International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR) ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online) http://www.innspub.net Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 8-21, 2014

OPEN ACCESS

RESEARCH PAPER

Sustainability of cattle farming using analysis approach of Structural Equation Modeling (a study on dry land of Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan, Indonesia) E. S. Rohaeni1, B. Hartono2, Z. Fanani2, B. A. Nugroho2 1

Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia. Reseacher at The

Assessment Institute of Agricultural Technology South Kalimantan, Jl. Panglima Batur Barat No. 4 Banjarbaru, Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia 2

Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang, Indonesia

Key words: beef cattle, resources, welfare.

Article published on January 02, 2014 Abstract The study was conducted in the village of Sumber Makmur and Central Banua, Takisung Sub-district, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. This study aims to determine (1) factors influencing the sustainability of beef cattle farming (2) factors influencing the welfare of farmers, in form of a case study on the dry land. The study was conducted with survey method to 111 respondents using questionnaires that had been prepared previously (structured). The respondents were chosen by purposive sampling with criteria of having or farming beef cattle. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), completion of the data was conducted using AMOS software. In this study, there are seven endogenous variables and two exogenous variables. The endogenous variables are environmental, economic, social, technology, physical, human, and institutional resources.

The results show that environmental, economic, technological, physical, human, and

institutional resources influence the sustainability of

beef cattle farming; environmental, economic,

technological, physical, human, and institutional resources influence, either directly or indirectly, the welfare of farmers (except social); and cattle farming sustainability variable influences the welfare of farmers. According to the result of this study, it is suggested that for the sustainability of beef cattle farming and to improve the welfare of farmers, several things that should be improved and considered are the improvements of resources, primarily environmental, economic, technological, physical, human, and institutional resources. *Corresponding

Author: Eni Siti Rohaeni  [email protected]

Rohaeni et al.

Page 8

Introduction

can help agriculture planners and policymakers

South Kalimantan is a province in Indonesia that is

identifying appropriate policies and monitoring the

included in the eastern part of Indonesia in which the

effectiveness of those policies. At first, aspects

agricultural sector is one of the important livelihoods

assessed in sustainable agriculture were only 3 pillars

for the people. It can be seen from the number of

or dimensions, namely ecological, economic and

agricultural households equal to 432,359 and the

social. Then they were developed and accomplished

number of agricultural households in Tanah Laut

by

Regency as many as 43,262 (Central Agency on

institutional, legal, human resources and others as

Statistics of South Kalimantan, 2013a) and the growth

reported by several studies such as the studies

rate in 2012 for the agricultural sector equal to 3.6 %

conducted by Suyitman et al. (2009), Nazam (2011)

(Central Agency on Statistics of South Kalimantan,

and Rois (2011).

other

dimensions

such

as

technological,

2013b). One of farming carried out by farmers in South Kalimantan is raising cattle, although it is still

SEM is the integration between two statistical

limited as subsistent one.

concepts, namely the concept of factor analysis belonging to measurement model and the concept of

Increased demand for beef products in South

regression

Kalimantan must be balanced with some efforts

measurement

through government programs.

Strategies are

between variables and their indicators and the

required

supported

structural model explains the relationship among

in

their

development

by

through model

structural explains

model. the

The

relationship

appropriate, efficient and effective technological

variables.

innovations, and can be carried out by farmers both

psychometrics, and the structural model is a study of

technically and socially. These opportunities are

statistics. SEM is an evolution of multiple equation

supported by the potential of natural resources which

models (regression) developed from the principle of

are still fairly open such as vast land and agricultural

econometrics and combined with the principle of

and agro industrial

settings (factor analysis) of psychology and sociology

wastes that have not been

optimally utilized as animal feed (Agency for

The measurement model is a study of

(Hair et al., 1995).

Agricultural Research and Development, 2007). This study aims to analyze (1) factors influencing the World

Commission

on

Environment

and

sustainability of feed cattle farming (2) factors

Development (WCED) in 1987, known as the

influencing the welfare of farmers, in Tanah Laut

Brundtland report, Our Common Future defines

Regency, South Kalimantan, Indonesia.

sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without sacrificing the ability

Materials and methods

of future generations to meet their own needs

Research settings

(WECD,

sustainable

The study was conducted in the village of Sumber

development includes three main points, namely:

Makmur and Central Banua, Takisung Sub-district,

economic, social, and ecological (Munasinghe, 1993;

Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Drexhage

Agricultural

The location was chosen with consideration that it

sustainability refers to the ability of agriculture to

was the basis of beef cattle farming and due to its the

produce

vast dry land. The study was conducted from June to

1987).

The

and food

Murphy, without

concept

of

2010). limits,

without

causing

irreversible damage to the ecosystem (Asadi et al.,

December 2012.

2013). From the study conducted by Asadi et al. (2013) in Iran, it is known that the ecological, social,

Sampling techniques and data collection

and economic aspects provide positive effects on

The method used in this research was a survey

sustainable agriculture. The results of his research

method.

Rohaeni et al.

Primary data was obtained through

Page 9

interviews with farmers using questionnaires that had

The data was analyzed using Structural Equation

been prepared previously (structured). The technique

Modeling

used

variables as follows :

in

determining

information

in

the

respondents study

was

by

to

collect

particular

(SEM)

1.

to

To

examine examine

two

endogenous

the

effects

consideration (purposive). The respondents selected

environmental,

were those who had or bred beef cattle. In general, the

technological,

farming of beef cattle is carried out to local cattle i.e.

institutional resources on the sustainability

Bali cattle and

of cattle farming

Ongole

Crossed Cattle (PO). The

physical,

examine

social,

human,

the

and

number of respondents in this study were 111 people

2.

coming from the village of Central Banua as many as

environmental,

52 people and 59 people from the village of Sumber

technological, physical, human, institutional

Makmur, Takisung Subdistrict, Tanah Laut Regency,

resources and cattle farming sustainability

South Kalimantan, Indonesia.

To

economic,

of

effects

economic,

of

social,

on the welfare of farmers The observed variables are shown in Table 2. For the

Data analysis

completion of data, AMOS software is used.

Table 1: Variables observed in the study Variables

Indicators

Number of Itemize

Environmental Resources (X1)

Economic Resources (X2)

Social Resources (X3)

Technological Resources (X4)

Physical Resources (X5)

Human Resources (X6)

Institutional Resources (X7)

Cattle Farming Sustainability (Y1)

Welfare of Farmers (Y2)

Rohaeni et al.

X11

Utilization of Waste

2

X12

Level of Pollution

2

X13

Quality Supporting Environment

4

X21

Financial Institutions

3

X22

Sources of Capital

3

X31

Communication Relationship

6

X32

Cooperation

3

X41

Mastery of Technology

5

X42

Mastery of Livestock Management

3

X51

Asset Ownership

4

X52

Availability of Means of Production

4

X61

Labor

4

X62

Education Level

4

X71

Quality of Organization/ Group

5

X72

Institutional Relationships

7

Y11

Quantity of Cattle Farming

3

Y12

Quality of Cattle Farming

3

Y21

Incomes

8

Y22

Savings

2

Y23

Life Quality

4

Page 10

Results and Discussion

secondary food crops (Palawija) and beef cattle. This

Characteristics of respondents

reflected that the farmers in the research site carried

Based on the survey and Focus Group Discussion

out diversification with several commodities that

(FGD) conducted with community leaders, it was

were conducted integratedly. Characteristics of the

known that there were some common or quite

respondent farmers observed in this study were

dominant patterns of farming which were performed

categorized according to age, education, experience,

by farmers in Tanah Laut

land area, members of household and number of

farming

carried

out

Regency.

consisted

of

Patterns of food

crops,

cattle ownership.

Table 2: Characteristics of the respondent farmers in the Subdistrict of Tanah Laut No

Respondents Characteristics

1

Age (years old):

2

3

4

5

6

Total

Percentage

a.

20-30

7

10.29

b.

31-40

18

26.47

c.

41-50

22

32.35

d.

51-60

13

19.12

e.

> 60

8

11.76

2

2.94

Education (years old): a.

Not studying at school (0)

b.

Elementary School (1-6)

31

45.59

c.

Junior High School (7-9)

22

32.35

d.

Senior High School (10-12)

8

11.76

e.

> 12

5

7.35

Experience (years old): a.

1-10

24

35.290

b.

11-20

28

41.180

c.

21-30

10

14.710

d.

> 30

6

8.820

a.

3

20

29.41

Land Area (ha):

Household Members (people): a.

1-2

6

8.82

b.

3-4

41

60.29

c.

>4

21

30.88

Number of Cattle (AU) a.

5

9

13.24

Rohaeni et al.

Page 11

From the results of study, it is obtained that the age of

the learning process and knowledge possessed by the

most farmers is included in the productive age (20-60

respondent farmers will relatively increase.

years old), equal to 88.24 % and the remaining 11.76 % is elderly (over 60 years old) ranging from 25 to 70

Land is one of the important capitals in doing

years old (Table 2). The number of farmers included

farming, belonging to one of production factors. Land

in the productive age shows a positive thing, meaning

is the physical resources that have a very important

that farming is still favored and becomes the major

role for farmers. The results of this study show that

work. The productive age group is still potential to

the land area owned by farmers is mostly above 1 ha,

develop themselves and develop their farming. Age is

owned by 95.59 % farmers, and the remaining 4.41%

one of the important characteristics of farmers,

farmers own below 1 hectare land area. The largest

because age has a relationship to experience, work

area of land owned by farmers is between

ability, and psychological maturity. Farmers having

hectare/household (Table 2). Land area owned by

older age possess more experiences and they are

farmers in this study is relatively broader compared

psychologically mature.

By this condition, it is

to farmers in Central Lombok as reported by Puspadi

assumed that farmers would master how to manage

et al. (2012), i.e. the average of 0.39 hectare with a

their works.

range between 0.20 to 2.00 hectare.

The education level of respondent farmers is still

The largest household members range from 3-4

categorized low, as shown by farmers who do not

people/household,

study at schools (2.94%) and most of them are in the

household

level of elementary school (45.59%) and junior high

activities, labors from outside the family are still

school (32.35%) (Table 2).

It indicates that the

required. If family labors are available, in general,

dominant level of education of farmers is elementary

farmers only utilize women labor (mother or wife) in

school, thus, the behavior and procedures in

families to help the farming, while child labors are not

managing their farming are relatively simple. The low

highly utilized although they are above 15 years old

level of farmers’ education in Indonesia describes the

since the study. The result of study conducted by

low ability of farmers to send their children to schools

Ilham et al. (2007) states that from the results of

and education has not been given priority.

It is

agricultural census of 2003, there were 45-85% of

The low

families having about 3-4 people of household

education level of farmers is feared to degrade the

members. This fact indicates that farmers’ family are

quality of agricultural sector as farmers are not

concerned with their quality of life.

responding to the demands of market (Harijati,

members can help in doing production activities to

2007). Education serves as a process to explore and

meet the needs of life and become potential sources of

control the existing potential to be developed and

family labor for beef cattle raising. Labor availability

utilized for the improvement of life quality (Tilaar,

definitely influences the success of farming systems.

1997).

From research conducted in Central Kalimantan, it is

probably caused by limited income.

that is 60.29% (Table 2).

members

found that the

are

involved

in

1-2

If

farming

Household

average of family labors are 5.30

The range of experience of the respondent farmers is

people with a range of 3 to 11 people per farmer

between 2-44 years, and the largest percentage of

household.

farmers’ experience is in the range of 10-20 years,

manpower is available for farmer households (Utomo

which are equal to 41.180% farmers. Total farmers

et al., 2004). Based on several research, it is stated

whose experience is over 10 years are 64.710%

and

that household members are getting smaller, this

the remaining are 35.29% with under 10-year

indicates that family labors that can be utilized are

experience (Table 2). Experience is one way to learn

also limited,

The condition indicates that sufficient

therefore, it is needed labors from

and find knowledge, therefore, by a lot of experiences,

Rohaeni et al.

Page 12

outside or the development of use of agricultural

factor indicates that this indicator is as the strongest

mechanization.

(dominant) variable gauge.

The number of cattle raising, mostly between 4-5 AU/

Based on the analysis, it is obtained that all the

household is 47.06% and below 4 Animal Unit (AU) is

resources used in this study have P-value