Contribution of Emission Sources on the Air quality of the Port-cities in Greece and Italy - CESAPO

International Workshop

Organized in the frame of the project: CESAPO “Contribution of Emission Sources on the Air quality of the Port-cities in Greece and Italy” Funded by the “European Territorial Cooperation Programme Greece – Italy, 2007 – 2013” Thursday 30th and Friday 31st of January, 2014 Mediterranean Palace Hotel, Thessaloniki, Greece

The Scientific Committee Associate Professor Athanassios Argiriou, University of Patras, Greece Professor Dimitrios Melas, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Dr. Daniele Contini, ISAC-CNR, Italy Dr. Alessandra Genga, Università del Salento, Italy Dr. Roberto Giua, ARPA Puglia Mr. Tzamaloukas Konstantinos, Region of Western Greece Dr. Anastasia Poupkou, University of Patras The Organizing Committee Dr. Athansios Karagiannidis, University of Patras, PhD Dr. Anastasia Poupkou, University of Patras, PhD Mr. Ioannis Kanakaris, University of Patras Mrs Natalia Liora, University of Patras

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International Workshop

The impact of harbor and maritime activities on the air quality of the cities of Patras and Brindisi Primary points of discussion: The impact of port and maritime activities on the air quality of the port- cities Experimental and numerical studies on the air quality of the port-cities Experimental and numerical studies on the contribution of various emission sources on the air quality of the port-cities The impact of meteorology on the air quality of coastal cities

For more information about the project CESAPO “Contribution of Emission Sources on the Air quality of the Port-cities in Greece and Italy”, please visit: http://www.cesapo.upatras.gr/ index.php/en/

Please contact us for any information you may require about our workshop at [email protected] (Dr. Athanasios Karagiannidis)

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Workshop Program

12:00 13:00 13:15 14:00 15:00

16:00

16:30 17:00

09:30 10:00 10:30 11:00

Day 1: Thursday, 30/1/2014 Session 1 Registration Welcome address by Associate Prof Athanassios Argiriou, Scientist in charge of CESAPO University of Patras “Environmental impact of ship emissions in the Eastern Mediterranean: An overview” – Invited speech by Prof Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, University of Crete / National Observatory of Athens, Greece “Contribution of Emission Sources on the Air quality of the Port-cities in Greece and Italy - CESAPO Project – Overview” – Associate Prof Athanassios Argiriou, University of Patras, Greece Lunch Break

Day 1: Thursday, 30/1/2014 Session 2 “Common Mediterranean strategy and local practical Actions for the mitigation of Port, Industries and Cities Emissions (APICE project): The case study of Thessaloniki, Greece” – Dr Evangelos Tolis, University of Western Macedonia, Greece “Integrated transport in sustainable smart ports” – Prof Yorgos Stephanedes, University of Patras, Greece Open Discussion

Day 2: Friday, 31/1/2014 Session 1 “A new AIS-based international ship emission inventory for the Marmara Sea and impacts on air quality of Istanbul megacity” – Dr Luca Pozzoli, ITU Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Turkey “The Environmental Impact of Truck Operations Planning in Container Terminals” – Prof Eleftherios Iakovou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece “Characterization of the impact of harbor activities on air quality in the area of Brindisi (Italy)” – Dr Daniele Contini, ISAC-CNR, U.O.S. di Lecce, Italy Coffee Break

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Day 2: Friday, 31/1/2014 Session 2 13:30 12:00 12:30 13:00

14:00 14:30 15:00

15:30 16:00 16:30

“The air quality of the city of Patras in relation to some major meteorological parameters” – Dr Athanasios Karagiannidis, University of Patras, Greece “Arpa Puglia assessment activities on atmospheric pollution and related governance in Brindisi Port” – Dr Roberto Guia, Arpa Puglia, Italy “Modelling evaluation of the shipping emission contribution to air quality in Brindisi port city” – Dr Silvana Di Sabatino, University of Salento, Italy Lunch Break

Day 2: Friday, 31/1/2014 Session 3 “Chemical Mass Balance Source Apportionment of airborne particles in Thessaloniki” – Prof Constantini Samara, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece “Atmospheric particulate matter source apportionment in the Mediterranean port-city of Patras using the WRF-CAMx modeling system” – Dr Anastasia Poupkou, University of Patras, Greece Coffee Break

Day 2: Friday, 31/1/2014 Session 4 “Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in the Brindisi harbour-industrial area: an evidence of the ship emissions contribution” – Dr Daniela Cesari, CNR, Lecce, Italy “A modellistic study of the influence of ship emissions from port of Brindisi on Apulia region air quality” – Dr Rita Cesari, CNR, Lecce, Italy Concluding discussion

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Abstracts Environmental impact of ship emissions in the Eastern Mediterranean: An overview Mihalopoulos N.1,2 1

University of Crete, Chemistry department, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece. 2 National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece

Ship emissions and their impacts on environment is a “hot” issue for atmospheric research and climate policy. Particles and gases emitted by ships can contribute to various environmental issues such as acidification and eutrofication of water and soil in coastal regions caused by sulfur and nitrogen deposition, climate cooling due to the high sulfur content of marine fuel, climate warming caused by the emissions of greenhouse gases and absorbing black carbon. In Europe, where the land based emissions of sulfur have been reduced since 1980’s, shipping is the only growing source of sulfur. If no action will be taken, by the year 2020, sulfur and nitrogen emissions from ships are expected to exceed all European land sources combined (CAFE, 2005). In the Mediterranean very dense ship traffic connecting the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans is occurring. In addition inland seas such as the Mediterranean and the Marmara Seas with intense transit and local ship traffic and high population density are areas where ship emissions are mixed with natural and human-made land emissions leading to important changes in atmospheric composition. In this work an overview of the environmental impacts of ship emissions in the Eastern Mediterranean will be presented and thoroughly discussed based on published results.

Contribution of Emission Sources on the Air quality of the Port-cities in Greece and Italy CESAPO Project – Overview Argiriou A.A., Poupkou N. Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Department of Physics, University of Patras, GR-265 00 Patras, Greece

Modern ports concentrate an important number of activities since they are economic centers and transport hubs, that bring together different modes of transportation (sea, road, railway, etc) and also frequently, industrial activities. The potential for economic development offered by ports should be developed and managed in a sustainable way, especially in the ports of the Mediterranean. During the last decades, the urbanization pressure around the Mediterranean ports (port cities) has increased significantly impacting not only on their economic growth but also their environment. In densely populated industrialized areas around the Mediterranean photochemical air pollution episodes occur frequently; these are due to anthropogenic emissions (road traffic, maritime transportation, industry) but also due to the prevailing physical and meteorological conditions allowing the development of phenomena that enhance air pollution. The general objective of CESAPO is to quantify the contribution of emission sources to the air pollution of the port cities, emphasizing on maritime transport and the activities within the harbor and to link the scientific outcomes with integrated proposed actions for sustainable urban development of Mediterranean port cities. The project focuses on two important port-cities, namely Patras (Greece) and Brindisi (Italy). This paper will provide details of the project methodology and the results achieved in the 24 month period since the project start. ~6~

Common Mediterranean strategy and local practical Actions for the mitigation of Port, Industries and Cities Emissions (APICE project): The case study of Thessaloniki, Greece. Tolis E.I.1, Saraga D.E.1, 2, Filiou K.F.1, Bartzis J.G.1 1

University of Western Macedonia, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Environmental Technology Laboratory, Sialvera & Bakola Street, 50100 Kozani, Greece. 2 Environmental Research Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "DEMOKRITOS", 15310 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece

APICE project (Common Mediterranean strategy and local practical Actions for the mitigation of Port, Industries and Cities Emissions) intends to develop a knowledge-based approach for the air pollution mitigation and sustainable development of port activities, managed by spatial planning policies at local level, which includes the territory around the ports. In the frame of the project, an intensive one-year monitoring campaign of PM2.5 mass concentration and chemical characterization was designed and implemented at the city of Thessaloniki, concerning two sampling sites: an urban background site and a site in the area of the local port. The chemical characterization of the collected particulate matter included analysis for ions, PAHs, metals and OC/EC. Additionally, a receptor model, Positive Matrix Factorization (EPA’s PMF3.0) was applied on the collected data, in order to identify the main particle sources in the city of Thessaloniki and estimate their contribution.

Integrated transport in sustainable smart ports Stefanidis G. Departmanet of civil engineering, University of Patras, Greece

We develop an integrated system that provides improved smart information and service guidance at ports and port areas. The objective of the port system is to reduce congestion, improve access, and increase safety and security for port passengers and freight vehicles in real time. Our methods aim to reduce incidents, reduce loss or damage, reduce queue time and delay, improve storage conditions, increase efficiency of use and service effectiveness, and result in port sustainability.

A new AIS-based international ship emission inventory for the Marmara Sea and impacts on air quality of Istanbul megacity Kilic A.1,2, Pozzoli L.2, Unal A.2, Kindap T.2 1

Marine Intelligent Solutions, Turkiye. Istanbul Technical University, Institute of Eurasia Earth Science, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkiye.

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Air pollution is an important environmental problem in the Eastern Mediterranean where high ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM) levels are often exceeding the limits imposed by the current legislations. In particular the Megacity of Istanbul, which has a population larger than 12 million, is affected by severe air pollution problems, and due to its particular geographical conformation, with the Bosphorus strait crossing the entire city for a lenght ~7~

of about 30 km, one of the components of air pollution is significantly represented by emissions from international shipping. The strait is also the only access to Black Sea from the rest of international waters, thus, there is very dense ship traffic along the transit cruising line of Marmara Sea occupied by oceangoing vessels involving international ship borne trade. In this work, we estimated shipping emissions by using AIS (Automatic Identification System) that can follow sea vehicles in close-range. Passanger ships, international ships (above 300 Gross Register Tonnage (grt)) and local transport ships (500 grt) carry AIS. Shipping emissions were calculated by using AIS data that provide coordinates, routes, speeds, ship sizes, and technical data about ships at high temporal resolution. We estimated ship emissions for a region covering the entire Marmara Sea, including the Bosphorus and Canakkale straits (39.15-42.0N; 24.5E-30.8E), and for one entire year between 19 August 2008 and 18 August 2009. The total annual emission are estimated as 605 Ktons NOx, 495 Ktons SO2, 29.63 Mtons CO2, 25.6 Ktons HC and 53.3 Ktons PM, and the vessels are consumed 9.33 Mtons of fuel. We used the newly developed ship emission invetory to quantify the impacts on air quality in Istanbul and the Marmara Sea region. We used the the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modelling (CMAQv4.7.1) with an horizontal resolution of 10 x 10 km to simulate October 2008, when the largest ship emissions were estimated. Other anthropogenic emissions were taken from TNO/MACC inventory. The differences of monthly mean PM2.5 concentrations due to ship emissions (new inventory – without ships emission) for the simulated period (October 2008) show large differences along the Bosphorus and Canakkale straits, up to 14 µg/m3, but a large area, covering all the Marmara Sea and populated cities like Istanbul and Kocaeli, is also affected, with monthly mean differences larger than 4-5 µg/m3.

The Environmental Impact of Truck Operations Planning in Container Terminals Iakovou E., Vlachos D., Mallidis I. Laboratory of Quantitative Analysis, Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 461, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece

Heavy-duty trucks handle a considerable amount of cargo passing through ports, thus further aggravating the ports’ host cities environment due to gas emmissions. These emissions involve: (i) the ones generated during the inbound to and the outbound from the port, truck trips, and (ii) the emissions generated while trucks are waiting in the queue for loading/discharge at the port’ s gates and its yard. The latter are directly associated to the port’s service performance since time efficient cargo delivery and receipt operations may result in fast truck turnaround times, thus minimizing truck waiting times and emissions. On this basis, this paper aims to develop a methodological framework for evaluating alternative tactical decisions for truck operations planning that incorporates both economical and environmental criteria. The alternative decisions include either capacity matching of loading equipment (i.e. straddle carriers) to stochastic truck arrivals, or demand leveling through the adoption of a truck appointment system. The methodological tools employed to evaluate the impact of alternative policies are queuing theory and discrete-event simulation. The applicability of the proposed methodology is demonstrated for the Container Terminal of the Port of Thessaloniki, Greece.

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Characterization of the impact of harbour activities on air quality in the area of Brindisi (Italy) Contini D.1, Donateo A.1, Gambaro A.2,3, Giovanelli G.4, Gregoris E.2,3, Masieri S.4, Grasso F.M.1 1

2

Istituto di Scienze dell’Atmosfera e del Clima, CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy. Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca’ Foscari, Dorsoduro 2137, Venezia, Italy 3 Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali, IDPA-CNR, Dorsoduro 2137, Venezia, Italy 4 Istituto di Scienze dell’Atmosfera e del Clima, CNR, 40129 Bologna, Italy

Ships and harbour emissions represent an increasing contribution to air pollution in Mediterranean port-cities. For technical and economical reasons, harbours can also be close to industrial areas like in the case of the Brindisi area studied here within the framework of the project CESAPO (Interreg Greece-Italy 2007-2013). In this work results of a study in the Brindisi harbour (south east of Italy) will be presented giving emphasis on the analysis of the maritime transport and activities on atmospheric aerosol concentration, PAHs concentrations, and gaseous pollutants emissions. Specifically high temporal resolution data will be used to evaluate the contribution of ship traffic and harbour-related emissions to PM2.5 concentrations and to particle number concentrations. Windselected high-volume sampling of PAHs were used to evaluate the harbour/industrial contribution to gaseous and aerosol phases PAHs. DOAS remote-sensing was used to measure NO2 and SO2 emissions of passenger ships. Measurements have been performed in the period July-October 2012 in the harbour area of Brandish (southeastern Italy).

The air quality of the city of Patras in relation to some major meteorological parameters Karagiannidis A.F.1, Poupkou A.1, Giannaros C.2, Giannaros T.2, Dimopoulos S.2, Liora N.1, Melas D.2, Argiriou A.1 1

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Department of Physics, University of Patras, Patras, 26500, Greece Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece

The present paper assesses the impact of the meteorological setting on air pollution in Patras, Greece. The assessment is based on meteorological parameters, estimated using the numerical weather prediction model WRF, together with measurements of pollutant concentrations. Three local circulation indices (ventilation factor, wind run and recirculation factor) were also computed and used. The analysis was performed for the winter and the summer of the year 2010 separately, since the two seasons present different meteorological characteristics. During winter, PM10 concentrations are rather unaffected by the examined meteorological factors and indices, except temperature. CO decreases during days of elevated boundary layer top and strong horizontal ventilation. O3 concentration increases with the increase of boundary layer depth through a relatively complicated scheme of combined local production and possible transport from outside the city. The local stagnation of near-surface air masses is reducing the production and concentration of O3. Summer PM10 and CO concentrations are influenced by the pollution transport from sources outside the study area, mainly during days of increased boundary layer depth. The increase of horizontal local ventilation reduces the PM10 concentration. Finally, summertime O3 is increased during days of reduced local stagnation.

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Arpa Puglia assessment activities on atmospheric pollution and related governance in Brindisi Port Giua R., Nocioni A., Pastore T., Spagnolo S. ARPA Puglia, Regional Air Quality Center, Italy

Arpa Puglia is involved in the Cesapo Project for its expertise in monitoring, measurement, assessment and sourceapportionment of atmospheric pollution emissions. Briefly the Agency: i) carried out a specific emissions inventory, at regional, municipal and local level, used as input for emission model simulations in the area of Brindisi; ii) shared, with other partners, the atmospheric pollution dataset obtained by monitoring stations in the port area; iii) took part in Project information and publicity actions (i.e. newsletters, meetings and a recent working-table with stakeholders for a first discussion on information integration, solutions and policy).

Modelling evaluation of the shipping emission contribution to air quality in Brindisi port city Di Sabatino S., Buccolieri R., Genga A. University of Salento, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, S.P. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce (Italy)

This study summarizes findings and results achieved from the local-scale modelling activities within the European Territorial Cooperation Programme Greece-Italy 2007-2013 CESAPO (Contribution of Emission Sources on the Air Quality of the Port-cities in Greece and Italy) project. The objective is to investigate shipping emission contribution to air quality in the harbour of Brindisi (IT). Starting from the estimation of shipping emissions in the period 20102012, both gaseous and particulate concentrations are modelled using the micro-scale dispersion model ADMSUrban. Numerical simulations are evaluated using field data from monitoring stations managed by the Puglia Regional Agency for Environmental Protection (ARPA-Puglia). Results show a larger contribution of shipping emissions to the total concentration levels of NOX, while for PM the contribution is below 10%.

Chemical Mass Balance Source Apportionment of airborne particles in Thessaloniki Samara G., Argiropoulos G. School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

The aim of this contribution is to present the results from the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) source apportionment studies carried out in Thessaloniki in recent years. Since CMB infers source contributions by determining the bestfit combination of source chemical profiles needed to reconstruct the chemical composition of ambient samples, a number of chemical source profiles from local sources were created including industrial activities, oil combustion, wood burning, vehicle exhaust, and road dust. These chemical profiles along with literature source profiles, such as secondary aerosol and marine aerosol, were used in CMB modeling to identify the major sources contributing to ambient PM10 and PM2.5 at central and background sites in the city of Thessaloniki.

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Atmospheric particulate matter source apportionment in the Mediterranean port-city of Patras using the WRF-CAMx modeling system Poupkou A.1, Liora N.1, Karagiannidis A.F.1, Giannaros T.2, Giannaros C.2, Melas D.2, Argiriou A.1 1

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Department of Physics, University of Patras, Patras, 26500, Greece Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece

During the last decades, there has been an increasing urbanization pressure on the Mediterranean port-cities with impacts on their economic growth but also on their environment. PM is a key pollutant in the urban atmosphere of Patras. Although the frequency of the days, when the observed daily PM10 concentrations in the Patras city center exceed the corresponding EU air quality standard, is declining in the period 2001-2010, it is still well above the EU limits. The main aim of the study is the investigation of the contribution of different emission sources to the concentrations of the Particulate Matter (PM) in the city-port of Patras (Greece) using a meteorological (WRF) and a photochemical model (CAMx). Emphasis is given on the contribution of the maritime transport and the activities within the Patras harbor area for which the existing environmental information is very limited.

Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in the Brindisi harbour area: an evidence of the ship emissions contribution Cesari D.1, Contini D.1, Genga A.2, Grasso F.M.1, Ielpo P.1,3, Siciliano M.2 2

1 Istituto di Scienze dell’Atmosfera e del Clima, CNR, Lecce, 73100 Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, 73100 3 Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque , CNR, Bari, 70132,

Harbour-industrial sites are often close to urban areas and could have potential impact on both climate and air quality. The aim of this work is the characterization of the main source of PM2.5 affecting the Brindisi harbourindustrial area. The study has been realised in the frame of CESAPO project (Interreg Greece-Italy 2007-2013). The experimental site was located inside the industrial area, near to the internal zone of the harbour. Daily samples (100) have been collected between June and October 2012, simultaneously on Teflon and quartz fiber filters (PM2.5 average concentration=15.1 μg/m3). Teflon filters were analysed via HPIC to determine the principal soluble ions and via TOC analyzer to obtain the soluble carbon fraction (both the organic and inorganic form). On the quartz fiber filters the determination of the major metals (via GF-AAS and via ICP-AES) was done. In total 23 chemical species were determined, characterising on average 51.4% of PM2.5 concentration. The source apportionment study has been performed using EPA PMF 3.0 model, that gave the contribution of 8 factors/sources: crustal (16.4±0.9%); marine (2.6±0.5%); carbonates (7.7±0.3%); ammonium sulphate (27.3±0.8%); biomass burning/fires (11.7±0.7%); traffic (16.4±1.7%); industrial (characterised by Sb and Cr with a contribution of 0.4±0.3%) and, finally, a mixed source industrial/oil combustion (15.3±1.3%). The last source, with the key species V and Ni, is a mixed source containing an industrial contribution (from industrial area) and a ship emission contribution from harbour activities.

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A modellistic study of the influence of ship emissions from port of Brindisi on Apulia region air quality Cesari R.1, Maurizi A.2, Tampieri F.2 1

National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, S. P. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy; 2 National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, via Gobetti 101, 40100, Bologna, Italy

Ship emissions represent an important and growing contribution to the total emissions from the transportation sector (Eyring et al., 2010) and they significantly influence air pollution level of both primary and secondary pollutants. This is confirmed by different studies that evaluate the contribution of shipping emissions on air quality in the Mediterranean Area (Marmer et Langmar, 2005). In the frame of the European Territorial Cooperation Programme Grece-Italy 2007-2013 CESAPO (Contribution of Emission Sources on the Air Quality of the Port-cities in Greece and Italy - www.cesapo.upatras.gr) project, that has the general objective to study the contribution of emission from maritime transport and activity within the ports of Patras (Greece) and Brindisi (Italy) to the air quality, we are interested in evaluate the impact of port of Brindisi on ground pollutants concentration levels over Apulia region, where Brindisi is located. The on-line meso-scale atmospheric composition model BOLCHEM (Mircea et al., 2006) is used to simulate transport and dispersion of both gaseous and aerosols pollutants in a summer (July 2010) and in a winter period (December 2010). To investigate the impact of ship emissions on ground concentration pollutants level, the BOLCHEM simulations have been run with the inclusion of anthropogenic emissions from all the sources (base run) and then switching off the ship emissions. The contribution of ship emissions on pollutant concentration can be calculated as the difference between the two run output. Numerical results show that, in the area surrounding the port, the impact of ship emissions on PM2.5 monthly mean ground concentration is of about 15% in summer period, and up to 7% in winter period. In the area very close to the port, O3 monthly mean ground concentration decreases of about 20% during summer period and up to 4% in winter period. In summer period the influence of ship emissions on monthly mean surface ground concentration of gaseous pollutants, as NOx and O3, is not negligible also in areas far from the port. References Eyring, V., Isaksen, I.S.A., Berntsen, T., Collins, W.J., Corbett, J.J., Endresen, O., Grainger, R.G., Moldanova, J., Schlager, H., Stevenson, D.S., 2010. Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Shipping. Atmospheric Environment 44, 4735-4771. Marmer E. and Langman B., 2005. Impact of ship emissions on the Mediterranean summertime pollution and climate: A regional model study, Atmospheric Environment, 39, 4659-4669. Mircea, M., D’Isidoro, M., Maurizi, A., Vitali, L., Conforti, F., Zanini, G., Tampieri, F. 2006. A comprehensive performance evaluation of the air quality model BOLCHEM to reproduce the ozone concentrations over Italy. Atmospheric Environment 42, 6, 1169-1185.

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