INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN AN INDUSTRIAL PARK B. MOKHTARANI*, N. MOKHTARANI**, M. R. ALAVI MOGHADAM***, R. REZAEI****, H. KHALEDI MEHR** *
Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, P.O.Box 14335-186, Tehran, Iran ** Jahesh Kimia Company, No. 26, Sadeghi St., Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran *** Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran **** Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Department of Public Health, P.O.Box 756-66135, Sanandaj, Iran
SUMMARY: Semnan Industrial Park (SIP) which is located in the Semnan province is one of the biggest industrial park in Iran. SIP has been promoted its activity regarding environmental management especially in the field of industrial wastes. The main aim of this study was to investigate the present situation of industrial wastes in SIP and to propose the appropriate suggestion for optimization of industrial waste management. In the first stage of the study, quantitative and qualitative analysis of industrial solid wastes have been accomplished. The obtained results showed that the main hazardous wastes of SIP are sludge and asbestos with the amounts of 3500 and 144 Metric tons / year, respectively. Because of different types of the products and diversity of the industrial residues, waste management in SIP is quite a complex task. In most cases, recycling/reuse of the wastes seems to be the best option, although treatment and disposal are also necessary. According to the obtained results, more than 70 percent of the total wastes can be sold to the accredited recycling factories. By implementation of the integrated solid waste management in SIP, the environmental impacts of the wastes will be minimized. 1. INTRODUCTION Nowadays industrial solid waste is a serious environmental problem in developing countries. Due to the rapid industrial growth in these countries, the amounts of industrial waste are increasing. Highly toxic and hazardous materials are injurious to both human health and environmental quality. A vast array of flammable, explosive, caustic, acidic and highly toxic chemical substances are used and produced by industries, agricultural and domestic sectors (Cunningham, 2003).
Management of industrial solid wastes is distinctly different from the approach used for municipal solid waste (Freeman, 1989). There is a lot of similarity in the characteristics of wastes from one municipality or one region to another, but for industrial wastes, only a few industrial sectors or plants have a high degree similarity between products and wastes generated (Woodard, 2001). Improper management of industrial waste generates a number of problems for environment. For proper management of industrial wastes, it is necessary to get exact information and data about the waste characteristics, climatic conditions and the effect of these wastes on human health and environment. Major groups of industrial materials and solid wastes are harmful or hazardous and must be controlled properly. An advanced system of industrial solid waste management is composed of several functional elements. In such a system, all steps of management from the generation of waste to the final disposal step are considered carefully. The different functional elements of modern industrial waste management are (LaGrega et al. 2001): Generation and storage; Pollution prevention and waste minimization; Recycling and reusing; Collection and transfer; Treatment and Disposal. Industrial wastes, varies greatly, depending on factors such as type and number of industrial plants, economic situation, and environmental regulations. In this study, the industrial solid waste management in the Semnan Industrial Park (SIP) has been investigated. SIP is one of the biggest industrial parks in Iran and located in Semnan province in the center of Iran. This industrial park has been constructed in a 2000-hectare area. There are 300 industries in SIP and generate different types of wastes. The main types of industries in this industrial park are metal industries, food industries; textile industries; chemical industries and electronic industries. The main aim of this study was to investigate the present situation of industrial wastes in SIP. Using the available information for the industrial plants and the waste generated, some waste characteristics were identified and methods for recycling or disposal of these residues were proposed.
2. MATERIALS & METHODES To investigate the present situation of SIP industrial waste management, several questionnaires were prepared and distributed among various industries and other related organizations. The collected data for different industrial waste management functional elements were based on the data from the above-mentioned questionnaires, visual observations by the authors, available reports and several interviews and meetings with responsible persons.
3. RESULTS & DISCUSSION 3.1 Industrial solid waste generation and characteristics Industrial waste production and composition depend on many factors, such as stage of development; socio-economic, climatic and geographical conditions; and collection frequency (Collivignarelli et al., 2004; Tchobanoglous et al., 1993). Data on quantity variation and generation are useful in planning for collection and disposal system (Sharholy et al., 2008). According to data collected, about 15500 Metric tons/ year of industrial wastes are generated in
SIP. The type of industrial waste, are very varied in each industry and for this reasons the waste management in SIP is a complex task. In order to overcome this problem, the industrial solid wastes were classified according to hazardous, low- hazardous and non-hazardous waste materials. This classification was accomplished based on the information, which is reported by international organization such as CWA (Basel convention), or CERCLA (US Environmental Protection Agency) or information extracted from MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) for each component. Figure 1 shows the weight percent of these materials. As the figure shows, major amount of industrial waste in SIP is non- hazardous.
Hazardous waste
low- hazardous waste
non- hazardous waste
70% 6%
24
Figure 1. Classification of industrial waste in SIP according to Hazardous, low hazardous and non- hazardous waste (wt %). The type and the amounts of the industrial hazardous waste generated in SIP are reported in table 1. Table 1. The amount of hazardous waste in SIP. Waste Chemical Sludge Biological Sludge Asbestos Resin Solid Fetalic Waste
Quantity ( ton/ year) 3240 264 144 42 4
3.2 Industrial solid waste minimization (recycling & reuse) Recycling and reuse of valuable materials is an important tool for minimization of industrial wastes. This method is very important from the economic point of view. If a suitable technique can be applied, the cost of final disposal can be diminished. By using recyclable material as a feed in the production process, the cost of feed material will be decreased and ultimately the cost
of production will be reduced. Minimization of industrial waste reduced the volume and toxicity of waste ( LaGrega et al. 2001). The results indicated that there is a significant potential for recycling and reuse at SIP. The results of this studies show that among 44 types of industrial waste are generated in this area, 29 types can be recycled or reused. The most important way for minimization of industrial waste in SIP are: - Source separation of industrial waste according to recyclable and non- recyclable material - Waste oil mixing prevention and recycling of waste oil. - Applying the optimum condition in process in order to reduce the industrial waste. - Selling the recyclable material to the accredited recycling factories. - Foundation a proper environmental management in the industries. 3.3 Industrial solid waste storage The proper storage of industrial waste must be performed after source separation. At present, the storage system of industrial waste in SIP is not suitable and the industrial wastes are stored in non-proper container. In order to perform a suitable storage of industrial waste in SIP the following comments are proposed: The industrial waste must be storage in a proper container. The industrial waste must be storage according to their chemical compatibility (US EPA and RCRA) The industrial waste container should be inserted in a closed environment. The international labels should be placed on containers. In order to prevent any unusual problem the storage place of industrial waste should be checked regularly. 3.4 Industrial solid waste collection & transfer The Industrial solid waste collection and transfer is one of the important steps of industrial solid waste management. This step is a complex task because the industrial wastes are not generated regularly and each type of industrial waste have different period of generation. In order to perform a proper collection and transfer the public health and safety problem must be considered. The recyclable waste should be collected in each factory and transfer to the recycling and reused plant, at least once a week. There are some industrial wastes, which can be recycled by special factories. These wastes must be directly sent to the factory by the industrial plant. The collection and transfer of non hazardous wastes must be conducted like the municipal wastes. It is the duty of each factory to collect and transfer their wastes to the disposal site. The collection and transfer of hazardous wastes should be performed under special cares. For this reason the following comment are proposed: The container of hazardous waste must be sealed without any leakage. The persons who are collecting these wastes should have suitable dress and prevent from any contact to these materials. Incompatible reactive waste materials must be separated during collection and transfer. The container of hazardous waste should have the international labels. The transfer of hazardous waste must be tracked by detail shipping manifests. The trucks, which transfer the hazardous waste, must be well equipped.
The trucks should be transferred the hazardous waste to the disposal site in low traffic times of the day.
3.5 Treatment and disposal of industrial waste Treatment and disposal is the final steps for the industrial wastes. In this step, the industrial wastes are disposed according to their danger potential, physical, and chemical properties. The important methods for disposal of industrial wastes are treatment, recycling, incineration, stabilization and landfilling. At present, the amount of generated industrial wastes in SIP is about 15500 tons per year. Figure 2 shows the proposed method for disposal of industrial wastes in SIP.
Figure 2. Proposed disposal method for industrial solid waste in SIP. As it shown, more than 11000 ton of industrial waste can be treated and recycled annually. These wastes can be sold to the other factories and are very useful from economical point of view. The results of this study show that more than 4455 tons of industrial waste should be sent to the landfill and about 45 ton to the incinerators annually. At SIP, the non-recyclable industrial waste that enters the disposal area is classified into three categories: Waste which can be landfilled directly (non-hazardous wastes), Waste that needs stabilization prior to landfilling (hazardous waste) low hazardous wastes, the low hazardous wastes are solid wastes, which are doubtfully to be hazard. The methods for disposal of these wastes in SIP are proposed in figure 3. The landfill of industrial wastes should be equipped with two separate layers and the liquid collection system must be installed in order to prevent leakage of industrial leachate. Monitoring of landfill is an important task in waste management and the landfill must be controlled
regularly. Improper control of landfill may results of the pollution of water resource and contamination of soil as well as generation of landfill gases and exposure of human to chemical gases (Basel convention technical guideline).
Figure 3. The proposed disposal diagram for industrial solid wastes in SIP.
4. CONCLUSION The aim of this study was to develop a management concept for industrial waste products at SIP. The results of this study show that, at present, there are 44 types of industrial wastes generated in SIP and 29 types of these wastes can be recycled and reused. The annual amount of industrial wastes is 15500 ton and this amount will be increased by establishment of new industrial plants in SIP. The analysis of these wastes reveals that 24 percent of these wastes are hazardous waste and must be disposed under special cares. Sludge and asbestos are the major parts of hazardous wastes. The recycling and reuse of the valuable materials is an important tool for minimizing industrial waste. This study indicated that a significant portion of the industrial waste generated at SIP can be recycled and reused. Special care is necessary during the collection and transfer of industrial wastes. The waste products that enter the disposal area can be classified into three categories (i.e. nonhazardous waste, hazardous waste and low hazardous waste) and must be dumped in separate landfill compartments. It is proposed that hazardous wastes should be treated and landfilled at the SIP disposal site.
REFERENCES Basel convention on the control of trans-boundary movements of hazardous wastes and Their Disposal, adopted from http://www.basel.int/text/con-e.htm Basel convention technical guidelines on specially engineered landfill, Report No. 2. Basel convention series, 2002, Switzerland.
Collivignarelli, C., Sorlini, S., Vaccari, M., 2004. Solid Wastes Management in Developing Countries, CD-ROM of ISWA 2004 World Congress, October 17–21, Rome, Italy. Cunningham, W. P., Cunningham, M. A., Saigo, B. W., (2003) Environmental science, a global concern. McGraw-Hill Publications, New York, USA. Freeman, H.M. (1989) Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal. McGraw Hill Publications, New York, USA. LaGrega, M.D., Buckingham, P.L., & Evans, J.C. (2001) Hazardous Waste Management, 2nd edn. Mc-Graw Hill Publications, New York, USA. RCRA’s chemical waste compatibility list, adopted from www.epa.gov. Sharholy, M., Ahmad, K., Mahmood, G., Trivedi, R.C., 2008. Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities – A review. Waste Management 28 (2), 459–467. Tchobanoglous, G., Theison, H., Vigil, A.S., 1993. Integrated Solid Waste Management. McGraw-Hill International Edition. US Environmental Protection Agency, Identification and listing of hazardous waste, 40 CFR, Chapter I , PART 261, adopted from http://ecfr1.access.gpo.gov. US EPA's Chemical Compatibility Chart, A method for determining the compatibility of chemical mixtures, (1980) EPA-600/2-80-076, adopted from www.epa.gov. Woodard, F. (2001) Industrial Waste Treatment Handbook. Butterworth- Heinemann Publications, USA.
