An Overview of Japan Japan’ss High-Speed Railway : Shinkansen

Akihiko Tamura Senior Deputy Director-General, Railway Bureau, MLIT January 13, 2012

1 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Topics

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

1. Japan’s Current High Speed Rail Network 2. The Main Features and the Advantages of the Shinkansen 3. Toward the Introduction of High Speed Rails in India - India : country with high potential for high speed rail - construction t ti scheme h off the th Shinkansen Shi k - the benefits brought by the Shinkansen

2

Japan’s Current Rail Network

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Japan s railway network is approximately 20 Japan’s 20,000 000 km long long. The network stretches through all parts of Japan. Japan Area Population

378,000 km2 128 million

India 3,165,596 km2 1 210 million 1,210

Sources: Census of India (March 1, 2011) Census of Japan (June 1, 2011) World Railways Today (Japan Railway Technical Services)

Tokyo Source: World Railways Today (Japan Railway Technical Service) ※ The figure represents the total kilometers of the railways of the six Japan Railway Companies (JRs).

3

International Comparison (1) Length of Railways

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

The total length off Japan’s ’ railways is one eleventh the length off US S railways. ○ International comparison of total railway lengths (FY2003) U.S.A

225,500

Russia

86,660 71 898 71,898

C China Canada

68,254 ,

India

63,122 20,071

Japan(※) 0

50 000 50,000

100 000 100,000

150 000 150,000

200 000 200,000

(k ) 250 000 (km) 250,000

Source: World Railways Today (Japan Railway Technical Service)

4

※ The figure represents the total number of kilometers of railways under the six Japan Railway Companies (JRs).

International Comparison (2) Number of Passengers Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism The annual number of Japan’s Japan s railway passengers is ranked among the world’s largest. (2009)

8.84 billion

Japan*

6.92 billion

India Germany

1.9 billion 1.52 billion

China 0

2

4

6

8

10

(billion passengers) Source: The UIC Statistics Database *The figure represents the annual number of railway passengers carried by the six Japan Railway Companies (JRs).

5

International Comparison (3) Number of Passenger-kilometers

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Japan is the third in the world next to India and China in the number of railway passenger-kilometers. (2009)

India

838 billion

China

788 billion

244 billion

Japan*

154 billion

Russia 0

200

400

600

800

1000

(billion passenger-km) Source: The UIC Statistics Database *The figure represents the annual number of railway passengers carried by the six Japan Railway Companies (JRs).

6

Current High Speed Rail (Shinkansen) Network Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism JR East

Total Length： 2,388 km

JR Central JR West

Sapporo

Akita Line

JR Kyushu

(Upgraded conventional line)

Shin-Hakodate

Under Construction

2016

Yamagata Line (Upgraded conventional line)

Hachinohe

Planned line

Joetsu Shinkansen (270km)

1997

Hokuriku Shinkansen (117km) Sanyo Shinkansen (554km) Kanazawa

Niigata

2015

1982

1999 1992

1975

1972Shin-Osaka Okayama

Nagasaki

2004

12 Mar 2011 Shin-Yatsushiro

Kyushu Shinkansen S ( (257km) )

Kagoshima-Chuo

Nagoya

4 Dec 2010

2002 Morioka

Tohoku Shinkansen (675km)

1982

Nagano Hakata

As of 2011

Shin-Aomori

Sendai

1982

1997 Takasaki

Omiya

1964 Tokyo

Tokaido Shinkansen ((515km))

Omiya 1985

Ueno 1991

Tokyo 7

Number of Shinkansen Passengers

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

The number of Shinkansen passengers has been steadily increasing since the start of operations in 1964. ○ Growth in the annual number of Shinkansen passengers (million passengers)

400 Kyusyu

350

Hokuriku Joetsu

300

Tohoku Tokaido & Sanyo y

250 200 150 100 50 0 1964

1968

1972

1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

2004

2007 (FY)

Source: Railroad 2009 through Figures, Shinkansen (Sankaido)

8

Topics

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

1. Japan’s Current High Speed Rail Network 2. The Main Features and the Advantages of the Shinkansen 3. Toward the Introduction of High Speed Rails in India - India : country with high potential for high speed rail - construction t ti scheme h off the th Shinkansen Shi k - the benefits brought by the Shinkansen

9

Utmost Safety

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Single-braking control Æmore comfortable ride

Speed

Brake pattern stored in the on-board device

ＪＲ E2-MATSUKI

Digital – ATC Detect a preceding train Automatic train control device

D６Ｔ

D５Ｔ

D４Ｔ

D３Ｔ

D２Ｔ

D２Ｔ

D２Ｔ

D２Ｔ

D２Ｔ

D２Ｔ

D１Ｔ

Transmit the stop track circuit number (D2T)

COMTRAC/COSMOS Traffic control system

ATC on-ground device

Trackside protection facilities

Fatalities to date:

High speed inspection train Electric/track inspection p system y

ZERO

for 47 years since the start of operation in 1964 10

Reliability : Highly-frequent Services

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Up to 14 services per hour thanks to train control technology ○ Departure information at a Shinkansen station

■ Average delay time :

less than

1 min

for 47 years

11

Environmentally Friendly Mode : Railway

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Excellent environmental performance

CO₂ CO emission comparison 75 7.5 Automobile

:

5

Airplane

:

1

Shinkansen 12

Car Body (1) Lightweight

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

○ Comparison

Trainset (cars) - Seats (No.) Train Weight (ton) * Train Weight/Seat (ton/seat)

Shinkansen

Shinkansen

Series E5

Series N700

10 - 731 454 0.62

16 - 1323 635 0.48

A train

B train

20 – 750 16 - 858 766 818 1.02 0.95 *Unloaded train data

Train weight per seat (ton/seat)

1

0 62 0.62

1.02

0.95

A train

B train

0.48

0.5 0 E5

N700

Lower CO2 emissions & Energy consumption 13

Car Body (2) Wide : Comfort and Large CapacityMinistry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism The car body Th b d off th the Shinkansen Shi k i wider is id th than th thatt off any other th high hi h speed d rail train. Shinkansen 446-456

More passengers

400-410

Shinkansen: 3350 3350-3360 3360 mm

Comfort

Width (mm)

Seat Pitch (mm)

Seats/Car (No./car)

Series E5

3350

1040 0 0

73.1 3

Series N700

3360

1040

82.7

Train A (TGV-R)

2904

900

37.5

Train B (ICE3)

2950

920

53.6 14

Small Infrastructure

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

The excellent Th ll t air i tightness ti ht off the th car body b d off the th Shinkansen Shi k allows ll ffor tunnel cross sections to be constructed small.

Shinkansen TGV・ICE TGV ICE

64㎡ 90㎡

軌道中心間隔4.3m Distance in-between: in between: 4.3m 4 3m

Size of lanes

Small

R= 6, 25 0

R= 4, 75 0

○Tunnel Cross Section

軌道中心間隔4 軌道中心間隔4.5m 5m Distance in in-between: between: 4 5m 4.5m

Large 15

Topics

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

1. Japan’s Current High Speed Rail Network 2. The Main Features and the Advantages of the Shinkansen 3. Toward the Introduction of High Speed Rails in India - India : country with high potential for high speed rail - construction t ti scheme h off the th Shinkansen Shi k - the benefits brought by the Shinkansen

16

High Speed Railway Corridors in India

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

“Indian Indian Railways Vision 2020” 2020 ( ): Population (million people)

Amritsar (1.1) Chandigarh (1)

②

Delhi (11) Patna (1.7)

③

Ahmedabad (5.6)

H Howrah/Kolkata h/K lk t (5 (5.6) 6)

④ Mumbai (12)

①

Pune (3.1)

H d b d (6 Hyderabad (6.8) 8)

⑤

Haldia ((0.2))

Vijayawada (1)

Chennai (4.7)

Bangalore (8.4)

⑥ Ernakulam (0.6)

17 (Source of population of Indian cities : Census 2011)

The Similarity in Population Distribution Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Source of population of Indian cities : Census 2011)

Surat

Vadodara 1.7

4.5

Mumbai

Nadiad Population Unit : million people

0.22

0.11 12

Valsad

0.16

0.17

0.2

Navsari

Bharuch

Anand

Chennai

5.6 Ahmedabad

Coimbatore 0 8 Erode 1.1 0.8

Salem

Vellore

100km

Thrissur Kochi

4.7 0.16

0.19

8.3

Shizuoka

Toyohashi

0.7

0.38

3.6 Shin-Yokohama

0.79 Hamamatsu

0.6

Bangalore

8.4

Tokyo ((23 wards))

0.32

Kyoto K t 1.5

2.2 Nagoya

0.69 2.6 Shin-Osaka

Okayama

1.2 Hiroshima

1,000km 18

The Competitiveness among the Other Transport Modes Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

○ Passenger shares for the modes of passenger transport between Tokyo and Fukuoka Tokyo–Nagoya

71%

Tokyo–Osaka

5% 23%

77%

Tokyo–Okayama

64%

T k Tokyo–Hiroshima Hi hi

55%

Tokyo–Fukuoka

Railway

Bus

Airplane

Car

19% 4%

34%

2%

42%

9%

2%

1%

90% Source: Inter-Regional Passenger Mobility Survey FY 2007

(million) 8.3

Population of cities ((2008) 008) Tokyo 0km

2.2

Nagoya 366km

2.6

Osaka 553km

0.69

1.2

Okayama Hiroshima 733km 894km

1.4

Fukuoka 1,175km 19

Construction Scheme of the Shinkansen (1) Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

(1) Tokaido and Sanyo Shinkansen The construction costs were fully covered by loans.

- This line covered the most densely-populated areas in Japan. - The profit was enough to return the loans within 7-8 years off the th start t t off operations. ti

Sanyo Shinkansen Hakata

Tokaido Shinkansen

Okayama Shin-Osaka Nagoya

1975

1972

1964

Tokyo

20

Construction Scheme of the Shinkansen(2) Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

(2) Tohoku and Joetsu Shinkansen A large g p part of the cost* was still covered by y loans. * The government funded 13 % of the construction.

Joetsu Shinkansen

M i k Morioka Niigata Sendai

1982 Hakata

Okayama Shin-Osaka Nagoya

Expansion to rural areas 1982

Omiya Tokyo

1991

Tohoku Shinkansen The profit was not large to return the loans. loans The construction cost placed a heavy burden on the Japanese National Railways (JNR) (JNR). It led to the privatization of the JNR in 1987.

21

Construction-operation Separation Scheme Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

After 1997 1997, - central and local governments pay for the construction cost. - operators (JRs) no longer shoulder the burden of the construction cost. - this scheme ensures the sustainable operation of the JRs JRs. JR (operator)

JRTT* (B ild and owner (Builder of tracks）

Lease Tracks

Pay Lease Fee

＜Financial Assistance＞ 2/3 of construction cost

Japanese (central) government Local governments 1/3 of construction cost *JRTT: The Japan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency

22

Benefits of High-Speed Rail (1） Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Kyushu Shinkansen: Hakata - Kagoshima-Chuo (250 km)

Phase 2: Hakata - Shin-Yatsushiro opened in March 2011 Phase 1: Shin-Yatsushiro - Kagoshima-Chuo opened d in i M March h 2004

■ Significant Si ifi t time ti saving i 3’40” Before e o e Ope Opening g

2’12” After phase 1 opening (Shin-Yatsushiro - Kagoshima-Chuo)

About 1’20” ’ ” After opening of entire line (phases 1 & 2 ) （Hakata - Kagoshima-Chuo）

23

Benefits of High-Speed Rail (2) Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

■ Huge impact on local economies as a result of the increase in visitor numbers

the entire line opened in March

2011

Vi it Visitors t K to Kagoshima hi Prefecture P f t Ripple Effect on Economy of Kagoshima Prefecture

Increased by 24.5% (year--on (year on--year basis)

460 million dollars (since the opening of the entire line) Source; Kagoshima Regional Economic Research Institute

24

Economic Impact on Regional Development

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Before

A Area around d

Shin Yokohama station Shin-Yokohama i

Shinkansen

Conventional line

1962 30km from Tokyo Station 5km from the center of Yokohama City

25

Economic Impact on Regional Development Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

After

Area around

Shi Y k h Shin-Yokohama station

Now… front entrance of Yokohama City Sports arena

Shin-Yokohama station Event arena

New Development Area

26

Economic Impact on Regional Development

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Before

Area around

S k d i Sakudaira

station

Planned Station

Hokuriku Shinkansen

165km ffrom T 165k Tokyo k St Station ti 1.5km from the center of Saku City

27

Economic Impact on Regional Development Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

After

A Area around d

Sakudaira

station i

(10years after opening) = Year 2007

佐久平駅

Sakudaira St.

Hokuriku Shinkansen 28

Related Businesses Contributing to Railway Projects Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Hakata Station ((Kyushu y Shinkansen))

29

Wide-ranging Benefits of Shinkansen

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Contribution to job creation and regional economic development

infrastructure construction

30

Wide-ranging Benefits of Shinkansen

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Contribution to job creation and regional economic development

rail track maintenance

31

Wide-ranging Benefits of Shinkansen

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Contribution to job creation and regional economic development

rolling-stock manufacturing

32

Conclusion

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

JJapan can cooperate t with ith IIndia di on th the d development l t off hi high h speed rails in India. Public sector

Policy approaches - nationwide railway network development - administration that values railway safety

Long experience in developing the Shinkansen - financial scheme - regional development

Private sector

Technologies - safety and reliability - environmental sustainability - small infrastructure

Experience and expertise - rail business - commercial development in and around the station - a wide range of other businesses 33

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Thank you