Lecture 8: Bone Organs M/O Chapter 6 38. Identify the structural components of a long bone, with emphasis on the region of longitudinal growth. 39. Explain the functions of those structural components in the context of the whole bone organ. 40. Compare and contrast the functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts during bone growth, repair and remodeling. 41. Explain the roles of different hormones in bone remodeling and blood calcium levels. 42. Contrast the remodeling processes of a child (birth to adolescence) and an adult (middle to old age). 43. Identify bone markings and describe their functions. 44. Define the two major divisions of the skeletal system and list the bone structures contained within each.

Bone organs: Structure Bone organs are made of tissues:

1. Bone tissue (1/3 cells and fibers- collagen- and 2/3 hydroxyapatite A. Hard and strong for its weight B. Vascular and dynamic 2. Periosteum A. Dense irregular CT that surrounds the bone organ B. Vascular C. Contains mesenchymal cells 3. Hemopoetic tissue (blood making tissue) A. This occurs in the bone marrow (tissue between trabeculae in the shaft of the bone) B. Special CT 4. Hyaline cartilage A. Caps on joint surfaces B. Epiphyseal plates 5. Adipose tissue A. Packs joint cavities B. Found in bone marrow 6. Nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels...

Draw a long bone and label the following parts 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Epiphysis Diaphysis Metaphysis Marrow Articular cartilage Periosteum Medullary cavity Spongy bone Compact bone

Bone organs: Function Bone organs have many functions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Support Protection Movement Hemopoesis Mineral storage

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Classifying bone organs 1. 2. 3. 4.

Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones

Bones are dynamic structures

Bones change and respond to stressors throughout life through a process called “remodeling”. 1. Two events facilitate bone remodeling A. Bone deposition (new bone made by what kind of cells?) B. Bone resorption (bone removal by what kind of cells?) 2. About 20% of your skeleton is replaced yearly! (Human Anatomy by McKinley-O’Loughlin, 3rd ed pg 161) 3. Hormones play a role in increasing or decreasing osteoblast/osteoclast activity 4. Places on the bones that experience more stress respond to the stress by building more bone tissue.Bone Markings

Fill in this table with descriptions of the different bone markings. Try to group them together by generalized structure... (and you’ll find Fig 6.17 in your text extremely helpful.) General description

Anatomical term

Description

Example (location)

Condyle Facet Head Trochlea Fossa Crest Epicondyle Line Process Ramus Spine Trochanter Tubercle Tuberosity Canal Foramen

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Lab 8: The Skeleton Reading: M&O Ch. 7, Ch. 8

Part1: The skull (axial skeleton)

1. Examine a human skull. Identify the following parts. Note: Each of these can be further broken down into individual bones that we will study in much more detail later in the semester (the skull consists of 22 individual bones!) A. cranium B. mandible. C. hyoid bone (The hyoid bone is one of 7 bones associated with the skull. The other six associated bones function in hearing and are found in the middle ear. We will study them when we study the special senses.) 2. Locate the major regions of the cranium A. facial: the face B. frontal: the forehead C. parietal: the top of the head D. temporal: the temple, or side of the head above the ear E. occipital: the back of the head

Part 2: Vertebrae (axial skeleton)

1. Be able to identify the following generalized structures on any single vertebra. A. body (centrum) B. vertebral arch C. vertebral foramen D. pedicle E. lamina F. spinous process G. transverse process H. superior and inferior articular processes I. superior and inferior articular facets J. intervertebral foramina 2. The vertebral column contains 33-34 vertebrae and they are named by location. A. 7 cervical vertebrae i. transverse foramena ii. vertebra prominens iii. atlas a. anterior and posterior arches b. lateral mass iv. axis a. dens (odontoid process) B. 12 thoracic vertebrae i. costal demifacets ii. costal facets C. 5 lumbar vertebrae D. 5 fused sacral vertebrae (aka sacrum) i. superior articular process ii. ala and sacral promontory iii. transverse lines iv. sacral foramina v. median sacral crest vi. sacral canal vii. sacral hiatus E. 4-5 coccygeal vertebrae (aka coccyx, or tailbone)

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Part 3: Bony thorax (axial skeleton) 1. ribs A. shaft B. costal groove C. head D. neck E. tubercle F. angle 2. Identify the following TYPES of ribs. A. true ribs B. false ribs C. floating ribs 3. sternum. A. manubrium B. body C. xiphoid process D. suprasternal (jugular) notch E. sternal angle F. xiphisternal joint

Part 4: Pectoral girdle (appendicular skeleton) 1. clavicle A. sternal end B. acromial end 2. scapula A. spine B. acromion C. coracoid process D. superior border E. medial (vertebral) border F. lateral (axillary) border G. superior angle H. inferior angle I. lateral angle J. glenoid cavity (fossa) K. subscapular fossa L. supraspinous fossa M. infraspinous fossa

Part 5: Superior or upper limb (appendicular skeleton) 1. humerus A. head B. greater tubercle C. lesser tubercle D. intertubercular groove E. anatomical neck F. surgical neck G. shaft H. deltoid tuberosity I. medial epicondyle J. lateral epicondyle K. capitulum L. trochlea

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2. radius A. head B. radial tuberosity C. styloid process D. ulnar notch 3. ulna A. trochlear notch B. olecranon C. coronoid process D. radial notch E. styloid process 4. wrist and hand A. carpals (wrist) i. pisiform ii. hamate B. metacarpals (palm) C. phalanges (fingers) i. proximal, middle and distal phalanges ii. pollex

Part 6: The pelvic girdle (appendicular skeleton)

1. Begin by examining an entire pelvis. Be sure you can clearly explain the following terms and their relationships to each other. A. pelvis i. pelvic brim ii. true pelvis iii. false pelvis iv. pelvic inlet v. pelvic outlet B. sacrum C. coccyx D. left and right ossa coxae (which, when referred to together, can be called the pelvic girdle) i. ilium ii. ischium iii. pubis iv. acetabulum a. This is the deep depression on the lateral surface of an os coxae where the femur articulates with the pelvis. It is the site where the ilium, ischium, and pubis fuse 2. Examine the ilium and identify: A. ala B. arcuate line C. iliac fossa D. iliac crest E. anterior superior iliac spine F. posterior superior iliac spine G. anterior inferior iliac spine H. posterior inferior iliac spine I. greater sciatic notch 3. Examine the ischium and identify the following parts: A. ischial spine B. ischial body C. lesser sciatic notch D. ischial tuberosity E. ischial ramus

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4. Examine the pubis and identify the following parts: A. inferior ramus B. superior ramus C. obturator foramen D. pubic crest E. pubic symphysis

Part 7: Inferior or lower limb (appendicular skeleton)

1. Identify and draw the following structures found on the femur: A. fovea B. neck C. shaft D. greater trochanter E. lessser trochanter F. linea aspera G. popliteal surface H. medial condyle I. lateral condyle J. medial epicondyle K. lateral epicondyle L. patellar surface 2. Identify and draw the patella. 3. Identify and draw the tibia: A. medial condyle B. lateral condyle C. tibial tuberosity D. anterior border (or crest) E. medial malleolus 4. Identify and draw the fibula A. head B. lateral malleolus 5. Identify the bones of the ankle and foot: A. tarsals (ankle) i. calcaneus ii. talus B. metatarsals (foot) C. phalanges (toes) i. proximal, middle and distal phalanges ii. hallux

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External Brain 8: Bone Organs 38. Identify the structural components of a long bone, with emphasis on the region of longitudinal growth. 39. Explain the functions of those structural components in the context of the whole bone organ. 40. Compare and contrast the functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts during bone growth, repair and remodeling. 41. Explain the roles of different hormones in bone remodeling and blood calcium levels. 42. Contrast the remodeling processes of a child (birth to adolescence) and an adult (middle to old age). 43. Identify bone markings and describe their functions. 44. Define the two major divisions of the skeletal system and list the bone structures contained within each.

Your Task Fill in the following chart regarding osteoblast/osteoclast activity. Scenario Diet is low in calcium

Osteoclast activity (↑ or ↓ or ∅)

Osteoblast activity (↑ or ↓ or ∅)

Net outcome (Resorption, deposition, ∅

Change from swimming to jogging for daily exercise Treatment with sex hormones Puberty Anabolic steroid use

Summary Questions 1. Write a statement that clearly relates the following terms: Pelvic girdle, ossa coxae, ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx, pelvis. 2. Make sure you know whether an isolated bone is from the right or left side of the body. 3. Practice your bone bumps by palpating bone bumps on a live human. Chapter 13 in your text might be helpful. 4. Given any individual vertebra, identify the region (cervical, thoracic, etc.) of the vertebral column it came from and defend your response with specific examples of how you know. 5. Describe the spinal curvatures found in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions of the vertebral column. 6. What passes through the transverse foramena? 7. What passes through the intervertebral foramina? 8. What passes through the vertebral foramen? 9. How can you tell if a scapula is from the right or left side of the body? How do you know? Examine several other scapulas to check your understanding. 10. How can you tell if a clavicle is from the right or left side of the body? How do you know? Check yourself by examining other clavicles. 11. Articulate a rib with a thoracic vertebra to see how they fit together. The rib facets (articular surface) are one good way to identify a thoracic vertebra. Name the places where they contact each other. 12. Which ribs are included in each type? 13. Compare and contrast the male and female pelvises. Be able to identify a pelvis as either male or female.

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