IRAQ: Emergency Shelter Kit(s) (ESK) Technical Guidance FINAL DRAFT v04 v04 – August 2016
INTRODUCTION In the initial stages of an unfolding disaster involving mass displacement of conflict-affected populations, access to adequate shelter can be a critical determinant for survival. Shelter is essential to provide security and personal safety, protection from the climate and enhanced resistance to disease and ill health. With a rapid displacement of large numbers of people, it is important to provide shelter solutions as quickly as possible. Rather than waiting for the provision of tents or other such temporary shelter solutions, relief items such as plastic sheeting, rope, basic tools and fixings can provide the basis for a simple shelter or can be used to repair or upgrade damaged shelters. The Basic Emergency Shelter Kit (BESK) is designed to provide the materials and tools to construct a simple shelter for displaced families. By removing one component (poles/sawn timber) the kit can be made lighter and more portable, allowing displaced families to remove materials and transport it with them to another location. This is version is presented as a Mobile Emergency Shelter Kit (MESK). It is acknowledged that the packages provide a 1st line (rapid, emergency) shelter response, and that the items provided will permit a minimum standard of temporary shelter for a short period of time. Further shelter assistance will be required after the immediate emergency phase in order for affected families to achieve durable shelter and settlement conditions, whether through relocation, upgrading or adaptation.
Note: This document is based on providing Emergency Shelter Support to affected families. Emergency Shelter Support can be provided in many different contexts and situations. The BESK and MESK is intended to be used to provide immediate, lifesaving shelter to displaced families for a short period of time until a more suitable and durable shelter solution can be achieved. The Kits are intended to allow the erecting of temporary shelters to provide safety and security, protection from heat, wind and rain, and sufficient privacy and dignity to affected families. They can also be used to seal off unfinished and abandoned buildings, erect forms of shading, provide separation in community buildings and shared spaces where multiple families are residing, and set up toilet, shower and communal kitchen infrastructure. The Kits are designed to be multi-functional and multipurpose, based on needs and context, and intended to be rapidly deployable in the event of a large displacement of people.
ESK TECHNICAL GUIDANCE V04 August 2016
KEY CONSIDERATIONS Protection Displacement occurs on a variety of scales and to a range of different sites, establishing different settlement and shelter typologies for varying periods of time. Provision of shelter assistance should be coordinated with and accompanied by parallel assistance in other sectors, such as WASH, in order to ensure that at settlement-level all immediate needs are met and no gaps occur. Consideration should be given to potential Housing, Land and Property (HLP) issues prior to emergency shelter response, and other key protection concerns (such as the potential for ERW contamination, sufficient access to services and information etc) . For more information see Shelter Cluster Iraq: Settlement Typologies. Security Some of the items within these kits may need to be reviewed with regard to safety, security and mitigation of potential conflict or other risks and threats within displaced families and communities. Always consider the distribution of items carefully, and consult with communities and authorities before planning and undertaking distributions. Suggested Packages The MESK and BESK packages are generic in details and specifications. As the Kit(s) are intended to meet the emergency, lifesaving sheltering, privacy and dignity needs of families and communities, their usage will vary depending on each situation and context. The Kit Contents are therefore intended as general guidance and recommendations, based on international standards and experience. However, technical advice should be sought from Shelter Cluster Iraq when there is a requirement to adapt, add or change the contents. The BESK and MESK packages have also been designed to reflect indicative costs for emergency shelter response, allowing parity of assistance to be provided to the greatest number of affected people with the resources available. Cash-Based or Local Market Responses Unconditional or conditional cash grants maybe considered as an alternative for meeting emergency shelter needs and indicative costs envelopes are provided. Market surveys should be undertaken before considering cash responses. All items detailed could be replaced with similar items or more suitable emergency shelter items based on specific needs, locations, market availability and possible shelter solutions. For more information see Cluster Guidance on Cash-Based Shelter and NFI Assistance https://www.sheltercluster.org/sites/default/files/docs/20150505_guidelines_on_cash-based_programming.pdf. Orientation to families and communities for usage of Kit(s)
Families and communities should receive guidance on the intention and purpose of the Kit(s) and their safe and appropriate deployment and usage. A series of flyers have been developed for this purpose (see below).
ESK TECHNICAL GUIDANCE v04 August 2016
SUMMARY OF EMERGENCY SHELTER KIT (ESK) PACKAGES
EMERGENCY SHELTER KIT
KIT CONTENTS BASIC EMERGENCY SHELTER KIT (BESK) 1 kit per family (6 persons)
1 kit per family (6 persons)
$80 to $100 per kit
$60 to $80 per kit
1 x woven bag containing: 2 x tarpaulin (shelter-grade) 4 x timber lengths or poles (2.3m) 1 x rope (30m) 1 x wire (5m) 0.5kg x roofing nails 0.5kg x wire nails 1 x claw hammer 1 x shovel 10 x tent pegs
1 x woven bag containing: 2 x tarpaulin (shelter-grade)
SHADING KIT
OPTIONAL
MOBILE EMERGENCY SHELTER KIT (MESK)
1 x rope (30m) 1 x wire (5m) 0.5kg x roofing nails 0.5kg x wire nails 1 x claw hammer 1 x shovel 10 x tent pegs
COMMUNITY TOOLKIT
1 kit per family (6 persons)
Based on identified community needs and context
$60 to $75 per kit 1 x sun shading net (4.5m x 6m) 2 x timber lengths or poles (2.3m)
$70 to $80 per kit. 1 x handsaw 2 x shovel 1 x wheelbarrow 3 x claw hammer 1 x pickaxe
All dimensions and specifications are to be considered in the context of availability and ability to respond to emergency needs. Items should be fit for purpose but may change based on need, context and availability. Optional items are encouraged to suit specific needs that may be identified. The Basic and the Mobile ESK are almost the same, with the exclusion of timber posts/poles in the MESK. This is because families receiving this kit have been assessed as likely to move (or are still on the move) and require their emergency shelter to be more easily portable. It may be accompanied by the Mobile NFI kit or other supplementary NFI support. Note: All values in this document are stated in United States Dollars (USD / $) Emergency Shelter Kits (BESK / MESK) provide sufficient materials and tools to enable basic shelter to be rapidly deployed. The kits are designed as a temporary measure - a first line, lifesaving shelter response. Kits may be used to either create a standalone temporary shelter or an extension / incremental part of an existing structure
ESK TECHNICAL GUIDANCE v04 August 2016
BASIC EMERGENCY SHELTER KIT (BESK) MOBILE EMERGENCY SHELTER KIT (MESK) – all items except 2a/2b #
Item description
Unit
No.
Unit Cost /$ cost /$
Specifications Description
Notes
UNHCR approved standards OR SIMILAR specifications as below: Tarpaulin Size: the finished size of each sheet is 4 x 5 meters +/- 1 %. Size dependent on availability and context. Effective area: 20.00 m2. Material: made of woven high-density black polyethylene (HDPE) fibers, warp x weft, laminated on both sides with low density polyethylene (LDPE) coating, with reinforced rims by heat sealing on all sides, (or 2 sides heat sealing and 2 sides double stitching), and a 5 millimeters diameter PE or PP rope on the edge, PURPOSE OF TARPAULIN: inside the hem. 1000 denier minimum. Material weight: minimum 190 gr/m2 +/-20g/m2.
1
Tarpaulin (shelter-grade)
piece
2
$15
$30
Tensile strength: minimum 600 N both directions of warp and weft (BS 2576,50 mm grab test, or equivalent). Tear strength: minimum 100 N both directions (BS 4303 wing tear or equivalent) or under ISO 4674 (A2).
To provide coverage and protection from water, wind, sand and the sun, and to enable security, privacy and dignity. ESSENTIAL
13 USD each = 26 USD per Kit.
UV Resistance: stabilized against ultraviolet rays and excess heat for long Will vary on availability and area outdoor exposure. Maximum 5% loss on original tensile strength under ISO size of tarpaulins specified. 1421 after 1500 hours UV under ASTM G53/94 (UVB 313 nm peak). Welding: Only one (01) is allowed along the middle of the sheet, length wise. Minimum resistance is 80 % of the original tarpaulin tensile strength in the weft under ISO 1421 plus additional procedure. Reinforcement eyelets: Provided with aluminum eyelets or equivalent on four sheet sides of the single sheets at 100 cm +/-5cm centre to centre, providing very strong fixation points. Color: Preferably white or blue/grey, sun reflective on both sides. Inner black fibers to ensure opacity. For technical reference material on plastic sheeting / tarpaulin, including use, specifications and testing of samples, see http://humanitarianlibrary.org/sites/default/files/2014/02/Plastic_Sheeting_Guidelines.pdf
ESK TECHNICAL GUIDANCE v04 August 2016
BASIC EMERGENCY SHELTER KIT (BESK) MOBILE EMERGENCY SHELTER KIT (MESK) – all items except 2a/2b #
2A
2B
3
Item description
Timber Lengths
Timber Poles
Rope
Unit
piece
piece
piece
No.
4
4
1
Unit Cost /$ cost /$
$4
$6
$4
$16
$24
$4
Specifications Description
2.3m length Nominal section size - 65mm x 65mm [PREFERRED] (Possible size range 2.5-3 inches / 65 to 75mm)
2.3m length Nominal section size - 50mm diameter
Nylon or similar, diameter. 9 to 12 mm diameter. Woven with 2 or 3 strands, with the possibility of being unravelled. Length: 30m, in a roll. Preferred colour: Black / dark green.
Notes PURPOSE OF TIMBERS: To create a framework to which tarpaulins can fixed in order to give rigidity and shape. Either 2A or 2B is ESSENTIAL for the BESK. Select one type of timber. Timbers are OMITTED from MESK. Square section timber is preferred as it is easier to fix together to make frames.
PURPOSE OF BINDINGS: To fix the timber and tarpaulin frames together as well as to secure structures to the ground. Both items are ESSENTIAL in BESK and MESK
4
Wire
piece
1
$6
$6
Diameter 2mm. Roll of 5m or similar.
ESK TECHNICAL GUIDANCE v04 August 2016
BASIC EMERGENCY SHELTER KIT (BESK) MOBILE EMERGENCY SHELTER KIT (MESK) – all items except 2a/2b #
Item description
Unit
No.
5
Roofing Nails
kg
0.5
Unit Cost /$ cost /$
$4
$2
Specifications Description
Notes
Wide head, with washer attached. Twisted and galvanized. Supplied in a sealed PURPOSE OF NAILS: To secure tarpaulin and timber bag. Length: 75 mm (3’’); Diameter: 3mm
frames together.
6
Round Wire Nails
kg
0.5
$2
$1
7
Claw Hammer
piece
1
$4
$4
Steel. Supplied in a sealed bag. Length: 75mm (3”); Diameter: 3 mm
Both items are ESSENTIAL in BESK and MESK
Weight: 0.750 kg. Wooden handle, replaceable. Head in forged steel. Good quality.
8
9
Shovel
Tent Pegs
piece
piece
1
10
$8
$0.50
$8
$5
PURPOSE OF TOOLS: To fix the frames and tarpaulins together as well as dig holes for posts and drainage.
Shovel head with sharpened tip in forged steel which is tempered and hardened. Both items are ESSENTIAL in Supplied with a handle. Total length: 100 to 110 cm. BESK and MESK
Tent pegs, 200 to 300 mm length after bending; made of iron reinforcing bar of 10 mm diameter, with a hook bent on one end, “candy cane” shape, or a cross shape.
PURPOSE OF TENT PEGS: To secure the temporary shelter tarpaulins and frame to the ground. ESSENTIAL
Woven Bag, synthetic, for containing the above items comprising the kit.
10
Woven Bag
piece
1
$3
$3 Closes with a string or wire. Colour: white or grey
PURPOSE OF WOVEN BAG: To contain and distribute all the items of the MESK / BESK except for the timber poles. ESSENTIAL
ESK TECHNICAL GUIDANCE v04 August 2016
OPTIONAL ITEMS SHADING KIT #
Item description
Unit
No.
Unit Cost /$ cost /$
Specifications Description
Sun shade net; 100% HDPE
Shading material
1
m²
27
$1.5 /m²
$40
Notes
Shade rate 50-75%
Basic shading material for domestic use NOT for industrial agricultural purpose as it is much higher in cost. Either Black or Green in color.
Width 4.5m x 6m length
2A
Timber Lengths
piece
2
$4
$8
2.3m long. Section size 65mm x 65mm nominal
Select either 2A or 2B
2B
Timber Poles
piece
2
$6
$12
2.3m long. Section size 50mm diameter nominal
Select either 2A or 2B
Household / extension shading
Shaded infrastructure
Shaded external spaces
Fencing
For technical reference material on shading, including use, specifications and testing of samples, see http://humanitarianlibrary.org/sites/default/files/2014/02/MSF-ShelterCentre_ShadeNets.pdf See also Shelter Cluster Iraq: Technical Guidance: Recommendations on Summerisation https://www.sheltercluster.org/response/iraq/documents?sort=date&sort_direction=DESC
ESK TECHNICAL GUIDANCE V04 August 2016
OPTIONAL ITEMS COMMUNITY TOOL KIT Quantity and type of community tools to be based on context Unit Cost /$ cost /$
#
Item description
Unit
No.
Specifications Description
1
Handsaw
piece
2
$6
$12
Saw, All-Purpose, total length 750mm, for wood, good quality, teeth from tempered and hardened steel. Unbreakable handle. Saw blade covered in protective cardboard.
2
Shovel
piece
2
$8
$16
Shovel; Head with sharpened tip in forged steel which is tempered and hardened. Supplied with a handle. Total length: 100 to 110 cm.
3
Wheelbarrow
piece
1
$30
$30
Wheelbarrow, approx. 90L dry solids, strong solid wheel
4
Claw Hammer
piece
3
$4
$12
Weight: 0.750 kg. Wooden handle, replaceable. Head in forged steel. Good quality.
5
Pick axe
Piece
1
$20
$20
Pick axe, forged steel head, supplied with a strong handle. Good quality. Total length: 100 to 110 cm
Notes
+
TIMBER LENGTHS OR POLES
ITEMS
OR
TOOLS
FIXINGS
TARPAULIN
USES
MESK
COLLECTIVE CENTRES
SPONTANEOUS SITES
AREAS OF TRANSIT
Shelter Cluster Iraq thanks IFRC for support in producing this flyer
BESK
Make a tool to compact the ground using a post in a block of wood, or embedded in a bucket with concrete.
REDUCE FIRE RISK Anchors
Foundations
Covering
50cm
Frame, bracing and joints
CONSTRUCTION
50cm
Min. 60cm
Drainage
Shelter Cluster Iraq thanks IFRC for support in producing this flyer
X
Site preparation
SAFETY
Site selection
ESK TECHNICAL GUIDANCE v04 August 2016
FURTHER READING Shade Nets: Use, Deployment and Procurement of Shade Net in Humanitarian Relief Environments, Shelter Centre & MSF, 2006 http://humanitarianlibrary.org/sites/default/files/2014/02/MSF-ShelterCentre_ShadeNets.pdf Shelter Cluster Iraq: Technical Guidance: Recommendations on Summerisation https://www.sheltercluster.org/response/iraq/documents?sort=date&sort_direction=DESC Plastic Sheeting: A Guide to the Specification and Use of Plastic Sheeting in Humanitarian Relief, IFRC and Oxfam International, 2007 http://humanitarianlibrary.org/sites/default/files/2014/02/Plastic_Sheeting_Guidelines.pdf Cluster Guidance on Cash-Based Shelter and NFI Assistance https://www.sheltercluster.org/sites/default/files/docs/20150505_guidelines_on_cashbased_programming.pdf. Timber: A Guide to the Planning, Use, Procurement and Logistics of Timber as a Construction Material in Humanitarian Relief, IFRC, UN/OCHA & CARE International, 2009, http://humanitarianlibrary.org/sites/default/files/2014/02/Timber_Booklet.pdf
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Shelter Cluster Iraq would like to thank the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies for support in the production of this guidance document, and would like to acknowledge the contribution made by Shelter Cluster partners:
Image credits: The IFRC Shelter Kit Guidelines, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2010 IFRC Shelter Kit Flyer Plastic Sheeting: A Guide to the Specification and Use of Plastic Sheeting in Humanitarian Relief, IFRC and Oxfam International, 2007 Timber: A Guide to the Planning, Use, Procurement and Logistics of Timber as a Construction Material in Humanitarian Relief, IFRC, UN/OCHA & CARE International, 2009
