nickel-Based Superalloy Rene N6, NASA TM-1998-206622. HURTALOVÁ, L., TILLOVÁ, E., CHALUPOVÁ, M., BELAN, J., VAŠKO, A., (2014). Microstructure control of secondary A 231 cast alloy used in automotive industry. In: Manufacturing technology: journal for science, research and production, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 326-333. VAŠKO, A., MARKOVIČOVÁ, L., ZATKALÍKOVÁ, V., TILLOVÁ, E., (2014). Quantitative evaluation of microstructure of graphitic cast irons. In: Manufacturing technology: journal for science, research and production, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 478-482. COPLEY, S. M., KEAR, B. H. (1967). Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers. Vol. 239, No. 2, pp. 984 – 989. COZAR, R., PINEAU A. (1973). Morphology of γ′ and γ′′ precipitates and thermal stability of Inconel 718 type alloy. In: Metall. Trans., Vol. 4, pp. 47-59. VERSNYDER, F. L., SHANK, M. E. (1970). Development of Columnar Grain and Single Crystal High-Temperature Materials through Directional Solidification. In: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 213–247. COLLINS, H. E. (1968). Relative Stability of Carbide and Intermetallic Phases in Nickel-Base Superalloys. In: Superalloys, ASM, Metals Park, OH, 1968, pp. 171–198. CROMPTON, J. S., MARTIN, J. W. (1984). Crack Growth in a Single Crystal Superalloy at Elevated Temperature. In: Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 15A, pp. 1711–1719. BELAN, J., HURTALOVÁ, L., VAŠKO, A., TILLOVÁ, E. (2014). Metallography evaluation of IN 718 after applied heat treatment. In: Manufacturing technology: journal for science, research and production, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 262-267. POLLOCK, M. T., TIN, S. (2006). Nickel-Based Superalloys for Advanced Turbine Engines: Chemistry, Microstructure, and Properties. In: Journal of propulsion and power, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 361-374. Paper number: M201587 Copyright © 2015. Published by Manufacturing Technology. All rights reserved.

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Phase Segregation during Processing of Semi-Solid Slurry by Rheocasting Method SEED Barbora Bryksí Stunová1, Vlastimil Bryksí2 1 CTU in Prague, Faculty of Mechanical engineering, Dept. of Manufacturing Technology, Technická 4, 166 04 Prague, Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Kovolis Hedvikov, a.s., Hedvikov 1, 538 43, Třemošnice, Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected] The paper describes specific phenomena of semi-solid casting process, especially rheo-casting method SEED, which uses mechanical swirling for reaching proper structure in semi-solid state. The eutectic segregation during processing of semi-solid slurry can cause specific casting defects. Heat treated alloy AlSi7Mg0.3 was applied for producing castings. For observing structure, metallographic observation by light and SEM microscopy was used as well as spectral analysis. Keywords: Semi-Solid, Rheo-Casting, Phase Segregation, Aluminium Alloys, Casting Defects

Anknowledgment This work was supported by the project No SGS 13/187/OHK2/3T/12.

References DA SILVA M., LEMIEUX A., CHEN X.G. (2009). Characterization of semi-solid slurry using a novel “RheoCharacterizer” apparatus. In: Journal Of Materials Processing Technology, 209, pp. 5892-5901. Foundry Product SEED. (2015) Retrieved April 10 2015 from: http://www.stas.com/images/stories/Document/SEED/seed_brochure.pdf LASHKARI O., AJERSCH F., CHARETTE A., CHEN X.G. (2008). Microstructure and rheological behavior of hypereutectic semi-solid Al-Si alloy under low shear rates compression test. In: Materials Science and Engineering A., pp. 377-382. LEMIEUX A., LANGLAIS D., BOUCHARD X., CHEN X.G. (2010). Effect of Si, Cu and Fe on mechanical properties of cast semi-solid 206 alloys. In: Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 20, pp. 15551560. TEBIB M. AJERSCH F. GRANT CHEN X. (2012). Rheological Properties and Mocrostructure of Hypereutectic Semi-solid Al-Si-Mg Alloys Using Rheo-casting Route. In: S2P 2012 – 12th International Conference on SemiSolid Processing of Alloys and Composites, pp. 1 – 7. Semi-Solid Thixoforming: Part two. In: Total Materia. (2013) Received August 27 2015 from http://www.keytometals.com/freedemo/page.aspx?ID=CheckArticle&site=ktn&LN=EN&NM=323.

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Influence of Adhesive Bonded Surface Treatment of Alloy Alcu4mg and Increased Environmental Temperature on Adhesive Bond Strength Jan Cidlina, Miroslav Müller Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague. Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]. For the creation of the bond the treatment of the adhesive bonded surface is essential. The second important factor is the temperature of the environment to which the adhesive bond is exposed. It is a way of a degradation of adhesive bonds. The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of adhesive bonded surface treatment of alloy AlCu4Mg and increased environmental temperature on a strength of adhesive bonds using two-component epoxies used in the transportation industry. As a bonding material AlCu4Mg was used, whose surface was in the first series mechanically and chemically treated. In the second series tested specimens were without the surface treatment. A destructive testing was conducted at a laboratory temperature 22 ± 2 °C and at increased temperatures, i.e. 40, 60 and 80 ± 2 °C. At a mutual comparison of the mechanical treatment and the chemical treatment of the adhesive bonded surface with un-treated surface, the tensile lap-shear strength increased by an average of 57.24 ± 18.52 %. The results show that there is a difference in the tensile lap-shear strength between the test temperatures in the interval 20-80 °C, the decrease was up to 88 %. Keywords: Adhesive bond, two-component epoxy adhesives, testing

Acknowledgement This paper has been done when solving the grant IGA TF (No.: 2015:31140/1312/3106).

References MÜLLER, M., VALÁŠEK, P. (2012). Degradation medium of agrokomplex - adhesive bonded joints interaction. In: Research in Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 58, pp. 83-91. MESSLER, R., W. (2004). Joining of materials and structures from pragmatic process to enabling technology. Burlington: Elsevier, 816 pp. MÜLLER, M. (2013). Research of Liquid Contaminants Influence on Adhesive Bond Strength Applied in Agricultural Machine Construction. In: Agronomy Research, Vol.11, pp. 147-154. RUDAWSKA, A. (2014). Selected aspects of the effect of mechanical treatment on surface roughness and adhesive joint strength of steel sheets. In: International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, Vol. 50, pp. 235-243. CIDLINA, J., MÜLLER, M., VALÁŠEK, P. (2014). Evaluation of Adhesive Bond Strength Depending on Degradation Type and Time. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 8-12. PAREIRA, A.M., FERREIRA, J.M., ANTUNES, F.V., BARTOLO, P.J. (2010). Analysis of manufacturing parameters on the shear strength of aluminium adhesive single-lap joints. In: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 210, pp. 610-617. RAMAZAN, K., MEHMET, S., BEKIR, Y. (2008). Influence of adhesive thickness and filler content on the mechanical performance of aluminium single-lap joints bonded with aluminium powder filled epoxy adhesive. In: Journal of materials processing technology, Vol. 205. pp. 183–189. VALÁŠEK, P. (2014). Long-term degradation of composites exposed to liquid environments in agriculture. In: Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp 187-192. MÜLLER, M. (2011). Influence of Surface Integrity on Bonding Process. In: Research in Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 57, pp. 153-162. ADAMS, R. D., COMYN, J., WAKE, W. C. (1997). Structural adhesive joints in engineering. 2nd ed. Chapman & Hall, London. 360 pp. HABENICHT, G. (2002). Kleben: Gundlagen, Technologien, Anwendung. Berlin: Springer. 921 pp. HARRIS, A. F., BEEVERS, A. (1999). The effects of grit-blasting on surface properties for adhesion. In: International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, Vol. 19, No. 6, p. 445-452. SHAHID, M., HASHIM, S. A. (2002). Effect of surface roughness on the strength of cleavage joints. In: International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, Vol. 22, No.3, p. 235-244.

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GRITCHLOW, G.W., BREWIS, D.M. (1995). Influence of surface macroroughness on the durability of epoxidealuminium joints. In: International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, Vol. 15, No. 3, p. 173-176. SARGENT, J.P. (1994). Adherend surface morphology and its influence on the peel strength of adhesive joints bonded with modified phenolic and epoxy structural adhesives. In: International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, Vol. 14, No. 1, p. 21-30. NOVÁK, M. (2012). Surfaces with high precision of roughness after grinding. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 12, pp. 66 -70. NOVÁK, M. (2011). Surface quality of hardened steels after grinding. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 11, pp.55-59. HRICOVA, J. (2014). Environmentally conscious manufacturing: the effect of metalworking fluid in high speed machining. In: Key engineering materials. Vol. 581, pp. 89-94. CROCOMBE, A. D. (1997). Durability modelling concepts and tools for the cohesive environmental degradation of bonded structures. In: International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, Vol. 17, No. 3, p. 229-238. KINLOCH, A. J., OSIYEMI, S. O. (1993). Predicting the fatigue life of adhesively-bonded joints. In: Journal of adhesion, Vol. 43, No. 12, p. 79-90. MÜLLER, M., HERÁK, D. (2013). Application possibilities of adhesive bonds – Europe, Indonesia. In: Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, Vol. 44, pp. 167-171. MÜLLER, M., HERÁK, D., VALÁŠEK, P. (2013). Degradation limits of bonding technology depending on destinations Europe, Indonesia. In: Tehnicki Vjesnik- Technical Gazette, Vol. 20, pp. 571-575. DOBRÁNSKÝ, J., BARON, P., KOČIŠKO, M., BĚHÁLEK, L, VOJNOVÁ, E. (2015). Soloving depressions formed during production of plastic molding. In: Metalurgija, Vol. 54, No. 3, 496-498. DOBRÁNSKÝ, J., BARON, P., KOČIŠKO, M., VOJNOVÁ, E (2014). Monitoring of the influence of moisture content in thermoplastic granulate on rheological properties of material. In: Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vol. 616, 207-215. HU, P., HAN, X. LI, W.D., LI, L., SHAO, Q. (2013). Research on the static strength performace of adhesive single lap joints subjected to extreme temperature environment for automotive industry. In: International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives. Vol. 41, pp. 119-126. MÜLLER, M., RUŽBARSKÝ, J., VALÁŠEK, P. (2014). Degradation process in area of connecting metal sheets by adhesive bonding technology in agrocomplex. In: Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vol. 616, pp. 52-60. ŤAVODOVA, M. (2013). The surface quality of materials after cutting by abrasive water jet evaluated by selected methods. In: Manufacturing technology. Vol. 13, pp. 236-241. PROLONGO, S.C., URENA, A. (2009). Effect of surface pre-treatment on the adhesive strength of epoxy-aluminium joints. International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives. Vol. 29, p. 23-31. BAKER, A.A., CHESTER, R.J. (1992). Minimum surface treatments for adhesively bonded repairs. In: International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 73-78. ELBING, F., ANAGREH, N., DORM, L. UHLMANN, E. (2003). Dry ice blasting as pretreatment of aluminium surfaces to improve the adhesive strength of aluminium bonding joints. In: International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, Vol. 23, p. 69-79. BORSELLINO, C., DI BELLA, G., RUISI, V.F. (2009). Adhesive joining of aluminium AA6082: the effects of resin and surface treatment. In: International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, Vol. 29, p. 36-44. HARRIS, A.F., BEEVERS, A. (1999). The effects of grit-blasting on surface properties for adhesion. In: International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, Vol. 19, p. 1445-452. GRANT, L. D. R., ADAMS, R.D, DA SILVA, L.F.M (2009). Experimental and numerical analysis of single-lap joints for the automotive industry. In: International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, Vol. 4, pp. 405–413.

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Influence of Homogenization Annealing on Internal Damping Depending on the Vibration Amplitude Measured on Specimens AZ31 and AZ91 Zuzana Dresslerová, Peter Palček, Milan Uhríčik University of Žilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Material Engineering, Univerzitná 8215/1, 01026 Žilina, Slovakia. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Damping capacity of alloys is closely tied to the presence of defects including solute atoms, second phases and voids. The interaction between moving dislocations and point defects is one of the major internal damping mechanisms of magnesium alloys so the precipitates influence the damping capacity and contribute to damping properties. The article is focused on the analysis of the internal damping changes depending on the amplitude of the magnesium alloys AZ31 and AZ91 in as cast state and after homogenization annealing. In experimental measurements only resonance method was used. This method is based on continuous excitation of oscillations of the specimen and the entire apparatus vibrates at a frequency which is near to the resonance. Starting resonance frequency for all measurements was about f = 20500 Hz. Keywords: Magnesium alloys, Internal damping, Vibration amplitude

Acknowledgement This work has been supported by Scientific Grant Agency of Ministry of Education of Slovak Republic and Slovak Academy of Sciences No1/0683/15 and by project APVV SK-CZ-2013-0076.

References SCHALLER, R., FANTOZZI, G., GREMAUD, G. (2001). Mechanical spectroscopy Q-1 2001 with applications to materials science, pp. 683. Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. ISBN 0-87849-876-1. SEUNGH, B. (2000). High damping Fe - Mn martensitic alloys for engineering applications. In: Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 198, No. 3, pp. 241-252. ISSN 0029-5493. AVEDESIAN, M. M., BAKER, H. (1999). Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys, pp. 314. Materials Park OH: ASM International. ISBN 0871706571. FAN, G. D., ZHENG, M. Y., HU, X. S., WU, K., GAN, W. M., BROKMEIER, H. G. (2013). Internal friction and microplastic deformation behavior of pure magnesium processed by equal channel angular pressing. In: Materials Science & Engineering A, Vol. 561, No. January 2013, pp. 100-108. ZHANG, Z., ZENG, X., DING, W. (2005). The influence of heat treatment on damping response of AZ91D magnesium alloy. In: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 392, No. 1 - 2, pp. 150-155. ISSN 0921-5093. GÖKEN J., SWIOSTEK J., LETZIG D, KAINER K. U. (2005). Damping Measurements of the Magnesium Wrought Alloys AZ31, AZ61 and AZ80 After Indirect and Hydrostatic Extrusion, In: Mat. Sci. Forum, Vol. 482, pp. 387-390. BLANTER, M. (2007). Internal Friction in Metallic Materials, pp. 539. Springer - Verlag: Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 3-540-68757-2. HAO, G.L., HAN, F.S., WANG, Q.Z., WU, J. (2007). Internal friction peaks associated with the precipitation in AZ91 magnesium alloy. In: Physica B, Vol. 391, No. 1, pp. 186-192. ISSN 0921-4526. SOVIAROVÁ A., PALČEK P., BLAŽEK D., CHALUPOVÁ M. (2014). Analysis of Dependence of Internal Friction on temperature of Magnesium Alloy with Aluminium Addition. In: Period. Polytech. Transp. Eng., Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 139-143. ISSN 1587-3811. UHRÍČIK, M., PALČEK, P., SOVIAROVÁ, A., SNOPIŃSKI, P. (2014). Change of Internal Friction on Aluminium Alloy with 10.1 % Mg Dependence on the Temperature. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 467-470. ISSN 1213–2489. DRESSLEROVÁ, Z., PALČEK, P. (2014). Temperature Dependence of the Internal Friction Measured at Different Excitation Voltages. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 287-290. ISSN 1213-2489. Paper number: M201590 Copyright © 2015. Published by Manufacturing Technology. All rights reserved.

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Morphological Classification of Nonferrous Wear Particles in Engine Oil Using Pherrographical Method Vladimír Hönig Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Chemistry, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic, E-mail: [email protected] Pherrography uses microscopic methods for the detection of morphological characteristics of wear particles deposited on pherrogram. The result of pherrographical analysis is to create the pherrographic track on pherrogram and then to assign the type and intensity of wear. The position of nonferrous metals on the pherrogram is quite clearly defined. Assessment of particle size, particle shape and distinguishing kinds of material are the result of observation. Nonferrous particles are also divided according to the color. Metal particles can, under certain circumstances, have different colors as a result of excessive oxidation of the particle surface. The article deals with the identification of nonferrous particles on pherrographical track of motor oil. This assessment is carried out in relation to the mode of wear of oil and machine. Part of the experiments is also microchemical analysis for subsequent analysis of certain hard identifiable metals. Keywords: Pherrography, Engine Oil, Wear Particles, Tribotechnical Diagnosis, Pherrographic Track

References ALEŠ, Z. (2010). Field experience with transmission oil EP Gear Synth 150, Research in Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 55, pp.18-23. Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Prague. Czech Republic. ALEŠ, Z., PEXA, M., PAVLŮ, J. (2012). Tribotechnical diagnostics of agricultural machines, Engineering for Rural Development conference Jelgava, 24.-25.05.2012, [online]. [cit.2014-05.01] Available at www: http://www. http://tf.llu.lv. CELEBRANT, F., ZIEGLER, J., MARASOVÁ, D. (1996). Technická diagnostika a spolehlivost I. Tribodiagnostika. 1. vydání. pp. 110 – 138. VŠB-TU, Ostrava. Czech Republic. HÖNIG, V., HROMÁDKO, J. (2014). Possibilities of using vegetable oil to power diesel engines as well as their impact on engine oil, Agronomy Research Vol. 12, No. 8, pp. 323 – 332. Estonian Agricultural University. Estonia. HÖNIG, V., MIHOLOVÁ, D., ORSÁK, M. (2014) Measurement of Wear Metals in Engine Oils by Atomic Absorption Spektrometry Method. Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, No. 3, PP. 317 – 322, J. E. Purkyne University in Ústí nad Labem nad Labem. Czech Republic. HÖNIG, V., SMRČKA, L., HORNÍČKOVÁ, Š. (2014) Application of discriminant analysis in monitoring the wear particles in the engine oil. Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 322 – 326, J. E. Purkyne University in Ústí nad Labem nad Labem. Czech Republic. KEJZLAR, P. (2012). Structure and mechanical properties of Fe-25Al-5Zr and Fe-30Al-5Zr intermetallic alloys. Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 12, No. 13, pp. 131 – 135, J. E. Purkyne University in Ústí nad Labem nad Labem. Czech Republic. MIHALČOVÁ, J., HEKMAT, H. (2008). Tribotechnická diagnostika v prevádzke použitých olejov I. metódy hodnotenia častíc opotrebovania v olejoch, Chemické listy Vol. 102, pp. 358 – 362. Czech Society of Chemical Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic. Ministry of Defence CZ. (2007). Instruction for Tribodiagnostics of Engines, Gear and Hydraulic Systems, No. 79: 27/2007:3042, Logistics Division. Prague, Czech Republic STŘIHAVKOVÁ, E., WEISS, V. (2012) The Identification of the structures new type Al-Si-Mg Ca alloys with different Ca content using of the color metallography. Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 12, No. 13, pp. 248 – 251, J. E. Purkyne University in Ústí nad Labem nad Labem. Czech Republic. STODOLA, J., MACHALÍKOVÁ, J. Spolehlivost a diagnostika BSV. Část: Provozní hmoty a materiály pro MVT. Skriptum. Brno: Vydavatelská skupina UO, Brno. Univerzita obrany, p. 132, ISBN 80-7231-167-0, (2006). VESELÁ, K.., PEXA, M., MAŘÍK, J. (2014) The effect of biofuels on the quality and purity of engine oil. Agronomy Research, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 425 – 430, Estonian Agricultural University. Estonia. Paper number: M201591 Copyright © 2015. Published by Manufacturing Technology. All rights reserved.

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Fractal Geometry Used for Evaluation of Corrosion Resistance of Fe-14Al-6Cr Wt. % against Molten Glass Adam Hotar1, Vlastimil Hotar2 1 Department of Material Science, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic, Email: [email protected] 2 Departmet of Glass Producing Machines and Robotics, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic, E-mail: [email protected] Corrosive attack of metals and alloys by molten glass can be described by parameters of surface roughness. Fractal geometry and statistic tools were used for surface roughness quantification. The obtained parameters of fractal geometry and statistics were determined on boundary curves between alloys and glass which had been generated from the digital photography of sample cross-section. This methodology was successfully used for quantification of surface changes of iron aluminides Fe-14Al-6Cr and austenitic steel during corrosion test in molten soda-lime glass at 1200°C. Keywords: Fractal geometry, corrosion, molten soda-lime glass, iron aluminide, austenitic steel

Acknowledgement This research was supported by The Czech Science Foundation GACR (P108/12/1452).

References MANDELBROT, B.B. (1982). The fractal geometry of nature, second ed., Freeman WH and Co., New York. PEITGEN, H. O., JUERGENS, H., SAUPE, D. (1992). Chaos and Fractals: New Frontiers of Science. SpringerVerlag, New York, Berlin, Heidelberg EVERTSZ, C. J. G., PEITGEN, H. O., VOSS, R. F. (1996). Fractal Geometry and Analysis. World Scientific Publishing Co.Pte. Ltd. Singapore HILBORN, R. C. (2003). Chaos and Nonlinear Dynamics. New York: Oxford. GULICK, D. (1992). Encounters with Chaos. McGraw-Hill, Inc. LEVY, V.J., LUTTON, E., TRICOT, C. (1997). Fractals in Engineering. Springer-Verlag, New York, Berlin, Heidelberg CONCI, A., PROENCA, C.B. (1998). A fractal image analysis system for fabric inspection based on a box-counting method. In: Computer Networks and Isdn Systems, Vol. 30, pp. 1887-1895. YU, L., QI, D.W. (2011). Applying multifractal spectrum combined with fractal discrete Brownian motion model to wood defects recognition. In: Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 45, pp. 511-519. MUGUTHU, J.N., GAO, D. (2013). Profile Fractal Dimension and Dimensional Accuracy Analysis in Machining Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs). In: Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 28, pp. 1102-1109. ZHENG, C.X., SUN, D.W., AND ZHENG, L.Y. (2006). Recent applications of image texture for evaluation of food qualities - a review. In: Trends in Food Science & Technology, Vol. 17, pp. 113-128. HOTAR, V. (2013). Fractal geometry for industrial data evaluation. In: Computers & Mathematics with Applications, Vol. 66, pp. 113-121. HOTAR, V., NOVOTNY, F., AND REINISCHOVA, H. (2011). Objective evaluation of the corrugation test for sheet glass surfaces. In: Glass Technology-European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part A, Vol. 52, pp. 197-202. HOTAŘ, V., NOVOTNÝ, F. (2005). Surface Profile Evaluation by Fractal Dimension and Statistic Tools. In proceedings: 11th International Conference on Fracture. CCI Centro Congressi Internazionale s.r.l., pp. 588, Turin. HOTAR, V., NOVOTNY, F. (2004). Evaluation of surface defects by fractal geometry and statistical analysis. In: Glass Science and Technology, Vol. 77, pp. 230-237. HOTAŘ, V., SALAČ, P. (2014) Surface Evaluation by Estimation of Fractal Dimension and Statistical Tools. The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, Article ID 435935, 10 pages.

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HOTAR, A., KRATOCHVIL, P., AND HOTAR, V. (2009). The corrosion resistance of Fe3Al-based iron aluminides in molten glasses. In Kovove Materialy-Metallic Materials, Vol. 47, pp. 247-252. HOTAR, A., HOTAR, V., AND NOVOTNY, F. (2014). Corrosion behaviour of Fe-40Al-Zr (at.%) alloy in molten soda-lime glass. In: Kovove Materialy-Metallic Materials, Vol: 52, pp. 149-155. DEEVI, S.C., SIKKA, V.K. (1996). Nickel and iron aluminides: an overview on properties, processing, and applications. In Intermetallics, Vol: 4, pp. 357-375 ŠVEC, M., VODIČKOVÁ, V. (2014). The Effect of Niobium Addition and Heat Treatment on the Phase Structure of Fe3Al – Type Intermetallic Alloys. In Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, pp.456 – 461. ISO 4287 (1997). Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) - Surface texture: Profile method - Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.

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Surface Roughness Optimization in Milling Aluminium Alloy by Using the Taguchi´s Design of Experiment Julia Hricova1, Natasa Naprstkova2 1 Faculty of Environmental and Manufacturing Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, Studentska 26, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovak Republic, E-mail: [email protected] 2 Faculty of Production Technology and Management, J. E. Purkyne University in Usti nad Labem. Pasteurova 3334/7, 400 01 Usti nad Labem. Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected] A unique combination of properties makes aluminium one of the most versatile engineering and construction materials. The aluminium alloys can be machined easily and economically if suitable practice and proper tools are used. A statistical design of experiments was performed to investigate the effect of selected cutting parameters and a cutting fluid on the surface roughness of AlMgSi1 aluminium alloy (EN AW 6082) machined by end milling. For the experimental procedure, three cemented carbide end milling cutters of diameter 12 mm with 3 cutting edges were used. The input parameters taken into consideration were helix angle, cutting speed, and using a cutting fluid. With application of ANOVA, the helix angle was investigated as the most significant parameter. The other ones were not statistically significant. To eliminate the negative impact of the cutting fluid on the health and environment, dry machining is recommended in this research. Keywords: surface roughness, aluminium alloy, design of experiment, end milling

Acknowledgment The authors wish to thank the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic for their financial support in the framework of research project KEGA 018TU Z-4/2014.

References LEGUTKO, S., KROLCZYK, G., KROLCZYK, J. (2014). Quality Evaluation of Surface Layer in Highly Accurate Manufacturing. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 50-56. PISKA, M., METELKOVA, J. (2014). On the comparison of contact and non-contact evaluations of a machined surface. In: MM Science Journal, Vol. June, pp. 476-480. NOVAK, M. (2012) Surfaces with high precision of roughness after grinding. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 12, No. 12, pp. 66-70. ISO 4287. (1997). Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) - Surface texture: Profile method - Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters. GRZESIK, W. (2008). Advanced Machining Processes of Metallic Materials: Theory, Modelling and Applications, 472 p. Elsevier Science, Oxford, UK. BHANDARI, V. B. (2010). Design of Machine Elements, 934 p. Tata McGraw Hill Education, New Delhi. LYONS, A. R. (2007). Materials for Architects and Builders, 5th Ed., 512 p. Routledge, New York. DAVIS, J. R. (1993). Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys, 784 p. ASM International, OH. SHAW, M., PIGOTT, J., RICHARDSON, L. (1951). The Effect of Cutting Fluid upon Chip-Tool Interface Temperature. In: Trans. of ASME. Vol. 73, pp. 45-56. CASSIN, C., BOOTHROYD, G. (1965). Lubrication Action of Cutting Fluids. In: J. Mech. Eng. Sci., Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 67-81. FUH, K. H., WU, C. F. (1995). A proposed statistical model for surface quality prediction in end-milling of Al alloy. In: International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, Vol. 35, No. 8, pp. 1187-1200. BENARDOS, P. G., VOSNIAKOS, G. C. (2002) Prediction of surface roughness in CNC face milling using neural networks and Taguchi’s design of experiments. In: Robot Comput Integrated Manuf, Vol. 18, No. 5-6, pp. 343– 354. WANG, Y., CHANG, H. (2004). Experimental study of surface roughness in slot end milling Al 2014-T6. In: Int J Mach Tools Manuf, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 51–57.

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OKTEM, H; ERZURUMLU, T; KURTARAN, H. (2005). Application of response surface methodology in the optimization of cutting conditions for surface roughness. In: J Mater Process Technol, Vol. 170, No. 1-2, pp. 11– 16. ZHANG, J.; CHENB, J.; KIRBY, D. (2007). Surface roughness optimization in an end milling operation using the Taguchi design method. In: J Mater Process Technol, Vol. 184, No. 1-3, pp. 233–239. BHARATHI, R. S; BASKAR, N. (2012). Application of particle swarm optimization technique for achieving desired milled surface roughness in minimum machining time. In: Expert Syst Appl, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 5982– 5989. CIERNA, H., TAVODOVA, M. (2013). Using the design of experiment method to evaluate quality of cuts after cutting aluminum alloy by AWJ. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 303-307. MAHESH, T. P.; RAJESH, R. (2014) Optimal Selection of Process Parameters in CNC End Milling of Al 7075T6 Aluminium Alloy Using a Taguchi-fuzzy Approach. In: Procedia Materials Science, Vol. 5, pp. 2493-2502. TAGUCHI, G., CHOWDHURY, S., WU, Y. (2005). Taguchi's Quality Engineering Handbook, 1662 p. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey. FENG, O., KAPUR K.C. (2008). Quality Engineering: Control, Design and Optimization, pp. 171-184. In: Handbook of Performability Engineering, Misra, K.B. (Ed.), Springer, London. Paper number: M201593 Copyright © 2015. Published by Manufacturing Technology. All rights reserved.

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Root Cause Analysis for Identifying Defects in the Process of Cylinder Head Castings from Aluminium Alloy Kalincová Daniela, Ťavodová Miroslava, Čierna Helena Faculty of environmental and manufacturing technology, Technical university in Zvolen, Študentská 26, 960 53 Zvolen Slovak Republic. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] The research into root causes of defects in cylinder head castings are described in the paper. Chemical composition of castings, evaluation of casting microstructure before and after the heat treatment and final inspection of casting quality from various points of view are parts of the research. The list of the most common defects in case of using five selected products is the result of the experiment. The objective of the research was to identify causes of defects in the process of cylinder head casting as well as to identify root causes of discrepancy using the quality management tool. Keywords: cylinder head, casting, defect, management quality tools.

References BOLIBRUCHOVÁ, D., TILLOVÁ, E., (2005). Zlievárenské zliatiny AlSi, Žilinská univerzita v Žiline 2005, ISBN 80-8070-485-6. BOLIBRUCHOVÁ, D., RICHTÁRECH, L. (2013). Study of the gas content in aluminum alloys, In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 3, No. 1, ISSN 1213–2489, pp.14-20. ČIERNA, H., ŤAVODOVÁ, M. (2013). Using the Design of Experiment Method to Evaluate Quality of Cuts after Cutting Aluminum Alloy by AWJ, In: Manufacturing technology 2013, Vol. 13, No. 3, ISSN 12-13-2489, pp.303307. ELBEL, T. (1992). Vady odlitků se zlitin železa, Matecs Brno 1992 GEJDOŠ, P., ŠATANOVÁ, A., SIMANOVÁ, Ľ., KRAJČÍROVÁ, L. (2010). Practical implementation of 5S method for conditions of selected enterprise. In „Engineering and quality production“. Zborník z MVK publishing by Dnipropetrovsk, 2010, ISBN 978-966-1507-34-9, pp. 49-60. HRICOVÁ, J. (2013). Influence of Cutting Tool Material on the Surface Roughness of AlMgSi Aluminium Alloy In: Manufacturing technology 2013, Vol. 13, No. 3, ISSN 12-13-2489, pp. 324-329. MICHNA, Š., LUKÁČ, P. (2003). Barevný kontrast, struktury a vady u hliníku a jeho slitin, Delta Print Děčín, 2003 MICHNA, Š., NÁPRSTKOVÁ, N. (2012). Research into the causes cracking of aluminium alloys of Al – Cu during mechanical machining. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 12, 2012, ISSN 1213-2489, pp. 47-51. MILATOVÁ, P. (2012). Kvalita odliatkov hláv valcov – chyby odliatkov a ich experimentálne hodnotenie: diplomová práca. Zvolen: Technická univerzita vo Zvolene. Fakulta environmentálnej a výrobnej techniky. 2012. TILLOVÁ, E., CHALUPOVÁ, M., HURTALOVÁ, L., ĎURINÍKOVÁ, E. (2011). Quality control of microstructure in recycled Al-Si cast alloys. In. Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 11, No. 11, ISSN 1213–2489, pp. 70-76.

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Structure of Al-targets Used for PVD Coating in Jewellery Pavel Kejzlar, Zuzana Andrsova, Martin Švec Laboratory of Analytical Methods, Department of the Preparation and Analysis of Nanostructures, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical Univertsity of Liberec, Studenstka 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Aluminium, chromium, silver and other metal targets are often used for glass crystal coating in jewellery. The structure of targets strongly influences the quality of coating which leads to differences in their optical properties. The targets from two manufacturers were examined using scanning electron microscopy combined with EBSD with a goal to identify possible metallographic cause of defects arising on glass jewels. Keywords: Aluminium, Structure, PVD, Thin layers, EBSD

Acknowledgement The results of this project LO1201 were obtained with co-funding from the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports as part of targeted support from the "Národní program udržitelnosti I" programme.

References MARTIN, P. M. (2009). Handbook of deposition technologies for films and coatings: science, applications and technology. 3rd ed. Norwich, N.Y: William Andrew. ISBN 9780815520313. HECHT, E., ZAJĄC, A. (1987). Optics. 2nd ed. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., X, 676 p. ISBN 020111609x. IDEX OPTICS AND PHOTONICS. Technical Guide: Optical Coating and Materials [online]. [cit. 2015-08-18]. Available from: http://marketplace.idexop.com/store/SupportDocuments/1-Optical%20Coating%20and%20Materials.pdf MACLEOD, H. (1969). Thin-film optical filters. London: Adam Hilger Ltd., XI, 332 p. ISBN 0852740913. CVI Melles Griot: 5 Optical Coatings. Optical Coating - CVI Melles Griot - PDF Catalogue | Technical Documentation | Brochure [online]. 2015 [cit. 2015-08-18]. Dostupné z: http://pdf.directindustry.com/pdf/cvi-mellesgriot/optical-coating/12567-266749.html Edmund Optics: An Introduction to Optical Coatings [online]. 2012 [cit. 2015-08-18]. Dostupné z: http://www.edmundoptics.com/technical-resources-center/optics/an-introduction-to-optical-coatings/ Edmund Optics: Metallic Mirror Coatings [online]. 2012 [cit. 2015-08-18]. Dostupné z: http://www.edmundoptics.com/technical-resources-center/optics/metallic-mirror-coatings/ JAKSH, H. (2008). Strain related contrast mechanisms in crystaline materials. In: EMC 2008: 14th European Micros-copy Congress 1-5 September 2008, Aachen Germany; Volume 1: Instrumentation and methods. 1st ed. New York: Springer. ISBN 9783540851547 KEJZLAR, P., ŠVEC M., MACAJOVÁ E. (2014). The Usage of Backscattered Electrons in Scanning Electron Microscopy. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 333-336. WRIGHT, S. I., NOWELL, M. M., FIELD, D. P. (2011). A Review of Strain Analysis Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction. In: Microscopy and Microanalysis [online]. 17(03): pp. 316-329 [cit. 2015-08-03]. DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611000055.

Paper number: M201595 Copyright © 2015. Published by Manufacturing Technology. All rights reserved.

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Ultrasonic Testing of Non-ferrous Materials in the Foundry Industry Radoslav Konar, Marek Patek, Andrej Zrak Department of Technological Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zilina, Univerzitna 8215/1, 010 26 Zilina. Slovak Republic. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Article deals with ultrasonic testing of the casting. It focuses on the problems that arise when testing of castings is made of non-ferrous metals. Theoretical introduction of article is dedicated to the most common types of casting defects and selecting technology for their reliable identification. The impact of the large anisotropic grain casting to propagate and attenuation of ultrasound it describes in theory. The examples of practical testing of Cu-alloy casting are presented in experimental part. Modern tools for simulation of ultrasound propagation in testing material were used for the correct setting techniques of UT testing as well as for the evaluation of the measurement results. Conventional direct contact ultrasound probe with frequencies of 5 MHz, 3.5 MHz and 2 MHz were used for all measurements. The results of experimental measurements referred in this article are recommendations for selecting equipment and accessories for casting testing made of non-ferrous metals. Keywords: Ultrasonic testing, castings, non-ferrous materials

Acknowledgement This work has been supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic, grant VEGA: 1/0836/13, KEGA: 034ZU-4/2015 and KEGA: 014ZU-4/2015.

References LANGENBERG, K., J., MARKLEIN, R., MAYER, K. (2012). Ultrasonic nondestructive testing of materials – Theoretical foundations. pp. 772. CRC Press, New York. KOPEC, B. et al.: Nondestructive Testing of Materials and Structures, CERM, s.r.o. : Brno, 2008, p. 573, ISBN 978-80-7204-591-4. ANDROSOVA, Z., SKRBEK, B. (2012). The use of magnetic and ultrasonic structuroscopy for inspection of ADI/AGI castings. In: Manufacturing technology, pp. 93-97. J.E. Purkyne University, Ústi nad Labem. BRUNA, M., KUCHARCIK, L., SLADEK, A. (2013). Complex evaluation of porosity in A356 alluminium alloy using advanced porosity module. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 26-30. J.E. Purkyne University, Ústi nad Labem. RICHTARECH, L., BOLIBRUCHOVA, D. (2014). Efect of Selected Elements on the Microstructure of Secondary Al-Si Alloys. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 431-437. J.E. Purkyne University, Ústi nad Labem. NOVAK, P., MESKO, J., ZMINDAK, M. (2011). Finite element implementation of multi-pass fillet weld with phase changes. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 79-85. J.E. Purkyne University, Ústi nad Labem. ZMINDAK, M. et al. (2014) Fiite element analysis of crack growth in pipelines. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 116-122. J.E. Purkyne University, Ústi nad Labem. MICIAN, M., PATEK, M., SLADEK, G. (2014). Concept of Reapiring Branch Pipes on High-pressure Pipelines by Using split Sleeve. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 60-66. J.E. Purkyne University, Ústi nad Labem. DOPJERA, D., MICIAN, M. (2014). The Detection of Artificially Made Defects in Welded Joint with Ultrasonic defectoscopy Phased Array. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 12-17. J.E. Purkyne University, Ústi nad Labem. VRZGULA, P., FATURÍK, M., MICIAN, M. (2014). New Inspection Technologies for Identification of Failure in the Materials and Welded Joints for Area of Gas Industry. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 487-492. J.E. Purkyne University, Ústi nad Labem. MORAVEC, J., BRADAC, J., NOVAKOVA, I. (2014) Ways of numerical prediction of austenitic grain size in heat-affected zone of welds. In: 7th International Conference on Innovative Technologies for Joining Advanced Materials, TIMA 2014, Trans Tech Publications Ltd. OLYMPUS (2013). The company Olympus NDT. Online: . Paper number: M201596 Copyright © 2015. Published by Manufacturing Technology. All rights reserved.

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Preparation and Properties of Composite Materials with Magnesium Matrix and Hydroxyapatite Reinforcement Jiri Kubasek, Dalibor Vojtěch, Drahomir Dvorsky Faculty of chemical technology, Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, UCT Prague, Technická 5 166 28 Praha 6 – Dejvice, Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Magnesium materials seem perspective for application in the field of biodegradable implants. Such materials are gradually degraded, without the formation of toxic products in the organism. Different approaches have been performed to improve mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of magnesium based materials. Among them, preparation of composite materials with magnesium matrix and inorganic reinforcement is very attractive. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is considered as suitable reinforcement because it is included in human bones. Presence of HA in composite can support the process of osseointegration. The resulting properties of Mg-HA composites are affected by the amount and particle size of the HA as well as the actual process for the preparation of the composite. This paper deals with the preparation of composite materials of Mg-HA with different contents of HA reinforcement by suitable combination of powder metallurgy method (milling, pressing, extrusion and spark plasma sintering). The effect of these methods on final structure and mechanical properties was observed. All prepared composite materials were characterized by uniform distribution of reinforcement particles in the structure and slightly different mechanical properties based on HA content and preparation method. Keywords: Magnesium, Composites, Hydroxyapatite, Mechanical properties

Acknowledgement Authors wish to thank the Czech Science Foundation (project no. P108/12/G043) and specific university research (MSMT no. 20/2014) for the financial support of this research.

References WANG, X.; ZHANG, P.; DONG, L. H.; MA, X. L.; LI, J. T.; ZHENG, Y. F. (2014). Microstructure and characteristics of interpenetrating β-TCP/Mg–Zn–Mn composite fabricated by suction casting. In: Materials & Design, Vol. 54, No. 0, pp. 995-1001. FENG, A.; HAN, Y. (2011). Mechanical and in vitro degradation behavior of ultrafine calcium polyphosphate reinforced magnesium-alloy composites. In: Materials & Design, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 2813-2820. YU, K.; CHEN, L.; ZHAO, J.; WANG, R.; DAI, Y.; HUANG, Q. (2013). In vivo biocompatibility and biodegradation of a Mg-15%Ca3(PO4)2 composite as an implant material. In: Materials Letters, Vol. 98, No. 0, pp. 22-25. WITTE, F.; FEYERABEND, F.; MAIER, P.; FISCHER, J.; STÖRMER, M.; BLAWERT, C.; DIETZEL, W.; HORT, N. (2007). Biodegradable magnesium–hydroxyapatite metal matrix composites. In: Biomaterials, Vol. 28, No. 13, pp. 2163-2174. THUAULT, A.; SAVARY, E.; HORNEZ, J. C.; MOREAU, G.; DESCAMPS, M.; MARINEL, S.; LERICHE, A. (2014). Improvement of the hydroxyapatite mechanical properties by direct microwave sintering in single mode cavity. In: Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 34, No. 7, pp. 1865-1871. GU, X.; ZHOU, W.; ZHENG, Y.; DONG, L.; XI, Y.; CHAI, D. (2010). Microstructure, mechanical property, biocorrosion and cytotoxicity evaluations of Mg/HA composites. In: Materials Science and Engineering: C, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 827-832. HAO, L.; LU, Y.; SATO, H.; ASANUMA, H.; GUO, J. (2013). Analysis on energy transfer during mechanical coating and ball milling—Supported by electric power measurement in planetary ball mill. In: International Journal of Mineral Processing, Vol. 121, No. 0, pp. 51-58. LARGILLER, G.; DONG, L.; BOUVARD, D.; CARRY, C. P.; GABRIEL, A. (2012). Deformation and cracking during sintering of bimaterial components processed from ceramic and metal powder mixes. Part II: Numerical simulation. In: Mechanics of Materials, Vol. 53, No. 0, pp. 132-141. TAVIGHI, K.; EMAMY, M.; EMAMI, A. R. (2013). Effects of extrusion temperature on the microstructure and tensile properties of Al–16wt% Al4Sr metal matrix composite. In: Materials & Design, Vol. 46, No. 0, pp. 598604. MUHAMMAD, W. N. A. W.; SAJURI, Z.; MUTOH, Y.; MIYASHITA, Y. (2011). Microstructure and mechanical properties of magnesium composites prepared by spark plasma sintering technology. In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 509, No. 20, pp. 6021-6029. Paper number: M201597 Copyright © 2015. Published by Manufacturing Technology. All rights reserved.

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The Effect of Casting Technology on Fe Intermetallic Phases in Al-Si Cast Alloys Lenka Kuchariková, Eva Tillová, Juraj Belan, Milan Uhríčik Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Žilina. Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina. Slovakia. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] The most widely used technologies of founding Al-Si cast alloys are gravitation and semi-centrifugal casting, casting under pressure and so on. The contribution deals with influence of different casting method on changes of Fe intermetallic phases. Casting into metallic mould and sand mould were used for experimental work for comparison Fe-rich formation. Fe is a common impurity that leads to the formation of complex Fe-rich intermetallic phases. The dominant phase is plate-shaped Al5FeSi. These phases are unwaited, because reduce properties of aluminium casting. The experimental materials have most common addition Mn. The addition of Mn may reduce Al5FeSi phase and promote formation Fe-rich phases Al15(FeMn)3Si2 in „skeleton like“ or „Chinese script” form. This knowledge was confirmed. The present study is a part of larger research project. Keywords: Aluminium Alloys, Casting Technology, Fe Intermetallic Phases, Quantitative Assesment

Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge the financial support of the projects KEGA No. 044ŽU-4/2014 and European Union - the Project ITMS 26110230117.

VEGA

No.

1/0533/15,

References GRAYSON, G. N., SCHAFFER, G. B., GRIFFITHS, J. R. (2007). Observations of oxide films on fatigue fracture surfaces of a sintered 2xxx series aluminium alloy. In: Materials Science and Engineering, A 454-455, pp. 99103. WANG, E.R., HUI, X.D., WANG, S.S., ZHAO, Y.F., CHEN, G.L. (2010). Improved mechanical properties in cast Al–Si alloys by combined alloying of Fe and Cu. In: Materials Science and Engineering A 527, pp. 7878-7884 SAMUEL, A. M., SAMUEL, F. H., DOTY, H. W. (1996). Observations on the formation of b-Al5FeSi phase in 319 type Al-Si alloys. In: Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 31, pp. 5529-5539. UHRÍČIK, M., PALČEK, P., SOVIAROVÁ, A., SNOPIŃSKI, P. (2014). Change of internal friction on aluminium alloy with 10.1 % Mg dependence on the temperature. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 467- 470 SRIVATSAN, T. S., GURUPRASAD, G., VIJAY VESUDEVAN, K. (2008). The quasi static deformation and fracture behavior of aluminum alloy 7150. In: Materials and Design, Vol. 29, pp. 742-751 MILLER W.S., ZHUANG L., BOTTEMA J., WITTEBROOD A. J., SMET P. DE, HASZLER A., VIEREGGE A. (2000). Recent development in aluminium allos for the automotive industry. In: Materials Science and Engineering, A280, pp. 37-49 HURTALOVÁ, L., TILLOVÁ, E., CHALUPOVÁ, M., BELAN, J., VAŠKO, A. (2014). Microstructure control of secondary A 231 cast alloy used in automotive industry. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 326-333. RIOS, C. T., CARAM, R., BOLFARINI, C., BOTTA, W.J., KIMINAMI, C.S. (2003). Intermetallic compounds in the Al-Si-Cu system. In: Acta Microscopia, Vol. 12, pp. 77-82. LI, R. (1996). Solution heat treatment of 354 and 355 cast alloys. In: AFS Transaction, Vol. 26, pp. 777-783. PARAY, F., GRUZLESKI, J. E. (1994). Microstructure – mechanical property relationships in a 356 alloy. In: Cast Metals, Part I. Microstructure, Vol. 7, pp. 29-40. CACERES, C. H., SVENSON, I. L., TAYLOR, J. A. (2003). Strength-ductility behaviour of Al-Si-Cu-Mg casting alloys in T6 temper In: International Journal of Cast Metals Research, Vol. 15, pp. 531-543. WANG, Q. G., APELIAN, D., LADOS, D. A. (2001). In: Journal of Light Metals, Part II – Effect of microstructural constituents. Vol. 1, pp. 85-97. HURTALOVÁ, L., TILLOVÁ, E. (2013). Elimination of the negative effect of fe-rich intermetallic phases insecondary (recycled) aluminium cast alloy. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 44- 50.

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TAYLOR, J. A. (2004). The effect of iron in al-si casting alloys. In: 35th Australian Foundry Institute National Conference, Adelaide, South Australia, pp. 148-157. MOUSTAFA, M. A. (2009). Effect of iron content on the formation of ß-Al5FeSi and porosity in Al-Si eutectic alloys. In: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 209, pp. 605-610. SEIFEDINE, S., JOHANSSON, S., SVENSSON, I. (2008). On the Role of Copper and Cooling Rates on the Microstructure, Defect Formations and Mechanical Properties of Al-Si-Mg Alloys. In: Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 490, pp. 385-390. TILLOVÁ, E., PANUŠKOVÁ, M. (2008). Effect of solution treatment on intermetallic phase’s morphology in alsi9cu3 cast alloy. In: Mettalurgija/Metabk, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 207-210. LI, R. X., LI, R. D., ZHAO, Y. H., HE, L. Z., LI, C. X., GUAN, H. R., HU, Z. Q. (2004). Age-hardening behaviour of cast Al-Si base alloy. In: Materials Letters, Vol. 58, pp. 2096- 2101. WANG, E.R., HUI, X.D., CHEN, G.L. (2011). Eutectic Al-Si-Cu-Fe-Mn alloys with enhanced mechanical properties at room and elevated temperature. In: Materials and Design, Vol. 32, pp. 4333-4340 European Aluminium Association. Aluminium Casting Techniques - Sand Casting and Die Casting Processes. http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1392#_Gravity_Casting, Available on-line 18.08.2015 HURTALOVÁ, L., TILLOVÁ, E. (2009). Dissolution and melting of AL2Cu phase particles in recycled AlSi9Cu3 cast alloy. In: Materials engineering = Materiálové inžinierstvo. Vol. 16, No. 3a, pp. 110-115.

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Abrasive Machining of Ti6Al4V Alloy Radek Lattner1, František Holešovský1, Tomáš Karel2, Michal Lattner1 1 Department of Technology and Material Engineering, Faculty of Production Technology and Management, J. E. Purkyně University, Pasteurova 1, 400 01 Ústí nad Labem, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Bosch, Roberta Bosche 2678, 370 04 České Budějovice This paper deals with evaluation of ground surface of Ti6Al4V alloy according to surface roughness. This titanium alloy has large scale of utilization, it is used for implants and surgical instruments. Significant problem during grinding of titanium alloys is generation of large amount of heat which can cause surface cracks, increase hardness of surface and increase of tool wear. Each specimen was ground on surface grinding machine by diferent cutting conditions. The roughness parameters Ra, Rq, Rz and Rt were measured five times on each specimen in each axis (axis y – direction of feed rate, axis x – perpendicular to the feed rate). The values of the roughness parameters (Ra, Rq, Rt and Rz) are presentated in the graphs where we can see the influence of the cutting conditions on these roughness parameters. Keywords: grinding, titanium alloy, roughness, abrasive

Acknoledgement This article was created with the support of Student Grant Competition no. 48202 15 0006 01.

References MACEK, K. et al. (2002). Nauka o materiálu. Praha, ČVUT, 209 s. JANOVEC, J., CEJP, J., STEIDL, J. (2001). Prespektivní materiály. Praha, ČVUT, 135 s. MACEK, K. (1991). Kovové materiály. Praha, ČVUT, 157 s. MASLOV, J. N. (1979). Teorie broušení. Praha, SNTL, 248 s. ROWE, W. B. (2009). Principles of Modern Grinding Technology. UK, William Andrew, 416 s. MALKIN, S., GUO, C. (2008). Grinding Technology: Theory and Applications of Machining with Abrasives. New York: IndustrialPress, 372 s. MARINESCU, I. D., et al. (2007). Handbook of Machining with Grinding Wheels. New York: CRCPress, 593 s. KLOCKE, F. (2009). Manufacturing Processes 2: Grinding, Honing, Lapping. Berlin: Springer, 433 s. VASILKO, K. (2001). Obrábanie titánu a jeho zliatin. Prešov: FVT, 120s. KUMAR, K. V. (1990). Superabrasive Grinding of Titanium Alloys. In: Conference Papers - International Grinding Conference, 4th, 117 pp. Michigan: SME. HOLEŠOVSKÝ, F., HRALA, M. (2002). Broušení kovů a keramiky - Drsnost povrchu a jeho profil. Strojírenská technologie, no. 7, s. 18-25 HOLEŠOVSKÝ, F. (2005). Výzkum a nové poznatky broušení. Strojírenská technologie. č. 10, s. 51-55. MICHNA, Š. MICHNOVÁ, L. (2014). Neželezné kovy. PrinPoint, Praha, ISBN: 978-80-260-7132-7 Katalogový list produktu. LEXT OLS 3000. Japonsko: Olympus. 2004. 16s. Dostupné z www: http://www.iolympus.cz/mikroskopy/prospekty/LEXT%20OLS3000.pdf>. N.I. GALANIS, A.P. MARKOPOULOS, I.D. GIANNAKOPOULOS, D.E. MANOLAKOS. (2013). Manufacturing of Femoral Heads from Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with High Speed Machining: 3D Fiinite Element Modelling Experimental Validation. In: Manufacturing technology. Vol. 13, No. 4, p. 437-444, ISSN: 1213-2489.

Paper number: M201599 Copyright © 2015. Published by Manufacturing Technology. All rights reserved.

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Influence of Surface Refinement on Microstructure of Al-Si Cast Alloys Processed by Welding Method Tomasz Lipiński University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, The Faculty of Technical Sciences Department of Material and Machine Technology, St: Oczapowskiego 11, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland. E-mail: [email protected] In most cases, construction materials are selected so as to attain the optimal technological properties at the lowest possible weight and cost. Studies on the improvement of the properties of casting alloys have been continuously conducted over the recent years. Both the microstructure and properties of alloys may be altered via modification with chemical components, optimization of the crystallization process, heat treatment or a combination of these methods. While searching for alternative methods of improving the engineering surface properties of hypo- and hypereutectic Al-Si alloy, an attempt was made to modify its microstructure with the use one of a heat sources. This paper presents the results of an experiment investigating the microstructure and the hardness of the Al-9%SiMg and Al20%SiMg alloys processed by TIG welding method.

Keywords: silumin, microstructure, hardness, modification, welding method

References MICHNA, S., LUKAC, I., OCENASEK, V., KORENY, R., DRAPALA, J., SCHNEIDER, H., MISKUFOVA, A. (2005). Encyclopaedia of aluminium, Adin s.r.o. Presov (in Czech). MONDELFO, L.F. (1978). Aluminium alloys: Structure and Properties, London, Butterworth. NÁPRSTKOVÁ, N., KUŚMIERCZAK, S., CAIS, J. (2013). Modification of AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy by strontium. In: Manufacturing Technology Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 373-380. BOLIBRUCHOVÁ, D., RICHTÁRECH, L. (2013). Study of the gas content in aluminum alloys. In Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 14-20. MICHALSKI, M., ROMANKIEWICZ, F. (2014). Research on the refinement mechanism of primary silicon particles on the basis of AlSi21CuNi alloy. In: Archives of Mechanical Technology and Automation Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 33-40. WOŁCZYŃSKI, W., GUZIK, E., WAJDA, W., JĘDRZEJCZYK, D., KANIA, B., KOSTRZEWA, M. (2012). CET in Solidifying Roll – Thermal Gradient Field Analysis. In: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials No. 57, pp. 105-117. CUPRYŚ, R., MAJOR, B., WOŁCZYŃSKI, W. (2000). Transition of Flake into Fibre Structure in Eutectic AlSi. In: Materials Science Forum Vol. 329-330, pp. 161-166. ROMANKIEWICZ, F., ROMANKIEWICZ, R., REIFINFLUENCE, W. (2010). Of grain refinement on the structure of silumin AlSi7. In: International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering Vol. 15, No 2, pp. 451-455. LIPIŃSKI, T., BRAMOWICZ, M., SZABRACKI, P. (2013). The Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-7%SiMg Alloy Treated with an Exothermic Modifier Containing Na and B. In: Solid State Phenomena Vol. 203-204, pp. 250-253. TTP Switzerland. T. LIPIŃSKI, The Effect of Na and B Exothermic Mixtures on the Hardness and Abrasive Wear of the AlSi7Mg Alloy. Archives of Foundry Engineering, vol.10, Issue 4, 2010, pp. 109-114 ORŁOWICZ, A.W., BOLIBRUCHOVA, D., RICHTARECH L. (2014). Possibilities of eliminating the higher amount of iron in secondary AlSi7Mg0,3 Alloy by chrome. In: Communications vol. 16, No. 3A, pp. 119-123. WASILEWSKI, P. (1993), Struktura i właściwości mechaniczne siluminu AK9 (AlSi9Mg). VI Konferencja Metale Nieżelazne w Przemyśle Okrętowym Szczecin-Świnoujście, pp.156-170 BYDAŁEK, A.W. (1994). Surface effects of nitrogen in the slag refining of copper. In: Surface phenomena in foundry. Poznań – Kołobrzeg (in Polish). LIPIŃSKI, T. (2011). Use Properties of the AlSi9Mg Alloy with Exothermical Modifier. In: Manufacturing Technology Vol.11, No. 11, pp. 44-49.

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LIPIŃSKI, T. (2008). Modification of the Al-Si Alloys with the use of a Homogenous Modifiers. In: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, Vol. 53, Issue 1, pp. 193-197. NOVÁ, I., MACHUTA, J. (2013). Squeeze casting results of aluminium alloys. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 73-79. RADEK, N., MEŠKO, J., ZRAK A. (2014). Technology of Laser Forming. In: Manufacturing Technology Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 428-431. WOŁCZYŃSKI, W., CUPRYŚ, R. (1999). The analysis of the influence of the Gibbs free energy onto the lamellarod transition in Al-Si alloy. In: Archives of Metallurgy vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 338-353. WRONSKA, A., DUDEK, A. (2014). Characteristics of surface layer of sintered stainless steels after remelting using GTAW method. In: Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 425-432. INGALDI, M., BORKOWSKI, S. (2014). Recycling Process of the Aluminium Cans as an Element of the Sustainable Development Concept. In: Manufacturing Technology Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 172-178. Wrobel, A., Kucharska, B. (2009). Modification of Silicon Crystals in The Al-Si Coating by Means of Heat Treatment. In: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 205-210. BONDEREK, RZADKOSZ, (1999). Problems processing liquid aluminum alloys. In: Solidification of Metals and Alloys, Vol. 1, No. 41, pp. 153-159 (in Polish).

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Modification of Al-11% Si Alloy with Cl – Based Modifier Tomasz Lipiński University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, The Faculty of Technical Sciences Department of Material and Machine Technology, St: Oczapowskiego 11, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland. E-mail: [email protected] The microstructure of an unmodified hypoeutectic Al-11%Si alloy comprises large primary α phase dendrites, eutectic β phase crystals and eutectic α phase. This composition is responsible for the alloy's low strength parameters, and it limits the extent of practical applications. The mechanical properties of hypoeutectic silumins can be improved through chemical modification as well as traditional or technological processing. Modification improves the mechanical properties of alloys through grain refinement. This study presents the results of modification of Al-11%Si alloy with chlorine base modifier (NaCl + CaCl + SrCl2). The influence of the analyzed modifiers on the mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation and Brinell hardness) of the processed alloy was presented in graphs. The modification of a hypoeutectic Al-11%Si alloy improved the alloy's properties. The results of the tests indicate that the mechanical properties of the modified alloy are determined by differences compositions modifiers which are introduced to the alloy. Keywords: Al-Si alloys, silumin, mechanical properties, modification, Cl

References MICHNA, S., LUKAC, I., OCENASEK, V., KORENY, R., DRAPALA, J., SCHNEIDER, H., MISKUFOVA, A. (2005). Encyclopaedia of aluminium, Adin s.r.o. Presov (in Czech). MONDELFO, L.F. (1978). Aluminium alloys: Structure and Properties, London, Butterworth. CUPRYŚ, R., MAJOR, B., WOŁCZYŃSKI, W. (2000). Transition of Flake into Fibre Structure in Eutectic AlSi. In: Materials Science Forum Vol. 329-330, pp. 161-166. PACZ, A. (1921). US Patent, No. GB158827. ZIHALOVA, M., BOLIBRUCHOVA, D. (2014). Vanadium and Chromium Impact to Microstructure of AlSi10MgMn Alloy with Elevated Iron Content. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 498 – 502. RICHTÁRECH, L., BOLIBRUCHOVÁ, D. (2014). Effect of Selected Elements on the Microstructure of Secondary Al-Si Alloys. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 431 - 437. LIPIŃSKI, T., SZABRACKI, P. (2015). Mechanical Properties of AlSi9Mg Alloy with a Sodium Modifier. In: Solid State Phenomena Vol. 223, pp 78-86. TTP Switzerland. NÁPRSTKOVÁ, N., CAIS, J., SVOBODOVÁ, J. (2013). The Effect of Modification by Strontium of the AlSi7Mg0.3 Alloy on the Surface Roughness. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 380 – 384. YUYING, W., XIANGFA, L., XIUFANG, B. (2007). Effect of boron on the microstructure of near-eutectic Al– Si alloys. In: Materials Characterization No. 58, pp. 205–209. Lipiński, T. (2011). Use Properties of the AlSi9Mg Alloy with Exothermical Modifier. In: Manufacturing Technology Vol.11, No. 11, pp. 44-49. LIPIŃSKI, T. (2008). Modification of the Al-Si Alloys with the use of a Homogenous Modifiers. In: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, Vol. 53, Issue 1, pp. 193-197. WOŁCZYŃSKI, W., CUPRYŚ, R. (1999). The analysis of the influence of the Gibbs free energy onto the lamellarod transition in Al-Si alloy. In: Archives of Metallurgy vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 338-353. NOVÁ, I., MACHUTA, J. (2013). Squeeze casting results of aluminium alloys. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 73-79. WOŁCZYŃSKI, W., GUZIK, E., WAJDA, W., JĘDRZEJCZYK, D., KANIA, B., KOSTRZEWA, M. (2012). CET in Solidifying Roll – Thermal Gradient Field Analysis. In: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials No. 57, pp. 105-117. NÁPRSTKOVÁ, N., SVOBODOVÁ, J., CAIS, J. (2013). Influence of strontium in AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy on the tool wear. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 368 – 373.

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LIAO, H.C., SUN, Y., SUN, G.X. (2002). Correlation between mechanical properties and amount of dendritic Al phase in as-cast near-eutectic Al–11.6%Si alloys modified with strontium. In: Material Sciences Engineering No. A 335, pp. 62–66. MAJOR, J.F., RUTTER, J.W. (1989).Effect of strontium and phosphorus on solid/liquid interface of Al-Si eutectic. In: Material Sciences Technology No. 5, pp. 645. BASAVAKUMAR, K.G., MUKUNDA, P.G., CHAKRABORTY, M. (2008). Influence of grain refinement and modification on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–7Si cast alloys. In: Materials Characterization 59, pp. 283-289. PEZDA, J. (2007). Continous modification of AK11 silumin with multicomponent salt on base of NaCl. In: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials No. 4, pp. 151-154.

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Parameters Affected Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Al-Brasses Tatiana Liptáková1, Martin Lovíšek1, Branislav Hadzima2 1 University of Žilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Material Engineering, Univerzitná 8215/1, 01026 Žilina, Slovakia. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Research Centre of the University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 01026 Žilina, Slovakia. E-mail: [email protected] The Al-brasses are considered corrosion resistant technical materials especially used in pipe systems in energy industry. They are mostly exposed to flowing liquids environments where they are loading chemically and mechanically and their lifetime in practice condition quite vary. The aim of our research work is to compare corrosion and mechanical properties of four Al-brasses from various producers. The Al-brasses have very similar chemical composition but differ in microstructure, surface state what affect their corrosion and mechanical behavior. By chosen experimental methods and analyses the effect of the mentioned parameters are investigated. Keywords: Al-brasses, Microstructure, Surface, Corrosion potential, Microhardness

Acknowledgement The research is supported by European regional development fund and Slovak state budget by the project “Research centre of University of Žilina”, ITMS 26220220183.

References CALLCUT, V. (2005). The brasses: properties & aplications. 2. ed. Hemel Hepstead: CDA Publication, no. 117, p. 37, 45. ČERNÝ, M. et al. (1984). Korozní vlastnosti kovových konstrukčních materiálů. 1. vyd. Praha: SNTL - Nakladatelství technické literatury. 264 s. ISBN 04-239-84 BABOIAN, R. (2005). Corrosion tests and standards: Aplication and interpretation. 2. ed. ASTM International. 882 s. ISBN 978-1-60119-437-4 ABOUSWA, K., ELSHAWESH, F., ELRAGEI, O., ELHOOD, A. (2007). Corrosion investigation of Cu–Ni tube desalination plant, Desalination 205, 140–146. CHEN, J.L., LI, Z., ZHAO, Y.Y. (2009). Corrosion characteristic of Ce Al brass in comparison with As Al brass, Materials and Design 30, 1743–1747 EL-MAHDY, G. A., et al. (2013). Brass Corrosion under a single droplet of NaCl, Int. J. Electrochem. Science, 8, p. 9858-9867. POMENIC, L. (2006). Electrochemical behaviour of Al-Brass in seawater. In 10th International Research/Expert Conference: „Trends in the development of machinery and associated technology“. SATO, S., NAGATA, K. (1978). Factors Affecting Corrosion and Fouling of Metal Condenser Tubes of Copper Alloys and Titanium. Sumitomo light metal technical REPORTS, VOL. 19, NOS. 3 AND 4, P.83, 1978. BIANCHI, G., FIORI, G., LONGHI, P., MAZZA, F. (1978). Horse shoe corrosion of copper alloys in flowing sea water: mechanism, and possibility of cathodic protection of condenser tubes in power stations. Corrosion 34, 396– 406. CALLISTER, W.D., RETHWISCH, D.G. (2010). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. John Wiley and Sons; 8th edition. 992 p. ISBN 978-0-470-41997-7. CARVALHO, M.L. (2014). Corrosion of copper alloys in natural seawater – Effects of hydrodynamics and pH, Dissertation thesis. LIPTAKOVA, T., HADZIMA, B. (2011). Porovnanie vlastností mosadzí typu CuZn20Al2. Report, USI MOS 11, Žilina. STACK, M.M., CORLETT, N., ZHOU, S. (1997). A Methodology for the Construction of the Erosion-corrosion Map in Aueous Environment. In: Wear 203-204, 474-488.

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Simulation Calculations of Solidification and Cooling of Copper Alloy Casts Jiří Machuta, Iva Nová Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec. Czech Republic. Email: [email protected], [email protected] The article deals with the simulation calculation of solidification and cooling of plate-shaped castings cast into metal and into sand mould about cavity dimensions 80 x 80 x 10 mm. During the experiments were monitored conditions of filling, solidification and cooling in the die-cast (metal mould) and in the sand mould. Both about outer dimensions 120 x 120 x 80 mm. Die-cast was made of steel 1.2343 (ČSN 19552) and the sand mould was prepared of green sand (bentonite). For the purpose of the experiment was used foundry simulation software MAGMA 5. For simulation calculations were used physical and thermo-physical quantities in dependence on temperature. Concurrently were used knowledges of the simulation calculations performed at our department, Department of Engineering Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering - Technical University of Liberec. Keywords: Simulation calculation, Cooper alloy, Transmission coefficient, Contact resistence.

Acknowledgement This paper is published with the support of the project TUL SGS 21005.

References [1] NOVÁ, I. (1986). Tepelné zpracování forem ze sádrových formovacích směsí, doctoral dissertation work. FSKSM, VŠST v Liberci, Czech Republic. [2] GRIGORIEFF, R. D. (1972). Numerik gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungen, Band 1. Teubner, Germany. [3] RICHTER, W. (1986). Numerische Lösung partieller Differentialgleichungen mit der Finite Elemente-Methode, Vieweg Braunschweig. Germany. [4] BEKER, M. (1986). Heat Transfer. A Modern Approach. Plenum Press N.Y., London. [5] SCHWARTZ, H. R. (1986). Numerische Mathematik. Stuttgart, Germany. [6] EXNER, J., NOVÁ, I. (2001). Influence of heat transfer conditions coeff. of gap in the casting-metal mould system. In: Archives of foundry, Volume 1, p. 94 to 102. Katowice, Poland. [7] NOVÁ, I. (2002). Tepelné procesy ve slévárenských formách (Thermal processes in the casting moulds). 134 pages, ISBN 80-7083-662-8. Technical university of Liberec, Czech Republic. [8] HORÁČEK, J. (2010). Measuring and simulation calculations field of temperature cast the shape of the plate. In: Conference Proceedings 7. International PhD conference and 47. Foundry days, ISBN 978-80-904020-6-5. HORÁČEK, J., NOVÁ, I. (2011). Simulační výpočty tuhnutí a chladnutí odlitků z litiny, In: Strojírenská technologie, No. 6, Vol. XVI, ISSN 1211-4162. Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic.

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Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High-Strength Nanocrystalline Metals Ivo Marek1, Dalibor Vojtěch1, Alena Michalcová1, Tomáš František Kubatík2 1 Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6. Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Institute of Plasma Physics AS CR, v.v.i., Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00, Prague 8. Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: nanocrystalline materials, silver, selective leaching, spark plasma sintering, mechanical properties Nanomaterials are advanced materials exhibiting unique mechanical, chemical and physical properties due to their structural constituents having size less than 100 nm. Such materials are suitable for using in wide field of possible applications e.g. special structural applications, catalysis, biomedicine or electronics. There are many methods how to produce nanocrystalline materials or nanoparticles including vapor, liquid and solid processing routes. In this work, ultra-high-strength nanocrystalline silver was prepared by combination of selective leaching and subsequent consolidation by spark plasma sintering. Conventional cast silver was used as reference materials.

Acknowledgement Research on nano-crystalline metals is financially supported by the Czech Science Foundation (project no. P108/12/G043) and MSMT (project no. 20/2015).

References TJONG S.C. (2006). Nanocrystalline materials: Their Synthesis-Structure-Property Relationship and Applications, pp. 241-271. Elsevier, ISBN: 008047960X. Kidlington, Oxford, UK. WANG, Y., CHEN, M., ZHOU, F., MA, E. (2002). High tensile ductility in a nanostructured metal. In: Nature, Vol. 419, pp. 912-915. MEYERS, M.A., MISHRA, A., BENSON, D.J. (2006). Mechanical properties of nanocrystalline materials. In: Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 51, pp. 427-556. GUTMANAS, E.Y., TRUSOV, L.I., GOTMAN, I. (1994). Consolidation, microstructure and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline metal powders. In: NanoStructured Materials, Vol. 4, No. 8, pp. 893-901. KUMAR, K.S., VAN SWYGENHOVEN, H., SURESH, S. (2003). Mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline metals and alloys. In: Acta Materialia, Vol. 51, pp. 5743-5774. TJONG, S.C., HAYDN, Ch. (2004). Nanocrystalline materials and coatings. In: Materials Science and Engineering R, Vol. 45, pp. 1-88. XIANG, Y., CHEN, X., VLASSAK, J.J. (2002). The mechanical properties of electroplated Cu thin films measured ny means of the bulge test technique. In: Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 695, pp. L4.9. CARLTON, C.E., FERREIRA, P.J. (2007). What is behind the inverse Hall-Petch effect in nanocrystalline materials?. In: Acta Materialia, Vol. 55, pp. 3749-3756. GUPTA, M., TAY, A.A.O., VAIDYANATHAN, K., SRIVATSAN, T.S. (2007). An investigation of the synthesis and characterization of copper samples for use in interconnect applications. In: Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 454-455, pp. 690-694. MEYERS, M.A., MISHRA, A., BENSON, D.J. (2006). The deformation physics of nanocrystalline metals: Experiments, analysis, and computations. In: JOM, pp. 41-48. VOJTECH, D., MICHALCOVA, A., PRUSA, F., DAM, K., SEDA, P. (2012). Properties of the thermally stable Al95Cr3.1Fe1.1Ti0.8 alloy prepared by cold-compression at ultra-high pressure and by hot-extrusion. In: Materials Characterization, Vol. 66, pp. 83-92. OKUYAMA, K., LENGGORO, I.W. (2003). Preparation of nanoparticles via spray route. In: Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 58, pp. 537-547. JIN, Z., XIAO, M., BAO, Z., WANG, P., WANG, J.F. (2012). A general approach to mesoporous metal oxide microspheres loaded with noble metal nanoparticles. In: Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 51, pp. 6406-6410.

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SONDI, I., SALOPEK-SONDI, B. (2004). Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent: a case study on E. coli as a model for Gram-negative bacteria. In: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 275, pp. 177-182. DAMONTE, L.C., MENDOZA ZELIS, L.A., MARI SOUCASE, B., HERNANDEZ FENOLLOSA, M.A. (2004). Nanoparticles of ZnO obtained by mechanical milling. In: Powder Technology, Vol. 148, pp. 15-19. VOJTECH, D., MICHALCOVA, A., KLEMENTOVA, M., SERAK, J., MORTANIKOVA, M. (2009). Nanocrystalline nickel as a material with high hydrogen storage capacity. In: Materials Letters, Vol. 63, pp. 10741076. TJONG, S.C., CHEN, H. (2004). Nanocrystalline materials and coatings. In: Materials Science Engineering R, Vol. 45, pp. 1-88. VOJTECH, D., PRUSA, F. (2012). Application of powder metallurgy in the processing of aluminium scraps with high-iron contents. In: Materiali in Tehnologije, Vol. 46, pp. 339-343. VOJTECH, D., MICHALCOVA, A., PILCH, J., SITTNER, P., SERAK, J., NOVAK, P. (2009). Structural characteristics and thermal stability of Al–5.7Cr–2.5Fe–1.3Ti alloy produced by powder metallurgy. In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 475, pp. 151-156. YE, J., AJDELSZTAJN, L., SCHOENUNG, J.M. (2006). Bulk Nanocrystalline Aluminum 5083 Alloy Fabricated by a Novel Technique: Cryomilling and Spark Plasma Sintering. In: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 37, pp. 2569-2579. GU, J., GU, S., XUE, L., WU, S., YAN, Y. (2012). Microstructure and mechanical properties of in-situ Al13Fe4/Al composites prepared by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. In: Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 558, pp. 684-691. MENDIS, C.L., JHAWAR, H.P., SASAKI, T.T., OH-ISHI, K., SIVAPRASAD, K., FLEURY, E., HONO, K. (2012). Mechanical properties and microstructures of Al-1Fe-(0-1)Zr bulk nano-crystalline alloy processed by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. In: Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 541, pp. 152-158. AKINRINLOLA, B., GAUVIN, R., BROCHU, M. (2012). Improving the mechanical reliability of cryomilled Al– Mg alloy using a two-stage spark plasma sintering cycle. In: Scripta Materialia, Vol. 66, pp. 455-458.

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Influence of Chemical Etching on Surface Micro-Geometry of Titanium Implants Anton Martikan1, Jozef Struharnansky1, Dana Stancekova1, Andrej Czan1, Michal Hatala2 1 University of Zilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Univerzitna 1, 010 26, Zilina, Slovak Republic E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 University of Košice with a seat in Presov, Bayerova 1, 080 01 Presov, Slovak Republic, [email protected] The article deals with influence of chemical etching and polishing on some roughness parameters of titanium parts surface, designed for implantation into human organism. Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V was used for the experiment. Analysed samples were created by conventional mechanical machining methods as milling, grinding and polishing. Influence on surface and quantity of removed material by acid solution was analysed. Three methods of sample surface finishing were used, each resulting in variety of surface quality, and then two methods of chemical polishing, differed by reaction time of acid with samples surface. The samples surface was analysed optically, using stereo-microscope and evaluated roughness parameters as arithmetic average roughness Ra, ten-point mean roughness Rz, profile skewness Rsk and kurtosis Rku were measured. The modification of these parameters after the reaction was measured and analysed. Keywords: titanium alloys, implants, chemical polishing, surface micro-geometry

Acknowledgement The article was funded by the grant project VEGA 1/0773/12 - “Implementation of technical ceramic material research to increase the innovation of hybrid products”.

References [1] CZÁN, A., SAJGALÍK, M., HOLUBJAK, J., KOURIL, K. (2013). Studying of cutting zone when finishing titanium alloy by application of multifunction measuring syste , In. Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 428-431 [2] MICHALIK, P., ZAJAC, J., HATALA, M., MITAL, D., FECOVA, V. (2014). Monitoring surface roughness of thin-walled components from steel C45 machining down and up milling. In. Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, Vol. 58, pp. 416 - 428. [3] NÁPRSTKOVÁ, N., CAIS, J., SVOBODOVÁ, J. (2013). The effect of modification by strontium of the AlSi7Mg0.3 Alloy on the surface roughness. In. Manufacturing Technology, Volume 13, Issue 3, pp. 380 - 384. [4] RUDAWSKA, A. (2010). Adhesive joint strength of hybrid assemblies: Titanium sheet-composites and aluminium sheet-composites Experimental and numerical verification. In. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, Vol. 30, Issue 7, pp. 574 - 582. [5] KOURIL, K., CEP, R., JANASEK, A., KRIZ, A., STANCEKOVA, D. (2014). Surface integrity at reaming operation by MT3 head. In. Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, Issue 2, pp. 193 - 199. [6] GÖRÖG, A., GÖRÖGOVÁ, I. (2014). Current concept of geometrical accuracy. In Research papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology in Trnava, Vol. 22., No. 34, pp. 43 - 50. [7] STANČEKOVÁ, D., ŠEMCER, J, DERBAS, M, KURŇAVA, T. (2013). Methods of measuring of residual stresses and evaluation of residual state of functional surfaces by x-ray diffractometric methods. In: Manufacturing technology, vol. 13, no. 4, pp 547-552. [8] KROLCZYK G., LEGUTKO S. (2014). Investigations into Surface Integrity in the Turning Process of Duplex Stainless Steel, Transactions of FAMENA, vol. 38, 2 pp. 77 - 82. [9] KROLCZYK G.M., NIESLONY P., KROLCZYK J.B., SAMARDZIC I., LEGUTKO S., HLOCH S., BARRANS S., MARUDA R.W. (2015). Influence of Argon Pollution on the Weld Surface Morphology, Measurement, Vol.70, pp. 203- 213 [10] FERGUSON, S.J. et al (2006). Biomechanical evaluation of the interfacial strength of a chemically modified sandblasted and acid-etched titanium surface. MEDLINE. [11] SADÍLEK, M., KRATOCHVÍL, J., PETRŮ, J.,CEP, R., ZLÁMAL, T., STANČEKOVÁ, D.: Cutting tool wear monitoring with the use of impedance layers. In. Tehnicki Vjesnik, volume 21, 3/2014, pp. 639 – 644. [12] KRAJCOVIC, M., BULEJ, V., SAPIETOVA, A., KURIC, I. (2012). Intelligent Manufacturing Systems in Concept of Digital Factory. In. Communications - Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina, No. 2.

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[13] PETŘKOVSKÁ, L., PETRŮ, J., KRATOCHVÍL, J.,SADÍLEK, M. (2014). Chip formation during milling of stainless steels. In. METAL 2014, pp. 979 - 984. [14] KUMIČÁKOVÁ, D., GÓRSKI, F., MILECKI, A., GRAJEWSKI, D. (2013). Utilization of advanced simulation methods for solving of assembly processes automation partial tasks. In. Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13/ 4, pp. 478 - 486. [15] ZEMAN, P., KOVALČÍK, J., VRABEC, M. (2014). Principles of cutting process modelling and new algorithm proposal, In. Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, Issue 4, pp. 658 – 664. Paper number: M2015105 Copyright © 2015. Published by Manufacturing Technology. All rights reserved.

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Effect of Different Modifiers and Heat Treatment on Structure, Hardness and Microhardness of AlSi7Mg0.3 Alloy Michal Martinovský, Jan Mádl Faculty of Production Technology and Management, J. E. Purkyně Univerzity in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 3334/7, 400 01, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Aluminium and silicon alloys are widely used in practice currently, e.g. in car industry, aircraft industry or in civil engineering. Hence there is increasingly more emphasis placed on research and development of silumins. The aim of this paper is to analyse aluminium alloy, namely the alloy AlSi7Mg0.3. This paper is focused on the effect of particular modifiers and heat treatment on the selected properties of the alloy, especially on structural transformations caused by various modifiers, hardness measurement (Brinell method) and microhardness testing (Vickers method). Four variants of castings (unmodified alloy and alloy modified by chemical elements - strontium, calcium and antimony) were tested. All alloys were compared to the cast of pure aluminium (Al 99.8%). There were moulded four castings from each variant and two castings of pure aluminium. It was casted using a gravity-die casting into a metal mold with a thermal insulation - except of pure aluminium (without thermal insulation). Keywords: Al-Si alloys, modifiers, heat treatment, structure, hardness

Acknowledgement The article was co-financed through internal grant provided from Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, called SGC, i.e. the Student Grant Competition.

References ČMELÍK, M., MACHONSKÝ, L., ŠÍMA, Z. (2005). Fyzikální tabulky. Liberec: TUL, s. 60. ISBN 8-7372-009-4. SOLFRONK, P., NOVÁ, I., NOVÁKOVÁ, I. (2012). Tvařitelnost slitin hliníku. Liberec: TUL, s. 154. ISBN 9788-7372-825-0. NOVÁ, I. (2007). Teorie slévání (II. díl). Liberec: TUL, s. 169. ISBN 978-80-7372-185-5. MICHNA, Š., et al. (2005). Encyklopedie hliníku. 1. vyd. Prešov: Adin, s. 700. ISBN 80-89041-88-4. MICHNA, Š., LUKÁČ, I., OČENÁŠEK V. (2007). Aluminium materials and technologies from A to Z. Přerov: Adin, s. r. o., p. 632. ISBN 978-80-89244-18-8. ČSN EN 1706 Hliník a slitiny hliníku – Odlitky – Chemické složení a mechanické vlastnosti (2010). EN 1706:2010 E. Praha: ÚNMZ. KRATOCHVÍL, B., ŠVORČÍK, V., VOJTĚCH, D. (2005). Úvod do studia materiálů. Praha: VŠCHT, s. 190. ISBN 80-7080-568-4. MACHEK, V., SODOMKA, J. (2007). Nauka o materiálu – Vlastnosti kovových materiálů (II. část). Praha: ČVUT, s. 141. ISBN 978-80-01-03686-0. BOLIBRUCHOVÁ, ISBN 80-87-485-6.

D.,

TILLOVÁ,

E.

(2005).

Zlievarenské

zlitiny

Al-Si.

Žilina:

ŽU,

s.

180.

MARTINOVSKÝ, M., MÁDL, J. (2014) Vliv modifikátorů na obrobitelnost a vlastnosti Al-Si slitin. Strojírenská technologie, roč. XIX., č. 3, 4. FVTM UJEP. Ústí nad Labem. s. 212 – 219. ISSN 1211-4162. MÁDL, J., RŮŽIČKA, L., LATTNER, M. (2013). The Effect of Chemical Elements on the Machinability of Aluminium Alloys. Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 349-353.

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Microstructures of Iron Aluminides Processed by Additive Layer Manufacturing and Spark Plasma Sintering Alena Michalcová1, Martin Palm1, Lucia Senčeková1, Gesa Rolink2, Andreas Weisheit2, Tomas Frantisek Kubatík3 1 Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT, Steinbachstr. 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 3 Institute of Plasma Physics AS CR, v. v. i., Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected] Additive layer manufacturing (ALM) methods such as selective laser melting (SLM) and laser metal deposition (LMD) enable production of parts with complicated shapes. Iron based aluminides are a new promising class of materials for high temperature applications. Near net shape production by ALM is specifically interesting in case of these wear resistant aluminides, where machining is difficult. In this article the microstructure of aluminides prepared by SLM and LMD will be compared with those prepared by spark plasma sintering of the same compositions. Keywords: Laser additive manufacturing, intermetallics, powder metallurgy

Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank Mr. G. Bialkowski for EDM preparation of the samples. Powders used for this work were supplied by NANOVAL GmbH & Co. KG. Financial support from the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under grants 03X3574E/F is gratefully acknowledged.

References MELLOR, S., HAO, L., ZHANG, D. (2014). Additive manufacturing: A framework for implementation. International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 149, pp. 194-201. Elsevier. US. FRAZIER, W. E. (2014). Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol. 23, No. 6. ASM International. ANTONYSAMY, A. A., MEYER, J., PRANGNELL, P. B. (2013). Effect of build geometry on the β-grain structure and texture in additive manufacture of Ti-6Al-4V by selective electron beam melting. In: Materials Characterization, Vol. 84, pp. 153-168. Elsevier. US. ŠVEC, M., VODIČKOVÁ, V., HANUS, P. (2012) The effect of heat treatment on the structure of Nb and C doped Fe3Al iron aluminides. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 12, No. 13, pp. 254-259. Faculty of Production Technology and Management. CR. ŠVEC, M., HANUS, P., VODIČKOVÁ, V. (2013). Coefficient Thermal Expansion of Fe 3Al and FeAl – type iron aluminides. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 399-404. Faculty of Production Technology and Management. CR. MORRIS, D. G., MORRIS-MUÑOZ, M. A. (1999). The influence of microstructure on the ductility of iron aluminides. Intermetallics, Vol. 7, No. 10, pp. 1121-1129. Elsevier B.V. The Netherlands. SHISHKOVSKY, I., MISSEMER, F., KAKOVKINA, N., SMUROV, I. (2013). Intermetallics Synthesis in the Fe–Al System via Layer by Layer 3D Laser Cladding. Crystals, Vol. 3, pp. 517-529. MDPI AG Switzerland. ROLINK, G., VOGT, S., SENČEKOVÁ, L., WEISHEIT, A., POPRAWE, R., PALM, M. (2014). Laser metal deposition and selective laser melting of Fe-28 at.% Al. In: Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 29, No. 17, pp. 2036-2043. Cambridge Journals, UK. MUNIR, Z. A., ANSELMI-TAMBURINI, U., OHYANAGI, M. (2006). The effect of electric field and pressure on the synthesis and consolidation of materials: A review of the spark plasma sintering method. In: Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 763-777. Springer. Germany.

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Research of the Cause Cracking Hot-Rolled Block Made of AlMg5 Alloys Stefan Michna, Jaromir Cais, Lenka Michnova Faculty of Production Technology and Management, J. E. Purkyne University in Usti nad Labem. Pasteurova 3334/7, 400 01 Usti nad Labem. Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] The aim of this research work was to determine the causes of the cracking unit rolled at initial hot rolling of the AlMg5 alloy. Failure occurs in the central area of rolled plate. In the alloy was carried out chemical composition of the material in the near the defect and its comparison with the chemical composition of the entire melt, which pointed to a significant reduction of the magnesium content of the area defect. Macroscopic, microscopic and fractography analysis were carried out both in the area of the fracture surface and in the immediate vicinity. The analysis indicated that the fracture surface, and also the structure in the area of the fracture surface show a character oxide inclusions and oxide films or spinel inclusions. The following EDS analysis were carried out on a scanning electron microscope to confirm the presence of oxide inclusions of spinel-type character Al2MgO4 on the fracture surface of the rolled material. It could be stated that when casting a gradual burning out of magnesium in casting furnace and thus to reducing it’s some 0.5 - 1.0% and the formation of spinel inclusions. Spinel inclusions then initiated cracking during hot rolling. Keywords: AlMg5Alloy, rolling, fracture surface, oxide inclusions, Al2MgO4-type spinel inclusions

References MICHNA, S., LUKAC, I., OCENASEK, V., KORENZ, R., DRAPAL, J., SCHNEIDER, H., MISKUFOVA, A. a kol. (2005). Encyklopedie hliníku. Adin, Prešov, ISBN 80-89041-88-4. LUKAC, I., MICHNA, S. (2001). Colour Contrast, Strukture and Defects in Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys. Velká Britanie, Cambridge international science publishing, ISBN 18 98326-70-3. MICHNA, S., NAPRSTKOVA, N., LUKAC, I. (2011). Mechanical Properties Optimization of AlSi12CuMgNi Alloy by Heat Treatment. Metallofizika i Noveishie Teknologii, ISSN 1024-1809. VAJSOVA, V., MICHNA, S. (2010). Optimization of AlZn5,5Mg2,5Cu1,5 Alloy Homogenizing Annealing. In: Metallofizika i Noveishie Teknologii, Vol. 32, No. 7, str. 949 – 959, ISSN 1024-1809. MICHNA, S., NAPRSTKOVA, N. (2012). The use of fractography in the analysis of cracking after formed workpiece blank mechanical machining from the AlCuSnBi alloy. Manufacturing Technology, Vol.12, No. 13. ISSN 1213 – 2489. SVOBODOVA, J., CAIS, J., MICHNA, S., BRUHA, M. (2013). Research of Corrosion Propertis of Al-Si Alloys Antimony Alloyed. Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 3. ISSN 1213 – 2489. MICHNA, S., KUSMIERCZAK, S. (2012). Praktická metalografie, vydavatel UJEP v Ústí nad Labem, tisk OPTYS spol s.r.o., 245 str., ISBN 978-80-7414-503-2. VAJSOVA, V. (2009). Structural inhomogeneity by Al-Cu alloys casting into metal and bentonic form. Transactions of the Universities of Košice, No.1. ISSN 1355-2334. NOVA, I., SOLFRONK, P., NOVAKOVA, I. (2011). Vliv množstvi dislokaci na tvaritelnost slitin hliniku. Strojirenska technologie, Vol. XVI, No. 2, str. 28 - 34, ISSN 1211-4162. VAJSOVÁ, V., MICHNA, S. (2010). Optimization of AlZn5,5Mg2,5Cu1,5 Alloy Homogenizing Annealing. Metallofizika i Noveishie Teknologii, Vol. 32, No. 7, str. 949 – 959, ISSN 1024-1809. MONDOLFO, L. F. (1979). Aluminium Alloys, Structure and Properties. Butterworths, London GB. ASM Handbook (1991). Vol. 4, Heat Treating, ASM International, USA, ISBN 0-87170-379-3. BOLIBRUCHOVA, D., TILLOVA, E. (2005). Zlievárenské zliatiny Al-Si. ŽU v Žiline – EDIS, ISBN 80- 8070485-6.

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Research the Causes of Surface Stains after Eloxal Coating for the Profile from the AlMgSi Alloy Using Substructural Analysis Stefan Michna1, Natasa Naprstkova1, Dorota Klimecka-Tatar2 1 Faculty of Production Technology and Management, J. E. Purkyne University in Usti nad Labem. Pasteurova 1, 400 96 Usti nad Labem. Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2Faculty of Management of Czestochowa University of Technology, ul. Armii Krajowej 19 B, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland. E-mail: [email protected] The aim of the research was to analyze the delivered profile samples, where appeared the darker spots with an irregular circular shape on the surface of light colored profiles after process of natural anodizing without colouration. Profiles are manufactured with alloy EN AW 6060 (AlMgSi) according to EN 573-3, which was carried out by heat treatment hardening. For material were performed measurements of Brinell and Vickers hardness, Vickers microhardness and substructural analysis in occurrence area of the dark spots and outside of these spots (light area of profile). Based on these analyzes it revealed significant difference of mechanical properties in these individual areas and different substructure of the solid solution α there. Based on knowledge of heat treatment technology is this substructure heterogeneity and diversity of mechanical properties (hardness and micro-hardness) of the given alloy caused by uneven localized cooling after solvent annealing in the hardening process. The occurrence of inhomogeneities is then right to express to different color profile to the surface after the anodizing process. Keywords: alloy AlMgSi, substructural analysis, heat treatment, Brinell hardness, Vickers microhardness, solid solution α

Acknowledgement Authors are grateful for the support of grant SGS 2014 UJEP and of grant OP 2.2 No. CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0296.

References MODOLFO, L. F. (1979). Aluminium Alloys, Structure and Properties. Butterworths, London GB. MICHNA, S., LUKAC, I., OCENASEK, V., KORENY, R., DRAPALA, J., SCHNEIDER, H., MISKUFOV, A. a kol. (2005). Encyklopedie hliniku. Adin, Presov, ISBN 80-89041-88-4. NAPRSTKOVÁ, N. (2012). Vliv ockovani slitiny AlSi7Mg0,3 oCkovadlem AlTi5B1 na opotrebeni nastroje pri jejim obrabení. In Strojirenska technologie, Vol. 17, No. 5,6, p. 330-338. NAPRSTKOVÁ, N., KUSMIERCZAK, S., CAIS, J. (2013). Modification of AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy by strontium. In Manufacturing Technology. Vol. 13, No. 3, p. 373-380. KUSMIERCZAK, S., SVOBODOVA, J., BITTNER, M. (2011). Analýza příčin vzniku zhoršené tvářitelnosti u slitiny typu AlMg. In Strojirenska technologie, Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 37-41. HURTALOVA, L., TILLOVA, E., CHALUPOVA, M., BELAN, J., VASKO, A. (2014). Microstructure Control of Secondary A 231 Cast Alloy Used in Automotive Industry. In Manufacturing Technology. Vol. 14, No.3, p. 326-333. GRZINCIC, M., LUKAC, I. (2014). Identification of Intermetallic Phases in the Alloy AlSi6Cu4. In Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, No. 2, p. 160-166. ASM Handbook (1991). Vol.4, Heat Treating, ASM International, USA, ISBN 0-87170-379-3. BOLIBRUCHOVA, D., TILLOVA, E. (2005). Zlievárenské zliatiny Al-Si. ŽU v Žiline – EDIS, ISBN 80-8070485-6. WEISS, V. (2012). Prodloužení modifikačního účinku pomoci beryllia u slitin AlSi7Mg0,3. In Slévárenství, No.5– 6. LUKAC, I., MICHNA, S. (2001). Colour Contrast, Strukture and Defects in Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys. GB, Cambridge international science publishing, ISBN 18 98326-70-3. VAJSOVA, V., MICHNA, S. (2010). Optimization of AlZn5,5Mg2,5Cu1,5 Alloy Homogenizing Annealing. In Metallofizika i Noveishie Teknologii, Vol. 32, No 7, pp. 949 – 959, ISSN 1024-1809.

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MICHNA, S., NAPRSTKOVA, N. (2012). The use of fractography in the analysis of cracking after formed workpiece blank mechanical machining from the AlCuSnBi alloy. In Manufacturing Technology, Vol.12, No 13. ISSN 1213 – 2489. SVOBODOVA, J., CAIS, J., MICHNA, S., BRUHA, M. (2013). Research of Corrosion Propertis of Al-Si Alloys Antimony Alloyed. In Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 3. ISSN 1213-2489. MICHNA, S., KUSMIERCZAK, S. (2012). Prakticka metalografie. UJEP v Ústí nad Labem, 245 pp., ISBN 97880-7414-503-2. MICHNA, S., KUSMIERCZAK, S. (2008). Technologie a zpracování hliníkových materiálů. UJEP. Ústí nad Labem VAJSOVA, V. (2009). Structural inhomogeneity by Al-Cu alloys casting into metal and bentonic form. In Transactions of the Universities of Košice, No. 1, ISSN 1355-2334. NOVA, I., SOLFRONK, P., NOVAKOVÁ, I. (2011). Vliv mnozstvi dislokaci na tvaritelnost slitin hliniku. In Strojirenska technologie, Vol. 16, No. 2, p. 28-34, ISSN 1211-4162.

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Mechanical Properties of Polymeric Composite Based on Aluminium Microparticles Miroslav Müller, Jan Cidlina, Karolína Dědičová, Alena Krofová Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague. Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. The paper deals with the testing of composite materials based on aluminium microparticles. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of content of aluminium microparticle filler on the mechanical properties of the polymeric particle composite. The object of the experiments was a particle polymer composite, whose continuous phase was in the form of a two component epoxy resin and a discontinuous phase (reinforcing particles) of aluminium microparticles, which size was less than 45 μm. The influence of a tensile stress, an impact strength and a wear was experimentally investigated. Composite systems with a higher content of microparticles of aluminium from 15 to 25 volume % achieve higher values of the tensile strength at higher temperatures of environment than the composite systems with a lower content of the aluminium microparticles (or matrix). Due to the increased temperature of the environment there is a significant decrease in tensile strength. Impact strength showed increased values in composite systems that have a higher percentage of aluminium microparticles. The filler in the form of aluminium microparticles is detrimental to wear resistance. The results show that increasing the concentration of microparticles of aluminium increases the mass losses of the test materials. Keywords: Al filler, impact strength, temperature, two-component epoxy adhesives, wear

Acknowledgement This paper has been done when solving the grant IGA TF (2015:31140/1312/3106 and 2015:31140/1312/3107).

References VALÁŠEK, P. (2014). Long-term degradation of composites exposed to liquid environments in agriculture. In: Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp 187-192. VALÁŠEK, P. (2014). Mechanical properties of epoxy resins filled with waste rubber powder. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 632-637. VALÁŠEK, P. (2015). Polymeric microparticles composites with waste EPDM rubber powder. In: Agronomy Research, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 723-731. RAMAZAN, K., MEHMET, S., BEKIR, Y. (2008). Influence of adhesive thickness and filler content on the mechanical performance of aluminium single-lap joints bonded with aluminium powder filled epoxy adhesive. In: Journal of materials processing technology, Vol. 205. Pp. 183–189. GALUSEK, D., SEDLÁČEK, J., RIEDEL, R. (2007). Al2O3-SiC composites prepared by warm pressing and sintering of an organosilicon polymer-coated alumina powder. In: Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 2385-2392. KIM,H. S., KHAMIS, M. A. (2001). Fracture and impact behaviours of hollow micro-sphere/epoxy resin composites. In: Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 32, No. 9, pp. 1311-1317. AGOUDJIL, B., IBOS L., MAJESTÉ, J. C., CANDAU, Y., MAMUNYA, YE. P. (2008). Correlation between transport properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate/glass, silver-coated glass spheres composites. In: Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 342-35. MÜLLER, M., VALÁŠEK, P. (2012). Abrasive wear effect on Polyethylene, Polyamide 6 and polymeric particle composites. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 12, No. 12, pp. 55-59. SHAO-YUN FU, XI-QIAO FENG, BEMD LUKE, YIU-WING MAI, (2008). Effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on mechanical properties of particulate-polymer composites. In: Composites: Part B, Vol. 39, pp. 933-961. CHO, J., JOSHI, M.S., SUN, C.T. (2006). Effect of inclusion size on mechanical properties of polymeric composites with micro and nano particles. In: Composites Science and Technology. Vol. 66, pp. 1941-1952. CHASSER, A.M., MAKHLOUF, J.M., SCHNEIDER, J.R. (1993). Rubber-based structural adhesive is a new option for metal bonding. In: Adhesive Age. Vol. 36, pp. 36-39.

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MÜLLER, M. (2015). Hybrid composite materials on basis of reactoplastic matrix reinforced with textile fibres from process of tyres recyclation. In: Agronomy Research. Vol. 13, No. 3. pp. 700-708. MÜLLER, M., HERÁK, D., VALÁŠEK, P. (2013). Degradation limits of bonding technology depending on destinations Europe, Indonesia. In: Tehnicki Vjesnik- Technical Gazette, Vol. 20, pp. 571-575. MÜLLER, M. (2013). Research of liquid contaminants influence on adhesive bond strength applied in agricultural machine construction. In: Agronomy Research, Vol. 11, pp. 147-154. MÜLLER, M., RUŽBARSKÝ, J., VALÁŠEK, P. (2014). Degradation Process in Area of Connecting Metal Sheets by Adhesive. In: Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 616, pp. 52-60. MESSLER, R., W. (2004). Joining of materials and structures from pragmatic process to enabling technology. Burlington: Elsevier, 816 pp. MÜLLER, M., HERÁK, D. (2010). Dimensioning of the bonded lap joint. In: Research in Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 59-68. ADAMS, R. D., COMYN, J., WAKE, W. C. (1997). Structural adhesive joints in engineering. 2nd ed. Chapman & Hall, London. 360 pp. HABENICHT, G. (2002). Kleben: Gundlagen, Technologien, Anwendung. Berlin: Springer. 921 pp. WEIYHOU JIAO, YOUZHLI LIU, GUISHENEG QI. (2009). Studies on mechanical properties of epoxy composites filled with the grafted particles PGMA/Al2O3. In: Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 69, pp. 391 – 395. DADFAR, M.R., GHADAMI, F. (2013). Effect of rubber modification on fracture toughness properties of glass reinforced hot cured epoxy. In: Materials and Design. Vol. 47, pp.16-20. KEJVAL, J., MÜLLER, M. (2013). Mechanical properties of multi-component polymeric composite with particles of Al2O3/SiC. In: Scienty Agriculturae Bohemica, Vol. 4, pp. 237-242.

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Research on Surface Treatment of Alloy AlCu4Mg Adhesive Bonded with Structural SingleComponent Epoxy Adhesives Miroslav Müller Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague. Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected]. Adhesive bonding technology is among the basic methods of joining. Treatment of bonded surface is seen as an essential technology for improving the strength of the bond. Improper treatment of bonded surface reduces the bonding strength and at the same time may increase the cost of manufacturing the bond. The aim of the research was to evaluate the treatment of AlCu4Mg surface bonded by using single-component epoxy, which is commonly used in the transportation industry. This article describes the effect of bonded surface treatment (mechanical treatment of Al2O3 blasting, chemical treatment by degreasing, without modification). Evaluation of individual bonded surface modification was performed according to ČSN EN 1465. From the results of the experiments it can be concluded that all tested adhesives did not confirm the hypothesis H0 (p ˂ 0.05). It follows that there is a difference in the treatment of the bonded surface. The influence of the treatment of bonded surface on adhesive bond strength and elongation of adhesive bond was statistically proved at significance level of 0.05. Keywords: Adhesive bond, chemical treatment, mechanical treatment, testing, without treatment

Acknowledgement This paper has been done when solving the grant IGA TF (No.: 2015:31140/1312/3106).

References MÜLLER, M. (2011). Influence of surface integrity on bonding process. In: Research in Agricultural Engineering. Vol. 57, pp. 153-162. MÜLLER, M. (2013). Research of renovation possibility of machine tools damage by adhesive bonding technology. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, pp. 504-509. MÜLLER, M., HERÁK, D., VALÁŠEK, P. (2013). Degradation limits of bonding technology depending on destinations Europe, Indonesia. In: Tehnicki Vjesnik- Technical Gazette, Vol. 20, pp. 571-575. PEREIRA, J.M., FERREIRA, F.V., ANTUNES, P.J., BÁRTOLO A.M. (2010). Analysis of manufacturing parameters on the shear strength of aluminium adhesive single-lap joints. In: Journal of Materials Processing Technology. Vol. 210, pp. 610-617. ELBINGA, F., ANAGREHB, N., DORNA, L., ULMANNA, E. (1999). Dry ice blastingas pretreatment of aluminum surfaces to improve the adhesive strength of aluminium bonding joints. In: International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, Vol. 23 pp. 69-79. HARRIS, A.F., BEEVERS, A. (1999). The efects of grit-blasting on surface properties for adhesion. In: International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, Vol. 19, pp. 445-452. BOCKENHEIMER, C., VALESKE, B., POSSART, W. (2002). Network structure in epoxy aluminium bonds after mechanical treatment. In: International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, Vol. 22, pp. 349-356. LUNDER, O. et al. (2004). Effect of pre-treatment on the durability of epoxy-bonded AA6060 aluminium joints. In: International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, Vol. 24, pp. 107-117. BJORGUM, A. et al. (2003). Anodising as pre-treatment for structural bonding. In: International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, Vol. 23, pp. 401-412. CHEN, S. et al. (1997). Improvement of the adhesion of the resin to the metal surface by using plasma jet. In: Surface and Coating Technology, Vol. 97, pp. 378-384. MESSLER, R., W. (2004). Joining of materials and structures from pragmatic process to enabling technology. Burlington: Elsevier, 816 pp. PROLONGO, S. G. et al. (2006). Comparative study on the adhesive properties of different epoxy resins. In: International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, Vol. 26, pp. 125–132. CIDLINA, J., MÜLLER, M., VÁLÁŠEK, P. (2013). Adhesive bonding technology advanced in the area of metal sheets bonding. In: The sixth international scientific conference Rural development 2013, Kaunas, Lithuania, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 41- 46.

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VALÁŠEK, P. (2014). Long-term degradation of composites exposed to liquid environments in agriculture. In. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, Vol. 45, pp. 187-192. MÜLLER, M. (2014). Setting of causes of adhesive bonds destruction by means of optical analysis. In. Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, pp. 371-375. NOVÁK, M. (2011). Surface duality hardened steels after grinding. In. Manufacturing technology, Vol. 11, pp. 55–59. HRICOVA, J. (2014). Environmentally conscious manufacturing: the effect of metalworking fluid in high speed machining. In: Key engineering materials, Vol. 581, pp. 89-94. ŤAVODOVÁ M. (2013): The surface quality of materials after cutting by abrasive water jet evaluated by selected methods. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 13, pp. 236-241. ČIERNA H. ŤAVODOVA M. (2013). Using the design of experiment method to evaluate quality of cuts after cutting aluminum alloy by AWJ. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 13, pp. 303-307. MÜLLER, M., VALÁŠEK, P. (2013). Comparison of variables influence on adhesive bonds strength calculations. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, pp. 205-210. MÜLLER, M. (2013). Research of liquid contaminants influence on adhesive bond strength applied in agricultural machine construction. In: Agronomy Research, Vol. 11, pp. 147-154. PAPINI, M. et al. (1994). The effect of geometry on the fracture of adhesive joint. In: International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, Vol. 14, pp. 5-13. VALÁŠEK, P., MÜLLER, M. (2015). Properties of adhesives used for connecting in automotive industry. In: Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, Vol. 63, pp. 463-470. MÜLLER, M., RUŽBARSKÝ, J., VALÁŠEK, P. (2014). Degradation Process in Area of Connecting Metal Sheets by Adhesive. In: Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 616, pp. 52-60. CIDLINA, J., MÜLLER, M., VALÁŠEK, P. (2014). Evaluation of Adhesive Bond Strength Depending on Degradation Type and Time. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, pp. 8-12. TAMAI, Y., ARATANIC, K., (1972). Experimental study of the relation between contact angle and surface roughness. In: The Journal of Physical Chemistry. Vol. 22, pp. 3267–3271. BORSELLINO, C., DI BELLA, G., RUISI, V.F. (2009). Adhesive joining of aluminium AA6082: the effects of resin and surface treatment. In: International Journal. Adhesion & Adhesives. Vol. 29, pp. 36–44.

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Modifications AlSi9CuMnNi Alloy by Antimony and Heat Treatment and Their Influence on the Resulting Structure Natasa Naprstkova, Radek Cervinka, Sylvia Kusmierczak, Jaromir Cais Faculty of Production Technology and Management, J. E. Purkyne University in Usti nad Labem. Pasteurova 1, 400 96 Usti nad Labem. Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected], [email protected] Modification alloy is an important part of the metallurgical process, and this also applies, of course, for aluminum alloys, particularly for Al-Si (silumins). As a modification of the material we can use the modification using the selected element or heat treatment of alloys, or a combination of both processes. One of the elements that it is possible to modify the alloy of Al-Si used is antimony (Sb). The paper examines the possible effect of the modification that element and heat treatment on the final structure of the alloy AlSi9CuMnNi. In the experiments were made three castings from the alloy AlSi9CuMnNi without modification, three castings with the modification and without heat treatment, three castings with modification and without heat treatment, and three castings with modification and heat treatment too. The described experiment and analysis are part of extensive research, focusing on a Faculty of Production Technology and Management, J. E. Purkyne University in Usti nad Labem. Keywords: alloy, aluminum, modifications, antimony structure, heat treatment

Acknowledgement Authors are grateful for the support of grant SGS 2014 UJEP and of grant OP 2.2 No. CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0296.

References BOLIBRUCHOVA, D., TILLOVA, E. (2005). Zlievarenské zliatiny Al-Si. ŽU v Žiline, EDIS, ISBN 80-8070485-6 MICHNA, S., LUKAC, I., OCENASEK, V., KORENY, R., DRAPALA, J., SCHNEIDER, H., MISKUFOVA, A. and coll. (2005) Encyklopedie hliníku. Adin, Prešov, ISBN 80-89041-88-4. MICHNA, S., KUSMIERCZAK, S. (2008). Technologie a zpracovani hlinikovych materialu, UJEP. Usti nad Labem, ISBN 978-80-7044-998-1. WEISS, V. (2012). Prodloužení modifikačního účinku pomoci beryllia u slitin AlSi7Mg0,3. In: Slévárenství, No. 5–6, ISSN 0037– 825 WEISS, V. (2012). Hodnoceni vlivu teploty a doby homogenizačniho žíhání slitiny AlCu4MgMnz hlediska mikrostruktury, obrazové analýzy a metody EDX, In: Strojírenská technologie. Vol. 17, No. 5,6, , p. 348-355, ISSN 1211-4162 MICHNA, S., NOVA, I. (2008). Technologie a zpracování kovových materialu. Adin, s.r.o.,Prešov, ISBN 97880-89244-38-6 ROUCKA, J. (2004). Metalurgie neželezných slitin. Brno, CERM, 148 p. ISBN 80-214-2790-6 MICHNA, S. NAPRSTKOVA, N. (2011). The Mechanical Properties Optimizing of of Al - Si Alloys Precipitation Hardening and the Effect on the Character of the Chip. In Acta Metallurgica Slovaca, No. 3, ISSN 1335-1532 TILLOVA, E., FARKASOVA, M., CHALUPOVA, M. (2013) The Role of Antimony in Modifying of Al-Si-Cu Cast Aloy. In Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 109-114, ISSN 1213-2489 ČSN EN 1796 Hlinik a slitiny hliniku - Odlitky - Chemicke slozeni a mechanicke vlastnosti KALINCOVA, D. (2010). Skúšanie mechanických vlastností materiálov - prehľad meracích metód a zariadení. In proceedings Zvyšovanie efektívnosti vzdelávacieho procesu prostredníctvom inovačných prostriedkov, KEGA 3/6370/08., TU vo Zvolene, Zvolen, pp. 13-26. LIPINSKI T. (2011). Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the AlSi13Mg1CuNi Alloy with Ecological Modifier. Manufacturing Technology. 2011, Vol. 11, pp 40-44. TILLOVA, E., CHALUPOVA, M., HURTALOVA, L., DURINIKOVA, E. (2011). Quality Control of Microstructure in Recycled Al-Si Cast Alloys. In Manufacturing Technology, Vol.11, No.11, pp. 70-76. ISBN 1213-2489 MICHALCOVA, A., VOJTECH, D. (2012). Structure of rapidly solidified aluminium alloys. In Manufacturing Technology, Vol.12, No.13, pp. 166-169, ISSN1213-24891 Paper number: M2015112 Copyright © 2015. Published by Manufacturing Technology. All rights reserved.

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Increasing the Quality of the Production Steering Wheel Castings Using Simulation Calculations of Solidification Iva Nová, Jiří Machuta, Josef Horáček, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec. Czech Republic. Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] This paper deals with the solidification and cooling of steering wheel castings. Castings of steering wheel are manufactured by high pressure die-casting of magnesium alloys. Further the paper shows a simulation calculation of solidification and cooling of the casting made of the AM 50 magnesium alloy. The results of simulation calculations are using the QuikCAST programme. The required values thermo-physical variables were taken from the databank program. It was found that filling of the mould due to the pressure conditions is very fast. The Solidification is affected with a thermic hypothermia of the melt. The results of simulation calculations give approximate information about the process of solidification high pressure die casting. From the simulation results it is obvious that solidification in the form takes place according to foundry assumptions. The paper also gives a characteristic microstructure of material (MgAl5Mn), consists of a solid solution α and an eutectic (α+β, β is intermetallic phase Mg17Al12). The contribution has been created during the SGS 21 005 project.

Acknowledgement This paper is published with the support of the project SGS 21005.

Reference [1] HORÁČEK, J. (2010). Measuring and simulation calculations field of temperature cast the shape of the plate. 7. Mezinárodní PhD konference, 47. Slévárenské dny 23. - 24. Června 2010, Sborník příspěvků ISBN 978-80904020-6-5. [2] FRIEDRICH, H., MORDIKE, L. (2006). Magnesium technology. Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg 2006, ISBN 10-3-540-20599-3. [3] FRIEDRICH, H, SCHUMANN, S. (2001). Research for a “new age of magnesium” in the automotive industry, Journal of Material Processing Technology, 117, 276-281. [4] ŻYDEK, A., KAMIENIAK, J., BRASZCYŇSKA, K.N. (2011). Evolution of Mg-5Al-0.4Mn microstructure after rare earth elements addition, Archiver of Foundry Engineering. ISSN (1897-3310), Volume 11, Issue 2, pp. 157 – 160. [5] ANDREAS STIHL AG & Company The materials and this properties - magnesium alloys (In Germany) Comparation training documents . [6] RAGHAVAN, V. (2010). Al-Mg-Mn (Aluminum-Magnesium-Manganese), Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion Vol. 31 No. 1, p.46. [7] KIELBUS, A., RZYCHOŇ, T., CIBIS, R. (2006). Microstructure of AM50 die casting magnesium alloy. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering. Volume 18, Issue 1-2, September–October. [8] ALUMINIUM RHEINFELDEN GmbH Rheinfelden alloys Verkauf und Kundenberatung Rheinfelden (In Germany) Promotional material of company:, Germany. [9] DRÁPALA, J., KUCHAŘ, L., TOMÁŠEK, K., TROJANOVÁ, Z. (2004). Hořčík, jeho slitiny a binární systémy hořčík – příměsy. (Magnesium, his alloys and bingy system magnesium –ingredient) (in Czech), VSB-TU Ostrava, s. 6 – 31 . [10] ESI GROUP Technical Headquarters (In France).

materials

foundry

simulation

program

QuikCAST

ESI

Group

[11] MICHNA, Š. (2010). Strukturní analýza a vlastnosti předslitiny AlCa10 (in Czech), (Structural analysis and properties pre-alloy AlCa10), Strojírenská technologie, s. 175-176. [12] VOJĚCH, D., KUBASEK, J., VODĚROVÁ, M. (2012). Structural mechanical and in vitro corrosion characterization of as cast magnesium based alloy for temporary biodegradable medicinal implants (in Czech), Manufacturing Technology. Vol.12, No 13 p. 285-292. ISSN 1213-2489. [13] SLÁDEK, A, FABIAN. P., PASTIRČÁK,R., BREZNIČAN,M. (2012). The Roundness and microstructure of Thin-wall Bearinng (in Czech), Manufacturing Technology. Vol. 12, No 13 p. 237-241. ISSN 1213-2489. Paper number: M2015113 Copyright © 2015. Published by Manufacturing Technology. All rights reserved.

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New Composite Materials Based on NiTi Pavel Novák, Eva Kristianová, Milan Valalik, Clarisse Darme, Pavel Salvetr University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic, E-mail: [email protected] NiTi alloy is characterized by many interesting properties assiciated with the shape memory behaviour. Since this material can be superelastic and recover the shape after deformation, it can be considered as potential matrix for composites. In this work, the possibility of preparation of NiTi matrix composites was tested. Two kinds of materials were studied – NiTi matrix composite reinforced by ceramic particles and in-situ composite containing NiTi and hard Ti2Ni phase obtained by reactive sintering of Ni+Ti mixture. Keywords: NiTi, powder metallurgy, composite

Acknowledgement This research was financially supported by the Czech Science Foundation, project No. 14-03044S.

References VOJTĚCH, D., KUBÁSEK, J., NOVÁK, P. (2013). Corrosion properties of the superelastic shape memory Ni-Ti alloy for medical implants. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 409-414. UJEP. Czech Republic. FARVIZI, M., EBADZADEH, T., VAEZI, M.R., YOON, E.Y., KIM, Y-J., KIM, H.S., SIMCHI, A. (2014). Microstructural characterization of HIP consolidated NiTi–nanoAl2O3 composites. In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 606, pp. 21–26. HU, L., KOTHALKAR, A., PROUST, G., KARAMAN, I., RADOVIC, M. (2014). Fabrication and characterization of NiTi/Ti3SiC2 and NiTi/Ti2AlC composites. In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 610, pp. 635– 644. Elserier. Netherlands. NOVÁK P., ŠKOLÁKOVÁ A., VOJTĚCH V., KNAISLOVÁ A., POKORNÝ P., MORAVEC H., KOPEČEK J., KARLÍK M., KUBATÍK T.F. (2014). Application of Microscopy and X-ray Diffraction in Optimization of the Production of NiTi Alloy by Powder Metallurgy. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, pp. 387-392. NOVÁK, P., MORAVEC, H., SALVETR, P., PRŮŠA, F., DRAHOKOUPIL, J., KOPEČEK, J., KARLÍK, M., KUBATÍK, T.F. (2015). Preparation of nitinol by non-conventional powder metallurgy techniques, In: Materials Science and Technology, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743284715Y.0000000041 NOVÁK, P., VODĚROVÁ, M., HENDRYCH, R., KUBATÍK, T., MICHALCOVÁ, A., VOJTĚCH, D. (2013). Preparation of aluminium-based quasicrystals. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 390-394. UJEP. Czech Republic. NOVÁK, P., VOJTĚCH, D., ŠERÁK, J. (2006). Wear and corrosion resistance of a plasma-nitrided PM tool steel alloyed with niobium. In: Surface and Coatings Technology, Vol. 200, pp. 5229 – 5236. Elsevier. Netherlands.

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Hardness of the High Pressure Die Castings from Alloy AlSi9Cu3 in dependence on the Subsequent Processing Technology Iva Novakova, Jan Štverák, Jaromir Moravec Technical University of Liberec. Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec 1. Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] The paper deals with the hardness of pressure die castings in dependence on the method of their subsequent processing. As a crucial influence there was taken cooling rate of parts after their removal from the pressure die mould. Moreover there was monitored influence of the machining allowance and the thermal treatment. Measurement of hardness was done on die castings from alloy AlSi9Cu3(Fe) by methods acc. to Brinell and acc. to Rockwell. Regarding reality that properties of die castings are influenced also by filling method, for the experiment there was chosen part casted by so-called central ingate where exists presumption for the uniform filling and thus also uniform distribution of casting properties. The measurement took place for 2 months after casting, machining and eventually after thermal treatment of parts. On the basic of measured hardness values by methods acc. to Brinell and Rockwell there was determined the converting coefficient between these values. Keywords: High Pressure Die Casting, Hardness, AlSi9Cu3(Fe)

Acknowledgement This paper was prepared thanks to financial support from the Student Grant Contest project 21005 (SGS 2015), from the TUL part within the framework of specific university research support.

References ROUČKA, J. (2004). Metalurgie neželezných slitin, pp. 42-55, Akademické nakladatelství CERM, Brno. MICHNA, Š., LUKÁČ, I. a kol. (2005). Encyklopedie hliníku, pp. 253 - 310, Adin s.r.o., Prešov SR. RAGAN, E. a kol. (2007). Liatie kovov pod tlakom, pp. 145 - 168, Adin s.r.o., Prešov SR. HONZÁTKO, R., MICHNA, Š, CAIS, J. (2013). The Influence of Porosity on Mechanical Properties of Casts Produced from Al - Si Alloys. In Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, September 2013, pp. 319 - 324. MICHNA, Š., NÁPRSTKOVÁ, N. (2012). Research into the causes cracking of aluminum alloys of Al – Cu during mechanical machining. In Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 12, June 2012, pp. 47 - 51. NÁPRSTKOVÁ, N., CAIS, J., SVOBODOVÁ, J. (2013). The Effect of Modification by Strontium of the AlSi7Mg0.3 Alloy on the Surface Roughness. In Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, September 2013, pp. 380384. KOPECKÝ, J. Závislost tvrdosti odlitků Al slitin na době stárnutí a průběhu tepelného zpracování. [online]. Praha: ČVUT, FS Praha. Dostupné z: http://stc.fs.cvut.cz/pdf13/2616.pdf. ŠERÁK, J. a kol. (2015) Vliv tepelného zpracování na mechanické vlastnosti a korozní odolnost hliníkových slitin. In Slévárenství, LXIII, Vol. 5 - 6, 2015, pp. 158 - 162. HURTALOVÁ, L., TILLOVÁ, E., CHALUPOVÁ, M. (2014). Prínos metalografie při studiu zlievarenských Al zliatin skupiny 4xxxx. In Slévárenství, LXII, Vol. 11-12, 2014, pp. 417 - 421. MARTINOVSKÝ, M., MÁDL, J. (2014). Vliv modifikátorů na obrobitelnost a vlastnosti Al-Si slitin. In Strojírenská technologie, XIX, Vol. 3 - 4, 2014, pp. 212 - 219. ČSN EN ISO 6506-1. Kovové materiály – Zkoušky tvrdosti podle Brinella – Část 1: Zkušební metoda. Praha: Český normalizační institut, 2006. 20 p. Třídicí znak: 42 0359. ČSN EN ISO 6508-1. Kovové materiály – Zkoušky tvrdosti podle Rockwella – Část 1: Zkušební metoda. Praha: Český normalizační institut, 2006. 24 p. Třídicí znak: 42 0360.

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Microwaves as a Humidity Measurement Device for Casted Moulds Jan Novotný, Petr Majrich Fakulta výrobních technologií a managementu, Univerzita J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem, 400 01 Ústí nad Labem. Česká republika. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Thesis is interested in accurately detect moisture inside of plaster moulds, that will be measured by microwaves apparatus. Part of the thesis is also construction and assembly of the stable apparatus, so that it is possible to monitor the effects of microwaves on a plaster sample, then evaluate the moisture content of the sample and compare it with the weight test. The actual moisture measurement will be performed in several ways, such as by measuring the reflection or attenuation of electromagnetic waves. The result of this thesis will be a graphical representation of moisture to measurable variables relationships, gained from the microwave apparatus. Plaster moulds are quite known, but casting technology requires from plaster moulds not only dimensional accuracy after drying, but as well surface smoothness, resistance to cracking upon drying and sufficient strength and breathability, or minimal gas evolution during casting. The presence of water during the casting process is not very welcome phenomenon. It is therefore very important to set correctly dry form, otherwise it may happen that the moulds can be during casting destroyed, or cast alloy can create a casting bubble by the influence of moisture in the form. That means discarding of the products. Keywords: microwaves, plaster mold, dielectric properties

References BRŮNA, M., KUCHARČIK, L., SLADEK, A. (2013). Complex evaluation of porosity in A356 aluminium alloy using advanced porosity module. In Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, FVTM UJEP, Ústí nad Labem, ISSN 1213-2489. ČERNOHORSKÝ, D., RAIDA, Z. (1999). Analýza a optimalizace mikrovlnných struktur, VUTIUM, Brno. ISBN 80-214-1512-6. LOUDA, J., BERAN, J., ŠTOLPA, M. (1967). Měření vlhkosti a obsahu vody pomocí mikrovln. Čs VTS, Ústí nad Labem.. LYSOŇKOVÁ, I. (2012). Vliv formy k odlévání na strukturu slitiny AlCu4MgMn, Bakalářská práce, FVTM, UJEP, Ústí nad Labem MAIN, I. G. (1990). Kmity a vlny ve fyzice, Československé akademie věd Praha. NOVÁK, D., PAVLOVKIN, J.,KUBOVSKÝ, I.,ĎURIŠ, M. (2014). Elektrotechnika Belianum Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, ISBN 978-80-557-0777-8. PAUER, J. (2015). Měření vlhkosti odlévacích forem pomocí mikrovln, Bakalářská práce, FVTM, UJEP, Ústí nad Labem VALAŠEK, P., MULLER, M. (2012). Polymeric particle composites with filler saturated matrix. Manufacturing Technology, Ústí nad Labem, Voume 12. ISSN 1213-2489

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Biodegradation Properties of Elektron 21 Magnesium Alloy Coated by Octacalcium Phosphate Miroslav Omasta1, Branislav Hadzima1,2 1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering, University of Žilina. Univerzitná 1, 010 26 Žilina. Slovak Republic. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Research Centre of the University of Žilina. Univerzitná 1, 010 26 Žilina. Slovak Republic. E-mail: [email protected] Biodegradation properties of magnesium and its alloys that can be used for implants are not satisfactory and cause serious problems. These problems can be solved by biodegradable surface coatings. Evaluation of biodegradation process of Mg-RE-Zr alloy surfaces after grinding and grinding followed by potential controlled electrodeposition of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements in this study. The potentiostatic electrodeposition treatment process was performed in water solution of 0.167 M CaCl2 and 0.1 M NH4H2PO4. The corrosion process on treated and nontreated samples after various exposure times was evaluated in 0.9% NaCl solution simulating body fluid environment at 37 °C. The significant increase of polarization resistance and time resistance against corrosion were found after electrochemical surface treatment. Keywords: magnesium alloy, octacalcium phosphate, electrodeposition, corrosion resistance

Acknowledgement The research is supported by the European Regional Development Fund and the Slovak state budget by the project "Research Centre of the University of Žilina", ITMS 26220220183 (50%). The part of the research were supported by SK-CZ cooperation project No. APVV-SK-CZ-2013-0046. Authors are grateful for the support of experimental works by project VEGA No. 1/0720/14 .

References DeGARMO, P. E. (1979). Materials and processes in manufacturing, 5th ed. New York: Collin Macmillan, New York. ZHANG, X., LI, Q., LI, L., ZHANG, P., WANG, Z., CHEN, F. (2012).Fabrication of hydroxyapatite/stearic acid composite coating and corrosion behavior of coated magnesium alloy. In: Materials Letters, pp. 76-78. ZHANG, CH. Y., ZENG, R. CH., CHEN, R. S., LIU, CH. L., GAO, J. CH. (2010). Preparation of calcium phosphate coatings on Mg-1.0Ca alloy. In: Transactions Nonferrous Metals Society of China, pp. 655-659. SÁNCHEZ-ENRÍQUEZ, J., REYES-GASGA, J. (2013). Obtaining Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O, monocalcium phosphate monohydrate, via monetite from brushite by using sonication. In:Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, pp. 948-954. HARTWIG, A. (2001). Role of magnesium in genomic corrosion study. In: Materials Science and Engineering C, Vol. 33, pp. 675–679. VOORT, G.F.V. (2004). ASM Handbook - Metallography and Microstructures. New York: ASM International, 7751184 pages. SONG, Y.W., SHAN, D.Y., HAN, E.H. (2008). Electrodeposition of hydroxyapatite coating on AZ91D magnesium alloy for biomaterial application. In: Materialss Letters. pp. 3276-3279. HADZIMA, B., MHAEDE, M., PASTOREK, F. (2014).Electrochemical characteristics of calcium phosphatized AZ31 magnesium alloy in 0.9% NaCl solution. In: Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine,Vol.25, No. 5, pp. 1227–1237. NOVÝ, F., JANEČEK, M., ŠKORÍK, V., MÜLLER, J., WAGNER, L. (2009).Very high cycle fatigue behaviour of as-extruded AZ31, AZ80, and ZK60 magnesium alloys. In: International Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 100, pp. 288-291. FINTOVÁ, S., KUNZ, L. (2015). Fatigue properties of magnesium alloy AZ91 processed by severe plastic deformation. In: Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, Vol. 42, pp. 219-228. OMASTA, M., HADZIMA, B. (2015). Study of calcium phosphate (OCP) electrodeposition process on Elektron 21 magnesium alloy surface. In: Materials Science Forum, Vol. 818, pp. 115-120. LORIMER, G., APPS, P., KARMIMZADECH, H., KING, J., (2003). Improving the performance of Mg-Rare Earth alloys by the use of Gd or Dy additions. In: Materials Science Forum, Vol. 419-422, pp. 279-284. Paper number: M2015117 Copyright © 2015. Published by Manufacturing Technology. All rights reserved.

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Application of Dielectric Properties of Dental Material in Non-Destructive Testing Mária Pápežová, Dagmar Faktrová Department of Measurement and Applied Electrical, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] The structural entirety of any biomaterial has to be tested to inhibit to untimely failure and thus maintaining the reliability of the replacement. The knowledge of dielectric properties (relative permittivity, loss factor) of biomaterial without defects in defined microwave frequency range (8–12 GHz) and subsequently comparing properties in defective material as changes in material and classifying the occurrence of inhomogeneities as on the surface so inside the structure. This article deals with possibility to create dental phantom with the same properties as used in practice and dielectric properties measurement method (Hippel method). We made phantom from poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA). PMMA is very commonly used dental material as crown of human tooth or as the crown for intra-osseous dental implantant. Keywords: Dental material, Dielectric properties, Non-destructive testing

Acknowledgement This work was supported by grant of the Slovak Grant Agency VEGA project No. 1/0846/1. ”Design and optimization of methods and materials used at high frequency electromagnetic field therapy of cancer diseases.“

References OMAR, M. (2012). Nondestructive Testing Methods and New Applications. Croatia : Intechweb.org, pp.53-68, ISBN 978-953-51-0108-6 ŠIMUNEK, A.a kol. (2008). Dentalní implantologie. Praha: NUCLEUS HK, pp. 236-249, ISBN 978-80-8700930-7 RONALD L. SAKUGUSHI, JOHN M. POWERS. (2012). Craig's Restorative dental materials. Philadelphia: ELSEVIER, ISBN: 978-0-3230-8108-5 BANSAL, R. (ed.). (2005). Handbook of engineering electromagnetics. New York: CRC Press, pp.110-127, ISBN 0-203-02602-0 POZAR, DAVID M. (2012). Microwave engineering. s.l.: John Wiley & Sons, pp.110-127, ISBN 978-0-47063155-3 SHEEN, J., Mao, W.L. (2007). Weishsing. Study on the Measurements Techniques of Microwave Dielectric Properties, Proc. NST2007, pp. 349-352 FAKTOROVÁ, D. (2014). Základy mikrovlnných meraní, EDIS – vydavateľstvo Žilinskej univerzity, Žilina, pp. 101-106 ĎURICA, M. Rozšírenie frekvenčného rozsahu VNA do pásma X. PhD Thesis. Bratislava, Slovak Tech. U. http://www.itis.ethz.ch/virtual-population/tissue-properties/database/dielectric-properties/, [20.5.2015, Online] FAKTOROVA D., PAPEZOVA M., SAVIN A., STEIGMANN R., NOVY F., BOKUVKA O. (2015). Microwave Resonant Methods for Bone Replacement Biomaterials Testing. Procedia Engineering, 100: 1686-1695 BAKALOVA T., KOLINOVA M., LOUDA P. (2014). Micro CT Analysis of Geopolymer Composites. In: Manufacturing Technology, December, vol.14, no.3, p.505-516. ISSN 1213-2489

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Analysis of Wear Particles Morphology of Machine Parts Based on Aluminium Zdeněk Aleš1, Martin Pexa1, Jindřich Pavlů1, Marián Kučera2, Jakub Čedík1 1 Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Department for Quality and Dependability of Machines, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Faculty of Environmental and Manufacturing Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, Department of Mechanics, Mechanical Engineering and Design, Študentská 26, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovakia, E-mail: [email protected] Failures of machines are caused by variety of external and internal effects and process that cause ultimately interruption of operation. These factors have resulted in changes of properties of machines parts and these changes are the first causes of technical failures. Wear is one of the major factors that contribute to the creation of failures and with this is connected generation of wear particles. Wear particles come into oil in lubrication system, where they cause contamination and degradation of lubricating properties and consequently it may result in major failure of machines. Among these contaminants are included mainly adhesive, abrasive and fatigue particles wear. The paper describes number and morphology of wear particles generated during modified Reichert test (friction pair – steel and aluminium alloy) analysed by LasetNet Fines device. Experiment also compared capability of lubrication of four different engine oils exposed to various weight load. Keywords: Wear particles, Reichert test, Particle morphology

Acknowledgement Paper was created with the grant support – CZU CIGA 2015 - 20153001 - Use of butanol in internal combustion engines.

References ALES, Z., PEXA, M., (2010). Diagnostika maziv s využitím laserového analyzátoru LASERNET FINES®-C, Časopis - Strojírenská technologie, Ročník XIV, zvláštní vydání, Univerzita Jana Evangelisty Purkyně, FVTM, Ústí nad Labem, s. 8-11. ISSN 1211-4162 CARROL R.I., BEYNON J.H. (2007). Rolling contact fatigue of white etching layer. Part 2. Numerical results, Wear, 262 (9-10), pp. 1267-1273. ISSN 0043-1648 DOBRANSKY, J., KREVEL, R., (2010). Analýza kvality použitého oleja a meranie vibraci hrotového sústruhu SV 18RA, Časopis - Strojírenská technologie, Ročník XIV, zvláštní vydání, Univerzita Jana Evangelisty Purkyně, FVTM, Ústí nad Labem, s. 33-36. ISSN 1211-4162 HERMANEK, P., MASEK, J., KRAL, J., (2010). Hydraulické kapaliny v letectví a jejich diagnostika, Časopis Strojírenská technologie, Ročník XIV, zvláštní vydání, Univerzita Jana Evangelisty Purkyně, FVTM, Ústí nad Labem, s. 70-73. ISSN 1211-4162 HRABE, P., MÜLLER, M. (2013). Research of overlays influence on ploughshare lifetime. Research in Agricultural Engineering (Zemědělská technika), roč. 59, č. 4, s. 147-152. ISSN: 1212-9151. MÜLLER, M., HRABE, P. (2013) Overlay materials used for increasing lifetime of machine parts working under conditions of intensive abrasion. Research in Agricultural Engineering (Zemědělská technika), roč. 59, č. 1, s. 1622. ISSN: 1212-9151. MÜLLER, M., LEBEDEV, A., SVOBODOVA, J., NÁPRSTKOVA, N., LEBEDEV, P. (2014). Abrasive-free ultrasonic finishing of metals. Manufacturing Technology, roč. 14, č. 3, s. 366-370. ISSN: 1213-2489. MÜLLER, M., VALASEK, P. (2012). Abrasive wear effect on Polyethylene, Polyamide 6 and polymeric particle composites. Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 12, No. 12, pp. 55-59. POSTA, J. (2006). Provozuschopnost strojů. Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2. Vydání, Praha, ISBN 80213-0966-0 WANG J., XING J., CAO L., Su W., GAO Y. (2010). Dry sliding wear behavior of Fe3Al alloys prepared by mechanical alloying and plasma activated sintering, Wear, 268 (2-3), pp. 473-480. ISSN 0043-1648 Paper number: M2015119 Copyright © 2015. Published by Manufacturing Technology. All rights reserved.

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Impact of Viscosity of Motor Oil on the Wear of Plain Bearings Martin Pexa, Zdeněk Aleš, Jindřich Pavlů, Jakub Čedík Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Department for Quality and Dependability of Machines, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Manufactures of automotive engines and complete vehicles strive for the lowest possible fuel consumption, which also leads to the use of motor oils with lower viscosity. Lower viscosity of oil reduces internal friction and provides faster distribution of oil into lubrication points, but simultaneously reduces the size of transmitted power. The design of automotive engines use plain bearings, which are based on aluminium, brass. Further are used steels with coating based on aluminium and bronze. The paper describes the impact of viscosity of motor oil to wear of basic materials, which are used in production of plain bearing. Reichert tester M2 for evaluation the lubricity from Petrotest Company was used in order to assess ability of motor oils to create proper lubricating film. Reichert tester M2 belongs to a group of equipments simulating real frictional contact. Stabinger viscometer was also used for the precise determination of viscosity of various types of motor oils. Keywords: Aluminium alloy, Motor oil, Viscosity, Wear

Acknowledgement Paper was created with the grant support – CZU CIGA 2015 - 20153001 - Use of butanol in internal combustion engines.

References DOHNER, B., MICHLBERGER, A., CASTANIEN, C., GAJANAYAKE, A., HIROSE, S. (2013). Improving Fuel Efficiency of Motorcycle Oils. In: SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, 6 (3), ISSN: 19463952 FONTARAS, G., VOUITSIS, E., SAMARAS, Z. (2009). Experimental evaluation of the fuel consumption and emissions reduction potential of low viscosity lubricants. In: SAE Technical Papers. TAYLOR, R.I., DIXON, R.T., WAYŃE, F.D., GUNSEL, S. (2005). Lubricants & energy efficiency: Life-cycle analysis. In: Tribology and Interface Engineering Series, 48, pp. 565-572. ISSN: 1572-3364 ATTARD, N. (2014). Volkswagen XL1 priced at £98,515 - 30 coming to UK, Magazine Car online]. [cit. 201508-26]. Dostupné z: http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-news/industry-news/volkswagen/volkswagen-xl1-pricedat-98515---30-coming-to-uk/ NOVA, I., MACHUTA, J. (2014). Monitoring methods the properties and structure of grey steel castings. In: Manufacturing Technology, 14 (2), pp. 223-228. ISSN: 1213-2489 WALCZAK, M., PIENIAK, D., ZWIERZCHOWSKI, M. (2015). The tribological characteristics of SiC particle reinforced aluminium composites. In: Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 15 (1), pp. 116-123. ISSN: 1644-9665 GUO, Q.Q., LI, J.P. (2015). Microstructure and properties of AlSn20 coating deposited via magnetron sputtering. In: Materials Science Forum, 816, pp. 277-282. ISSN: 0255-5476 AIT-SADI, H., HEMMOUCHE, L., HATTALI, L., BRITAH, M., IOST, A., MESRATI, N. (2015). Effect of nanosilica additive particles on both friction and wear performance of mild steel/CuSn/SnBi multimaterial system. In: Tribology International, 90, pp. 372-385. ISSN: 0301-679X BAIR, S. (2015). The First Normal Stress Difference in a Shear-Thinning Motor Oil at Elevated Pressure. In: Tribology Transactions, 58 (4), pp. 654-659. ISSN: 1040-2004 SINGH, A.K., SINGH, R.K. (2012). A search for ecofriendly detergent/dispersant additives for vegetable-oil based lubricants. In: Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 15 (4), pp. 399-409. ISSN: 1097-3958 MAHMOUD, S.A., DARDIR, M.M. (2011). Synthesis and evaluation of a new cationic surfactant for oil-well drilling fluid. In: Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 14 (1), pp. 123-130. ISSN: 1097-3958 KUMBAR, V., GLOS, J., VOTAVA, J. (2014). Monitoring of chemical elements during lifetime of engine oil. In: Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 62 (1), pp. 155-159. ISSN: 1211-8516

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PETRASEK, S., MULLER, M. (2014). Setting of angle of soil flow on ploughshare at traditional processing of soil. In: Manufacturing Technology, 14 (3), pp. 407-412. ISSN: 1213-2489 CIESLAR, J., BROZEK, M., BEDNAR, B. (2013). An experimental assessment of special metal castings in reducing abrasive wear. In: Manufacturing Technology, 13 (4), pp. 423-428. ISSN: 1213-2489 VALASEK, P., MULLER, M. (2012). Influence of bonded abrasive particles size on wear of polymeric particle composites based on waste. In: Manufacturing Technology, 12 (13), ISSN: 1213-2489 ANTON PAAR. Viskozimetr podle Stabingera. Stabinger Messtechnik – vyvinuto ve spolupráci s LaborfürMesstechnik Dr. H. Stabinger GmbH, Graz. [online][cit. 2014-06-16]. Dostupné z:http://www.antonpaar.com/?eID=documentsDownload&document=53280&L=4 SEJKOROVA, M. Metody tribotechnické diagnostiky. 1. Vyd. Vysoká škola báňská – Technická univerzita Ostrava/Univerzita Pardubice, 2013, 111s. CZ.1.07/2.2.00/15.0462.ISBN: 978-80-248-3280-7.

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Defects in High Pressure Die Casting Process Radka Podprocká1, Jozef Malik2, Dana Bolibruchová3 1,3 Department of Technological Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zilina, Univerzitna 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina. Slovak Republic. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Metallugry faculty, Department of metallurgy, iron and casting, Košice, Slovak Republic. E-mail: [email protected] Pressure die casting of metals is a method of precise metal casting, where molten liquid metal is forced under high pressure into a mould cavity. Requirements of engineering and automotive industries for perfect castings with smooth surfaces, exact dimensions and thin walls determine the nature and direction of development of pressure die casting of metal. This article analyses the possible causes of a foundry defect – short run – generated during casting based on varying technological parameters. Keywords: cast, short run, mold, temperature

References RAGAN, E. a kolektív. (2007). Liatie kovov pod tlakom, 392s., FVT Prešov, ISBN 978-80-8073-979-9. VALECKÝ, J. a kolektív. (1963). Lití kovu pod tlakem, 450s., SNTL Praha. PASTIRČÁK, R. (2014). Effect of low pressure application during solidification on microstructure of AlSi alloys. In: Manufacturing Technology. ISSN 1213-2489. Vol. 14, No. 3 (2014), p. 397-402. NOVÁ, I., MACHUTA, J. (2013). Squeeze casting results of aluminium alloys. In.: Manufacturing technology. ISSN 1213-2489, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 73-79. NOVÁ, I., NOVÁKOVÁ, I., MACHUTA, J. (2011). Aluminium alloys squeeze casting. In.: Slévárenství. ISSN 1213-2489, Vol. LIX, No. 9-10, p. 304-308. MICHNA, Š., NOVÁ, I. (2008). Technológia a spracovanie kovových materiálov. Adin, s.r.o. Prešov. ISBN 978 – 80 – 89244 – 38 – 6. 336 pp. BOLIBRUCHOVA, D. (2010). Casting technology. GEORG Žilina, ISBN 978-80-89401-14-7, 248 pp. ŽMINDAK, M. et al., (2014). Finite element analysis of crack growth in pipelines. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 116 - 122, ISSN 1213-2489. MEŠKO, J., ZRAK, A., MULCZYK, K., TOFIL, S. (2014). Microstructure analysis of welded joints after laser welding. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 355 - 359, ISSN 1213-2489. RADEK, N., MEŠKO, J., ZRAK, A. (2014). Technology of laser forming. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 428 - 431, ISSN 1213-2489.

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Grain Refinement in Al-Mn-Fe-Si Alloys by Severe Plastic Deformation Michaela Šlapáková Poková, Miroslav Cieslar, Mariia Zimina Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Physics of Materials Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Aluminium alloys are widely used materials and their properties are constantly being improved. The enhanced properties can be achieved, for instance by alternation of chemical composition or processing route. Severe plastic deformation leads to an increase of strength due to a grain size reduction. Two Al-Mn-Fe-Si alloys differing in Zr content were subjected to four passes of equal channel angular pressing. Grain size was re-duced from 100 µm to 0.5 µm. In the course of subsequent annealing to 400 ◦C the grain size rose moderate-ly; at 450 °C both materials recrystallized and new defect free grains were formed; with fraction of high angle grain boundaries nearly 1. The recrystallized grain size was comparable with the grain size after cast-ing. Moreover, high density of αAl(Mn,Fe)Si particles precipitated during annealing in both alloys. Keywords: Aluminium alloys, Twin-roll casting, Equal-channel angular pressing, Scanning electron microscopy, Electron back-scatter diffraction

Acknowledgement The financial support of grant GAČR P107-12-0921 is gratefully acknowledged.

References M. M. R. JARADEH, T. CARLBERG (2011). Solidification studies of 3003 aluminium alloys with Cu and Zr additions. In: Journal of Materials Science & Technology, Vol. 27, pp. 615–627. F. KHAKBAZ, M. KAZEMINEZHAD (2012). Work hardening and mechanical properties of severely deformed AA3003 by constrained groove pressing. In: Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 14, pp. 20–25. M. YUN, S. LOKYER, J. D. HUNT (2000). Twin roll casting of aluminium alloys. In: Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 280, pp. 116–123. M. SLÁMOVÁ, M. KARLÍK, M. CIESLAR, B. CHALUPA, P. MERLE (2002). Structure Transfor-mation during Annealing of Twin-roll Cast Al-Fe-Mn-Si (AA8006) Alloy Sheets I. Effect of Cold Rolling and Heating Rate. In: Kovové Materiály, Vol. 40, pp. 389–400. Y. BIROL (2009). Homogenization of a twin-roll cast thin Al-Mn strip. In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 471, pp. 122–127. C. GRAS, M. MEREDITH, J. D. HUNT (2005). Microstructure and texture evolution after twin roll casting and subsequent cold rolling of Al-Mg-Mn aluminium alloys. In: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 169, pp. 156–16. Y. IWAHASHI, Z. HORITA, M. NEMOTO, T. G. LANGDON (1997). An Investigation of Micro-structual Evolution during Equal-Channel Angular Pressing. Acta Materialia, Vol. 45, pp. 4733–474. M. POKOVÁ, M. CIESLAR (2014). Study of Twin-roll Cast Aluminium Alloys Subjected to Se-vere Plastic Deformation by Equal Channel Angular Pressing. In: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Conference Series, Vol. 63, pp. 012086. M. POKOVÁ, M. CIESLAR (2014). Microstructure Evolution of Al-Mn-Si-Fe Alloy Studied by Insitu Transmission Electron Microscopy. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, pp. 412–417. M. POKOVÁ, M. ZIMINA, M. CIESLAR (2015). The Evolution of Microstructure and Mechan-ical Properties of Al-Mn-Fe-Si Alloys during Isothermal Annealing. In: Acta Physica Polonica, Vol. 128, in press. M. CIESLAR, M. POKOVÁ (2014). Annealing Effects in Twin-Roll Cast AA8006 Aluminium Sheets Processed by Accumulative Roll-Bonding. In: Materials, Vol. 7, pp. 8058–8069. V. M. SEGAL (1995). Materials processing by simple shear. In: Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 197, pp. 157–164. K. TURBA, P. MÁLEK, M. CIESLAR (2007). Superplasticity in a Zr and Sc Modified AA7075 Aluminium Alloy Produced by ECAP. In: Kovové Materiály, Vol. 45, pp. 165–170.

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J. L. NING, D. M. JIANG (2007). Influence of Zr addition on the microstructure evolution and thermal stability of Al-Mg-Mn alloy processed by ECAP at elevated temperature. In: Materials Scence and Engineering A, Vol. 452-453, pp. 552–557. D. JIANG, J. NING, J. SUN, Z. HU, Y. HOU (2008). Annealing Behavior of Al-Mg-Mn Alloy Processed by ECAP at Elevated Temperature. In: Transaction of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, Vol. 18, pp. 248–254. H. G. KANG, J. P. LEE, M. Y. HUH, O. ENGLER (2008). Stability against coarsening in ul-tra-fine grained aluminum alloy AA3103 sheet fabricated by continuous confined strip sheering. In: Materials Science and Engneering A, Vol. 486, pp. 470–480. M. POKOVÁ, M. CIESLAR, J. LACAZE (2012). The Influence of Pre-deformation on Minority Phases Precipitation in Modified AW-3003 Aluminium. In: Metal 2012 Conference Proceedings, Brno, pp. 1149–1155. M. POKOVÁ, M. ZIMINA, M. CIESLAR, O. GRYDIN (2015). Investigation of asymmetric rolling applied to twin-roll cast Al-Mn alloy. In: Metal 2015 Conference Proceedings, Brno, p. 3816. P. MÁLEK, M. POKOVÁ, M. CIESLAR (2014). The Influence of ECAP on Mechanical Proper-ties of a Twinroll Cast Al-Mn-Fe-Si-Zr Alloy. In: Metal 2014 Conference Proceedings, Brno, pp. 247–252. M. POKOVÁ, M. ZIMINA, M. CIESLAR (2015). The Influence of Equal Channel Angular Pressing on Microstructure Evolution during In-situ Heating in Transmission Electron Micro-scope. In: International Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 106, pp. 676–681. G. GOTTSTEIN, L. S. SHVINDLERMAN (2010). Grain Boundary Migration in Metals, New York: CRC Press.

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Friction and Wear Behaviors of Al/Epoxy Composites during Reciprocating Sliding Tests Alessandro Ruggiero1, Petr Valášek2, Massimiliano Merola1 1 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Department of Material Science and Manufacturing Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague. Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague. Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected] Aluminium is widely represented material in engineering - one of the possible forms of application is an Al powder, when mutual interaction mainly with polymer matrix creates new materials. In practice, the aluminium powder is commonly used together with a number of reaction resins, e.g. epoxy resins. Such systems can be described as liquid metals, and amongst other options of the application, they are used for quick renovation of the functional areas of machines. In such applications, particularly important are hardness and durability of the composite layer against wear. This paper experimentally evaluate the friction and wear of systems based on epoxy resin with aluminium powder (microparticles), through reciprocating sliding tribotests. Tribological outcomes evidenced a reduction of the friction coefficient when the resin is reinforced by alumium particles, with a concentration of 32% in term of volume fraction. Keywords: Aluminium, composite, hardness, reactive resin, tribology.

Acknowledgement The results were supported by the grant IGA TF 2015 (31140/1312/3107): Optimizing of the properties of resins and adhesives filled with organic and anorganic microparticles determined with experimental approach.

References SATAPATHY, B.K., BIJWE, J. (2002). Analysis of simultaneous influence of operating variables on abrasive wear of phenolic composites. In: Wear, Vol. 253, pp. 787 – 794. VALÁŠEK, P., MÜLLER, M. (2013). Polyurethane resins filled with inorganic waste particles. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 241 – 247. VALÁŠEK, P., MÜLLER, M. (2012). Polymeric particle composites with filler saturated matrix. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 12, No. 13, pp. 272 – 276. MÜLLER, M., VALÁŠEK, P. (2012). Abrasive wear effect on Polyethylene, Polyamide 6 and polymeric particle composites. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 12, pp. 55 – 59. GORBATKINA, YU.A., IVANOVA-MUMZHIEVA, V.G., UL'YANOVA, T.M. (2007). Adhesiveness of an epoxy oligomer filled with aluminum oxide powders. In: Polymer Science, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 131 – 134. SHIGUO, D., ET AL. (2005). Surface modification of Al2O3 fine powders and application in epoxy resin. In: Key Engineering Materials. pp. 1033 – 1034. KAHRAMANA, R., MEHMET SUNARB, BEKIR YILBAS. (2008). Influence of adhesive thickness and filler content on the mechanical performance of aluminum single-lap joints bonded with aluminum powder filled epoxy adhesive. In: Materials Science Forum, Vol. 205, 2008, pp. 183 – 189. CZICHOS, H. (1978). Tribology. A systems approach to the science and technology of friction, lubrication and wear. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. RUGGIERO, A., MEROLA, M., CARLONE, P., ARCHODOULAKI, V.M. (2015). Tribo-mechanical characterization of reinforced epoxy resin under dry and lubricated contact conditions. In: Composite Part B, Engineering, Vol. 79, pp. 595 – 603. MEROLA, M., CARLONE, P., RUGGIERO, A., ARCHODOULAKI, V.-M. (2015). Mechanical and tribological characterization of composite laminates manufactured by liquid composite molding processes. In: Key Engineering Materials, Vols. 651-653, pp. 907 – 912. SCHELLING, A., KAUSCH, H. (1993). Reciprocating Dry Friction and Wear of Short Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites, in: K. Friedrich (Ed.), In: Advances in Composite Tribology, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1993, pp. 65 – 105.

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RUGGIERO, A., D'AMATO, R., GÓMEZ, E. (2015). Experimental analysis of tribological behavior of UHMWPE against AISI420C and against TiAl6V4 alloy under dry and lubricated conditions. In: Tribology International, Vol. 92, pp. 154 – 161. JABER, S.A., RUGGIERO, A., BATTAGLIA, S., AFFATATO, S. (2015). On the roughness measurement on knee prostheses. In: International Journal of Artificial Organs. Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 39 – 44. HREHA, P., RADVANSKÁ, A., CÁRACH, J., LEHOCKÁ, D., MONKOVÁ, K., KROLCZYK, G., RUGGIERO, A., SAMARDZIĆ, I., KOZAK, D., HLOCH, S. (2014). Monitoring of focusing tube wear during abrasive waterjet (AWJ) cutting. In: Metalurgija, Vol. 53, pp. 533-536. VALÁŠEK, P., MÜLLER, M. (2013). Polymeric composite based on glass powder – Usage possibilities in agrocomplex. In: Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, Vol. 2, pp. 107 – 112. MÜLLER, M. (2013). Research of renovation possibility of machine tools damage by adhesive bonding technology. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 504 – 509. NOVÁK, M. (2011). Surface duality hardened steels after grinding. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 11, pp. 55 – 59. RUDAWSKA, A. (2014). Selected aspects of the effect of mechanical treatment on surface roughness and adhesive joint strength of steel sheets. In: International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, Vol. 50, pp. 253 – 243. ŤAVODOÁ, M. (2013). The surface quality of materials after cutting by abrasive water jet evaluated by selected methods. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 236 – 241.

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Ni-Ti Alloys Produced by Powder Metallurgy Pavel Salvetr, Pavel Novák, Hynek Moravec University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] This paper deals with the influence of alloying elements on the properties of Ni-Ti alloys. The base alloy was the binary alloy Ni-Ti with 54 wt. % Ni and 46 wt. % Ti. Alloying elements (aluminium, iron and vanadium) in an amount of 5 wt. % were added to this alloy. All samples have been prepared by the method of powder metallurgy – reactive sintering at 1100 °C for 20 minutes. Microstructure, phase composition (especially amount of the Ti2Ni phase), process of sintering and the formation temperature of intermetallic phase NiTi, transformation temperatures and mechanical properties have been examined in these alloys. The corrosion characteristics were measured on the Ni-Ti and NiTiV5 alloys. Keywords: Ni-Ti, powder metallurgy, reactive sintering.

Acknowledgement This research was financially supported by Czech Science Foundation, project No. 14-03044S.

References K. OTSUKA, X. REN (2005). Physical metallurgy of Ti–Ni-based shape memory alloys, Progress in Materials Science, 50, 511-678. P. NOVÁK, A. ŠKOLÁKOVÁ, V. VOJTĚCH, A. KNAISLOVÁ, P. POKORNÝ, H. MORAVEC, J. KOPEČEK, M. KARLÍK, T. KUBATÍK. (2014). Application of Microscopy and X-ray Diffraction in Optimization of the Production of NiTi Alloy by Powder Metallurgy, Manufacturing Technology, 14. 387 – 392. Y. KAIEDA. (2003). Fabrication of composition-controlled TiNi shape memory wire using combustion synthesis process and the influence of Ni content on phase transformation behavior, Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 4, 239-246. T. DUERIG, A. PELTON, C. TREPANIER. (2001). Nitinol, PART I Mechanisms and Behavior, SMST E-lastic newsletter. A.S. JABUR, J.T. AL-HAIDARY, E.S. AL-HASANI. (2013). Characterization of Ni–Ti shape memory alloys prepared by powder metallurgy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 578. 136-142. J. FRENZEL, Z. ZHANG, K. NEUKING, G. EGGELER (2004). High quality vacuum induction melting of small quantities of NiTi shape memory alloys in graphite crucibles, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 385. 214-223. N. NAYAN, GOVIND, C.N. SAIKRISHNA, K.V. RAMAIAH, S.K. BHAUMIK, K.S. NAIR, M.C. (2007). Mittal, Vacuum induction melting of NiTi shape memory alloys in graphite crucible, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 465. 44-48. L.M. SCHETKY, M.H. WU. (2003). Issues in the Further Development of Nitinol Properties And Processing for Medical Device Applications, in: ASM Materials & Processes for Medical Devices Conference, Anaheim, pp. 271. M.H. WU. (2001). Fabrication of Nitinol Materials and Components, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies, Kunming, China, pp. 285-292. V. KUČERA, J. ČAPEK, A. MICHALCOVÁ, D. VOJTĚCH (2014). Preparation and Characterization of NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Prepared by Powder Metallurgy, Manufacturing Technology, 14. 342-347. P. NOVÁK, A. MICHALCOVÁ, I. MAREK, M. VODĚROVÁ, D. VOJTĚCH (2012). Possibilities of the observation of chemical reactions during the preparation of intermetallics by reactive sintering, Manufacturing Technology, 12. 197 – 201. M. KAYA, N. ORHAN, B. KURT, T.I. KHAN. (2009). The effect of solution treatment under loading on the microstructure and phase transformation behavior of porous NiTi shape memory alloy fabricated by SHS, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 475. 378-382.

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P. NOVÁK, L. MEJZLÍKOVÁ, A. MICHALCOVÁ, J. ČAPEK, P. BERAN, D. VOJTĚCH. (2013). Effect of SHS conditions on microstructure of NiTi shape memory alloy, Intermetallics, 42. 85-91. P. NOVÁK, P. POKORNÝ, V. VOJTĚCH, A. KNAISLOVÁ, A. ŠKOLÁKOVÁ, J. ČAPEK, M. KARLÍK, J. KOPEČEK. (2015). Formation of Ni–Ti intermetallics during reactive sintering at 500–650 °C, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 155. 113-121. M. BRAM, A. AHMAD-KHANLOU, A. HECKMANN, B. FUCHS, H.P. BUCHKREMER, D. STÖVER. (2002). Powder metallurgical fabrication processes for NiTi shape memory alloy parts, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 337. 254-263. M.H. ELAHINIA, M. HASHEMI, M. TABESH, S.B. BHADURI. (2012). Manufacturing and processing of NiTi implants: A review, Progress in Materials Science, 57. 911-946.

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Quasi Static Tests of Adhesive Bonds of Alloy AlCu4Mg Vladimír Šleger, Miroslav Müller Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague. Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]. An application of an adhesive bonding technology is limited by cyclic loading of an adhesive bond. The aim of the experiment is to clarify a fatigue behaviour (low-cyclic tests of the fatigue) of four structural two-component epoxy adhesives applied to an alloy AlCu4Mg. The aim of the research was to evaluate a service life of the adhesive bond in terms of its fatigue stressing at the quasi static shear test. From that reason values of a passing loading for lowcyclic fatigue test were chosen for tested adhesives, i.e. 25 %, 50 % and 75 % from a reference value of a maximum force gained at the static test according to CSN EN 1465. The critical value at the low-cyclic fatigue test was determined from the experiment results for the adhesive bond as 75 %. Most of the adhesive bonds did not reach 100 cycles at this value. It is obvious from the results that the considerable change of the adhesive bond strength did not occur after 100 cycles at the passing loading corresponding to 25 % and 50 % of the average maximum strength of the adhesive bond. The average fall of the resultant adhesive bond strength was in the interval 3 % to 11 %. Keywords: Aluminium alloy, Adhesive bond, Structural adhesive, Low-cycling test, Fatigue

Acknowledgement This paper has been done when solving the grant IGA TF (No.: 2015:31140/1312/3106).

References BROUGHTON, W. R., MERA, R. D., HINOPOULOS, G. (1999). Cyclic Fatigue Testing of Adhesive Joints, Test Method Assessment, Project PAJ3 - Combined Cyclic Loadingand Hostile Environments 1996-1999, Report No 8, 34 pp. Centre for Materials Measurement & Technology, National Physical Laboratory,Teddington. CIDLINA, J., MÜLLER, M., VALÁŠEK, P. (2014). Evaluation of Adhesive Bond Strength Depending on Degradation Type and Time. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, pp. 8 – 12. ČIERNA H., ŤAVODOVA M. (2013). Using the design of experiment method to evaluate quality of cuts after cutting aluminium alloy by AWJ. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 13, pp. 303 – 307. HAFIZ, T. A., ABDEL WAHAB, M. M., CROCOMBE, A. D., SMITH, P. A. (2010). Mixed-mode fracture of adhesively bonded metallic joints under quasi-static loading, In: Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 77, pp. 3434 – 3445. HOLEŠOVSKÝ, F., NÁPRSTKOVÁ, N., NOVÁK, M. (2012). GICS for grinding process optimization. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 12, pp. 22 – 26. HRICOVA, J. (2014). Environmentally conscious manufacturing: the effect of metalworking fluid in high speed machining. In: Key engineering materials, Vol. 581, pp. 89 – 94. KELLY, G. (2006). Quasi-static strength and fatigue life of hybrid(bonded/bolted) composite single-lap joints. In: Composite Structures, Vol. 72, pp. 119 – 129. KINLOCH, A. J., OSIYEMI, S. O. (1993). Predicting the fatigue life of adhesively-bonded joints. In: Journal of adhesion, Vol. 43, No. 12, pp. 79 – 90. MESSLER, R., W. (2004). Joining of materials and structures from pragmatic process to enabling technology, 816 pp. Elsevier, Burlington. MÜLLER, M. (2011). Influence of surface integrity on bonding process. In: Research in Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 57, pp. 153 – 162. MÜLLER, M., VALÁŠEK, P. (2013). Comparison of variables influence on adhesive bonds strength calculations. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 205 – 210. MÜLLER, M., RUŽBARSKÝ, J., VALÁŠEK, P. (2014). Degradation Process in Area of Connecting Metal Sheets by Adhesive. In: Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 616, pp. 52 – 60. MÜLLER, M. (2014). Setting of causes of adhesive bonds destruction by means of optical analysis. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, pp. 371 – 375.

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NOVÁK, M. (2011). Surface duality hardened steels after grinding. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 11, pp. 55 – 59. NOVÁK, M. (2012). Surfaces with high precision of roughness after grinding. In: Manufacturing technology. Vol. 12, pp. 66 – 70. ŤAVODOVÁ, M. (2013). The surface quality of materials after cutting by abrasive water jet evaluated by selected methods. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 13, pp. 236 – 241.

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Identification of Drilling of Biocompatible Materials Based on Titanium Dana Stancekova1, Jan Semcer1, Anna Rudawska2, Robert Cep3 1 University of Zilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Univerzitna 1, 010 26, Zilina, Slovak Republic [email protected], [email protected], 2Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, ul. Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland [email protected] 3 VSB -TU Ostrava, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic [email protected] At present commonly used conventional materials are substituted by materials of better mechanical qualities. For example highly alloyed steels with chromium, cobalt and nickel alloys, titanium and titanium alloys belong to this group. Titanium and its alloys also belong to the group of hardly machinable materials thanks to its good chemical and physical properties, such as high strength, high corrosion resistance, low density, deformation resistance at high temperature and at the same time low thermal conductivity that unfavourably affects the process of machining. Despite its more complicated machining, titanium together with its alloys are widely used in the aerospace, aviation and automotive industries and, last but not least, in biomedicine. Biologically compatible materials are used for production of implants in medicine from comercially pure titanium TiGr2, TiGr5, nanostructured commercially pure titanium nTI and titanium alloys TiNbTa. As there is a need to produce still smaller and more complex implant with extraordinary accuracies, there arises a strong necessity to understand the process of their machining. We have already published experimentally gained knowledge on turning and milling of stated materials. In this paper we aim to inform about machinability of these materials in drilling. Keywords: titanium, a biocompatible material, drilling, torque

Acknowledgement The article was funded by the grant project VEGA 1/0773/12 - “Implementation of technical ceramic material research to increase the innovation of hybrid products”.

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The Influence of Heat-Treatment on the Phase Composition and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Fe3Al – Type Alloy with Niobium Addition Martin Švec1, Pavel Kejzlar2 1 Department of Material Science, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec 1, Czech Republic, [email protected] 2 Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec. Studentska 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec. Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected] Iron aluminides belong to a group of intermetallic materials. Atoms of intermetallics are long-distance arranged that’s why these alloys show some interesting properties as high temperature strength or corrosion resistance. Besides of beneficial properties iron aluminides have some disadvantages as e.g. brittleness at room temperature or a sharp drop in strength above 600 °C. It has been shown that the high temperature mechanical properties can be enhanced through third element addition. The structure of Fe3Al alloy with addition of niobium was studied in two states – as cast state and in state after stabilization annealing at 1000 °C for 50 hours. Phase composition was investigated for these samples, because it can affect the alloy properties. The phase composition was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped by energy dispersive analysis (EDX) and electron backscattered diffraction detector (EBSD). The influence of heat-treatment on coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) was also studied. The CTE’s were measured by means of horizontal dilatometer. Keywords: Fe3Al – type iron aluminides, niobium addition, phase structure, coefficient of thermal expansion

Acknowledgment This research was supported by Grant Agency of the Czech Republic through the Project No. P108/12/1452. Authors also wish to thank to the Centre for nanomaterials, advanced technologies and innovation for realisation of EBSD analysis.

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Influence of Cutting Fluid on Abrasive – Free Ultrasonic Finishing of Aluminium Alloy Jaroslava Svobodová1, Pavel Kraus1, Miroslav Müller2, Anatolii Lebedev3, Alexander Yurov3, Pavel Lebedev3 1 Faculty of production technology and management, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem. Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague. Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected]. 4 Faculty of Agricultural Mechanization, Stavropol State Agrarian Mechanization, Russia. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] The aim of the research was to compare a classical (turning) machining and an abrasive-free ultrasonic machining (bufo) at aluminium alloy. An ultrasonic set I – 4 consisted of the ultrasonic generator, power output 630 W and working frequency 22 kHz ± 10%, was used for the research. Three different cutting fluids containing nanoparticles were compared at the abrasive-free ultrasonic finishing. A rise of a hardness HV0.05 and HBW2.5/62.5 compared to the classical machining occurred at the application of the abrasive-free ultrasonic machining technology at the aluminium alloy by various cutting fluids containing nanoparticles. It is obvious from the results that a considerable fall of the surface roughness parameters Ra and Rz occurred at the application using the abrasivefree ultrasonic finishing. Keywords: Hardness HV0.05, Hardness HBW2.5/62.5, Nano-powder, Surface Roughness, Ultrasound

References NOVÁK, M. (2012). Surfaces with high precision of roughness after grinding. In: Manufacturing technology. Vol. 12, pp. 66 -70. NOVÁK, M. (2011). Surface quality of hardened steels after grinding. In: Manufacturing technology. Vol. 11, pp.55-59. HOLEŠOVSKÝ, F., NÁPRSTKOVÁ, N., NOVÁK, M. (2012). GICS for grinding process optimization. In: Manufacturing technology. Vol. 12, pp. 22-26. PA, P., S. (2009). Super finishing with ultrasonic and magnetic assistance in electrochemical micro-machining. In: Electrochimica Acta. Vol. 54 , pp. 6022–6027. MÜLLER, M., LEBEDEV, A., SVOBODOVÁ, J., NÁPRSTKOVÁ, N., LEBEDEV, P. (2014). Abrasive-free ultrasonic finishing of metals. In: Manufacturing Technology. Vol. 14, pp. 366-370. ČIERNA, H. ŤAVODOVÁ, M. (2013). Using the design of experiment method to evaluate quality of cuts after cutting aluminum alloy by AWJ. In: Manufacturing technology. Vol. 13, pp. 303-307. HRICOVA, J. (2014). Environmentally conscious manufacturing: the effect of metalworking fluid in high speed machining. In: Key engineering materials. Vol. 581, pp. 89-94. ŤAVODOVA, M. (2013). The surface quality of materials after cutting by abrasive water jet evaluated by selected methods. In: Manufacturing technology. Vol. 13, pp. 236-241. KROLCZYK, G., LEGUTKO, S. (2013). The machinability of duplex stainless steel-solutions in practice. In: Manufacturing technology. Vol. 13, pp. 473-478. HOLEŠOVSKÝ, F., NOVÁK, M., LATTER, M., VYSLOUZIL, T. (2013). Machining and its influence to surface quality of machine parts. In: Key Engineering Materials. Vol. 581. pp. 354-359. JÓZWIK, J., KURIC, I., SÁGA, M., LONKOWIC, P. (2014). Diagnostics of CNC machine tools in manufacturing process with laser interferometer technology. In: Manufacturing technology. Vol. 14, pp. 23-30. NOVÁK, M. (2013). New ways at the fine grinding. In: Key Engineering Materials. Vol. 581. pp. 255-260. VENKATESH, G., APURBBA KUMAR SHARMA, KUMAR, P. (2015). On ultrasonic assisted abrasive flow finishing of bevel gears. In: International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. Vol. 89, pp. 29-38. SHAIKH, J.H., JAIN, N.K., VENKATESH, V.C. (2013). Precision finishing of Bevel Gears by Electrochemical Honing. In: Materials and Manufacturing Processes. Vol. 28, pp. 1117-1123. KOMARAIAH, M., REDDY, N. (1993). A study on the influence of workpiece properties in ultrasonic machining, In: International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture. Vol. 33, pp. 495-505. CURODEAU, A., GUAY, J., RODRIGUE, D., BRAULT, L., GAGNE, D., BEAUDIOIN, L., P. (2008). Ultrasonic abrasive μ-machining with thermoplastic tooling. In: International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture. Vol. 48, pp. 1553-1561. LEGUTKO, S., KROLCZYK, G., KROLCZYK, G. (2014). Quality evaluation of surface layer in highly accurate manufacturing. In: Manufacturing technology. Vol. 14, pp. 50-56. Paper number: M2015128 Copyright © 2015. Published by Manufacturing Technology. All rights reserved.

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Influence of Chemical Pre-treatments Nanotechnology Based Applied to the Al Sheet on the Roughness and Morphology of the Surface Jaroslava Svobodová, Pavel Kraus Faculty of Production Technology and Management, J. E. Purkyne University in Usti nad Labem. Pasteurova 3334/7, 400 01 Usti nad Labem. Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] The article deals with the analysis of the chemical pre-treatment influence based on nanotechnology on the roughness and morphology of the Al sheet surface. Experimental material is Al-Mg sheet on which were applied two variants of surface chemical pre-treatment. The first chemical pre-treatment variant is based on the application of zirconium passivating product intended for creating of nanomolecular coatings on the surface of metallic material. The second chemical pre-treatment variant consists in application of fluid single-component product for protection of the aluminium surface after previous application of zirconium nanopassivation. Within the experiment are prepared experimental samples, which are as the next included to the surface rougness measurement on the confocal laser microscope. Experimantal samples are further examined in the terms of morphology of the surface thus according to the form of exluded layers of the chemical products on the basic material surface on the laser confocal microscope and on the electron microscope. Keywords: Nanotechnology, chemical pre-treatment, surface roughness, surface morphology, Al-Mg

References MICHNA, Š., et al. (2005). Encyklopedie hliníku, Adin Prešov, ISBN 80-89041-88-4. KUŚMIERCZAK, S., SVOBODOVÁ, J. (2012). Microscopic Evaluation of Protective Coating by Coated Sheets after Corrosion Load, pp. 151-157. Manufacturing Technology, Journal for Science, Research and Production, Vol. 12, No. 13, ISSN 1213-2489. ADHIKARI, S., UNOCIC, K. A., ZHAI, Y., FRANKEL, G. S., ZIMMERMAN & FRISTAD. (2011). Hexafluorozirconic acid based surface pretreatments: Characterization and performance assessment. Electrochimica Acta. [online], roč. 56, č. 4, s. 1912-1924, [cit. 2013-07-01]. Dostupné z www: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013468610009692. SVOBODOVÁ, J., KUŚMIERCZAK, S. (2014). Analýza poškození práškově lakované vrstvy po korozním zatížení. Strojírenská technologie, ročník XIX, číslo 2, s. 119 -125, ISSN 1211-4162. VŠCHT. (2013). Příprava a charakterizace titaničitanu barnatého sol-gel metodami. Laboratoř oboru chemie a technologie materiálů, [online], [cit. 2013-04-15]. Dostupné z www: http://www.vscht.cz/ach/pub/FRVS-LOCHTM-man.pdf. SVOBODOVA, J. (2014). SEM and EDS Analysis Used in Evaluation of Chemical Pre-treatment Based on Nanotechnology. Manufacturing Technology, Journal for Science, Research and Production, Vol. 14, No. 3, ISSN 1213-2489. NDREATTA, F., a kol. (2011). Development and industrial scale-up of ZrO2 coatings and hybrid organic – inorganic coatings used as pre-treatments before painting aluminium alloys. Progress in Organic Coatings, [online], roč. 72, 1 – 2, [cit. 2013-04-16]. Dostupné z www: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300944011000294.

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Impact Properties of Self-Hardening Aluminium Alloy (Alzn10si8mg) at Elevated Temperatures Eva Tillová, Mária Chalupová, Lenka Hurtalová, Juraj Belan Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina. Slovak Republic. E-mail: [email protected] Self-hardening aluminium alloy AlZn10Si8Mg represents an innovative class of light aluminium alloys and they present high mechanical properties, which make them suitable for many applications in different industrial fields, especially in transport industry. The most important and relevant feature of the self-hardening alloys is related to their good performance, without the need of any heat treatment: they are subjected to a natural ageing phenomenon at room temperature after a storage period of about 7-10 days. The possibility to avoid the heat treatment represents an important benefit, contributing to considerably reduce both the production cost of some components and the amount of energy. Furthermore, without heat treatment the risk of component's deformation during the production is eliminated. The Charpy impact energy of experimental cast alloy was measured at -196°C, -20°C, 20°C, 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C and 400°C in terms of the total absorbed energy. Effect of temperature to microstructural changes and fracture surface on the impact toughness was investigated. A combination different analytical techniques (light microscopy upon black-white etching, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) upon deep etching) were therefore been used for the identification of the various phases. Keywords: aluminium cast alloy, microstructure, impact energy, fracture surface

Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge the financial support of the projects VEGA No1/0533/15 and European Union - the European project ITMS: 26110230117 - “Promoting quality education and development of human resources in technological research and development in the area of modern knowledge-based society“.

References PEZDA, J. (2012). Heat Treatment of AlZn10Si7MgCu Alloy and its Effect on Change of Mechanical Properties. In: Archives of Foundry Engineering, Vol. 12 (2), pp. 135-138. PEZDA, J. (2013). Effect of T6 Treatment Parameters of AlZn10Si7MgCu Alloy on Change of its Hardness and Impact Strength. In: Archives of Foundry Engineering, Vol. 13 (1), pp. 143-146. TILLOVÁ, E., CHALUPOVÁ, M. (2009). Structural analysis (Štruktúrna analýza), Edis Žilina (in Slovak). TILLOVÁ, E., CHALUPOVÁ, M., HURTALOVÁ, L., ĎURINÍKOVÁ, E. (2011). Quality control of microstructure in recycled Al-Si cast alloys. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 11, pp. 70-76. ĎURINÍKOVÁ, E., TILLOVÁ, E., CHALUPOVÁ, M. (2011). Phase and structure characteristics of recycled AlZn10Si8Mg cast alloy. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 11, pp. 11-17. TILLOVÁ, E., ĎURINÍKOVÁ, E., CHALUPOVÁ, M. (2011). Structural analysis of secondary AlZn10Si8Mg cast alloy. In: Acta Metallurgica Slovaca, Vol. 17 (1), pp. 4-10. www.alurheinfelden.com VAŠKO, A. (2009). Analysis of the factors influencing microstructure and mechanical properties of austempered ductile iron. In: Communications. Vol. 4, pp. 43-47. BOLIBRUCHOVÁ, D., RICHTÁRECH, L. (2013). Effect of adding iron to the AlSi7Mg0.3 (EN AC 42 100, A356) alloy. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 276-281. BOLIBRUCHOVÁ, D., ŽIHALOVÁ, M. (2013). Possibilities of iron elimination in aluminium alloys by vanadium. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 289-296. TAYLOR J. A. (2004). The effect of iron in Al-Si casting alloys. In: 35th Australian Foundry Institute National Conference, pp. 148-157, Adelaide, South Australia SEIFEDDINE, S. (2007). The influence of Fe on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Al-Si alloys. In: Literature review - Vilmer project. Jönköping University, Sweden MICHNA, Š., NÁPRSTKOVÁ, N. (2012). The Application of Fractography to Resolve the Issue of Castings Quality in the Automotive Industry. In: Manuf. and Ind. Eng., 11 (3), pp. 50-53. WARMUZEK, M. (2004). Aluminium/Silicon Alloys: Atlas of Microfractographs. Introduction to Aluminium Silicon Casting Alloys. Paper number: M2015130 Copyright © 2015. Published by Manufacturing Technology. All rights reserved.

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Change of Internal Friction on Magnesium Alloy Depending on the Temperature and the Use of Mathematical Methods in the Evaluation of This Property Milan Uhríčik, Andrea Soviarová, Zuzana Dresslerová, Peter Palček, Lenka Kuchariková, Juraj Belan Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] The article is aimed on present research of internal friction mechanisms that are responsible for the temperature behaviour of AZ91 magnesium alloys. These mechanisms have been studied by ultrasonic resonant apparatus at a frequency close to 20470 Hz and in a temperature range from 50 °C up to 400 °C. The specimen on internal friction measurement has an hour glass shape. The specimens were in the as cast state and after measurement showed dendritic structure. Structure of magnesium alloys AZ91 was carried out after the homogenization annealing at temperature 390 °C. It was also used application of mathematical calculations for a more accurately experimental measurement of internal friction depending on the temperature. Keywords: Internal Friction, Magnesium Alloy, Temperature, Resonant Frequency, Mathematical Calculation

Acknowledgement This work has been supported by Scientific Grant Agency of Ministry of Education of Slovak Republic and Slovak Academy of Sciences, No1/0683/15 and project EU ITMS 26110230117.

References BLANTER, M. (2007). Internal Friction in Metallic Materials, pp.539, Springer - Verlag: Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 3-540-68757-2 PUŠKÁR, A.(1995). Vnútorné tlmenie materiálov, pp.382, Žilina: EDIS, ISBN 80-7100-260-7. SEUNGH, B. (2000). High damping Fe – Mn martensitic alloys for engineering applications, pp. 241-252, Nuclear Engineering and Design, vol.198, issue 3, ISSN 0029-5493. DRESSLEROVÁ, Z., PALČEK, P. (2014). Temperature dependence of the internal friction measured at different excitation voltages, pp. 287-290, Manufacturing Technology, vol. 14, No. 3, ISSN 1213-2489. SUGIMOTO, K., MATSUI, K., OKAMOTO, T., KISHITAKE, K. (1975). Effect of Crystal Orientation on Amplitude-Dependent Damping in Magnesium, pp. 647, Trans JIM 16 RIEHEMANN, W. (1998). Internal Friction in Magnesium Material, pp. 61, In B. L. Mordike and K. U Kainer (Eds) Magnesium Alloys and Their Applications, Frankfurt: Werkstoff-Informationsgesellschaft. HURTALOVÁ, L., TILLOVÁ, E. (2013). Elimination of the negative effect of FE-rich intermetallic phases in secondary (recycled) aluminium cast alloy, pp.44-50. Manufacturing Technology, Vol.13, Num.1, ISSN 12132489. AVEDESIAN, M., M., BAKER, H. (1999). Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys, pp. 298, Materials Park OH: ASM International, ISBN 0-87170-657-1. WAN D., WANG J., LIN L., FENG Z., YANG, G. (2008). Damping properties of Mg-Cabinary alloys, pp. 2438 Physical B 403 HLAVÁČOVÁ, I., PALČEK, P., CHALUPOVÁ, M., DRESSLEROVÁ, Z. (2013). Plastic deformation properties of Magnesium alloy AZ61, pp.313-319. Manufacturing Technology, Vol.13, Num.3, ISSN 1213-2489. DRESSLEROVÁ, Z., PALČEK, P. (2014). Temperature dependence of the internal friction of AZ91 magnesium alloy, pp. 147-148, 31th Danubia-Adria Symposium on advances in experimental mechanics. September 24 - 28, 2014, Kempten, Germany, ISBN 978-3-00-046740-0 SOVIAROVÁ, A., DRESSLEROVÁ, Z., PALČEK, P., CHALUPOVÁ, M. (2013). Influence of precipitation on internal damping of AZ61 alloy. 30th international colloquium: Visegrád, Hungary - Budapešť, 22-24 May 2013, pp.153-158. ISBN 978-963-313-079-7. PORUBČAN, J., PALČEK, P., BLAŽEK, D., TROJANOVÁ, Z. (2012). Internal friction in extruded aluminium alloy, pp.197-202. Solid State Phenomena: Internal friction and mechanical spectroscopy. Vol. 184, ISSN 10120394

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SOVIAROVÁ, A., PALČEK, P., BLAŽEK, D. (2013). Analysis of Spurious Effects on Ultrasonic Internal Damping Testing Equipment, In TRANSCOM 2013 10th EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF YOUNG RESEARCHES AND SCIENTISTS. KASENČÁK, M. (2010). Vnútorné tlmenie zliatin horčíka v závislosti od amplitúdy deformácie: Dizertačná práca, Žilina: Žilinská Univerzita v Žiline, 97 p. NAMAŠNÝ, A. (2008). Štúdium vlastností horčíkových zliatin meraním vnútorného tlmenia: Dizertačná práca, Žilina: Žilinská Univerzita v Žiline, 90 p.

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Al Microparticles Interaction with Epoxy Resin – Cohesion and Adhesion to Steel and Aluminum Petr Valášek Department of Material Science and Manufacturing Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague. Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague. Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected] Aluminium is among the materials that found their application in composite systems. Aluminium matrix composites may form or may be present in the matrix in the form of fillers. Specific applications of aluminium may be present in the epoxy or other polymer matrices in the form of microparticles. Mutual interaction of resin and aluminium particles then creates the resulting properties of the material, which can be used both for surface treatment, and in the bonding and sealing. For this reason, adhesion and cohesion characteristics are among the leading characteristics of such systems. The paper describes cohesive characteristics of two-component epoxy resin filled with microparticles of 30.44 µm. The presence of particles changed tensile strength of resins from the value 49 MPa 30 MPa. The adhesion characteristics were evaluated on both aluminium and steel adherends. The presence of low concentrations of microparticles of aluminum, i.e. to 8% did not result to the statistically significant decrease of values of the shear strength of resin at both, aluminum and steel adherends. Keywords: Composite, epoxy resin, tensile strength, lap-shear strength.

Acknowledgement The results were supported by the grant IGA TF 2015 (31140/1312/3107): Optimizing of the properties of resins and adhesives filled with organic and anorganic microparticles determined with experimental approach.

References KAW, AUTAR K. (2006). Mechanics of Composite Materials, 2nd ed. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 496 p. MÜLLER, M., VALÁŠEK, P. (2012). Abrasive wear effect on Polyethylene, Polyamide 6 and polymeric particle composites. In: Manufacturing Technology, 12, pp. 55 – 59. VALÁŠEK, P., MÜLLER, M. (2012). Polymeric particle composites with filler saturated matrix. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 12, No. 13, pp. 272 – 276. MAJER, Z., HUTAŘ, P., KNÉSL, Z. (2011). Crack behaviour in polymeric composites: The influence of particle shape. In: Key Engineering Materials, 465, pp. 564 – 567. VALÁŠEK, P., MÜLLER, M. (2013). Changes of Polyurethane Mechanical Properties Filled with Glass Powder. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 563 – 568. MILTON, GREAME W. (2002). The Theory of Composites, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press 2, 2002, 719 p. OHSAKO, F., YOSHIZAWA, K. (2011). Molecular theory of adhesion of metal/epoxy resin interface. In: Kobunshi Ronbunshu, Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. 72 – 80. ZHAI, L., LING, G., LI, J., WANG, Y. (2006). The effect of nanoparticles on the adhesion of epoxy adhesive. In: Materials Letters, Vol. 60, No. 25-26, pp. 3031 – 3033. KAHRAMANA, R., MEHMET SUNARB, BEKIR YILBAS. (2008). Influence of adhesive thickness and filler content on the mechanical performance of aluminum single-lap joints bonded with aluminum powder filled epoxy adhesive. In: Materials Science Forum, Vol. 205, pp. 183 – 189. KILIK, R., DAVIES, R. (1989). Mechanical properties of adhesive filled with metal powders. In: International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 224 – 228. MÜLLER, M. (2014). Setting of causes of adhesive bonds destruction by means of optical analysis. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 371 – 375. MÜLLER, M. (2013). Research of renovation possibility of machine tools damage by adhesive bonding technology. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 504 – 509. NOVÁK, M. (2011). Surface duality hardened steels after grinding. In: Manufacturing technology, Vol. 11, pp. 55 – 59. RUDAWSKA, A. (2014). Selected aspects of the effect of mechanical treatment on surface roughness and adhesive joint strength of steel sheets. In: International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, Vol. 50, pp. 235-243. ŤAVODOÁ, M. (2013). The surface quality of materials after cutting by abrasive water jet evaluated by selected methods. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 236 – 241. Paper number: M2015132 Copyright © 2015. Published by Manufacturing Technology. All rights reserved.

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Hydrogen Removal from Liquid Metal I.Vasková1, J. Jančok2. M. Hrubovčáková1, M.Conev1 1 Department of Ferrous Metallurgy and Foundry, Faculty of Metallurgy, Technical University in Košice, Slovakia, corresponding e-mail: [email protected] 2 Company Slovalco a.s., Priemyselná 14, SK - 965 48, Žiar nad Hronom, Slovakia, [email protected] Foundry aluminum alloys have many advantages compared to foundry alloys of different metals, such as great castability, low melting point, narrow crystallization period, good chemical stability and hydrogen content, which is the only gas soluble in aluminum, which can be minimized by applying of appropriate technological conditions. Provision of the quality of aluminum production is based on an adequate purity of used materials. That is the reason why liquid aluminum, after electrolysis or after remelting secondary aluminum, requires treatment prior to casting. Cleaning and treatment of aluminum melt are particularly important tasks in contemporary fields of use, for example elaborately shaped products, foils etc. The only gas soluble in aluminum is hydrogen, whereas other gases are inert or create insoluble compounds when in contact with melted metal. That is the reason why it is necessary to know the whole dissolution process of hydrogen in aluminum melt as well as ways of its removal. One of those ways is system I-60 SIR. Keywords: Aluminum alloys, Remelting secondary aluminium, Hydrogen.

References KLYSZEWSKI. et al. (2014). New rolled aluminium alloy products for the automotive, In: Archives or metallurgy and materials, vol. 59, p. 393-396, issue 1, ISSN (Print) 1733-3490 TIMSIT., JANEWAY. (2011). A Novel Brazing Technique for Aluminum, In: Journal of Materials Research, vol. 8, issue 11, p. 2749-2752, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1993.2749 LATTNER, M., HOLESOVSKY, F. (2014). Effect of Machining the Load Capacity Notched Components. In: Manufacturing Technology, vol. 14, 2014, pp. 47-50. MADL, J., RAZEK, V., KOUTNY, V., KAFKA, J. (2013). Surface Integrity in Notches Machining. In: Manufacturing Technology, vol. 13, 2013, pp. 188-193. GALANIS, D. E., MARKOPOULOS, .N.I., GIANNAKOPOULOS, A.P., MANOLAKOS, I.D. (2013). Manufacturing of Femoral Heads from Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with High Speed Machining: 3D Finite Element Modelling and Experimental Validation. In: Manufacturing Technology, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 437–444. BALOG, M. (2006). Ultra-fine grained Al profiles with high temperature stability, Dissertation theses, Bratislava,2006. BALOG, M., SIMANČÍK, F., BAJANA, O., GUILLERMO, R. (2009). ECAP vs. direct extrusion – Techniques for consolidation of ultrafine Al particles, In: Materials science and engineering, A 504, 1-7.

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The Effect of Zirconium and Carbon Addition on Thermal Expansion of Fe3Al-Based Iron Aluminides Věra Vodičková, Pavel Hanus Department of Material Science, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec 1, Czech Republic, [email protected] Fe3Al iron aluminides with Zr addition appear like promising materials for high-temperature applications. Carbon is often present in alloyed iron aluminides because of its occurrence in raw iron. Therefore Zr addition can lead to the formation of zirconium carbides in the structure of the alloys. Also other carbides can form depending on carbon amount. The size and distribution of carbide particles can affect high-temperature behavior of aluminides. Thermal expansion of alloys with 0.25, 0.5 and 1 at.% Zr was studied by means of coefficient thermal expansion (CTE) measurement. The structure of alloys was obtained by scanning electron microscopy. Energy dispersive analysis and X-ray diffraction were used for phase identification. Keywords: Fe3Al – type iron aluminides, zirconium and carbon addition, phase structure, coefficient of thermal expansion

Acknowledgment This research was supported by Grant Agency of the Czech Republic through the project No. P108/12/1452. Also the help the Faculty of Metallurgy and Material Engineering (Prof. Ivo Schindler) of the Technical University in Ostrava, where the alloys were prepared, is acknowledged.

References PALM, M. (2005). Concepts derived from phase diagram studies for the strengthening of Fe – Al-based alloys. In Intermetallics 13. 1286 – 1295 KRATOCHVIL, P., KEJZLAR, P., KRAL, R., VODICKOVA, V. (2012). The effect of Zr addition on the structure and high temperature strength of Fe-30 at.% Al type alloys. In Intermetallics 20. 39 – 46. MORRIS, D.G., MUŇOZ-MORRIS, M.A., REQUEJO, L. (2006). New iron–aluminium alloy with thermally stable coherent intermetallic nanoprecipitates for enhanced high-temperature creep strength, In Acta Materialia 9;54:2335-2341. CIESLAR, M., KARLÍK, M. (2007). Carbide formation in Zr-containing Fe3Al-based alloys, Mat. Sci. Eng A 462, 289 WASILKOWSKA, A., BARTSCH, M., STEIN, F., PALM, SZTWIERTNIA, M., K., SAUTHOFF, G., MESSERSCHMIDT, U., Plastic deformation of Fe-Al polycrystals strengthened with Zr-containing Laves phases - I. Microstructure of undeformed materials, Mat. Sci. Eng. A 380 (2004), 9-19 ŠVEC, M., HANUS, P., VODIČKOVÁ, V. (2013). Coefficient Thermal Expansion of Fe 3 Al and FeAl – type iron aluminides, In Manufacturing Technology Journal Vol.13, No 3, p.399-404 ŠVEC, M., VODIČKOVÁ, V., HANUS, P. (2014). The effect of phase composition and distribution on coefficient thermal expansion of Fe3Al based iron aluminides, METAL 2014 - 23rd International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, Conference Proceedings, pp. 1387-1392. PALM, M., INDEN, G. (1995). Experimental determination of phase equilibria in the Fe-Al-C system, In Intermetallics 3. 443 – 454 KUMAR, K.S.,PANG, L. (1998). Effect of temperature and strain rate on the mechanical properties of Fe-40Al0.6C, Mat. Sci. Eng. A, 258, 153-160

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Microstructural Analysis of Nickel Influence in Alsi10mgmn Alloy with Increased Iron Level Maria Zihalova1, Dana Bolibruchova1, Jaromir Cais2 1 Department of Technological Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zilina, Univerzitna 8215/1, 010 26 Zilina. Slovak Republic. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Faculty of Production Technology and Management, J. E. Purkyne University in Usti nad Labem. Pasteurova 3334/7, 400 01 Usti nad Labem. Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected] Presence of iron in Al-Si-Mg based alloys is a common problem. Due to low solubility of iron in aluminium, most of the iron is present in the form of intermetallic phases, which decrease mechanical and foundry properties of the alloy. Addition of some chemical elements might be used to elimination of iron effects. In the article, influence of nickel to microstructure of AlSi10MgMn alloy with 1 wt. % of iron is described. Addition of nickel to elimination of iron influence is 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 wt. %, respectively. Shape and chemical composition of the intermetallic phases is the main concern of the research as the main factor responsible for decrease of the properties of aluminium alloys with high amount of iron. It has been shown that nickel has a positive influence to iron-based intermetallics in higher levels. Keywords: AlSi10MgMn alloy, Microstructural analysis, Iron intermetallics, Nickel addition, EDX analysis

Acknowledgement This work was created in the framework of the grant project VEGA N° 1/0363/13. The authors acknowledge the grant agency for support.

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September 2015, Vol. 15, No. 4

MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY

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PETRIK, J., HORVATH, M. (2011). The iron correctors in Al-Si alloys. In Annals of Faculty Engineering Hunedoara – International Journal of Engineering, Vol 9, No. 3, pp. 401-405. University Politehnica Timisoara, Romania. ASM. (1992). ASM Handbook. Volume 3. Alloy Phase Diagrams, pp. 1741. ASM International. USA. MICHNA, S. et al. (2005). Encyklopedie hliniku, pp. 722. Adin, Prešov. CHEN, C.-L., THOMSON, R.C. (2010). The combined EBSD and EDX analyses for the identification of complex intermetallic phases in multicomponent Al-Si piston alloys. In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 490, pp. 293-300.

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September 2015, Vol. 15, No. 4

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ISSN 1213–2489

Influence of Chemical Composition in Steel on Laser Cutting Stability Andrej Zrak, Radoslav Koňár, Peter Jankejech Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 1, 010 08 Žilina. Slovak Republic. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] The translation in this article analyses the technology of laser cutting, describes properties of laser cutting equipment the oxidation process of melting and sublimation laser cutting. In the article chemical composition of cutted material in the interaction with the quality of cutting edges from cut-outs is analysed. The measurement was performed on experimental samples made from steel grade S355 however the composition of chemical elements in each sample varied. On these experimental samples the cutting edges was examined for the purpose to find out the influence of chemical purity of material on the quality of components which were cut by using laser technology. Keywords: laser cutting, mild steel S355, chemical purity of steel, quality of cutting edge

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