Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood 13.1

Define senescence and describe current theories of biological aging, including those at the level of DNA and body cells, and those at the level of tissues and organs. (pp. 432-434)

13.2

Describe the physical changes of aging, paying special attention to the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the immune system, and reproductive capacity. (pp. 434-438)

13.3

Describe the impact of SES, nutrition, obesity, and exercise on health in adulthood. (pp. 438-443)

13.4

Name the two most common substance abuse disorders in early adulthood, and discuss the health risks of each. (pp. 444-445)

13.5

Summarize young adults’ sexual attitudes and behaviors. (pp. 445-447)

13.6

Discuss prevalence rates and risk factors associated with sexually transmitted disease in early adulthood. (p. 447-448)

13.7

Describe research findings on sexually coercive behavior. (pp. 448-449)

13.8

Explain how psychological stress affects health and note the stress-buffering effect of social support. (pp. 449-450)

13.9

Summarize prominent theories on the postformal restructuring of thought in adulthood, including those of Perry and Labouvie-Vief. (pp. 450-453)

13.10 Discuss the development of expertise and creativity in adulthood. (pp. 453-454) 13.11 Describe the impact of a college education, and discuss factors associated with dropping out. (pp. 454-455) 13.12 Trace the development of vocational choice, and review factors that influence it. (pp. 455-459) 13.13 Discuss the vocational preparation and employment opportunities of non-college-bound youth in the United States and Germany. (p. 459)

Note: Answers to practice tests are at the end of this document. Chapter 13 Practice Test 1.

Which of the statements regarding longevity and heredity is true? a. Kinship studies do not support the notion that longevity is genetically influenced. b. Longevity is enhanced by the inheritance of free radicals. c. The heritability of longevity is approximately .95, indicating that longevity is primarily determined by our genetic make-up. d. Rather than inheriting longevity directly, people appear to inherit risk and protective factors that influence their chances of dying earlier or later.

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2.

When an adult suffers from atherosclerosis—deposits of fatty plaque on the walls of the arteries—it typically a. develops very rapidly in extreme old age, leading to sudden heart failure b. begins early in life and gradually progresses to become a serious illness c. develops very slightly before age 60, but can become serious after that d. begins after age 40 in individuals who showed no signs of it earlier

3.

Among industrialized nations, _____ has the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity. a. the United States c. Ireland b. Austrailia d. China

4.

_______ is the single most important preventable cause of death in industrialized nations. a. Lack of exercise c. Cigarette smoking b. Alcohol consumption d. A high-fat diet

5.

Research has found that satisfaction with one’s sex life is most strongly associated with a. being in an emotionally fulfilling relationship b. a history of experience with many partners c. novelty and spontaneity d. good technique

6.

Which of the following is true regarding sexual coercion? a. It occurs in all SES and ethnic groups. b. Most perpetrators are known well by their victims. c. Most victims are under age 30. d. all of the above

7.

Tyson has listened to his uncle complain about problems caused by immigration. On the other hand, he’s heard his boss talking about how our country is dependent upon immigrant labor, and how citizens should work to end the unfair treatment these workers receive. Instead of choosing between these opposing views, Tyson has formulated his own perspective that synthesizes elements of both. Tyson’s thinking best illustrates which of William Perry’s stages of epistemic cognition? a. relativistic thinking c. commitment within relativistic thinking b. dualistic thinking d. metacognitive dualism

8.

A unique cognitive capacity that is required for mature creativity is the ability to a. formulate new, significant, and meaningful problems b. put ideas together at random to see what comes out c. ignore the practical issues involved in a solution d. apply standard solutions in unusual ways

9.

In addition to gaining academic knowledge from their courses, college students also experience psychological changes, including a. greater self-understanding, enhanced self-esteem, and a firmer sense of identity 2

b. identifying strengths and weaknesses of opposing sides of complex issues c. broader interests and greater awareness of their own thinking processes d. all of the above 10.

The tentative period of occupational choice, during early and middle adolescence, begins with a focus on _____ and shifts to include a focus on ____. a. parental values; personal values c. social value; income level b. interests; abilities and values d. fantasy; crystallization

Chapter 14: Emotional and Social Development in Early Adulthood After reading this chapter, you should be able to: 14.1

Define emerging adulthood, and explain how cultural change has led to its development. (pp. 464-469).

14.2

Describe Erikson’s stage of intimacy versus isolation. (pp. 469-470)

14.3

Summarize Levinson’s and Vaillant’s psychosocial theories of adult personality development, including how they apply to both men and women’s lives and their limitations. (pp. 470-471)

14.4

Describe the social clock and how it relates to adjustment in adulthood. (p. 471)

14.5

Discuss factors that affect mate selection and explain the role of the different components and forms of love in the young adult’s quest for intimacy. (pp. 472-475)

14.6

Describe findings on the relationship between childhood attachment patterns and adult romantic relationships. (p.474)

14.7

Explain how culture influences the experience of love. (pp. 475-476)

14.8

Cite characteristics of adult friendships, including differences between same-sex, other-sex, and sibling friendships. (pp. 476-477)

14.9

Cite factors that influence loneliness, and explain its role in early adult development. (pp. 477-478)

14.10 Trace phases of the family life cycle that are prominent in early adulthood, noting factors that influence these phases. (pp. 478-486) 14.11 Discuss the diversity of adult lifestyles, focusing on singlehood, cohabitation, and childlessness. (pp. 486-489) 14.12 Discuss trends in divorce and remarriage along with factors that contribute to them. (pp. 489-490) 14.13 Summarize the challenges associated with varied styles of parenthood, including stepparents, never-married single parents, and gay and lesbian parents. (pp. 490-492) 14.14 Describe patterns of career development, and cite difficulties faced by women, ethnic minorities, and couples seeking to combine work and family. (pp. 492-495) 3

Chapter 14 Practice Test 1.

According to Erikson’s theory, part of the intimacy versus isolation conflict is that a. the increase in casual sex among young adults has virtually redefined modern culture’s concept of intimacy b. most people assume that isolation is a negative thing, when in fact it is the desired option in most cases c. intimacy requires individuals to give up some independence and redefine their identity in terms of two people d. All of the above

2.

Levinson found that during the transition to early adulthood, most young people a. constructed an image of themselves in the adult world that guided their decision making b. reached career maturity and took on more authority in the community c. settled down by focusing on certain relationships and aspirations d. became “keepers of meaning,” or guardians of their culture

3.

Ariana developed secure attachments to her parents when she was small. Chances are high that her love relationships will be characterized in terms of a. dependency, insecurity, and sacrifice b. jealousy, possessiveness, and fear c. trust, friendship, and happiness d. desperation, anxiety, and fear

4.

Friendship continuity is greater for a. women, especially those who maintain many opposite-sex friendships b. men, especially those who maintain more opposite-sex friendships c. women, who also tend to see their friends more often d. men, because of their greater competitiveness

5.

Loneliness peaks during the a. seventies, because most women outlive their spouses b. late teens and early twenties, partly because most people must develop new relationships as they move through school and work settings c. late forties and early fifties, as children leave home and parents have to deal with the “empty nest” d. seventies, because older adults must face the deaths of friends and family members

6.

Shanda is a well-educated woman who is engaged and working as a pharmacist. She probably expects to form a(n) ____ marriage. a. matriarchal c. egalitarian b. feministic d. traditional 4

7.

As a mode of entry into committed partnership, cohabitation is chosen by more than _____ percent of young American couples. a. 15 c. 45 b. 35 d. 60

8.

A rising trend in divorce is marital breakups initiated by a. well-educated, economically independent women b. men in traditional marriages c. highly religious individuals d. homosexual partners

9.

Because there is no warm attachment bond to build on, a. new stepparents often shift their attentions to the new spouse and ignore the stepchild b. a new stepparent often has difficulty using discipline effectively with a stepchild c. couples in remarriages have a more difficult time developing intimacy d. stepparents often try to spoil a stepchild in an attempt to win affection

10.

According to Berk, American and Canadian women earn less than men primarily because a. women are not as interested as men in making lots of money b. of laws that allow differential pay for men and women c. of gender disparities in career development d. of gender bias in hiring and promotion

Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood After reading this chapter, you should be able to: 15.1

Describe physical changes of middle adulthood, including those related to vision, hearing, the skin, muscle-fat makeup, and the skeleton. (pp. 502-504)

15.2

Summarize the reproductive changes experienced by middle-aged men and women, noting the timing of menopause; discuss women’s psychological reactions to menopause. (pp. 504, 506-508)

15.3

Discuss sexuality in midlife, noting changes in frequency of sexual activity and intensity of sexual response. (p. 509)

15.4

Discuss cancer, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis, noting sex differences, risk factors, and interventions. (pp. 509-513)

15.5

Explain how hostility and anger affect health problems. (pp. 513-514)

15.6

Discuss the benefits of stress management, including both problem-centered and emotioncentered coping. (pp. 514-515)

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15.7

Describe the benefits of exercise and an optimistic outlook for dealing effectively with the physical challenges of midlife; note how many get too little exercise. (pp. 515-516)

15.8

Describe changes in crystallized and fluid intelligence during middle adulthood, and discuss individual and group differences in intellectual development. (pp. 518-520)

15.9

Describe changes in information processing in midlife, paying special attention to speed of processing, attention, and memory. (pp. 520-523)

15.10 Summarize the cognitive changes of midlife that are associated with practical problem solving, expertise, and creativity. (pp. 523-525) 15.11 Discuss the relationship between vocational life and cognitive development. (pp. 525-526) 15.12 Discuss the challenges of adult learners and the benefits of continuing education in midlife. (pp. 526-527)

Chapter 15 Practice Test 1.

Presbyopia is a. yellowing of the lens b. a limited ability to see in dim light c. the inability of the lens to adjust to focus light from nearby objects d. a disease in which pressure builds up within the eye due to poor fluid drainage

2.

Women who view menopause as a ____ report more negative physical and emotional symptoms. a. biocultural event c. symbol of aging b. medical problem d. life transition

3.

Among single middle aged adults, _____ are more likely to have had no sexual partners in the previous year, due to _____. a. women; decreased availability of acceptable partners b. men; competition for partners c. women; lack of interest d. men; impotence

4.

Aside from benign skin cancers, the most common form of cancer in men is _____. a. prostate cancer c. colon cancer b. bladder cancer d. lung cancer

5.

Frequent and angry outbursts; rude, disagreeable behavior; and critical and condescending nonverbal cues during social interactions are all aspects of a. expressed hostility c. mental illness b. competitiveness d. insensitivity 6

6.

Adults who cope most effectively with stress tend to a. use a mixture of problem-centered and emotion-centered techniques b. use problem-centered techniques almost exclusively c. use emotion-centered techniques almost exclusively d. be very skillful at avoiding stressful situations

7.

The ability to use accumulated knowledge and experience with good judgment is called _____ intelligence. a. crystallized c. stored b. analytical d. fluid

8.

As an older person’s neural processing slows, the person will often minimize the effects by a. withdrawing and doing fewer and fewer activities b. pushing to complete tasks as quickly as possible c. using experience to plan further ahead in a task d. concentrating more on new, unfamiliar tasks

9.

Compared with younger individuals, when solving everyday problems middle-aged adults a. are more likely to consult with other people b. are more likely to give up prematurely c. tend to make poorer decisions d. tend to select better strategies

10.

Which of the following statements about returning to college in midlife is/are true? a. Adults are returning to graduate and undergraduate study in record numbers. b. Social support can make the difference between continuing and dropping out. c. Return to formal education is often triggered by a life transition. d. All of the above are true.

Answers to Practice Tests Ch. 13:

1. d

2. b

3. a

4. c

5. a

6. d

7. c

8. a

9. d

10. b

Ch. 14:

1. c

2. a

3. c

4. c

5. b

6. c

7. d

8. a

9. b

10. c

Ch. 15:

1. c

2. b

3. a

4. a

5. a

6. a

7. a

8. c

9. d

10. D

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