Foreword... Table of Contents... Introduction... Methodology... Executive Summary... iii v ix xiii xix

Table of Contents Chapter I Chapter II Chapter III Chapter IV Page Foreword ......................................................................
Author: Kerry Cannon
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Table of Contents

Chapter I

Chapter II

Chapter III

Chapter IV

Page

Foreword .............................................................................................

iii

Table of Contents ..............................................................................

v

Introduction ........................................................................................

ix

Methodology ......................................................................................

xiii

Executive Summary ............................................................................

xix

MORTALITY ...................................................................

1

Infant and Under-five Mortality Rate .............................................

1

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) .....................................................

5

EDUCATION ..................................................................

7

Early Childhood Education .............................................................

7

Basic Education ..................................................................................

8

Children Reaching Grade 5 ..............................................................

9

Net Primary School Enrolment Ratio ............................................

11

School Attendance .............................................................................

13

Entering School ...................................................................................

14

Literacy Rate ........................................................................................

16

WATER AND SANITATION .........................................

19

Clean Water .........................................................................................

19

Sanitation ..............................................................................................

21

NUTRITION ...................................................................

25

Underweight Prevalence ...................................................................

26

Prevalence of Stunted Children .......................................................

30

Prevalence of Severely Stunted Children .......................................

33

Prevalence of Wasted Children .......................................................

33

Prevalence of Low Birth Weight .....................................................

35

Iodized Salt Consumption ................................................................

36

Low Urinary Iodine ...........................................................................

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End Decade Statistical Report: Data and Descriptive Analysis

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Chapter V

Prevalence of Goitre in School Children .................................

38

Exclusive Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding ........

39

Exclusive Breastfeeding Rate .....................................................

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Complementary Feeding ............................................................

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Continued Breastfeeding .............................................................

42

Baby-Friendly Facilities ...............................................................

43

Vitamin A Deficiencies ..............................................................

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Vitamin A Coverage ....................................................................

45

Low Vitamin A .............................................................................

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CHILD’S HEALTH ....................................................

49

Child Immunization Coverage ...................................................

49

Neonatal Tetanus Immunization Through -

Chapter VI

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Pregnant Women ..........................................................................

55

Measles Cases ................................................................................

56

Polio Cases .....................................................................................

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Diarrhoea Cases ...........................................................................

60

Acute Respiratory Infections ......................................................

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Treatment for Sick Children .......................................................

64

Malaria and Bednets .....................................................................

65

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ....................................

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Contraceptive Services and Fertility .........................................

67

Access to Contraceptive Services ..............................................

68

Fertility Rate ..................................................................................

69

Antenatal Care ..............................................................................

71

Childbirth Care .............................................................................

73

Obsteric Care ................................................................................

74

Neonatal Tetanus ........................................................................

76

Anemia ...........................................................................................

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End Decade Statistical Report: Data and Descriptive Analysis

Chapter VII

HIV / AIDS ..................................................................

85

Knowledge of Preventing HIV/AIDS ..........................................

80

Knowledge of Misconceptions of HIV/AIDS ...........................

81

Knowledge of Mother to Child Transmission-

Chapter VIII

ANNEXES

of HIV ................................................................................................

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Attitude to People with HIV/AIDS ..............................................

84

Women Who have been Tested for HIV .......................................

86

Adolescent Sexual Behaviour ...........................................................

87

CHILD RIGHTS ...............................................................

89

Disabled Children ..............................................................................

89

Birth Certificates ................................................................................

90

Children in the Family .......................................................................

91

Orphans Living in Family .................................................................

92

Child Labour .......................................................................................

93

Annex 1 .................................................................................................

99

Annex 2 .................................................................................................

117

Annex 3 .................................................................................................

125

Annex 4 .................................................................................................

127

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INTRODUCTION

Background In December 1999, The United Nations General Assembly accepted Resolution No.54/93 on the implementation of the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) scheduled for September 2001. The aim of UNGASS is to follow up the agreement of the World Summit for Children (WSC). The WSC was held in New York in 1990. The resolution proposed that each member state conduct research into the progress of child welfare and development for the 10year period, 1999 – 2000. Each member state shall report its findings to the UN. Reports consist of an End of Decade National Report and a Statistical Report as Annex. UNICEF and other international organizations have set up seventy (70) indicators to monitor end decade achievements in each country. Indicators are comprised of 55 WSC and 15 supplementary indicators. These are referred to as the ‘global indicator’ list. The Statistical Report as the annex to the End of Decade National Report is compiled in order to: • Present the latest data so as to evaluate the situation of Mothers and Children at the end of the decade. • Present the data so as to illustrate the situation at the beginning of the decade, middle of the decade, before the crisis, and at the end of the decade, and to monitor trends of development and achievement of WSC goals in Indonesia. The Statistical Report contains a description of each indicator and its analysis. Data description includes goals of WSC, Mid Decade, and Program (Repelita VI), definitions, data sources, achievements, trends, and notes on data study, whereas the analysis is conducted to explain the achievement trends of goals of WSC and Repelita VI in Indonesia. This Statistical Report may be used as a basis for further action. Steps to Formulate the Report As the data of the report is obtained from different sources, a comprehensive study is needed.

The formulation of the Statistical Report is coordinated by the BPS-Statistics Indonesia, several agencies are involved, namely the Health Research and Development Board, the Center for Health Data and Information, the Directorate of Nutrition of the Health Ministry, and the Center for Information of the National Education Ministry.

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Before the Statistical Report is compiled a study of the available national data is undertaken. Through this process, the availability of WSC indicator data is ascertained, either from various surveys, such as the SUSENAS (National Social and Economic Survey), SDKI (Indonesia Demography and Health Survey), and SKRT (Household Health Survey), or from the system of program registration, reporting and monitoring. However data for the 15 supplementary indicators is currently unavailable. In order to obtain the supplementary indicators, a special survey is conducted with reference to the MICS (Multi Indicators Cluster Survey) 2000 recommended by UNICEF. The survey is integrated with SUSENAS 2000. The MICS survey or the Mother and Child Education & Health Survey collects national data for the 15 supplementary indicators to monitor child rights, IMCI (Integrated Management of Child Illness) and malaria, as well as information on HIV/AIDS. The collected data is studied with reference to the requested description of indicators, including: 1) the suitability between the required and used definitions; 2) national representation; 3) data reliability and validity; 4) data sustainability, to show data trends; 5) currently valid data meeting acceptable requirements. If necessary, the data is reprocessed so that it is in accordance with, or close to, the descriptions requested. Efforts should be made to obtain data at the beginning, the middle and the end of the decade. In order to observe the impact of the crisis on the achievements of WSC targets, the 1997 data is also included. If the data is obtained from a variety of sources, these sources should be included. All of the information pertaining to the indicators and their criteria is summarized in matrices (attached). The Statistical Report based on all of the data mentioned above is then composed. In the process of formulating the report, the relevance of WSC definitions is assessed and checked against the method of the data collection. This study is particularly useful in determining the most appropriate data to be reported. The data summary is attached in matrices. The variety of data sources and its methodology are included in the report to assist the process of further analyses. This constitutes a part of the National Report formulation. Several indicators included in the Statistical Report contain information based on gender, urban/rural areas, and disparity among provinces. Report writing is conducted in three stages. The first stage includes the preparation of the initial draft, based on the assessment of the available data. In the second stage the initial draft is discussed at two inter-departmental technical seminars. The third stage finalizes the draft, based on the inputs from the discussions at the two technical seminars. The Statistical Report is one of the materials required in order to formulate the National Report.

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The study will be particularly useful in determining the most appropriate data to be reported.

End Decade Statistical Report: Data and Descriptive Analysis

Systematic writing

The report includes the data from the beginning, the middle of the decade, prior to the crisis, and at the end of the decade.

The Statistical Report is comprised of 4 parts, titled: Introduction, Methodologies, Executive Summary, Data Assessment, and Annexes. The Annexes consist of the Tables of Data Assessment and studied Tables of Data Summary. Systematic writing refers to the Technical Guidance from UNICEF HQ, in which priority shall be placed on the inclusion of the data with appropriate descriptions, from the beginning of the decade through the middle period, prior to the crisis and up to the end of the decade. If this situation is unrealistic, then appropriate data and descriptions of 2 periods, namely the data available at the beginning and the end of the decade are included. If this is still impossible to realize, the latest available data may be included. If these three situations are still impossible to realize, then the report may include the available data, although their descriptions may differ. Of the 70 indicators, three are not reported, one is not suitable to the conditions in Indonesia, and no data is available from the two remaining indicators. All of the indicators are categorized into eight groups, namely: Mortality, Education, Water & Sanitation, Nutrition, Child Health, Reproductive Health, HIV/AIDS, and Child Rights. The various data sources create the process of data assessment and analyses lengthy However, the whole process of the Statistical Report formulation become a forum where every party will discuss how the data should be reviewed, and more importantly, the data interpretation will become more objective. New ideas on how to make the monitoring system in Indonesia more efficient may emerge during the process of formulating the Statistical Report.

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METHODOLOGY The data of the End Decade Statistical Report was obtained from various sources, namely national-surveys sources (such as Susenas, SKRT and MICS), sub-national-scale surveys and available reporting systems at the ministries. The following are brief descriptions of the methodology for each data source used in the report: A.

Survey Methodology

1.

Survei Sosio-Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) Susenas is a household survey with the principal objective of providing data on people’s welfare in a periodic development. This is a yearly survey conducted by BPS-Statistics Indonesia across the regions of Indonesia. The collected data is divided into two categories, namely core data (principal) and module data (target). The core data is collected every year. The sample size consisting of over 200,000 households. These samples indicate the estimate of several representative social and economic variables down to the district level. Module data has a sample size of approximately 65,000 households. This data is collected every year with a different topic each year. The results are representative provincially and nationally. Sample selection is conducted in three stages, each stage follows the rules of sampling probabilities. The data collection is conducted by statisticians who are field staff of BPS, stationed in sub-districts. Data is collected from direct interviews with respondents, by using structured questionnaires and guidebooks. Prior to the data collection, the statisticians are trained in order to have common perceptions on the concept of the definition, and are instructed as to how to fill in the questionnaires. Susenas is remarkable for its large sample size which produce results representative for smaller administrative areas). It also provides more information collected from the survey. However, it has restrictions in respect to certain variables, compared to more specific surveys, such as the SDKI (Indonesian Demography and Health Survey) pertaining to several health fields. 2.

Survei Demografi & Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) The first SDKI was conducted in 1987 under the name of Indonesian Contraceptive Prevalence Survey (SPI). In 1991 the name SPI was changed to SDKI and, until 1997, was conducted four times; 1987, 1991, 1994 and 1997. The main purpose of data collection through SDKI is to provide data on fertility, family planning, and health of mother and child.

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SDKI is designed to produce estimates of fertility rates, level of family planning participation, and other important indicators occurring in various provinces. The total samples amount to 35,500 households. These samples observe three priorities of family planning development. SDKI samples are design for stratification based on provinces and urban as well as rural areas in each province. The samples are selected through three stages, each of which is subjected to probability sampling. The SDKI field implementation is conducted in teams, each team consisting of 3-4 interviewers, accompanied by one supervisor and one editor. The SDKI officials are women, generally university students or graduates. Female officials have an advantage particularly in regard to sensitive questions since most respondents are female. Prior to the field implementation all officials are trained intensively. Due to its superiority in its system of data collection by teams and the use of female officials, the SDKI data is deemed to be more reliable than other data in terms of several variables. However, for certain variables IDHS data may be “biased” as its respondents are limited to women of reproductive age (15 – 49 years). Within the households sample. SDKI is conducted in collaboration with Department of Family Planning – Department of Health – BPS-Statistics Indonesia, supported by USAID. 3.

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 1995 and 2000 MICS is a rapid survey method developed by UNICEF in cooperation with other international organizations. In Indonesia, MICS was first conducted in 1995 under the name of Mother and Child Health Survey (SKIA); it aimed at providing some of the data, which was unavailable to meet the requirements of the mid-decade report (Mid-decade Goals/MDG). MICS 2000 was conducted under the name of Mother and Child Education and Health Survey (SPKIA). It aimed at providing new data/indicators, since data was unavailable from existing sources. Both the 1995 SKIA and 2000 SPKIA were conducted by BPSStatistics Indonesia, in cooperation with UNICEF and the Ministry of Health. The sample size of the 1995 SKIA was approximately 18,000 households. The sample aimed to produce national-level estimates which are disaggregated between urban and rural areas, and the provinciallevel estimates for seven provinces where UNICEF – GOI cooperation is implemented. The sample size of the 2000 SPKIA was 10,000 households, and the results were only representative at the national level. Results were disaggregated for urban and rural areas. The sample selection of the 1995 SKIA and the 2000 SPKIA differentiated between urban and rural areas. The sample selection was identical to the sampling design applied in the 1996 Susenas (for the 1995 SKIA) and the 2000 Susenas (for the 2000 SPKIA), using a threestage sampling design. The 1995 SKIA was conducted in teams of 3 persons, who formed a combination of core staff of BPS and the Ministry of Health in the regions. Team implementation was deemed able

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to produce good data collection results, particularly in measuring the anthropometrics (body weight and height) of under-fives. The 2000 SPKIA Census was conducted by the core staff of BPS in the regions (supervisors of the 2000 Susenas). As not much information was collected in the 2000 SPKIA, excluding the anthropometrics measurement, it was conducted by one official. 4.

Survei Sumber Daya Manusia (SSDM) 1996 and 1997 SSDM is a survey, which applies MICS methods and aims to provide data relating to human resources development. The SSDM was conducted by BPS in cooperation with various agencies under the coordination of the Office of the Coordinating Minister for People’s Welfare. Its sample size was 10,000 households, and its results were representative of the national level, and were disaggregated for urban and rural areas. 5.

Susenas Type 1998 and Susenas Mini 1999 The Type Susenas was conducted twice, in December 1998 and in August 1999. The Mini Susenas was also a survey that applied MICS methods. These surveys were aimed at providing the data relating to the level of people’s welfare, particularly data on the total of impoverished citizens after the crisis. Each of the surveys had a sample size of 10,000 households, planned to produce national-level data, disaggregated between urban and rural areas. Mini Susenas sample was the 1999 Susenas sub-sample. 6.

Survei Kesehatan Rumah (SKRT) 1992 and 1995 SKRT is a household survey conducted by the Ministry of Health. The first SKRT was conducted in 1972, then in 1980, 1985, 1992 and 1995. The 1972, 1980 and 1985 SKRT surveys included only 6-7 provinces, whereas the 1992 and 1995 SKRT surveys included all provinces in Indonesia. The 1992 and 1995 SKRT surveys were also integrated into the 1992 and 1995 Susenas, in which the selected samples for the Susenas were used also for the SKRT. The 1992 SKRT included a mortality study and follow up of pregnant women, using the Core/Module samples of the 1992 Susenas (65,000 households). The 1995 SKRT included a mortality study, using the Core samples of the 1995 Susenas (205.000 households), the morbidity study, using the sub-samples (5%) of the Module samples of the 1995 Susenas (65,000 households), and for the pregnant women the survey was integrated into the 1994 SDKI (35,000 households). The 1992 and 1995 SKRT used physicians to collect the morbidity and mortality data, and midwives to follow up the study on pregnant women. The implementation of the SKRT (design, training, supervision, analysis) became the responsibility of the Board of Research and Development of the Ministry of Health, and was supported/coordinated by the Regional Offices/Provincial Health Offices. Although the

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SKRT could only provide a national illustration, some of its variables provided indications of regional diversity. 7.

Survei Garam Yodium (SGY) The SGY survey has been conducted since 1995 and is aimed at providing data on the iodized salt consumption levels in all districts in Indonesia. All SGY surveys are integrated into the Susenas, in which all selected households for the SGY were the selected Core households of the Susenas. The 1995-1997 SGY surveys were conducted in cooperation with UNICEF. The 1998 and 1999 SGY surveys were conducted in cooperation with the Ministry of Health. 8.

Survei Evaluasi Vitamin A (Suvita) 1992 Suvita is a survey, which uses the household approach and aims, primarily at studying Xeropthalmia prevalence and the factors affecting it. The 1992 Suvita was the repetition of the “Xeropthalmia National Survey”. This was conducted in 22 provinces in 1977/1978. The 1992 Suvita was conducted in 15 of the 22 provinces selected for the 1977/ 1978 surveys, using approximately the same survey methods. The selected 15 provinces were classified in accordance to regions with high, moderate and low risks, based on the 1977/1978 surveys, so as to make the results representative for national estimates, and for each of the selected provinces. Samples were taken by using the “multistage cluster sampling” technique. In the first stage, Indonesia was divided into 6 zones. The samples in each zone were taken by using the methods commonly applied by BPS. Each zone was divided into provinces and classified into urban and rural areas. 9.

Survei Nasional Pemetaan Gangguan Akibat Kekurangan Yodium (GAKY Mapping) GAKY Mapping aims at obtaining information on the magnitude of IDD problems in Indonesia. The mapping was conducted by observing the epidemiology in all sub-districts in Indonesia. This activity was conducted progressively in 1995/1996 and in 1997/1998. There were two groups of samples. The first group consisted of children 6-12 years old from elementary schools/Islamic Schools and aimed at representing the IDD status of population at sub-district level. Results were obtained by examination of thyroid glands. The second group, whose respondents were pregnant women, was evaluated in order to determine the status of the IDD at the district level through TSH and urine examination. For sample selection among schoolchildren, a cluster was formed, in which one or more schools with at least 100 students were selected as a cluster. In each sub-district 3 clusters were selected by using “systematic random sampling” method. The sample targets per sub-district were 300 children, so as to reach the total samples of 1.2 million children 612 years old. The sample targets of pregnant women were 300 people

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per district. In villages where schools were selected, pregnant women were registered to form a sample frame for selecting them. The same number of pregnant women was selected from each sub-district. 10.

Pemantauan Status Gizi (PSG) of Under-Fives 1999 PSG aimed at providing information on the nutritional status of under-fives periodically and continuously in order to evaluate the nutritional status development of under-fives at the sub-district level. In each sub-district 30 percent of villages were selected at random. For the 1999 PSG survey, 17,056 villages were selected. A target of at least 80 percent of under-fives was weighed in each village. The children were weighed by health workers and nutritionist assisted by midwives in the villages, in the village community center, posyandu, or in other suitable places. The recording of weigh was conducted from September to October 1999 by the Department of Health. 11.

Pemantauan Tinggi Badan Anak Baru Masuk Sekolah (TBABS) 1999 TBABS monitoring aimed generally to obtain an illustration of the trends of growth and magnitude of physical growth disorders among children upon entering the elementary education level in each sub-district across Indonesia. In each sub-district, 3 villages were selected by PPS by size according to the number of elementary schools in each village. Overall, 12,196 elementary schools/Islamic schools were selected from different villages. The height of all of the first graders of selected schools was measured from July to August 1999. A fiberglass tape was used to measure the height of the children. 12.

Other Surveys/Studies/Research The data of other surveys/studies/research was also included into the report and this used either as supporting data or to provide indications, since no nationally representative data was available. A brief of explanations of data sources is described below: 12.1. Studi Prevalensi Defisiensi Vitamin A dan Zat Gizi lainnya (IBT Survey) in Eastern Indonesia (IBT Survey) 1990/1991. IBT Survey was conducted in stages, between October 1990 and June 1991 in 4 IBT provinces, namely Maluku, Irian Jaya, East Nusa Tenggara, and East Timor. The survey aimed at obtaining data on xerophtalmia prevalence, vitamin A status, protein energy deficiency (in children 0-6 years old), iodine deficiency disorders among elementary school children, and anemia among pregnant women. The samples were selected at the sub-district level as the primary cluster and at the village level as the secondary cluster, with reference to the sample frame of the 1990 Population Census. The sample size was designed to produce estimates at the provincial level.

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12.2. Early Childhood Development (ECD) ECD Study was conducted in 1999 in four districts in each province of West Java, Bali and South Sulawesi. The study aimed at obtaining data on the nutrition status of children between 6-23 months old by measuring their body height. A number of 5,348 children were weighed using the Salter (string balance) with 25 kg capacity and a scale of 0,1. B.

System of Registration and Reporting

1.

Ministry of Health (Depkes) The facility/service-based health data/information was used to support and reinforced several WSC indicators and was obtained from the system of data registration and reporting at Ministry of Health. The system of registration and reporting at the Ministry of Health was developed through Puskesmas Integrated Registration and Reporting System (SP2TP), the Hospital Registration and Reporting System (SP2RS), and the Surveillance System. The later also integrates the existence of SP2RS and SP2TP as an Integrated Surveillance System (SST). Several limitations of the registration, reporting and surveillance system in supporting the procurement of WSC indicators, among others, are: (1) Incomplete reporting coverage (2) Reporting only covers people in designated service area (3) Program targets were determined by proxy (rough estimates) 2.

Ministry of National Education (Depdiknas) The collection of education data was made every year with reference to the situation as of 31 August by using standard forms prepared in Jakarta. The data on the number of schoolchildren and the changes between years were collected directly from all the schools at each education level, from kindergartens up to university. The data was collected not only from schools under the supervision of the Depdiknas but also from those under coordination of the Minister of Religious Affairs, such as the Ibtidaiyah Islamic primary school (MI), the Tsanawiyah Islamic junior secondary school (Mts), and the Aliyah Islamic senior secondary school (MA). The data from the schools were reported in stages, and sent to the Sub-district Education Office. After review by the Sub-district Education Office, the results were sent to the District Education Office, and to Central Depdiknas. With a well-run reporting mechanism, the input of the education statistical report has reached more than a 90percent level. The unreported data was predicted based on data of the previous year or from data of similar schools in the surrounding areas. Limitations: (1) Incomplete reporting coverage (2) Reporting only covers people in designated service area (3) Program targets were not applicable to the 31 August situation. (4) No indicators were obtained with reference to urban and rural areas.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Statistical Report, which presents descriptive analyses of all global indicators, aims to depict the end of decade achievements of the World Summit for Children (WSC) agreements. The global indicators, consisting of 55 WSC indicators and 15 additional indicators, are classified into eight groups, i.e., mortality, education, clean water and sanitation, child nutrition, child health, reproductive health, HIV/AIDS, and child rights. Mortality Infant mortality rate (IMR), under-five mortality rate (U5MR) and maternal mortality ratio (MMRatio) are among selected indicators to monitor the achievements of WSC goals. The goal is to reduce IMR and U5MR by one third or to 50 and 70 per 1000 live births between 1990 and the year 2000. MMRatio is expected to decline by half or to 213 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. Direct technique of estimation based on available data provides estimates of IMR and U5MR in the middle of the 90 decade at respectively 46 and 58 deaths per 1000 live births. The figures indicate that the WSC end of decade goal for U5MR and likely for IMR have been reached earlier. Estimates of IMR and U5MR, however, varied widely by province and residence. Many provinces, particularly those of rural areas still have IMR and U5MR far above the WSC goal. Compared to IMR and U5MR, data sources and estimation of MMRatio are more limited. From available data the estimate of MMRatio is relatively high, 384 in 1994 (SKRT 1995), and WSC end of decade goal is unlikely achieved. Wide variation of MMRtio by province is also observed. Education The WSC goals for education include expansion of early childhood development activities, universal access to basic education and achievement of primary education by at least 80 percent of primary school age children, and reduction of the adult illiteracy to at least half of its 1990 level. The six indicators used are pre-school development, children reaching grade 5, net primary school enrolment ratio, net primary school attendance, proportion entering school, and literacy rate. An increase of the proportion of children aged 36-59 months who attended early childhood educational programme had been observed since 1996, but the level reached until 1999 was only 10 percent. The level in urban was much higher than that of rural. Compared to developed countries, the level of pre school development in the country was much lower. End Decade Statistical Report: Data and Descriptive Analysis

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The proportion of children entering first grade of primary school who eventually reach grade 5 increased from 75 percent in 1991 to 83 percent in 2000. The WSC goal of 80 percent had been reached by 1995, girls reached earlier than boys. School participation rate of school age children was at the level of above 90 percent in the early decade, meaning that WSC goal of 80 percent has been reached. Repelita goal of 94 percent in 1998 was reached by male but not by female children, indicating gender inequality. The net attendance rate was available for Dec 1998 and August 1999 (Susenas Mini). The rate in 1999 was 73 percent, and no significant difference between male and female or between urban and rural. The percentage of children of primary school age attending primary school increased from 48 percent in 1993 to 61 percent in 1999. This percentage was far below WSC goal of 100 percent. The literacy rate increased from 82 percent in 1992 to 88 percent in 1999. The rate in 1999 was widely varied by gender (93 percent for males vs. 84 percent for females) and residence (94 percent in urban and 84 percent in rural). The rate also indicated that WSC goal (decline of literacy rate by half in a decade) and Repelita goal (target of illiteracy rate of no more than 10 percent) were not reached, particularly for those of females and those live in rural areas. Clean Water and Sanitation. Universal access to safe drinking water and universal access to sanitary means of excreta disposal have been defined for WSC goals. The available data provided only percentages of households accessed to clean water and sanitary means of excreta disposal. The percentage of households accessed to clean water increased from 65 percent in 1992 to 76 percent in 1999, with large difference between urban (90 percent in 1999) and rural (67 percent in 1999). Percentage of households accessed to sanitary means of excreta disposal also increased from 31 percent in 1992 to 61 percent in 1999. Large difference between urban (77 percent in 1999) and rural (51 percent in 1999) was observed. The data showed that WSC goals for safe water and sanitation was still far away. Child Nutrition Sixteen indicators were used to indicate WSC goals of child nutrition. The indicators include under weight prevalence, stunting prevalence, wasting prevalence, birth weight below 2.5 kg, iodized salt consumption, low urine iodine, goiter in school children, exclusive breastfeeding rate, timely complementary feeding rate, continued breast-feeding rate, number of baby friendly facilities, children receiving vitamin A supplements, mother receiving vitamin A supplements, low vitamin A, children with night-blindness, and night-blindness in pregnant women

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The underweight prevalence (weight/age

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