PhilippineS Environment Monitor 2005

Foreword.................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. iii Executive Summary.................................................................................................................. iv Scorecard.................................................................................................................................... vi Hot Spot Maps........................................................................................................................... ix Abbreviations and Acronyms.................................................................................................. xi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

PHILIPPINE COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES: AN INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 1 Thousands of islands An abundance of species Importance of coastal ecosystems Resources of significant value Other ecosystem services RESOURCES AND ECOSYSTEMS............................................................................... 7 Coral reefs: “Rainforests of the sea” Mangroves: a multiple-function resource Seagrass beds, a vital resource for underwater life Beaches, foreshore, and shoreline areas Fisheries Overfishing and declining fish stocks Biodiversity COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES UNDER PRESSURE............................... 21 Agriculture and forestry Urban and industrial development Tourism development Oil and gas exploration Minerals and mining Population growth and fish consumption Climate change COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURES AND LOCAL LIVELIHOODS................ 30 Social conditions Gender and coastal resources management Lessons learned and opportunities: Improving local livelihoods LEGISLATION, POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS, AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT......................................................................................... 38 Legislation and institutions Sector policies and plans Integrated coastal resource management CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE............................................................................... 48

References................................................................................................................................... 54 Relevant Organizations and Websites.................................................................................... 59 Philippines at a Glance

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Tables 1.1

Philippines coastal data

1

1.2

Key coastal habitats

2

1.3

Annual economic net benefits from Philippine coral reefs Total fish production and value by sector, Philippines, 1997–2004 Growth rates in fish production by sector, Philippines, 1997–2004 Contribution of top species to total volume of capture marine fisheries production, 1997–2004 Contribution of top species to total aquaculture production, Philippines, 1997–2004 Estimated numbers of marine species that occur in the Philippines Threatened and legally protected marine species and their habitat requirements Environmental impacts from tourism on coastal habitats Projected population and fish consumption levels, 1995–2020 Endangered area of land along Manila Bay coast in different sea level rise Microenterprise options for livelihood improvements in poor coastal communities Major sectoral plans of relevance to coastal and marine resources

3

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 5.1

2.10 Per capita fisheries-related food available for consumption in the Philippines 3.1 Typical impacts of tourism activities on the coastal zone 3.2 Volume of exports and imports of fish and fishery products, 1997–2004 3.3 Value of exports and imports of fish and fishery products 1997–2004 3.4 Total catch, 1989–2003 3.5 Change in landings, Philippines vs. benchmark, 1970–2003 5.1 Sumilon Island marine reserve with sanctuary and traditional use area 5.2 The CRM process for local governments in the Philippines

13 13 14 14 17

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.1

23 26 29

2.2 2.3 3.1

37 42

Number of MPAs by location and legal basis

45

5.3

Size distribution of MPAs

45

5.4

Management rating of MPAs

45

3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

Figures 1.1

Important coastal ecosystems and habitats

2

2.1

Reefs at risk threat index

7

2.2

Different threats to coral reefs

7

2.3

Mangrove detrital food chain

8

2.4

Mangroves and their ecological and economic products

8

2.5

Mangrove resource decline in the Philippines

9

2.6

Exchange of mutual benefits between mangrove, seagrass, and coral reef

11

2.7

Well or Groundwater contamination from improper location of sewage disposal system

12

2.8

Map of heavily exploited areas

15

2.9

Decline in average CPUE for hook and line fishing in six provinces

16

22 25 25 26 27 43

47

Text boxes

18

5.2

16

4.5 4.6 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 6.1

Marine aquarium fishery and trade Marine turtles: Worth more alive than dead Renewable energy from the sea Environmental waste disposal services BFAR study warns of fish shortage in Davao Gulf in 2007 Live reef food fish trade Whale sharks: Delicacy or Tourist Attraction? Decades of mining destroyed an island paradise Potential impacts of climate change and sea-level rise on coastal systems Employment and food security Conflicts among fisherfolk Indigenous peoples Involving young people in coastal resource management Successful community-based coastal tourism experiences Seaweed farming in Port Barton, Palawan Legislative framework The fight of San Fernando City, La Union to eliminate illegal fishing Licensing in the commercial fishing sector Licensing in the municipal fishing sector Supporting fisheries at Sumilon and Apo Islands Key elements for the sustainability of integrated coastal resource management The importance of including all stakeholders Money from conservation: lessons from Anilao

4 5 5 6 16 19 20 24 28 30 31 32 33 34 36 38 39 40 41 44 46 46 49

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PhilippineS Environment Monitor 2005

Some of the world’s richest ecosystems—composed of extensive coral reefs, sea-grass beds, and dense mangrove forests—can be found in the waters of the Philippine Islands. The country’s coastline, including 7,100 islands, is one of the longest in the world. Communities on the coastline are heavily dependent on these waters for fish and other resources. Yet habitat loss, unsustainable fishing practices, and continuing trade in endangered marine species are increasingly threatening coastal biodiversity and livelihoods. This publication, the sixth in the Philippines Environment Monitor (PEM) series, focuses on coastal and marine management. Previous reports presented and updated trends in the state of the environment (2000 and 2004), solid waste management (2001), air quality (2002), and water quality (2003). This edition highlights the degradation and loss of coral reefs, mangroves, and sea grasses. Only 4 to 5 percent of coral reefs are in excellent condition; more than 70 percent of the mangrove forests have been converted to aquaculture, logged, or reclaimed for other uses; and half of all sea-grass beds have either been lost or are severely degraded. Beaches and seashores have come under pressure from rapid population growth and uncontrolled development. One of the consequences of this coastal degradation is the decline in fisheries catch-per-unit effort. In addition, the fisheries industry and ecosystems are suffering from overexploitation, destructive fishing practices, and corruption. While existing laws and regulations provide a basic framework for coastal management, in practice coastal management has been inefficient and piecemeal. This report finds that improved public participation in coastal law enforcement and heightened national awareness of the state of these resources are crucial in improving management. Implementation of the proposed Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan would also go a long way in reversing coastal degradation. This publication is divided into the following sections: (1) Introduction to the Philippines’ coastal and marine resources; (2) Status and economic significance; (3) Pressures on ecosystems and resources; (4) Links to local livelihoods; (5) Legislation, institutions and policies; and (6) Key challenges ahead. This Monitor is the outcome of a series of stakeholder consultations involving national agencies, civil society, academia, and independent researchers, and it was prepared, reviewed, and finalized with comments from counterparts. Annex 1 lists all the sources on which the text is based. We hope that this Monitor will raise awareness of the technical and policy aspects of integrated coastal management and improve local capacity to implement the far-reaching reforms needed to protect valuable coastal resources.

Maria Teresa Serra Sector Director, Environment and Social Development East Asia and Pacific Region The World Bank

Joachim von Amsberg Country Director, Philippines East Asia and Pacific Region The World Bank

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This Philippines Environment Monitor 2005 on Coastal and Marine Resource Management is. a product of collaborative effort of various government agencies, local government units (LGUs),. academe, private sector, donor agencies, civil society organizations at both the national and local levels. The financial contribution of the Danish Government is appreciated together with the valuable contributions of people who provided assistance in the preparation of this Monitor. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES Department of Environment and Natural Resources Asst. Secretary Analiza Teh Asst. Director Teresita Mundita-Lim Dir. Romeo Acosta Robert Jara Marizel Calpito Arthur Garcia Florendo Barangan William Panaypayon Rogelio Trinidad Felix Mendoza Donna Gordove Philippine Information Agency Lyndon Plantilla Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Dir. Malcolm Sarmiento Sandra Victoria Arcamo Mercy Tan

Palawan State University International Center for Research in Agroforestry Rodel Lasco CIVIL SOCIETY AND MEDIA Environment and Broadcast Circle Elizabeth Roxas Haribon Margarita Lavides Sagip Pasig Movement Bebot Corpuz Meth Jimenez Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement Isagani Serrano Sustainable Coastal Tourism in Asia Grace Favila

National Anti-Poverty Commission Juanita Nartea

Conservation International Romy Trono

National Economic and Development Authority Jan Andrew Zubiri

World Wide Funds Abigail Dumaup Joel Palma Edgardo Tongson Lorenzo Tan

Philippine Coast Guard Antonio Lalisan CONGRESS House of Representatives − Committee on Ecology Roselita Paloma

DONORS Asian Development Bank Nasimul Islam Loreta Rufo Masaki Omura

ACADEME AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE UP Marine Science Institute Dr. Edgardo Gomez

USAID-FISH Cesar Luna Teresa Oledan-Grover Marco Carreon

Silliman University Dr. Angel Alcala

USAID Economic Governance Project Gem Castillo Annette Menez USAID Joy Jochico and team Rene Acosta Water and Sanitation Program Jemima Sy Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit Uarsten Heinrich LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS Palawan Corporate Services Division Preselina Planas Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff Nelson Devanadera Municipal Government of Palawan Governor Joel Reyes Various Municipalities Province of La Union Mayor Mary Jane Ortega Vice-Mayor Alvin Fernandez San Fernando City ENRO Staff, Sevilla Center Celso Jucutan Municipal Government of Mabini Mayor Rowell Sandoval Luzviminda Villas League of Municipalities Joel Wagan Aquarium Council Arun Abraham Domingo Ochavillo

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PhilippineS Environment Monitor 2005

The 2005 Philippines Environment Monitor looks at the history and effectiveness of. coastal and marine resources management. Philippine coastal waters contain some of the world’s most diverse ecosystems considered as the center of marine biodiversity in the world. It is. characterized by extensive coral reefs, sea grass beds, dense mangrove forests, and pristine and beautiful beaches. The country stretches 2,000 kilometers from north to south and consists of. 7,100 islands with a total coastline of 36,289 kilometers, one of the longest in the world. The coastal and marine resources have significant economic value. Healthy coastal and marine ecosystems. can provide the Philippines a sustainable supply of goods—such as fish and related products, seaweeds, algae and salt—and services, such as shoreline protection, maintaining water quality, sustaining biodiversity, transportation, and recreation. The annual economic benefits from the Philippines’ coastal ecosystems are estimated at PhP 180. billion ($3.5 billion). The economic costs of environmental degradation of these resources are. significant. It is estimated that 1 square kilometer of healthy coral reef generates an average of PhP 2.5 million ($50,000) from fishing and tourism. As a whole, Philippine coral reefs contribute at least. PhP 70 billion ($1.4 billion) annually to the economy, about 1.4 percent of GDP. With such rich resources, it is ironic that coastal communities who depend directly on fish and other coastal and marine resources for their livelihood are among the poorest in the Philippines with. 4 of 10 coastal residents living under the poverty line. Household income levels are as low as PhP 24,000 ($470) per year, compared to the national average of PhP 144,000 ($2,820). With the average annual catch of a municipal fisher reduced to 30 percent of what it was in 1991, partly due to competition with the commercial fishing fleet, overfishing and destructive fishing practices, local coastal communities are increasingly turning to alternative livelihoods in order to survive. This issue of equity (or benefit sharing) in coastal resource management needs to be addressed. The present status of coastal ecosystems in the Philippines is a cause for alarm. Almost all Philippine coral reefs are at risk due to the impact of human activities, and only 4 to 5 percent remain in excellent condition. More than 70 percent of the nation’s mangrove forests have been converted to aquaculture, logged, or reclaimed for other uses. Half of the seagrass beds have either been lost or severely degraded, and the rate of degradation is increasing. Beaches and foreshore areas are under increasing pressures from rapid population growth and uncontrolled development, which leads to erosion, sedimentation, and water quality problems. The economic costs of environmental degradation of these resources are significant. The economic loss of over-fishing is estimated at about PhP 6.5 billion ($125 million) per year in lost fish catch. Red tides, which are harmful algal blooms largely caused by increasing pollution loads, produced yearly losses in exports of around PhP 1.6 billion ($30 million) during the 1990s. The human toll also is significant: Premature deaths among the working population due to water pollution in Manila. Bay (harmful algal bloom) have an immeasurable human impact and are estimated to cause. productivity loss of PhP 310 million annually ($ 6 million). Addressing the problems of increasing urbanization and human population pressure on coastal resources—contributing to land-based pollution, sedimentation, coastal degradation, and. iv

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overfishing—will require improved governance and mainstreaming the poverty reduction agenda across many sectors that affect the health of coastal ecosystems. Only through an integrated approach to coastal management can the productive potential of the Philippines’ rich natural marine heritage be realized and its contribution to the welfare of coastal communities achieved. Existing national laws and regulations already provide a basic framework for coastal management. But the existing framework is not sufficient to achieve coordinated and integrated coastal resource management that cuts across economic sectors and levels of government to resolve conflicts over resource use and broaden the distribution of benefits to society. The current laws and regulations need to be simplified. An international comparison to other developing countries with similar coastal resources found that the Philippines is using and managing its coastal resources less efficiently. Although the country has more than 30 years of experience in the implementation of coastal resource management, including successfully pioneering co-management approaches for the establishment of marine protected areas and deriving continuous benefits from better stewardship of coastal resources (such as the Bohol experience, Gilutongan Island, and Apo Island), these experiences need to be scaled up. There is a widespread fragmentation of development initiatives throughout the country aggravated by the lack of a national champion. Applying an integrated approach to managing coastal resources— that is, gathering information on the goods and services that can be derived from these resources in relation to the needs of society, and coordinating local community and government involvement in the use of these resources—is often difficult, but the benefits are clear. An integrated coastal resources management (ICRM) framework has been introduced in several LGUs and widely endorsed, but still lacks official sanction by the national executive and legislative bodies. Once sanctioned, it can significantly help to accelerate the sustainable development, management, and conservation of coastal resources. For the Philippines, to establish sound coastal resource management that ensures the protection and sustainability of its rich ecosystems as well as local livelihoods while contributing to the national economy, several key challenges remain: 1. Increasing the protection of coastal resources under threat through: a. Increasing the number and size of effectively managed MPAs and forming MPA networks in ecologically connected and critical areas. b. Co-management regimes to promote and introduce innovative and sustainable financing schemes that also allow local communities to benefit more directly from the resource. A good example of this is the collection of user fees from resource users, such as in Mabini, Batangas; Gilutongan Island in Cordova, and Cebu and Apo Island in Negros Oriental. c. Sustainable management of fisheries resources through efficient regulatory options, such as an effective fishing license system that would control access to fishing areas and spawning aggregation sites and define the type of gear that can be used.

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PhilippineS Environment Monitor 2005

d. Establishing limits to individual catch, and setting ecosystem boundaries and parameters of fisheries and their supporting habitat systems based on scientific assessments and through management of marine protected areas. e. Building the capacity of communities to address vulnerability issues, including the prevention and mitigation of local and global environmental impacts. 2. Improving local livelihoods for communities in coastal areas through: a. Mainstreaming the poverty reduction agenda—particularly for coastal areas—into the national development agenda by providing alternative livelihoods that conserve coastal resources, as well as promoting small and medium enterprise development through market analysis and offering support during initial years. b. Reducing population pressure through improved reproductive health practices, providing more opportunities for women and secure tenure. c. Improving fish stocks and fisheries yields by reducing erosion and degradation of critical estuarine habitats and by restoring or rehabilitating other important coastal ecosystems, especially coral reefs. d. Maximizing the value and income potential by investing in post-harvest facilities to reduce losses. 3. The Way Forward: Strengthening and simplifying institutional arrangements through: a. An integrated coastal management framework that strengthens the capacity of stakeholders to work across sectors and through layers of government to improve stewardship of resources and to build capacity for coastal management by supporting champions, as well as the establishment of ICRM training and technical assistance to core groups at the national, regional, provincial, municipal, and barangay levels. One national agency can be identified to serve as a champion for both the management of the habitat and fishery as that would be best for ICM. b. Improved coastal law enforcement through streamlining and integrating the present enforcement, fighting corruption, and promoting stronger participation of local organizations. Promoting a balance between enforcement and voluntary compliance with environmentally sound practices by linking healthy ecosystems to sustainable economic growth, such as in the coastal tourism industry, which is largely dependent on environmental and cultural resources. c. Strengthening public awareness, education, innovative multi-stakeholder initiatives, social marketing, and public information dissemination, such as in the Beach EcoWatch programs. d. Improving access of local governments and coastal communities to information that will inform and improve decisions affecting services from coastal and marine ecosystems. Finding ways to implement challenges identified and choosing the development path that protects coastal and marine resources will contribute to economic growth in the Philippines. Otherwise stopping and reversing the current trend in resource degradation will not happen. The business-asusual will result in irreversible damage, possible collapse of these resources, and further marginalizing the coastal communities and endangering their health and nutrition.

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GENERAL TREND

INDICATOR

PRIORITY LEVEL

STATUS AND COMMENTS

State of coastal and marine resources Condition of coral reefs

Although reefs are considered to be declining nationwide, active coastal and marine protected areas in the Central Visayas are showing improvements in coral cover and fish abundances.

Mangrove cover

In 1918, mangroves covered 450,000 hectares as opposed to 138,000 hectares today. Presently, mangroves are relatively stable and even increasing in selected areas of management in Visayas so that the overall rate of decline has lessened.

Seagrass cover

About half of the seagrass beds have been lost or degraded since 1950, and the rate of degradation is increasing due to land reclamation and pollution.

Beach forest cover

Almost all beach forest has been converted into settlements and coconut plantations. Larger blocks of intact beach forest exist only in very remote areas such as the coastline of Isabela Province, Luzon islets in the Sulu Sea, and the South China Sea including coastal protected areas of St. Paul’s Subterranean River in Palawan.

Fish stocks

The main fish species and marine organisms are showing severe signs of overfishing. Despite the continued expansion of the country’s commercial fishing fleet, total fish catch levelled off in the early 1990s

Catch per unit effort

All fisheries are showing decline in total catch and per unit effort (total number of fish caught per unit of time) despite increasing effort. Fish are being harvested at a level 30 to 50 percent higher than the natural production capacity.

Protection of marine species

Many of the important marine species are threatened or have disappeared from most of their former breeding ranges.

State of coastal erosion

Coastal erosion is increasing in areas adjacent to or near urban development centers. Sea level rise will exacerbate coastal erosion, especially in low-lying areas or near development.

Pressure on coastal zone Population in coastal zone and its growth

About 62 percent of the population lives in the coastal zone. The Philippines has one of the highest population growth rates in the world with an average annual rate of increase of 2.75 percent during the last century.

Solid waste generation

The generation of solid waste continues to increase from a minimum of 10.67 million ton per year in 2000 to a projected 14.05 million ton per year in 2010. Waste generation is highest in large cities and densely populated areas.

Water pollution

Most shore ecosystems near urbanized areas are threatened by nutrient loading. A recent study of 12 bays (major fishing grounds) found that organic nutrients were affecting water quality including high levels of heavy metal in some areas.

Demand for fish and fishery products

Estimates show that if the present rapid population growth and declining trend in fish production continue, only 10 kilograms of fish will be available per Filipino per year by 2010, as opposed to 28.5 kilograms per year in 2003.

Erosion and sedimentation

Logging and unsustainable farming practices in recent decades have led to increasing soil erosion and frequent flooding. Soil erosion causes sedimentation that reduces light, smothers marine organisms, and prevents recovery areas that have been silted over.

Low Priority



Medium Priority



High Priority

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PhilippineS Environment Monitor 2005

GENERAL TREND

INDICATOR

PRIORITY LEVEL

STATUS AND COMMENTS

Institutional capacity and budget allocation for marine and coastal resources management Government staff allocated to CRM

The number of staff is increasing in municipal governments, cities, and in selected provinces as a result of the emphasis placed on CRM. At regional and national levels, staff size is generally decreasing due to the small national budgets.

Number of LGU staff trained in CRM

About 97 staff members trained in 2001; 446 in 2002; 2,076 in 2003; and 286 in 2004. (These numbers do not necessarily include all local government units (LGU) staff, and include representatives of POs, fisherfolk, and other coastal stakeholders.)

National level allocation (percent of total expenditure)

Over the past seven years, regular budgets of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) for CRM have been decreasing. Total budget allocation for foreign-assisted projects doing CRM, however, has increased, particularly for the last three years.

LGU level allocation

The number of LGUs allocating annual budget for CRM and the amount of these allocations has increased during the past decade. Overall, average budgets increased from a baseline of PhP 107,981 in 1995 to PhP 291,675 in 2002.

Coastal Resource Management Number of LGUs achieving CRM benchmarks

Of the 822 coastal municipalities and 25 coastal cities, 113 have achieved the basic benchmarks of CRM (budget, management, plan, law enforcement, or other best practice in place). These LGUs cover 3600 kilometers or about 20 percent of the shoreline.

Percent marine protected areas (MPA) under effective management

In 2005, about 26 percent of 362 legally established MPAs (out of a total of over 500 MPAs) from 150 municipalities in 36 provinces were managed in a sustainable manner, and 44 percent were developing management systems. The remaining 30 percent lack sufficient data to evaluate and generally lack management.

Percent of coral reef habitat within MPA

Three percent of coral reef habitat (or about 780 of the 26,000 square kilometers of reef in the country) lies within an MPA.

Increase in fish attributed to spillover from MPAs

The increasing number of effective, although small, MPAs with no-take zones or “sanctuaries” is increasing the biomass of fish and fish yields in their immediate vicinity. (About 10 percent of fish catch from the Apo Island area was attributed to spillover.)

Population with access to sanitation and sewerage

Access to sanitation is rising slowly. Urban access to piped sewerage in Metro Manila is very low (8 percent) as the investments in sewerage are inadequate. Metro Cebu and Metro Davao have no centralized sewerage systems at all.

Poverty among municipal fishing households

Eighty percent of municipal fishing households are living below the poverty line. This can be attributed to a lack of alternative sources of income and decreasing catch per unit effort for most municipal fishers.

Income of fishing households over time

Fishing households have an average annual income equivalent to half or even less of the national average of PhP 144,000 per year (US$ 2820).

Low Priority



Medium Priority



High Priority

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PhilippineS Environment Monitor 2005

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Abbreviations & Acronyms AFMA

Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act

IPRA

Indigenous People’s Rights Act

AFMP

Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Plan

ICLARM

ARCDEV

Sustainable Philippine Archipelagic Development Framework

International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management

ICRM

Integrated Coastal Resources Management

BAS

Bureau of Agricultural Statistics

LGU

Local Government Unit

BESWMC

Barangay Ecological Solid Waste Committee

MARPOL

BFAR

Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources

International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships

CABCOM

Cabinet Committee on Marine and Ocean Affairs

MFO

Municipal Fisheries Ordinances

CCEF

Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation

MGB

Mines and Geosciences Bureau

CITES

Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species

MPA

Marine Protected Areas

CLEC

Coastal Law Enforcement Council

MPSA

Mineral Production Sharing Agreement

CLUP

Comprehensive Land Use Plan

NAMRIA

National Mapping and Resource Information Authority

CMMO

Coastal and Marine Management Office

NBSAP

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

CPUE

Catch Per Unit Effort

NCIP

National Commission on Indigenous Peoples

CRM

Coastal Resource Management

NFARMC

CRMP

Coastal Resource Management Project

National Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Management Council

DA

Department of Agriculture

NGO

Non-Governmental Organization

DAO

Department Administrative Order

NIPAS

National Integrated Protected Areas System

DECS

Department of Education, Culture and Sports

NWRB

National Water Resources Board

DENR

Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources

OBST

Olango Island Bird and Landscape Tour

DFA

Department of Foreign Affairs

OTEC

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

DILG

Department of Interior and Local Governments

PAMB

Protected Areas Management Boards

DND

Department of National Defence

PAWB

DO

Dissolved Oxygen

Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau

DOE

Department of Energy

PEA

Public Estates Office

DOT

Department of Tourism

PEMSEA

Partnership in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia

EEZ

Exclusive Economic Zone (200 nautical miles)

PCMARD

EIA

Environmental Impact Assessment

Philippine Council for Marine and Aquatic Research and Development

EMB

Environmental Management Bureau

PCG

Philippine Coast Guard

ENRAP

Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting Project

PCRA

Participatory Coastal Resources Appraisal

PhP

EO

Executive Order

Philippine Peso

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

PN

Philippine Navy

PNP

Philippine National Police

FARMC

Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Management Council

PRA

Public Reclamation Authority (formerly PEA)

PO

People’s Organization

FLA

Fishpond Lease Agreement

PPA

Philippine Ports Authority

FLC

Foreshore Lease Contract

PTA

Philippine Tourism Authority

FMB

Forest Management Bureau

RAMSAR

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance

SAFDZ

Strategic Agriculture and Fisheries Development Zones

UNCLOS

United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea

FPIC

Free and Prior Informed Consent

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

GOLD

Governance and Local Democracy Project

IFARMC

Integrated Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Management Council

USAID

United States Agency for International Development

WRI

World Resources Institute

IPAF

Integrated Protected Areas Fund

WWF

World Wildlife Fund

Unless otherwise noted, all dollars are US Dollars 1 USD = 54 Philippines peso (PhP) (December 2005) All tons are metric tons (MT) (1000 kilograms); A billion is a 1,000 million.

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