PSYCHOANALYTICAL • LATENCY (Freud), during which jealousy, passion, and guilt of the phallic stage are submerged and children's emotions are quieter and steadier • INDUSTRY VERSUS INFERIORITY (ERIKSON)--Children trying to master skills valued in their culture and develop a view of themselves as either competent or incompetent (industrious and productive or inferior and inadequate)
LEARNING THEORY • Also emphasizes development of skills. Use of reinforcers stronger when children better understand cause and effect. School-age children become receptive to wider variety of reinforcers. Children very receptive to modeling techniques
COGNITIVE THEORY • Also emphasizes children's enhanced learning abilities. Struck by change in child's social awareness when they traced children's growing ability to identify and take into account another person's point of view. (Piaget: Concrete operational thought-understand logical principles and be able to apply them to concrete, specific cases)
School Years: Psychosocial
Understanding Others and Self • SOCIAL COGNITION – INDIVIDUAL'S UNDERSTANDING OF THE DYNAMICS OF HUMAN INTERACTION INCLUDES EMOTION, BEHAVIOR, THINKING PROCESSES – Social comparison
CHILDREN'S SOCIAL AWARENESS IMPROVES • Understand multiple roles (teacher, parent, brother) • Less likely to cling to stereotypes • Understand that people have personality traits • realize that others might respond differently than they do to situation
SELF-UNDERSTANDING SELF-ESTEEM • Based on combination of evidence from past experience, opinion of others, and person's untested assumptions about him/herself • Understanding of various aspects of personality sometimes helps children modify their behavior • As self-theory develops, children gradually become more self- critical and their self-esteem drops • According to some studies, self-esteem in generally high in early childhood, decreases throughout middle childhood, reaches a low at about 12 and then increases again.
LEARNED HELPLESSNESS • PAST FAILURES IN PARTICULAR AREA HAVE TAUGHT CHILD TO BELIEVE THAT THERE IS NOTHING THEY CAN DO TO IMPROVE THEIR PERFORMANCE OR SITUATION
Erikson Industry vs. Inferiority • a child with few successes will develop a sense of inferiority that may lead to anticipation of continued failure and a lower self-esteem for the rest of his/her life. • "I can't play ball." "Nobody likes me." "I'm not athletic." "I'm just not the academic type."
DEVELOPING POSITIVE SELF-ESTEEM • CRUCIAL FACTOR SEEMS TO BE FEELING THAT ONE IS COMPETENT AT VARYING TASKS
• Children whose parents are supportive feel more confident and competent that those whose parents criticize and punish • Children feel better about themselves when school offers a variety of ways for them to succeed (art, sports, etc) • and teachers praise/encourage each child for what he/she does well • “ Catch Them Being Successful”
School Years: Psychosocial
Kohlberg’s Moral Development • Preconventional Level – Stage 1: Might makes right – Stage 2: Look out for number one
• Conventional Level – Stage 3: Good girl - Nice boy – Stage 4: Law and Order
